The fatal shot, which the poet’s last affection, Veronica Polonskaya, heard while leaving her room on Lubyanka, sounded on April 14, 1930...
The death of Mayakovsky in the thirty-seventh year of his life raised many questions among his contemporaries. Why did the genius, beloved by the people and the Soviet government, the “singer of the revolution”, voluntarily pass away?
There is no doubt that it was suicide. The results of an examination carried out by criminologists 60 years after the death of the poet confirmed that Mayakovsky shot himself. established the authenticity of what was written two days earlier. The very fact that the note was drawn up in advance speaks in favor of the thoughtfulness of this act.
When Yesenin passed away three years earlier, Mayakovsky writes: “It is not difficult to die in this life.
Make life much more difficult." With these lines, he puts a bitter assessment on escaping reality through suicide. About his own death, he writes: “... this is not the way... but I have no choice.”
We will never know the exact answer to the question of what broke the poet so much. But Mayakovsky's voluntary death can be partly explained by the events preceding his death. In part, the poet’s choice reveals his work. The famous lines from the poem “Man”, written in 1917: “And the heart is longing for a shot, and the throat is raving with a razor...” speak for themselves.
In general, Mayakovsky's poetry is a mirror of his nervous, contradictory nature. His poems are full of either almost teenage delight and enthusiasm, or bile and bitterness of disappointment. This is how Vladimir Mayakovsky was described by his contemporaries. The same main witness to the poet’s suicide writes in her memoirs: “In general, he always had extremes. I don’t remember Mayakovsky... calm...".
The poet had many reasons to draw the last line. Married Lilya Brik, main love and Mayakovsky’s muse, all his life came closer and further away from him, but never belonged to him entirely. Long before the tragedy, the poet had already flirted with his fate twice, and the reason for this was his all-encompassing passion for this woman. But then Mayakovsky, whose death still worries minds, remained alive - the weapon misfired.
The onset of serious health problems due to overwork and severe flu, the deafening failure of the play “Bathhouse” in March 1930, the separation from which the poet asked to become his wife... All these life collisions, indeed, blow by blow, seemed to be preparing Mayakovsky’s death. Kneeling in front of Veronica Polonskaya, persuading her to stay with him, the poet clung to the relationship with her like a saving straw. But the actress was not ready for such a decisive step as divorcing her husband... When the door closed behind her, a revolver with a single bullet in the clip put an end to the life of one of the greatest poets.
Mayakovsky, more than anyone else, was characteristic of his time and difficult to understand from another era.
The beginning of Mayakovsky's poetic activity coincided with the global ideological crisis of the first decade of the 20th century, with its collapse of ethical ideals and concepts. Of all the ones that arose on this basis modernist movements Mayakovsky was attracted by futurism with its anarchic rebellion, the overthrow of old idols and the desire for innovation in form.
Mayakovsky's early work has an anti-bourgeois orientation. The poet is disgusted by humility, satiety, and philistinism. Not accepting the contemporary world, Mayakovsky transfers his feelings to humans. His vision is selective: the future proletarian poet does not pay attention to either the workers or the peasants. For him, the truth is that there is some kind of bourgeois average type - “two arshins of faceless pinkish dough”,
Only the light folds of shiny cheeks falling onto the shoulders sway.
Mayakovsky satirically portrays the average man, who for him is a symbol of the entire old world (“Here!”, “To you!”).
In Mayakovsky's pre-revolutionary poems there is neither sympathy nor compassion for the “little” man. The flabby man in the street has only a big body - a carcass, and everything else: little soul, passions, loves - small. Mayakovsky’s utopian imagination sees only a “new”, “ideal” person in the future. The poet hopes that
He, the free man I’m screaming about, is a man - he will come, believe me, believe me!This person will recreate a world in which everything will be different: nature, cities, art, morality. Mayakovsky connected the concept of a new world with the image of a titanic man, free from the past.
IN early period Mayakovsky’s creativity is able to express pain and suffering, to convey these, then still living, feelings to others. In the tragedy “Vladimir Mayakovsky” he writes about “himself, my beloved,” therefore the emotion is not declarative, the sincerity is not feigned. The image of a suffering person finds poetic completion in the poems “Man” and “Cloud in Pants.” The source of the poet’s suffering is not only the disorder of the world, but also love (“Listen!”, “Spine Flute”, “I Love”):
And only my pain is sharper - I stand, surrounded by fire, on the unburning fire of unimaginable love.
First world war deepened Mayakovsky’s understanding of the failure of the bourgeois world. The motive of human suffering acquires a universal scale, the problem of “man and the Universe” finds concrete expression in the problem of “war and peace” (the poem “War and Peace”).
For Mayakovsky, the revolution became an opportunity to realize all his desires and utopias: the destruction of the bourgeois world, the overthrow of the old art, the old morality:
Citizens! Today the thousand-year-old “Before” is collapsing. Today the basis of the world is being revised. Today, down to the last button on our clothes, we will remake Life again!
Accepting the ideals of the revolution, Mayakovsky saw at the same time its two-facedness and inconsistency (“Ode to the Revolution”), and then the distortion of the ideals of freedom, humanity, and democracy. In his work, two lines begin to develop in parallel: an affirmative-optimistic one, glorifying the revolution and the socialist transformation of life (“Good!”, “Vladimir Ilyich Lenin”, “Komsomolskoye”, “150000000”, “At the top of my voice”), and satirically -accusatory, directed against bureaucracy, Soviet bureaucracy, against Soviet philistinism and philistinism, which turned out to be no better than the bourgeois.
I allow poetry only one form: brevity, precision of mathematical formulas.
If we proceed from the axiom that poetry is the voice of the soul, then it is unlikely that the soul speaks in formulas. Mayakovsky remains less and less a poet, more and more turning into a brilliant designer and speaker, who needs intelligence, keen vision, but not necessarily a soul. Mayakovsky is disingenuous when he says that he “stepped on the throat of his own song.” His tragedy was that the Song disappeared, its place was taken by a poster, a slogan, and a public recitation. His desire to keep up with the times resulted in a response to every event in the country (ore mining, cleanup work, construction of a new factory or city).
The poet understood that his personality and his work would still cause controversy decades later, and that it would hardly be possible to unambiguously evaluate everything he wrote:
From the pulpit there will be a big-faced idiot praising something about the devil. The crowd will bow, fawning, vain. You won’t even know - I’m not me: she will paint her bald head with horns or radiance.
The result was divine - a huge talent that resulted in brilliant lines. There was also a devilish desire to serve a great but false idea that deprived these lines of soul.
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Russian poet, playwright and satirist, screenwriter and editor of several magazines, film director and actor. He is one of the greatest futurist poets of the twentieth century.
Date and place of birth – July 19, 1893, Baghdati, Kutaisi province, Russian Empire.
Today we will tell you about the life of Mayakovsky using facts.
Vladimir Mayakovsky was born in the village of Bagdati, Kutaisi province (in Soviet era the village was called Mayakovsky) in Georgia, in the family of Vladimir Konstantinovich Mayakovsky (1857-1906), who served as a third-class forester in the Erivan province, from 1889 in the Bagdat forestry.
I want to be understood by my native country,
but I won’t be understood -
Well?!
By home country
I'll pass by
how is it going
slanting rain.
The poet's mother, Alexandra Alekseevna Pavlenko (1867-1954), from a family of Kuban Cossacks, was born in Kuban, in the village of Ternovskaya.
The future poet had two sisters: Lyudmila (1884-1972) and Olga (1890-1949), and two brothers: Konstantin (died at the age of three from scarlet fever) and Alexander (died in infancy).
Could you?
I immediately blurred the map of everyday life,
splashing paint from a glass;
I showed the jelly on the dish
slanting cheekbones of the ocean.
On the scales of a tin fish
I read the calls of new lips.
And you
play nocturne
could
on the drainpipe flute?
Many streets in cities of Russia and other countries are named after Mayakovsky: Berlin, Dzerzhinsk, Donetsk, Zaporozhye, Izhevsk, Kaliningrad, Kislovodsk, Kyiv, Kutaisi, Minsk, Moscow, Odessa, Penza, Perm, Ruzaevka, Samara, St. Petersburg, Tbilisi, Tuapse, Grozny, Ufa, Khmelnitsky.
In 1902, Mayakovsky entered the gymnasium in Kutaisi. Like his parents, he was fluent in Georgian. He took part in a revolutionary demonstration and read propaganda brochures.
To you!
To you, who live behind the orgy orgy,
having a bathroom and a warm closet!
Shame on you about those presented to George
read from newspaper columns?Do you know, many mediocre,
those who think it’s better to get drunk how -
maybe now the leg bomb
tore Petrov's lieutenant away?..If he is brought to slaughter,
suddenly I saw, wounded,
how you have a lip smeared in a cutlet
lustfully humming the Northerner!Is it for you, who love women and dishes,
give your life for pleasure?!
I'd rather be at the bar... I'll be
serve pineapple water!
In February 1906, his father died of blood poisoning after pricking his finger with a needle while stitching papers. Since then, Mayakovsky could not stand pins and hairpins, and his bacteriophobia remained a lifelong one.
In July 1906, Mayakovsky, together with his mother and sisters, moved to Moscow, where he entered the fourth grade of the 5th classical gymnasium.
The family lived in poverty. In March 1908, he was expelled from the 5th grade due to non-payment of tuition.
The minor planet (2931) Mayakovsky, discovered on October 16, 1969 by L. I. Chernykh, was named in honor of Vladimir Mayakovsky.
Conclusion
Love won't wash away
no quarrel
not a mile.
Thought out
verified
verified.
Raising solemnly the stock-fingered verse,
I swear -
I love
unchanged and true!
Mayakovsky published his first “half-poem” in the illegal magazine “Rush,” which was published by the Third Gymnasium. According to him, “it turned out incredibly revolutionary and equally ugly.”
Three times throughout his life Mayakovsky was arrested.
In Moscow, Mayakovsky met revolutionary-minded students, began to become interested in Marxist literature, and in 1908 joined the RSDLP. He was a propagandist in the commercial and industrial subdistrict, and was arrested three times in 1908-1909.
I always carried a soap dish with me and washed my hands regularly.
In prison, Mayakovsky was a “scandal,” so he was often transferred from unit to unit: Basmannaya, Meshchanskaya, Myasnitskaya and, finally, Butyrskaya prison, where he spent 11 months in solitary confinement No. 103.
During his life, Mayakovsky visited not only Europe, but also America.
It came out stilted and tearful. Something like:
The forests dressed in gold and purple,
The sun played on the heads of the churches.
I waited: but the days were lost in the months,
Hundreds of tedious days.I filled a whole notebook with this. Thanks to the guards - they took me away when I left. Otherwise I would have printed it!
- “I myself” (1922-1928)
Mayakovsky liked to play billiards and cards, which suggests his love of gambling.
After his third arrest, he was released from prison in January 1910. After his release, he left the party. In 1918 he wrote in his autobiography: “Why not in the party? Communists worked at the fronts. In art and education there are still compromisers. They would send me to fish in Astrakhan.”
In 1930, Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky shot himself, having written a suicide note 2 days earlier.
In 1911, the poet’s friend, bohemian artist Eugenia Lang, inspired the poet to take up painting.
Who to be?
My years are getting older
will be seventeen.
Where should I work then?
what to do?
Required workers -
joiners and carpenters!
It's tricky to work furniture:
at first
We
take a log
and sawing boards
long and flat.
These boards
like this
clamps
workbench table
From work
saw
glowed white hot.
From under the file
sawdust is falling.
Plane
in hand -
different work:
knots, squiggles
planing with a plane.
Good shavings -
yellow toys.
Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky starred in several films.
On November 30, 1912, Mayakovsky’s first public performance took place in the artistic basement “Stray Dog”.
The steamship, which sank in Riga in 1950, was named after Mayakovsky.
Mayakovsky gave Liliya Brik a ring with the engraving “Lyub”, which meant “I love you”.
Giveaway
Do I entangle a woman in a touching romance,
I just look at the passerby -
everyone carefully holds their pocket.
Funny!
From the poor -
what to cheat from them?How many years will pass, they will find out for now -
candidate for the fathom of the city morgue –
I
infinitely richer
than any Pierpont Morgan.After so many, so many years
- in a word, I won’t survive -
I'll die of hunger,
I'll stand under the gun -
me,
today's redhead,
professors will learn to the last iota,
How,
When,
where it appears.Will
from the pulpit a big-faced idiot
grind something about the god-devil.The crowd will bow
fawning,
vain.
You won't even know -
I'm not me:
she will paint a bald head
into horns or radiance.Every student
before you lie down,
she
will not forget to be transfixed by my poems.
I'm a pessimist
I know -
forever
the student will live on earth.Listen:
everything that my soul owns,
- and her wealth, go and kill her! –
splendor,
what will decorate my step for eternity
and my very immortality,
which, thundering through all centuries,
a world meeting will gather the kneeling,
do you want all this? –
I'll give it back now
for just one word
affectionate,
human.People!
Dustling the avenues, trampling the rye,
go from all over the earth's bosom.
Today
in Petrograd
on Nadezhdinskaya
not for a penny
The most precious crown is for sale.For a human word -
isn't it cheap?
Go ahead
try,-
how come
you will find him!
In 1913, Mayakovsky’s first collection “I” (a cycle of four poems) was published. It was written by hand, provided with drawings by Vasily Chekrygin and Lev Zhegin and reproduced lithographically in the amount of 300 copies. As the first section, this collection was included in the poet’s book of poems “Simple as Mooing” (1916).
Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky always gave money to needy old people.
Mayakovsky really liked dogs.
School No. 1 in the city of Jermuk (Armenia) was named in honor of Mayakovsky.
I love
Usually like this
Love is given to anyone born, -
but between services,
income
and other things
from day to day
the soil of the heart hardens.
The body is put on the heart,
on the body - a shirt.
But this is not enough!
One -
idiot!-
made the cuffs
and my breasts began to be filled with starch.
They will come to their senses in old age.
The woman rubs herself.
A man is waving a windmill at Müller.
But it's too late.
The skin multiplies with wrinkles.
Love will bloom
will bloom -
and shrinks.As a boy
I was moderately gifted with love.
But since childhood
people
laboriously trained.
In 1914-1915, Mayakovsky worked on the poem “A Cloud in Pants”. After the outbreak of the First World War, the poem “War Has Been Declared” was published. In August, Mayakovsky decided to sign up as a volunteer, but he was not allowed, explaining this as political unreliability. Soon his attitude towards service in tsarist army Mayakovsky expressed it in the poem “To you!”, which later became a song.
Mayakovsky usually composed poetry on the go. Sometimes he had to walk 15-20 km to come up with the right rhyme.
On March 29, 1914, Mayakovsky, together with Burliuk and Kamensky, arrived on tour in Baku - as part of the “famous Moscow futurists.” That evening, at the Mailov Brothers Theater, Mayakovsky read a report on futurism, illustrating it with poetry.
You
Came -
businesslike,
behind the roar,
for growth,
looking at
I just saw a boy.
I took it
took my heart
and just
went to play -
like a girl with a ball.
And each -
it’s like seeing a miracle -
where the lady dug in,
where is the girl?
“To love someone like that?
Yes, this one will rush!
Must be a tamer.
Must be from the menagerie!”
And I rejoice.
He is not there -
yoke!
I don’t remember myself from joy,
galloped
jumped like a wedding Indian,
it was so fun
it was easy for me.
In 1937, the Mayakovsky Library-Museum was opened in Moscow (formerly Gendrikov Lane, now Mayakovsky Lane). Opened in Moscow in January 1974 State Museum Mayakovsky (on Bolshaya Lubyanka). In 2013, the main building of the museum was closed for reconstruction, but exhibitions are still held.
Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky was considered an accomplice in the anti-religious campaign, where he promoted atheism.
In 1915-1917, Mayakovsky, under the patronage of Maxim Gorky, passed military service in Petrograd at the Automotive Training School. Soldiers were not allowed to publish, but he was saved by Osip Brik, who bought the poems “Spine Flute” and “Cloud in Pants” for 50 kopecks per line and published them.
For the creation of the "ladder". Many other poets accused Mayakovsky of cheating.
In 1918, Mayakovsky starred in three films based on his own scripts. In August 1917, he decided to write "Mystery Bouffe", which was completed on October 25, 1918 and staged for the anniversary of the revolution.
Mayakovsky had unrequited love in Paris for the Russian emigrant Tatyana Yakovlevna.
On December 17, 1918, the poet first read the poem “Left March” from the stage of the Matrossky Theater. In March 1919, he moved to Moscow, began actively collaborating with ROSTA (1919-1921), and designed (as a poet and as an artist) propaganda and satirical posters for ROSTA (“ROSTA Windows”).
Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky had a daughter from Russian emigrant Elizaveta Siebert, who died in 2016.
In 1922-1924, Mayakovsky made several trips abroad - Latvia, France, Germany; wrote essays and poems about European impressions.
Mayakovsky was considered an ardent supporter of the revolution, even though he defended socialist and communist ideals.
In 1925, his longest journey took place: a trip across America. Mayakovsky visited Havana, Mexico City and for three months spoke in various cities of the United States, reading poems and reports.
Over the years of his life, Mayakovsky tried himself as a designer.
Mayakovsky's works were translated into different languages peace.
Me and Napoleon
I live on Bolshaya Presnya,
36, 24.
The place is calm.
Quiet.
Well?
It seems - what do I care?
that somewhere
in the storm-world
took it and invented a war?Night has come.
Good.
Insinuating.
And why are some young ladies
trembling, timidly turning
huge eyes, like spotlights?
Street crowds to heavenly moisture
fell with burning lips,
and the city, fraying its flag-like little hands,
prays and prays with red crosses.
The bare-haired church of the boulevard
headboard.
In 1927, he restored the LEF magazine under the name “New LEF”. A total of 24 issues were published. In the summer of 1928, Mayakovsky became disillusioned with LEF and left the organization and the magazine. In the same year, he began writing his personal biography, “I Myself.”
Mayakovsky's main needs were travel.
In his works, Mayakovsky was uncompromising, and therefore inconvenient. In the works he wrote in the late 1920s, tragic motifs began to appear. Critics called him only a “fellow traveler” and not the “proletarian writer” that he wanted to see himself.
Mayakovsky and Liliya Brik never hid their relationship, and Liliya’s husband was not against this outcome of events.
In the spring of 1930, the Circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard was preparing a grandiose performance of “Moscow is Burning” based on Mayakovsky’s play; the dress rehearsal was scheduled for April 21, but the poet did not live to see it.
Major publications began publishing Mayakovsky’s works only in 1922.
In 1918, Lilya and Vladimir starred in the film “Chained by Film” based on Mayakovsky’s script. To date, the film has survived in fragments. Photographs and big poster, where Lilya is drawn, entangled in film.
Tatyana Yakovleva, another beloved woman of Mayakovsky, was 15 years younger than him.
Despite his close communication with Lilya Brik, Mayakovsky’s personal life was not limited to her. According to evidence and materials collected in documentary film Channel One "The Third Extra", the premiere of which was shown on the 120th anniversary of the poet on July 20, 2013, Mayakovsky is the natural father Soviet sculptor Gleb-Nikita Lavinsky (1921-1986).
Mayakovsky studied in the same class with Pasternak's brother.
In 1926, Mayakovsky received an apartment in Gendrikov Lane, in which the three of them lived with the Briks until 1930 (now Mayakovsky Lane, 15/13).
In 1927, the film “The Third Meshchanskaya” (“Love for Three”), directed by Abram Room, was released. The script was written by Viktor Shklovsky, taking as a basis the well-known “threesome love” between Mayakovsky and the Briks.
The year 1930 started poorly for Mayakovsky. He was sick a lot. In February, Lilya and Osip Brik left for Europe. There was an embarrassment with his long-awaited exhibition “20 Years of Work”, which was not visited by any of the prominent writers and state leaders, as the poet had hoped for. The premiere of the play “Bathhouse” was unsuccessful in March, and the play “The Bedbug” was also expected to fail.
Two days before his suicide, on April 12, Mayakovsky had a meeting with readers at the Polytechnic Institute, which was attended mainly by Komsomol members; There were many unflattering shouts from the seats. The poet was haunted by quarrels and scandals everywhere. His mental state became increasingly unstable.
Since the spring of 1919, Mayakovsky, despite the fact that he constantly lived with the Briks, had for work a small boat-like room on the fourth floor of a communal apartment on Lubyanka (now this is the State Museum of V.V. Mayakovsky, Lubyansky proezd, 3/6 p.4). The suicide took place in this room.
Source-Internet
1893 , July 7 (19) - born in the village of Baghdadi, near Kutaisi (now the village of Mayakovski in Georgia), in the family of forester Vladimir Konstantinovich Mayakovski. He lived in Baghdadi until 1902.
1902 - enters the Kutaisi gymnasium.
1905 – gets acquainted with underground revolutionary literature, takes part in demonstrations, rallies, and school strikes.
1906 – death of father, family move to Moscow. In August he enters the fourth grade of the Fifth Moscow Gymnasium.
1907 - gets acquainted with Marxist literature, participates in the Social Democratic circle of the Third Gymnasium. First poems.
1908 - joins the RSDLP (Bolsheviks). Works as a propagandist. In March he leaves the gymnasium. Arrested during a search in the underground printing house of the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP (Bolsheviks).
1909 - the second and third (in the case of organizing the escape of thirteen political convicts from the Moscow Novinskaya prison) arrests of Mayakovsky.
1910 , January - released from arrest as a minor and placed under police supervision.
1911 – accepted into the figure class of the School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture.
1912
– D. Burliuk introduces Mayakovsky to the futurists. In the fall, Mayakovsky’s first poem, “Crimson and White,” was published.
December. Release of the collection of futurists “A Slap in the Face of Public Taste” with Mayakovsky’s first printed poems “Night” and “Morning”.
1913
- release of the first collection of poems - "I!"
Spring - meeting N. Aseev. Production of the tragedy "Vladimir Mayakovsky" at the Luna Park Theater in St. Petersburg.
1914
– Mayakovsky’s trip to Russian cities with lectures and poetry readings (Simferopol, Sevastopol, Kerch, Odessa, Chisinau, Nikolaev, Kyiv). Expelled from the School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture due to public speaking.
March–April – the tragedy “Vladimir Mayakovsky” was published.
1915
- moves to Petrograd, which became his permanent place of residence until the beginning of 1919. Reading the poem "To you!" (which caused outrage among the bourgeois public) in the artistic basement "Stray Dog".
February - the beginning of cooperation in the magazine "New Satyricon". On February 26, the poem “Hymn to the Judge” was published (under the title “The Judge”).
The second half of February - the almanac "Sagittarius" (No. 1) is published with excerpts from the prologue and the fourth part of the poem "Cloud in Pants".
1916
– the poem “War and Peace” is completed; the third part of the poem was accepted by Gorky's journal Letopis, but was prohibited from publication by military censorship.
February – the poem “Flute-Spine” was published as a separate edition.
1917 - The poem "Man" is completed. The poem "War and Peace" was published as a separate edition.
1918 – the poems “Man” and “Cloud in Pants” (second, uncensored edition) were published as a separate edition. Premiere of the play "Mystery Bouffe".
1919 – “Left March” was published in the newspaper “Art of the Commune”. The collection "Everything composed by Vladimir Mayakovsky" has been published. The beginning of Mayakovsky's work as an artist and poet at the Russian Telegraph Agency (ROSTA). Works without interruption until February 1922.
1920
– the poem “150,000,000” is completed. Speech at the First All-Russian Congress of ROSTA workers.
June–August – lives in a dacha near Moscow (Pushkino). The poem "An Extraordinary Adventure" was written ...
".
1922 - the poem “I Love” was written. Izvestia published the poem "The Satisfied Ones." The collection "Mayakovsky is mocking" has been published. Trip to Berlin and Paris.
1923 – the poem “About This” is finished. No. 1 of the Lef magazine, edited by Mayakovsky, was published; with his articles and poem "About This".
1925 – trip to Berlin and Paris. Trip to Cuba and America. He gives talks and reads poetry in New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and Chicago. The magazine "Spartak" (No. 1), dedicated to Mayakovsky, was published in New York.
1926 – the poem “To Comrade Nette – a steamship and a person” was written.
1927 - publication of the first issue of the magazine "New Lef" edited by Mayakovsky, with his editorial.
1929
- premiere of the play "The Bedbug".
February–April – trip abroad: Berlin, Prague, Paris, Nice.
Premiere of the play "The Bedbug" in Leningrad at the Bolshoi branch drama theater in the presence of Mayakovsky.
1930
, February 1 – opening of Mayakovsky’s exhibition “20 years of work” at the Moscow Writers Club. Reads the introduction to the poem "At the top of my voice."
April 14 – committed suicide in Moscow.
Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky (1893 – 1930) – famous Soviet poet 20th century, publicist, playwright, artist. In addition, he is a talented film actor, director and screenwriter.
Parents
Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky was born in Georgia on July 7 (19), 1893 in the village of Baghdadi, Kutaisi province.
- His father, forester Vladimir Konstantinovich Mayakovsky (1857–1906) came from Zaporozhye Cossacks. He knew countless cases and anecdotes and conveyed them in Russian, Georgian, Armenian, Tatar languages, which he knew perfectly.
- The poet’s mother Alexandra Alekseevna Mayakovskaya (1867–1954) is the daughter of captain of the Kuban infantry regiment Alexei Ivanovich Pavlenko, participant Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878, holder of the St. George Medal “For Service and Bravery”, as well as other military awards.
- My father's great-grandfather Kirill Mayakovsky was a regimental captain of the Black Sea troops, which gave him the right to receive the title of nobleman. Subsequently, the poet wrote in the poem “To Our Youth”: “Pillar’s father is my nobleman.”
- On the paternal side, grandmother Efrosinya Osipovna was cousin famous writer and historian G.P. Danilevsky.
Children of Mayakovsky
While working at Windows of ROST (1920), Vladimir Mayakovsky met the artist Lilia (Elizaveta) Lavinskaya. And although at that time she was a married young lady, this did not stop her from being carried away by the stately and charismatic poet. The fruit of this relationship was their son, who received a double name Gleb-Nikita. He was born on August 21, 1921 and was recorded in documents under the name of Anton Lavinsky, his mother’s official husband. The boy Gleb-Nikita himself always knew who his biological father was. Moreover, despite the lack of fatherly attention (Vladimir Mayakovsky’s children did not interest him; he was even afraid of them), he deeply loved the poet and youth I read his poems.
Mayakovsky's son received a double name due to parental disagreements in choosing a name for the boy. He received the first part - Gleb - from his stepfather, the second part - Nikita - from his mother. Mayakovsky himself did not take part in raising his son, although he was frequent guest family in the first few years.
Nikita-Gleb's life was not easy. With living parents, the boy grew up in an orphanage until he was three years old. According to those social views it was the most suitable place to raise children and teach them to be part of a team. ABOUT my own father Gleb-Nikita has few memories. Much later, he would tell his youngest daughter Elizaveta about one special meeting they had, when Mayakovsky took him on his shoulders, went out onto the balcony and read his poems to him.
Mayakovsky's son had a subtle artistic taste and absolute musical ear. At the age of 20, Gleb-Nikita was called up to the front. All Great Patriotic War he passed as an ordinary soldier. Then he got married for the first time.
American daughter
In the mid-1920s, a radical change occurred in the relationship between Mayakovsky and Liliya Brik, and the political situation in Russia itself was difficult for the revolutionary poet at that time. This became the reason for his trip to the USA, where he actively toured and visited his friend David Burliuk. There he met Russian emigrant Ellie Jones (real name Elizaveta Siebert). She was a reliable comrade, a charming companion and translator for him in a foreign country.
This novel became very significant for the poet. He even seriously wanted to get married and create a calm family haven. However old love(Lily Brik) did not let him go, all impulses quickly cooled down. And on June 15, 1926, Ellie Jones gave birth to a daughter from the poet - Patricia Thompson.
At birth, the girl received the name Helen-Patricia Jones. The surname came from the emigrant mother's husband, George Jones. This was necessary so that the child could be considered legitimate and remain in the United States. In addition, the secret of birth saved the girl. Possible children of Mayakovsky could then come under persecution by the NKVD and Liliya Brik herself.
Childhood
From the age of four, Volodya loved to be read to, especially poetry. And his mother read to him Krylov, Pushkin, Lermontov, Nekrasov. And when she could not respond to his request, he cried. He easily remembered what he liked and then recited it expressively from memory. When he grew up, he began to climb into empty churi (large clay jugs for wine) and read poetry from there. The jugs resonated and the voice sounded loud and booming.
In 1898, for his birthday, which coincided with his father’s birthday, he learned Lermontov’s poem “Dispute” and performed in front of numerous guests. His first impromptu statement related to the purchase of a camera dates back to this time: “Mom is glad, dad is glad that we bought the camera.”
At the age of six, Mayakovsky learned to read on his own, without the help of adults. I didn’t like the first book “Agafya the Birdkeeper” by children’s writer Klavdia Lukashevich. “Fortunately, the second one is Don Quixote.” What a book! He made a wooden sword and armor, smashed the surroundings” (V. Mayakovsky. “I Myself”). Usually the boy took a book, filled his pockets with fruit, grabbed something for his dog friends and went into the garden. There he lay down on his stomach under a tree, and two or three dogs lovingly guarded him. And I read it for so long.
Volodya Mayakovsky - 1st grade student
Fun games and a wide range of children's imagination were facilitated by the fact that Ananov's house, into which the Mayakovsky family moved in the fall of 1899, was located on the site of an ancient Georgian fortress. The poet’s first artistic and visual impressions also date back to the Baghdad period. In the summer, many guests came to the Mayakovskys, including young people. Among those who came was a student of St. Petersburg University B.P. Glushkovsky, the son of Yulia Feliksovna Glushkovskaya, a Kutaisi acquaintance of the Mayakovskys, who also studied at the school for “encouragement of the arts.” The future poet watched as he sketched the figure of the main character of Pushkin’s “Eugene Onegin” into an album. In 1900, when Volodya was seven years old, Alexandra Alekseevna took him to the city of Kutais to prepare him for entering the gymnasium. Mother and son settled in the house of Yulia Feliksovna Glushkovskaya, who began to give Volodya lessons.
And already in 1902, Mayakovsky passed the exams for the senior preparatory class of the Kutaisi classical gymnasium, and began studying there in the fall. At this time, the older sister was preparing to enter the Moscow Stroganov School and took drawing lessons from the artist S.P. Rubella, who graduated from the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts. She showed him her brother’s drawings, and he began to study with Mayakovsky for free.
In 1906, after the death of his father, the family moved to Moscow. Mayakovsky studied at the Moscow gymnasium. He communicated with Bolshevik students, joined the party, and was co-opted into the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP(b) (1908). He was arrested three times. And in 1909 he was imprisoned in solitary confinement in the Butyrka prison. After leaving prison, where he began writing poetry, Mayakovsky decides to “make socialist art”: “I interrupted party work. I sat down to study."
The beginning of a creative journey
In 1911, after several attempts to enter any artistic educational institution, Mayakovsky becomes a student at the School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture in Moscow. Through David Burliuk, one of the leaders of the futurist group “Gilea,” who studied there, Mayakovsky became acquainted with the world of the Moscow literary and artistic avant-garde. Burliuk, whom Mayakovsky introduced to his poems, highly appreciated them and recommended continuing his studies in poetry. From the end of 1912 to the beginning of 1923, Mayakovsky took part in art exhibitions contemporary art, performs reading his poems, participates in public performances together with Burliuk and other members of the Gileya group. Mayakovsky’s first publications (poems Night, Morning) appeared at the end of 1912 in the publication “Gilea”.
Mayakovsky also participated in the writing of the manifesto of the same name, from which the statement, often quoted by the artistic opponents of the Futurists, was taken - “throw Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Pushkin off the Steamboat of modernity.” The authors of numerous memoirs emphasize Mayakovsky’s love for the classics, brilliant knowledge of Pushkin’s poetry, etc., trying to balance declarations of this kind. They were typical of many leftist movements in art at the beginning of the 20th century. In May 1913, 300 copies of Mayakovsky's first collection with illustrations by the author and his comrades in the School of Painting were printed by lithographic method in the amount of 300 copies.
Features of poetry
In the first poems, Mayakovsky’s imagery is quite traditional compared to other futurists, and in them the anti-aestheticism common to the group of cubo-futurists, an appeal to shocking themes and, along with them, features of originality gradually appear: urban imagery; dynamism and sudden changes in intonation; widespread use of motifs, the source of which was fine arts, first of all – modernist painting. Somewhat later, features appeared that were preserved in Mayakovsky’s poetry in the 1920s: the common use of occasionalisms (words associated with a specific case, occasion, and not registered as language norm) and the use of compound rhyme.
Several examples of Mayakovsky’s occasionalisms:
- Yellow-eyed (from yellow-eyed)
- Capital (from capital)
- Sun-faced (sun, face)
- See you (had a chance to see)
- Sozvenenny (from link)
- Sklyan (from glass)
- Winged (from wing)
Mayakovsky, together with Burliuk, V. Kamensky and other members of the Cubo-Futurist group, actively participates in “futurist tours” around Russia - collective performances with lectures and poetry readings. The performances had strong elements of theatricality and shocking (provocative behavior, unusual clothes, makeup). In subsequent positive reviews, Mayakovsky was considered outside the context of the futurist group.
In 1914, at the St. Petersburg Luna Park Theater, with the participation of the author, Mayakovsky’s tragedy “Vladimir Mayakovsky” was staged, in which the poet performed main role- poet Vladimir Mayakovsky. According to Chukovsky’s memoirs, “the play was supposed to have a different title, but the censor, to whom Mayakovsky handed over the play, without having yet come up with the title, mistook the author’s name for it and subsequently did not allow it to be changed, but this only made the poet happy.” The original names of the tragedy are Railway, The Rise of Things; the motif of the rebellion of things connects it with the poetics of other Russian futurists (Khlebnikov). The allegorical characters of the play (Old Man with Dry Black Cats, Man without an Eye and Leg, Man without a Head, etc.) are also comparable to the characters in Khlebnikov's plays. The play in verse is not well suited for stage production. Its first edition develops the traditions of the futuristic book in the field of playing with fonts of various styles and sizes.
Travel and social activities
In 1915, Mayakovsky’s famous poem “A Cloud in Pants” was completed. Further poetry of Mayakovsky, in addition to anti-war themes, also contains satirical ones. Film scripts occupy a due place in Mayakovsky's work. He starred in three of his films in 1918.
The great poet met the October Revolution at the headquarters of the uprising in Smolny. He immediately began to cooperate with the new government and participated in the first meetings of cultural figures. Let us note that Mayakovsky led a detachment of soldiers who arrested General P. Sekretev, who ran the automobile school, although he had previously received the medal “For Diligence” from his hands. The years 1917–1918 were marked by the release of several works by Mayakovsky dedicated to revolutionary events (for example, “Ode to the Revolution,” “Our March”). On the first anniversary of the revolution, the play “Mystery-bouffe” was presented.
Mayakovsky was also interested in filmmaking. In 1919, three films were released, in which Vladimir acted as an actor, screenwriter and director. At the same time, the poet began collaborating with ROSTA and worked on propaganda and satirical posters. At the same time, Mayakovsky worked for the newspaper “Art of the Commune”.
At this time, several bright and memorable works of the brilliant poet were created: “About This” (1923), “Sevastopol - Yalta” (1924), “Vladimir Ilyich Lenin” (1924). Let us emphasize that while reading the last poem in Bolshoi Theater I. Stalin himself was present. No less important and eventful was the period of frequent travel for Mayakovsky. During 1922 - 1924 he visited France, Latvia and Germany, to which he dedicated several works. In 1925, Vladimir went to America, visiting Mexico City, Havana and many US cities. The beginning of the 20s was marked by heated controversy between Vladimir Mayakovsky and Sergei Yesenin. The latter at that time joined the Imagists - irreconcilable opponents of the Futurists. In addition, Mayakovsky was a poet of the revolution and the city, and Yesenin extolled the countryside in his work.
During 1926-1927, Mayakovsky created 9 film scripts. In addition, in 1927, the poet resumed the activities of the LEF magazine. But a year later he left the magazine and the corresponding organization, completely disillusioned with them. In 1929, Vladimir founded the REF group, but the following year he left it and became a member of RAPP. At the end of the 20s, Mayakovsky again turned to drama. He is preparing two plays: “The Bedbug” (1928) and “Bathhouse” (1929), intended specifically for theater stage Meyerhold. They thoughtfully combine a satirical presentation of the reality of the 20s with a look into the future.
Meyerhold compared Mayakovsky's talent with the genius of Moliere, but critics greeted his new works with devastating comments. In “The Bedbug” they found only artistic shortcomings, but even accusations were brought against “Bath” ideological character. Many newspapers carried extremely offensive articles, and some of them had the headlines “Down with Mayakovism!”
Lilia Brik
Brik was two years older than Mayakovsky, and this, albeit formal, difference was noticeably felt: in their relationship it was she who led, while the poet played the role of a follower, a subordinate. Brik and Mayakovsky met in the summer of 1915; the poet’s future muse had already been married to Osip Brik for three years at that time. Lilya “stole” Mayakovsky from her sister Elsa, with whom he was dating at the time. Actually, it was Elsa who brought Mayakovsky to the Brikovs’ St. Petersburg apartment on Zhukovsky Street. The poet read the latest poem “A Cloud in Pants”, received an enthusiastic reception, was charmed by the hostess, the feeling turned out to be mutual. Osip helped publish “The Cloud,” all three became friends, and Mayakovsky, not wanting to part with his new hobby, stayed in Petrograd. Gradually the Brik house turned into a fashionable literary salon, and soon between the poet and new muse a romance began, which was calmly accepted by Lily's husband.
“Elzochka, don’t make such scary eyes. I told Osya that my feelings for Volodya were verified, strong, and that I was now his wife. And Osya agrees,” these words, which struck Elsa to the core, turned out to be true. In 1918, Briki and Mayakovsky began to live as a threesome, and in the spring of the following year they moved to Moscow, where they did not hide their progressive relationship at all. Lilya worked with the poet at Windows of ROSTA, Osip worked at the Cheka.
Mayakovsky's love for Brik (to whom he dedicated all his poems) was emotional; his character required constant shocks, which increasingly tired Lilya. Regular scenes, departures and returns - the relationship in the couple was not cloudless. Brik allowed herself to speak disparagingly about Mayakovsky, calling him boring, and eventually stopped being faithful to him. This, however, did not stop Lila from keeping the poet on a short leash, making sure that Mayakovsky did not leave her anywhere. In his will, he indicated Brik as one of the heirs, and she received half of the rights to his works.
Veronica Polonskaya
Mayakovsky's last strong passion, the Moscow Art Theater actress Veronika Polonskaya, was 15 years younger than the poet. Polonskaya, married woman(her husband was the actor Mikhail Yanshin), she could hardly stand the scenes that Mayakovsky arranged for her. He demanded that Veronica leave her husband and became furious when he did not get what he wanted. The relationship was constantly in a state of rupture, and in the end it all ended on April 14, 1930, when the poet committed suicide.
Death and legacy
The fateful year of 1930 began for greatest poet with numerous accusations from colleagues. Mayakovsky was told that he was not a true “proletarian writer”, but only a “fellow traveler”. But, despite the criticism, in the spring of that year Vladimir decided to take stock of his activities, for which he organized an exhibition called “20 years of work.” The exhibition reflected all of Mayakovsky's many-sided achievements, but brought complete disappointment. Neither the poet’s former colleagues at LEF nor the top party leadership visited her. It was a cruel blow, after which a deep wound remained in the poet’s soul.
There was talk in literary circles that Mayakovsky had written himself off. The poet was denied a visa to travel abroad. Two days before his suicide, on April 12, Mayakovsky had a meeting with readers at the Polytechnic Institute, which was attended mainly by Komsomol members; There were a lot of boorish shouts from the seats. The poet was haunted by quarrels and scandals everywhere. His state of mind became more and more alarming and depressing.
Since the spring of 1919, Mayakovsky, despite the fact that he constantly lived with the Briks, had a small boat room for work on the fourth floor of a communal apartment on Lubyanka. The suicide took place in this room.
On the morning of April 14, Mayakovsky had an appointment with Veronica (Nora) Polonskaya. The poet had been dating Polonskaya for the second year, insisted on her divorce and even signed up for a writers’ cooperative in the passage Art Theater, where he was going to move to live with Nora. In 1990, 82-year-old Polonskaya recalled in an interview with Soviet Screen magazine:
“I couldn’t be late, it angered Vladimir Vladimirovich. He locked the doors, hid the key in his pocket, began to demand that I not go to the theater, and generally left there. I cried... I asked if he would accompany me. “No,” he said, but promised to call. And he also asked if I had money for a taxi. I didn’t have any money, he gave me twenty rubles... I managed to get to the front door and heard a shot. I rushed about, afraid to return. Then she walked in and saw the smoke from the shot that had not yet cleared. There was a small bloody stain on Mayakovsky's chest. I rushed to him, I repeated: “What did you do?..” He tried to raise his head. Then his head fell, and he began to turn terribly pale... People appeared, someone said to me: “Run, meet the ambulance... I ran out and met him. I returned, and on the stairs someone said to me: “It’s late. Died…"
The suicide letter, prepared two days earlier, is clear and detailed (which, according to the researchers, excludes the version of the spontaneity of the shot), begins with the words: “Don’t blame anyone for the fact that I’m dying, and please don’t gossip, the dead man doesn’t do this terribly.” loved..." The poet calls Lilya Brik (as well as Veronica Polonskaya), mother and sisters members of his family and asks to transfer all the poems and archives to the Briks. The Briks managed to arrive at the funeral, urgently interrupting their European tour; Polonskaya, on the contrary, did not dare to attend, since Mayakovsky’s mother and sisters considered her to be the culprit in the death of the poet. For three days, with an endless stream of people, farewell took place in the House of Writers. Tens of thousands of admirers of his talent escorted the poet to the Donskoye Cemetery in an iron coffin while the Internationale was sung.
The poet was cremated in the first Moscow crematorium opened three years earlier near the Donskoy Monastery. The brain was removed for research by the Brain Institute. Initially, the ashes were located there, in the columbarium of the New Donskoe Cemetery, but as a result of the persistent actions of Liliya Brik and the poet’s elder sister Lyudmila, the urn with Mayakovsky’s ashes was moved on May 22, 1952 and buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.
- The greatest love in the poet’s life and his muse was Lilya Yuryevna Brik. Mayakovsky became friends with her and her husband, Osip, and then moved to live in their apartment. Lily and Vladimir started whirlwind romance, and her husband actually gave in to her friend.
- Mayakovsky was popular with women. However, the poet did not officially register any of his relationships. It is known that in addition to his daughter Patricia, Mayakovsky also has a son from his relationship with the artist Lilya Lavinskaya - Gleb-Nikita, a Soviet sculptor.
- After his father’s death from blood poisoning (he injected himself while stitching papers), Mayakovsky was haunted throughout his life by the phobia of dying from infection.
- Invented by Mayakovsky and becoming his business card the poetic “ladder” caused indignation among his colleagues. After all, editors at that time paid not for the number of characters in a work, but for the number of lines.
- After Mayakovsky read a poem about Lenin at the Bolshoi Theater, the audience applauded for 20 minutes; Stalin was present at this performance.
- Mayakovsky stood at the origins of Soviet advertising; the poet was criticized by some of his contemporaries for his advertising activities.
Video
Sources
- https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayakovsky,_Vladimir_Vladimirovich http://v-mayakovsky.com/biography.html