Composition
In his early romantic works, Maxim Gorky resorted to the proven method of “story within a story.” The author listens to the wise Nadyr-Rahim-Ogly, an old Crimean shepherd, telling him legends and fairy tales, singing strange songs, and then beautiful language conveys to readers what he heard. This allows the author to achieve the authenticity that he needs. We unconditionally believe in the existence of the Snake and the Falcon, in their conversation. The author does not need to convince the reader of the authenticity of events. Yes, it doesn’t matter whether this is a fairy tale or a true story.
The author shows two philosophies, two ways of life. Already contrasts the “madness of the brave” with “low truths”; he even hides behind ostentatious patriotism: “Let those who cannot love the earth live in deception. I know the truth. And I won’t believe their calls. Creation of the earth, I live by the earth.” The author seems to agree with this bourgeois philosophy. But this is only an external impression. Gorky invites the reader to make a choice himself, and does not decide everything for him. The author seems to be saying: “Yes, there is life, there is truth, but it is not eternal. The development of life gives birth to new truths.”
Gorky is a master of the short story. With short but vivid phrases, he is able to say much more than is sometimes hidden behind long philosophical arguments. Gorky's skill and artistic talent were revealed already in his early work. “Across the dark blue sky, with a golden pattern of stars, something solemn is written, enchanting the soul, confusing the mind with the sweet expectation of some kind of revelation.” This is confirmed by “Song of the Falcon”
“Makar Chudra” is the first printed work of A. M. Peshkov. It appeared in the Tiflis newspaper "Caucasus" in 1892 and was signed by the pseudonym that was destined to soon become known throughout the world - Maxim Gorky. The publication of the first story was preceded by years of wanderings of the author throughout Rus', to which he was driven by an insatiable desire to get to know Russia, to unravel the mystery of a huge destitute country, to understand the cause of the suffering of its people. The future writer’s knapsack did not always contain a loaf of bread, but there was always a thick notebook with notes about interesting events and the people he met along the way. Later, these notes turned into poems and stories, many of which have not reached us.
In his early works, including Makar Chudra, Gorky appears to us as a romantic writer. Main character- old gypsy Makar Chudra. For him, the most important thing in life is personal freedom, which he would never trade for anything. He believes that the peasant is a slave who was born only to pick the earth and die without even having time to dig his own grave. His maximalist desire for freedom is also embodied by the heroes of the legend he tells. A young, beautiful gypsy couple - Loiko Zobar and Rad-da - love each other. But both of them have such a strong desire for personal freedom that they even look at their love as a chain that fetters their independence. Each of them, declaring their love, sets their own conditions, trying to dominate. This leads to a tense conflict that ends with the death of the heroes. Loiko gives in to Radda, kneels before her in front of everyone, which among the gypsies is considered a terrible humiliation, and at the same moment kills her. And he himself dies at the hands of her father.
The peculiarity of the composition of this story, as already mentioned, is that the author puts a romantic legend into the mouth of the main character. She helps us understand him more deeply inner world and a value system. For Makar Chudra, Loiko and Rudd are ideals of love of freedom. He is sure that two beautiful feelings, pride and love, brought to their highest expression, cannot be reconciled. A person worthy of emulation, in his understanding, must preserve his personal freedom at the cost own life. Another feature of the composition of this work is the presence of the image of the narrator. It is almost invisible, but we can easily recognize the author himself in it. He doesn't quite agree with his hero. We do not hear any direct objections to Makar Chudra. But at the end of the story, where the narrator, looking into the darkness of the steppe, sees how Loiko Zobar and Radda “were spinning in the darkness of the night smoothly and silently, and the handsome Loiko could not catch up with the proud Radda,” his position is revealed. The independence and pride of these people, of course, admire and attract, but these same traits doom them to loneliness and the impossibility of happiness. They are slaves to their freedom, they are not able to sacrifice even for the people they love.
To express the feelings of the characters and his own, the author widely uses the technique landscape sketches. Seascape is a kind of frame for the whole storyline story. The sea is closely connected with state of mind heroes: at first it is calm, only the “damp, cold wind” carries “across the steppe the pensive melody of the splash of a wave running onto the shore and the rustling of coastal bushes.” But then it began to rain, the wind became stronger, and the sea rumbled dully and angrily and sang a gloomy and solemn hymn to the proud couple of handsome gypsies. At all characteristic feature This story is its musicality. Music accompanies the entire story about the fate of the lovers. “You can’t say anything about her, this Radda, in words. Perhaps its beauty could be played on a violin, and even then to someone who knows this violin like his own soul.”
Gorky's work initial stage bears a strong imprint of the new literary movement- the so-called revolutionary romanticism. Philosophical ideas of an aspiring talented writer, passion, emotionality of his prose, new
approach to man differed sharply from naturalistic prose, which went into petty everyday realism and chose hopeless boredom as its theme human existence, and from the aesthetic approach to literature and life, which saw value only in “refined” emotions, characters and words.
For youth there are two most important components of life, two vectors of existence. This is love and freedom. In Gorky's stories "Makar Chudra" and "Old Woman Izergil" love and freedom become the theme of the stories told by the main characters. Gorky's plot discovery - that old age tells about youth and love - allows us to give a perspective, the point of view of a young man who lives by love and sacrifices everything for it, and a man who has lived his life, seen a lot and is able to understand what is really important, what stays at the end long journey.
The heroes of the two parables told by the old woman Izergil are complete opposites. Danko is an example of love-self-sacrifice, love-giving. He cannot live, separating himself from his tribe, people, he feels unhappy and unfree if the people are unfree and unhappy. Pure sacrificial love and the desire for heroism were characteristic of romantic revolutionaries who dreamed of dying for universal human ideals, could not imagine life without sacrifice, did not hope and did not want to live to old age. Danko gives his heart, illuminating the path for people. This is a fairly simple symbol: only a pure heart, full of love and altruism, can become a beacon and only selfless sacrifice will help free the people. The tragedy of the parable is that people forget about those who sacrificed themselves for them. They are ungrateful, but perfectly aware of this, Danko does not think about the meaning of his dedication, does not expect recognition or reward. Gorky argues with the official church concept of merit, in which a person does good deeds, knowing in advance that he will be rewarded. The writer gives an opposite example: the reward for a feat is the feat itself and the happiness of the people for whose sake it was accomplished.
The son of an eagle is the complete opposite of Danko. Larra is a loner. He is proud and narcissistic, he sincerely considers himself higher, better than other people. He evokes disgust, but also pity. After all, Larra does not deceive anyone, he does not pretend that he is capable of love. Unfortunately, there are many such people, although their essence is not so clearly manifested in real life. For them, love and interest come down only to possession. If you cannot possess it, you must destroy it. Having killed the girl, Larra says with cynical frankness that he did it because he could not own her. And he adds that, in his opinion, people only prioritize that they love and observe moral standards. After all, nature gave them only their body as their property, and they own both animals and things. Larra is cunning and knows how to talk, but this is a deception. He loses sight of the fact that a person always pays for the possession of money, labor, time, but ultimately a life lived in one way and not another. Therefore, Larra’s so-called truth becomes the reason for his rejection. The tribe expels the apostate, saying: you despise us, you are superior - well, live alone if we are unworthy of you. But loneliness becomes endless torture. Larra understands that his whole philosophy was just a pose, that even in order to consider himself superior to others and be proud of himself, others are still needed. You can’t admire yourself alone, and we all depend on evaluation and recognition from society.
Freedom and love are the theme of the parable of Radda and Loiko. There is no love in slavery, there are no true feelings in self-deception. The heroes love each other, but freedom is above all for them. For Gorky, freedom is not a lawless freedom, but an opportunity to preserve one’s essence, one’s “I,” that is, one’s humanity, without which there can be neither love nor life.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Gorky turned to this literary direction like romanticism. This is explained by surrounding reality oppressed the writer, he did not find such heroes in real life who could become an example, a role model. Then such heroes had to be invented. He wanted to glorify the feat, glorify people who are ready to sacrifice themselves for the sake of others.
So in 1898 the story “Old Woman Izergil” appeared. The story can be divided into 3 parts. 1 – the legend of Larra, 2 – the old woman’s story about her life, 3 – the legend of Danko. The story begins and ends with a description of the seashore where Izergil and the author are sitting. This artistic frame links the distant past and the present together.
In works of romanticism, the action most often takes place near the sea, because the sea is a symbol of freedom in romanticism. In Gorky, everything happens against the backdrop of bright southern nature. All his heroes romantic works young, strong beautiful people. These are the features of Gorky’s romantic works.
The first legend tells about the fate of Larra, the son of a girl and an eagle. He was handsome and strong, and most importantly, proud and despised people. He considered himself superior to everyone and did whatever he wanted. He killed a girl who did not want to go with him, and did not respect the elders. And then they decided to punish him - to expel him from the tribe and deprive him of the opportunity to die. This freedom turned out to be a difficult test for the proud man. He still returned to the people because he wanted to die and could not. This is how the man was punished for his pride. In this legend, Gorky debunked individualism and egoism, showed the loneliness of a person who imagines himself better than others, who believes in his exclusivity.
Part 2 is the old woman’s story about her life. Once she was young, beautiful, loved a lot, and she was loved too. The famous saying, which has become an aphorism: “In life there is always a place for heroic deeds...” belongs to her. She really accomplished a feat: she helped the Poles, among whom was her beloved, escape from captivity. However, she accomplished this feat for the sake of her beloved, in the name of her love. Therefore, all she has left in her life are memories. Strength, youth, beauty are gone, it is no coincidence that Gorky paints a portrait of Izergil in old age: she has grown old and nothing reminds of her former attractiveness.
Part 3 – the legend of Danko. It begins with a description of a dark, gloomy forest, a terrible swamp, into which foreign tribes drove people. People began to die. And then the brave, handsome Danko came and saved everyone. He decided to lead people out of the darkness of swamps and forests and for this he did not spare his heart. - What will I do for people? – Danko shouted louder than thunder. He tore his heart out of his chest and raised it high above his head. It burned like the sun and brighter than the sun. These hyperboles (he shouted louder than thunder, burned like the sun, and brighter than the sun) help to understand the greatness of Danko’s feat, his willingness to die for the sake of others. He led the tribe out of the darkness of the swamps, saved them, and then fell and died. And then alone careful man stepped on the proud heart so that it would not burn. And now only blue sparks in the steppe remind of Danko’s feat.
Danko is also called proud. But this is a different kind of pride than Larra’s. His desire for independence, the desire to gain freedom himself and help others escape from the darkness of the swamps turned out to be stronger than fear of death. He sacrificed himself without demanding anything in return. Gorky glorifies such a feat.
The legend of Danko contains many metaphors, hyperboles, and vivid comparisons that help make the work more figurative, emotional, and give the legend solemnity and majesty. Gorky writes in a high style.
To summarize, it can be noted following features romantic works by A.M. Gorky: exotic landscape, bright, expressive portraits of heroes, emotional intensity of the action, an abundance of hyperbole and metaphors that add solemnity to the narrative, tragic ending as an affirmation of feat, glorification of self-sacrifice in the name of others.
Composition
For me, Gorky is all of Russia. I can't imagine
I can imagine Russia without the Volga, so I can’t think that Gorky is not in it.
K. Paustovsky
Gorky occupies great place in the life of each of us. He is a representative of the infinitely talented Russian people. He loved and knew Russia well, the language of his people. Constant communication with people different professions and worldviews developed in him a deep understanding of the problems and quests of the Russian people. There was nothing left that the writer neglected and that he did not notice in his own way, in Gorky’s way. In his works, Gorky reflected the era in which he lived.
Young Gorky is interested in early romantic works, where the writer acts as the author and original storyteller.
In the stories “Makar Chudra”, “Old Woman Izergil”, “Song of the Petrel”, songs and legends about courage, fortitude, freedom are presented by the stories of a wise life experience the old gypsy Makar Chudra, the Moldavian woman Izergil, the Crimean shepherd Nadyr-Rahim-ogly. And next to them we see the image of another hero - a “passer”, a listener on whose behalf the story is told. Let's call him a conditionally autobiographical hero, since his fate has much in common with the fate of the Nizhny Novgorod workshop Alexei Peshkov. This hero does not occupy much space in the stories, but for understanding author's position, design and creative method its significance is great.
The autobiographical hero is a native of the lower classes who has touched book wisdom. He is a dreamer, a romantic, who feels the beauty of the world around him. Having merged with her, the narrator knows how to amaze us with the beauty of the ordinary. His vision of the world brings a romantic element to his stories, joy, bold audacity, and an abundance of colors in the description of nature: “A damp, cold wind blew from the sea, carrying across the steppe the thoughtful melody of the splash of a wave running onto the shore and the rustling of coastal bushes; ...the darkness of the autumn night that surrounded us shuddered and, timidly moving away, revealed for a moment a boundless steppe on the left, an endless sea on the right...”
The autobiographical hero’s attitude to life is revealed in conversations with Makar Chudra and the old woman Izergil, in how he reacts to the legends and songs he hears. The narrator wants to understand the true meaning of life by talking with these wise people, because the main thing for him is “to learn and teach.” Makar Chudra understands this well when talking with his young interlocutor. The old woman Izergil reproaches the young and strong guy in premature aging of the soul. “Everyone is gloomy, like demons... our girls are afraid of you.”
The hero’s mood is never directly stated anywhere. The tension of the narrative, the unusualness of the description, enthusiasm and musicality comes from a certain “passing” hero. Makar and Izergil cannot convey their feelings to such melodic literary language. Yes, they have experience, knowledge of life, fairy tales and legends, and the “passing” hero has literary talent, natural flair and endless love for his language. Pieces of the sky are “dark blue”, the disk of the moon is “blood red”. The eyes of girls and women are “dark blue”. Such epithets and comparisons give speech a special colorfulness and emotionality.
The manner of narration, the choice of landscapes, and their description give the reader an idea of the narrator - a man who is delighted and excited by the richness and beauty of nature, the rebelliousness of the soul and the love of freedom of the people he meets, and the generosity of folk imagination.
The autobiographical hero is a romantic who follows his own path of life. On the way he meets interesting people, learns life from them, tests his ideals, and sometimes gets disappointed. His interested gaze brings figures from the people into the center of the story - this is Makar Chudra, this is the old woman Izergil, this is Nadyr-Rahim-ogly.
Legends, songs, characters' reflections on life, stories about themselves and their ideals help in revealing their images: the legend of Danko, Rada and Zobar. These are images of beautiful, courageous and free people. For such heroes, their beliefs are important, for which they are willing to die.
In the songs, images of a different type are given - symbolic and allegorical. The falcon is a symbol of a fearless fighter: “We sing glory to the madness of the brave.” And the symbol of a cautious and sensible man in the street is represented by allegorical images of cowardly loons, penguins and seagulls, who frantically rush about, trying to hide from reality and life changes.
Legends and songs are significant in themselves, but Gorky needs them to reveal his ideals real person. These people view the world as a correlation of two categories: the sublime and the base. They protect what they consider beautiful.
The inner closeness of the autobiographical hero and the narrators is evidenced by the coincidence of their views and the related manner of narration.
The author's narrative, romantic in itself, becomes even brighter when it comes into contact with the heroic images of legends and songs. Early romantic stories Gorky is discovered not only as a lyricist, but also as sublime heroes striving for a high goal.
The great Russian writer Maxim Gorky (Peshkov Alexey Maksimovich) was born on March 16, 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod- died on June 18, 1936 in Gorki. IN early age“went public,” in his own words. He lived hard, spent the night in the slums among all sorts of rabble, wandered, subsisting on an occasional piece of bread. He covered vast territories, visited the Don, Ukraine, the Volga region, Southern Bessarabia, the Caucasus and Crimea.
Start
He was actively involved in social and political activities, for which he was arrested more than once. In 1906 he went abroad, where he began to successfully write his works. By 1910, Gorky had gained fame, his work aroused great interest. Earlier, in 1904, they began to publish critical articles, and then the book “About Gorky”. Gorky's works interested politicians and public figures. Some of them believed that the writer interpreted events taking place in the country too freely. Everything that Maxim Gorky wrote, works for the theater or journalistic essays, short stories or multi-page stories, caused a resonance and was often accompanied by anti-government protests. During the First World War, the writer took an openly anti-militarist position. greeted him enthusiastically, and turned his apartment in Petrograd into a meeting place for political figures. Often Maxim Gorky, whose works became more and more topical, gave reviews of his own work in order to avoid misinterpretation.
Abroad
In 1921, the writer went abroad to undergo treatment. For three years, Maxim Gorky lived in Helsinki, Prague and Berlin, then moved to Italy and settled in the city of Sorrento. There he began publishing his memoirs about Lenin. In 1925 he wrote the novel “The Artamonov Case”. All of Gorky's works of that time were politicized.
Return to Russia
The year 1928 became a turning point for Gorky. At the invitation of Stalin, he returns to Russia and for a month moves from city to city, meets people, gets acquainted with achievements in industry, and observes how socialist construction develops. Then Maxim Gorky leaves for Italy. However, the next year (1929) the writer came to Russia again and this time visited the Solovetsky special-purpose camps. The reviews are the most positive. Alexander Solzhenitsyn mentioned this trip of Gorky in his novel
The writer's final return to Soviet Union happened in October 1932. Since that time, Gorky has lived in his former dacha in Spiridonovka in Gorki, and goes to Crimea on vacation.
First Writers' Congress
After some time, the writer receives a political order from Stalin, who entrusts him with preparing the 1st Congress Soviet writers. In light of this order, Maxim Gorky creates several new newspapers and magazines, publishes book series on the history of Soviet plants and factories, civil war and some other events of the Soviet era. At the same time he wrote plays: “Egor Bulychev and others”, “Dostigaev and others”. Some of Gorky's works, written earlier, were also used by him in preparing the first congress of writers, which took place in August 1934. At the congress it was mainly decided organizational matters, the leadership of the future Union of Writers of the USSR was elected, writing sections by genre were created. Gorky's works were also ignored at the 1st Congress of Writers, but he was elected chairman of the board. Overall, the event was considered successful, and Stalin personally thanked Maxim Gorky for his fruitful work.
Popularity
M. Gorky, whose works for many years caused fierce controversy among the intelligentsia, tried to take part in the discussion of his books and especially theatrical plays. From time to time, the writer visited theaters, where he could see with his own eyes that people were not indifferent to his work. And indeed, for many, the writer M. Gorky, whose works were understandable to the common man, became a guide to a new life. Theater audiences went to the performance several times, read and re-read books.
Gorky's early romantic works
The writer's work can be divided into several categories. Gorky's early works are romantic and even sentimental. They do not yet feel the harshness of political sentiments that permeate the writer’s later stories and tales.
The writer's first story "Makar Chudra" is about gypsy fleeting love. Not because it was fleeting, because “love came and went,” but because it lasted only one night, without a single touch. Love lived in the soul without touching the body. And then the death of the girl at the hands of her beloved, the proud gypsy Rada passed away, and after her Loiko Zobar himself - they floated across the sky, hand in hand.
Amazing plot, incredible storytelling power. The story "Makar Chudra" became long years business card Maxim Gorky, firmly taking first place in the list " early works Gorky".
The writer worked a lot and fruitfully in his youth. Gorky's early romantic works are a cycle of stories whose heroes were Danko, Sokol, Chelkash and others.
A short story about spiritual excellence makes you think. "Chelkash" - a story about common man, carrying high aesthetic feelings. Fleeing from home, vagrancy, meeting of two - one is doing his usual thing, the other is brought by chance. Gavrila's envy, mistrust, readiness for submissive servility, fear and servility are contrasted with Chelkash's courage, self-confidence, and love of freedom. However, Chelkash is not needed by society, unlike Gavrila. Romantic pathos is intertwined with tragic. The description of nature in the story is also shrouded in a flair of romance.
In the stories "Makar Chudra", "Old Woman Izergil" and, finally, in "Song of the Falcon" the motivation for the "madness of the brave" can be traced. The writer places the characters in difficult conditions and then, beyond any logic, leads them to the finale. What makes the work of the great writer interesting is that the narrative is unpredictable.
Gorky's work "Old Woman Izergil" consists of several parts. The character of her first story, the son of an eagle and a woman, the sharp-eyed Larra, is presented as an egoist, incapable of high feelings. When he heard the maxim that one inevitably has to pay for what one takes, he expressed disbelief, declaring that “I would like to remain unharmed.” People rejected him, condemning him to loneliness. Larra's pride turned out to be destructive for himself.
Danko is no less proud, but he treats people with love. Therefore, he obtains the freedom necessary for his fellow tribesmen who trusted him. Despite the threats of those who doubt that he is capable of leading the tribe out, the young leader continues on his way, taking people along with him. And when everyone’s strength was running out, and the forest did not end, Danko tore open his chest, took out his burning heart and with its flame illuminated the path that led them to the clearing. The ungrateful tribesmen, having broken free, did not even look in Danko’s direction when he fell and died. People ran away, trampled on the flaming heart as they ran, and it scattered into blue sparks.
Gorky's romantic works leave an indelible mark on the soul. Readers empathize with the characters, the unpredictability of the plot keeps them in suspense, and the ending is often unexpected. In addition, Gorky’s romantic works are distinguished by deep morality, which is unobtrusive, but makes you think.
The theme of personal freedom dominates the writer’s early work. The heroes of Gorky's works are freedom-loving and are ready to even give their lives for the right to choose their own destiny.
Poem "The Girl and Death" - shining example self-sacrifice in the name of love. young, full of life A girl makes a deal with death for one night of love. She is ready to die in the morning without regret, just to meet her beloved again.
The king, who considers himself omnipotent, dooms the girl to death only because, returning from the war, he was in a bad mood and did not like her happy laughter. Death spared Love, the girl remained alive and the “bony one with a scythe” no longer had power over her.
Romance is also present in “Song of the Storm Petrel”. The proud bird is free, it is like black lightning, rushing between the gray plain of the sea and the clouds hanging over the waves. Let the storm blow stronger, the brave bird is ready to fight. But it is important for the penguin to hide his fat body in the rocks; he has a different attitude towards the storm - no matter how he soaks his feathers.
Man in Gorky's works
The special, sophisticated psychologism of Maxim Gorky is present in all his stories, while the individual is always given the main role. Even the homeless tramps, the characters of the shelter, are presented by the writer as respected citizens, despite their plight. In Gorky’s works, man is placed at the forefront, everything else is secondary - the events described, the political situation, even actions government agencies are in the background.
Gorky's story "Childhood"
The writer tells the life story of the boy Alyosha Peshkov, as if on his own behalf. The story is sad, it begins with the death of the father and ends with the death of the mother. Left an orphan, the boy heard from his grandfather, the day after his mother’s funeral: “You are not a medal, you shouldn’t hang on my neck... Go join the people...”. And he kicked me out.
This is how Gorky's work "Childhood" ends. And in the middle there were several years of living in the house of my grandfather, a lean little old man who used to flog everyone who was weaker than him on Saturdays. And the only people inferior to his grandfather in strength were his grandchildren living in the house, and he beat them backhand, placing them on the bench.
Alexey grew up, supported by his mother, and hung in the house thick fog enmity of everyone with everyone. The uncles fought among themselves, threatened the grandfather that they would kill him too, the cousins drank, and their wives did not have time to give birth. Alyosha tried to make friends with the neighboring boys, but their parents and other relatives were in such complicated relationships with his grandfather, grandmother and mother that the children could only communicate through a hole in the fence.
"At the bottom"
In 1902, Gorky turned to philosophical topic. He created a play about people who, by the will of fate, sank to the very bottom Russian society. The writer depicted several characters, the inhabitants of the shelter, with frightening authenticity. At the center of the story are homeless people on the verge of despair. Some are thinking about suicide, others are hoping for the best. M. Gorky's work "At the Depths" is a vivid picture of social and everyday disorder in society, which often turns into tragedy.
The owner of the shelter, Mikhail Ivanovich Kostylev, lives and does not know that his life is constantly under threat. His wife Vasilisa persuades one of the guests, Vaska Pepel, to kill her husband. This is how it ends: the thief Vaska kills Kostylev and goes to prison. The remaining inhabitants of the shelter continue to live in an atmosphere of drunken revelry and bloody fights.
After some time, a certain Luka appears, a projector and a blabbermouth. He “fills in” for no reason, conducts lengthy conversations, promises everyone indiscriminately a happy future and complete prosperity. Then Luke disappears, and the unfortunate people whom he encouraged are at a loss. There was severe disappointment. A forty-year-old homeless man, nicknamed Actor, commits suicide. The rest are not far from this either.
Nochlezhka as a symbol of the dead end of Russian society late XIX century, an undisguised ulcer of the social structure.
The works of Maxim Gorky
- "Makar Chudra" - 1892. A story of love and tragedy.
- "Grandfather Arkhip and Lenka" - 1893. A poor, sick old man and with him his grandson Lenka, a teenager. First, the grandfather cannot withstand adversity and dies, then the grandson dies. Good people The unfortunates were buried along the road.
- "Old Woman Izergil" - 1895. Some stories from an old woman about selfishness and selflessness.
- "Chelkash" - 1895. A story about "an inveterate drunkard and a clever, brave thief."
- "The Orlov Spouses" - 1897. A story about a childless couple who decided to help sick people.
- "Konovalov" - 1898. The story of how Alexander Ivanovich Konovalov, arrested for vagrancy, hanged himself in a prison cell.
- "Foma Gordeev" - 1899. A story about the events of the late 19th century that took place in the Volga city. About a boy named Thomas, who considered his father to be a fabulous robber.
- "Bourgeois" - 1901. A story about bourgeois roots and the new spirit of the times.
- "At the Bottom" - 1902. A poignant, topical play about homeless people who have lost all hope.
- "Mother" - 1906. A novel on the theme of revolutionary sentiments in society, about events taking place within a manufacturing factory, with the participation of members of the same family.
- "Vassa Zheleznova" - 1910. The play is about a youthful 42-year-old woman, the owner of a shipping company, strong and powerful.
- "Childhood" - 1913. A story about a simple boy and his far from simple life.
- "Tales of Italy" - 1913. Cycle short stories on the topic of life in Italian cities.
- "Passion-face" - 1913. Short story about a deeply unhappy family.
- "In People" - 1914. A story about an errand boy in a fashionable shoe store.
- "My Universities" - 1923. The story of Kazan University and students.
- "Blue Life" - 1924. A story about dreams and fantasies.
- "The Artamonov Case" - 1925. A story about the events taking place at a woven fabric factory.
- "The Life of Klim Samgin" - 1936. Events of the beginning of the 20th century - St. Petersburg, Moscow, barricades.
Every story, novel or novel you read leaves an impression of high literary skill. The characters carry a number of unique characteristics and characteristics. The analysis of Gorky's works involves comprehensive characteristics of the characters followed by a summary. The depth of the narrative is organically combined with complex but understandable literary devices. All works of the great Russian writer Maxim Gorky were included in the Golden Fund of Russian Culture.
The first period of the great writer M. Gorky's work was characterized as the period of romanticism.
The main focus of Gorky's romantic works is the image of a heroic man, ready for a feat in the name of the people. The story “Old Woman Izergil” is of great importance in revealing this image. In it, Gorky showed the fates of two people: Larra and Danko. One of them brought good to people, the other brought evil.
Larra was the son of an eagle, very proud, like his father. Once in his mother's tribe, he spoke with highly respected people as equals. Larra believed that he was the best on earth, and there were no others like him. He treated people like slaves. Pity, respect for others, and love were incomprehensible to him. He was alone and he was proud of himself. He didn't need anything and he didn't give anything to others.
When he brutally killed one girl, people could not come up with a worthy punishment for him. After talking with him, they realized that affection and feelings were alien to him. Larra wanted to be like his father in everything, to be as independent and lonely and proud. But his father was alone. He needs communication, family, love, friendship, responsibility for someone. Then the people from the tribe decided that it was better to leave him alone. Larra walked on the ground for a long time. He got himself everything he wanted, and people could not kill him, protected by God's punishment. And when they realized this, they began to laugh at him. People lost all interest in him. Then Larra became even more lonely. He understood what people had condemned him to, what cruel punishment they had chosen for him. He understood what people feel and how they live. He wanted communication, affection, love, but he could not get this because he was rejected by everyone.
Another hero of the story is Danko. One tribe was attacked by enemies. And they were faced with a choice: surrender to eternal slavery to the enemy or go through an impenetrable forest. They couldn't decide, they all sat and thought. And then Danko appeared. He was a brave and handsome young man. He said: “Do not turn a stone out of the way with your thoughts. If you do nothing, nothing will happen to you. Why do we waste our energy on thoughts and melancholy? Get up, let’s go into the forest and pass through it!” People, frightened by death, shackled by fear and exhausted by thoughts, listened to Danko’s clear and truthful voice. They, weak-willed and weakened, submitted to the good and powerful force radiated by Danko. He gave them hope for good life. However, when people were tired and discouraged, they became ashamed to admit it to themselves. Then they became embittered against Dan-ko. People attacked him and wanted to kill him. Danko could not be angry with them out of pity. He loved people very much, and proved all his love by his actions. Danko tore his heart out of his chest and, lighting the way, led the people through the forest. When people came out of the forest, they, blinded by joy, forgot what a dear price Danko had paid for them. He died, his heart scattered in sparks all over the sky, but the image of the hero-liberator will forever live in the hearts of people. “There is always a place for exploits in life,” says old woman Izergil.
In the poem “The Girl and Death” M. Gorky glorifies the feeling of love that defeated death.
The famous play “Song of the Falcon” traces the idea of heroism. Falcon is the personification of a fighter for people's happiness. M. Gorky shows us ideal hero, which is characterized by courage, heroism, contempt for death and hatred of the enemy. “Madness, courage - this is the wisdom of life! O brave falcon! You bled to death in battle with your enemies. But there will be time - and drops of your hot blood, like sparks, will flare up in the darkness of life and many brave hearts will be ignited with an insane thirst for freedom and light!”
Every hero romantic stories M. Gorky is active, goal-oriented person, resisting evil by all means.