Bards
(in Irish bard, in Cimbri bardh) - this was the name, starting from the 2nd century BC, of the singers of the Gallic and other Celtic peoples known to the Romans, such as the Britons, Cimbri (Welsh), Irish and Scots. Like the scappen and skalds of the ancient Scandinavians, and partly the bayans of the Slavs, they sang the deeds of gods and heroes during divine services and during feasts of princes and nobles to the accompaniment of the harp, excited the troops to feats of courage, during battles they walked ahead of the troops and served as heralds and mediators for the princes . The Gauls have bards. disappear quite early; They lasted longer in Wallis, Ireland and Scotland. Bards everywhere formed hereditary guilds, which were organized like an order and had significant influence on the people and princes. The singer was among the Celts, as well as among the Germans, an exponent of the people's thoughts, a bearer of all their historical legends. The privileges and liberties of the bards were severely limited in Wallis in 940, but the entire order in the city was reformed and reorganized by Gruffudd ap Conan.
From time to time, large competitions in singing and poetry, the so-called. "Eisteddfods", and the judges were appointed by the king. Although with the conquest of Wallis by Edward I ()B. they lost their advantages and were even persecuted, they continued to exist for a long time, and the above-mentioned “Eisteddfods”, with the consent of the English kings, were established right up to Elizabeth. IN modern times Thanks to the revived love for the ancient national Celtic epic, several societies, or verein, were formed, which renewed the Eisteddfods. Science owes the zeal of these latter, as well as the patriotism of individuals, not only a thorough study of the history of the Cimbri bards, but also a collection of songs left from them. See Walter, "Das alte Wales" (Bonn, ).
In Ireland, the hereditary guild of bards, after its formation, split into three different parts. Protected by many privileges, the bards over time acquired such extensive land holdings and appropriated such high position, which repeatedly aroused the displeasure of the people against themselves, sometimes reaching the point of expelling them from certain areas. B.'s art of playing the harp was recognized by everyone at that time. Numerous remains of Irish poetry have survived to this day (for example, Fenian songs). After the conquest of Ireland by Henry II, B.'s guild began to decline. But bards still remained in noble Irish families. Their songs and historical tales helped to preserve the love of the Irish for their fatherland. This circumstance was precisely the reason for repeated measures against Irish bards and singers by English rulers, such as, for example, Henry VI and VII. Elizabeth even ordered that all caught minstrels be hanged, since their songs excited the people to revolt and commit other crimes. The Battle of Boina served to completely destroy the bards. The last Irish bard is considered to be Turlough O'Carolan, b. g., mind. d. See Joseph Cooper Walker, “Memoire of the Irish bards” (Lond.,). The order of bards had approximately the same organization in Scotland or Caledonia. Here he lasted up to a year.
The word B. was unknown to the ancient Germans, although many, and especially poets, often talk about the bards of the ancient Germans. Klopstock and his followers tried to justify their reform aspirations in German poetry with this fiction. Thus, based solely on one place in Tacitus's Germania, where in the manuscripts the word "baritus" (call to the battle key) was misread as "barditus", and this word was mistakenly given the meaning of a battle song. Klopstock named bardites (Bardiet) their religious war songs, composed in the spirit of the “songs of the bards,” as well as battle songs in the ancient Germanic style. German poets during Klopstock's time especially loved to write "bardites", imitating in them for the most part the sensitive softness of Ossian, but more often than not their songs degenerated into a tasteless set of empty words, ridiculed by Lichtenberg, Gölti and others. Klopstock also called his three national dramas, “Die Hermannsschlacht”, “Hermann und die Fürsten” and “Hermanns Tod” bardits. Denis and
Bards
Bards
BARDS (Irish. bard, Welsh. bardd, word unknown value) - singer-poets among the Celtic peoples, similar to the Scandinavian skalds and organized in the form of a guild, with very stable properties that are the same for all tribes. Their poetry is exclusively lyrical, with hints of heroism (mostly panegyrics and satires), poetry of nature, love and religion. The oldest species B. - service B., who were at the princely courts on a certain salary; their main purpose is to praise their prince and blaspheme his enemies (hence the spirit of regional patriotism, which was preserved in B.'s poetry by tradition until the 18th century). As close associates (often advisers) of the prince and participants in his feasts, these B. enjoyed, especially among the Gauls and Welsh, great moral authority and influence on political affairs. During the era of the struggle against the British (in Wales until the 14th century, in Ireland much later) they were carriers national idea, but at the same time also instigators of internal strife. Following the example of service B., wandering B. arose very early on, living on the voluntary donations of the population and often engaged in activities, in connection with the belief in magical power their spells, extortion. In Ireland, where already in 590 an attempt was made to abolish the B. class, they were a true scourge of the population. But at the same time, they fulfilled a well-known cultural mission here: from ancient times to the 17th century. There were B. schools maintained at the state expense, where at times up to 2/3 of the total population of Ireland studied. There were 8 classes of poetry, and to reach the highest level it took from 9 to 12 years of study, the main subjects of which were very complex metrics and a special elaborate style of poetry. In the 18th century B.'s institution in Ireland declines, and B.'s name becomes simply synonymous with the poet. B. and their poetry in Wales had a similar character, where their charter was developed by King Gruffydd ab-Kinan (c. 1110); however, the role of wandering B. was more respectable here. From the end of the 15th century. the meaning of B. weakens here, and with half XVI V. their poetry collections are stopped. In Brittany, B. was not widely used, and the Breton word barz, in the sense of a poet in general, is a scientific reconstruction of the 19th century.
For development European literature Of great importance was not so much the original work of B., but the literary adaptations and forgeries made in the spirit of his time by J. Macpherson (1736–1796), who in 1760 began publishing the works of the mythical B. Ossian, which gave rise to a wave of translations and imitations throughout Europe (see . Ossian). In Germany in the 18th century. special popularity of “B.’s poetry” (i.e., the thematic - plot and inventory - complex attributed to it) was facilitated by the erroneous identification (based on a misinterpretation of the barditus mentioned by Tacitus) of Celtic B. with ancient Germanic singers; hence the so-called “bardizing trend” among the predecessors of Sturm und Drang - Klopstock and his circle, representing a reaction against enlightenment and reflecting the nationalist sentiments of the German bourgeoisie. Bibliography:
Walter F., Das alte Wales, Bonn, 1859; D'Arbois de Jubainville H., Introduction à l'étude de la littérature celtique, P., 1883; Ehrmann E., Die bardische Lyrik im XVIII Jahrh., Heidelb., 1892; Merker E., Bardendichtung (in Reallexikon für deutsche Literaturgeschichte, her. v. P. Merker u. W. Stammler, B., 1925–1926).
Literary encyclopedia. - At 11 t.; M.: Publishing House of the Communist Academy, Soviet Encyclopedia, Fiction. Edited by V. M. Fritsche, A. V. Lunacharsky. 1929-1939 .
Bards
(Irish bard, Welsh bardd - poet), 1) poets and singers among the Celtic peoples of the early Middle Ages, from the 12th century. - a class of professional court poets in Ireland and Wales who glorified their rulers, as well as the heroic deeds of their ancestors and fellow tribesmen. Thus, the Welsh bard Taliesin (presumably 6th century) glorified his patron Urien, and then his son Owain, who became the prototype of the knights Iwain and Gawain in the novels about King Arthur. The first mention of Arthur in European poetry belongs to him.
2) Modern designation of song performers own composition(V.S. Vysotsky, B. Sh. Okudzhava and etc.).
Literature and language. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Edited by prof. Gorkina A.P. 2006 .
See what “Bards” are in other dictionaries:
BARDS, 1) folk singers of ancient Celtic tribes. Subsequently, they became professional poets, traveling or living at princely courts (mainly Ireland, Wales and Scotland). Formed at the beginning of the 5th century. bard schools existed until... Modern encyclopedia
1) folk singers of ancient Celtic tribes. Subsequently, they became professional poets, wandering or living at princely courts (mainly Ireland, Wales and Scotland)2)] Poets and musicians, performers of their own, so-called. copyright pe... Big encyclopedic Dictionary
- “BARDS”, USSR, Mosfilm, 1988, color, 81 min. Musical documentary. About the history of the author's song. The film features songs by Vladimir Vysotsky, Alexander Galich, Yuri Vizbor, Bulat Okudzhava and other authors. The film is commented on by a historian... ... Encyclopedia of Cinema
Folk poets and wandering singers of the Middle Ages, who glorified in their songs folk heroes. Complete dictionary foreign words, which have come into use in the Russian language. Popov M., 1907 ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
Folk singers ancient Celtic tribes; subsequently professional poets wandered or lived at princely courts (mainly Ireland, Wales and Scotland). * * * BARDS BARDS, 1) folk singers of ancient Celtic tribes. Subsequently... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
BARDS- singers (poets) among the ancient Celts in England, Scotland, Ireland and Gaul, where they constituted a privileged caste, respected by all and protected by laws. In Gaul and in the part of Britain conquered by the Romans b. soon disappeared, as the Romans... Musical dictionary Riman
Mn. whalebone, Kolsk, archang. (Under.). Most likely from the Norse. barder, Wed. Danish, Swiss barder, Dutch baarden; see Törnkvist, ZfslPh 8, 427 et seq.... Etymological dictionary Russian language by Max Vasmer
- (word of Celtic origin) folk singers of ancient Celtic tribes; subsequently they became professional poets, traveling or living at princely courts, mainly in Ireland, Wales and Scotland. In the Middle Ages, B. were... ... Big Soviet encyclopedia
- (in Irish bard, in Cimbri bardh) this was the name, starting from the 2nd century BC, of the singers of the Gallic and other Celtic peoples known to the Romans, such as the Britons, Cimbri (Welsh), Irish and Scots. Like the scappen and skalds of old... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
Mn. 1. Folk singers of the ancient Celtic tribes. 2. Professional poets (wandering or living at princely courts). 3. Authors and performers usually perform their own or modern amateur songs with a guitar. Ephraim's explanatory dictionary. T.F.... ... Modern Dictionary Russian language Efremova
Bards of Russia are representatives of a vast layer of Russian musical and song culture, which has developed since the early 50s of the last century.
A bard and a singer in one person, consistent in his work. The songs of bards in Russia are distinguished by a variety of genres and styles. Some sing humorous ditties, others try to touch the romantic feelings of listeners with their songs. Many Russian bards use the themes of their songs to achieve a satirical effect.
Vladimir Vysotsky - People's Artist, Russian bard
There is an author's song, whose work certainly belongs to high art song genre. There are only a few such bards, the most famous of them is Vladimir Vysotsky, who is deservedly considered an unsurpassed master of art song. Vysotsky had a unique gift of transformation; many of his songs are written as if from the point of view of a character - it could be some inanimate object, an airplane or Submarine, microphone on stage or echo in the mountains.
The song begins and the character comes to life. The Yak is a fighter, lives its own life, participates in air combat as if on its own, and the pilot only interferes with it. And such bright examples, there are many unique songs written in the first person.
Vysotsky's original songs are divided according to their plot. He has “yard”, “lyrical”, “sports”, “military”. Each song is a masterpiece of poetry, set to a simple melody. The talent of the great Russian bard Vladimir Vysotsky is limitless, which is why he was given national recognition, and his work is immortal.
Bulat Okudzhava
Bulat Okudzhava is another outstanding Russian bard, poet and performer of original songs. He is a prominent representative of Russia's literary elite, composer and director. But the red thread running through Okudzhava’s entire work was the author’s song, which was part of the poet’s life, a way of his self-expression. Bulat Okudzhava has several brilliant works in the genre of art songs, the main one of which is the recitative “We need one victory” from the film “Belarusian Station”.
Bulat Okudzhava was the first Russian bard who was allowed to perform his original songs. This event took place in 1961. The following year, Bulat Shalvovich was accepted as a member of Union B. During his trip to France, the bard recorded twenty songs that were published in Paris under the title Le Soldat en Papier. In the seventies, records with songs by Bulat Okudzhava began to be released in the USSR.
The best bards of Russia
Alexander Rosenbaum is an outstanding Russian bard, a resuscitator by training, graduated from the First Medical Institute in Leningrad. He began writing original songs in 1968 for skit performances and student performances. Currently, he is one of the most popular Russian bards with an extensive repertoire, and is included in the list of Russian bards - in the top five. In 2005, Alexander Rosenbaum combined parliamentary duties with concert activities.
Vizbor Yuri is a teacher by profession, a bard by vocation, a mountaineer, skier and journalist. Author of numerous songs about mountain peaks, climbing and rafting on mountain rivers. From the pen of Yuri Vizbor came the cult song of students and all youth of the 60s, “You’re the only one I have.” The community "Bards of Russia" arose on the initiative of Vizbor.
Civil engineer, poet, bard, romantic, author of three hundred songs. In 1961, at the age of 17, he wrote his first song “Fog” based on poems by Konstantin Kuzminsky. Started from this day creative path Russian bard Evgeny Klyachkin. At first he wrote songs based on poems by Joseph Brodsky and Andrei Voznesensky. The cycle of songs, collected from romances performed by the characters of the poem "Procession" by I. Brodsky, is still considered the pinnacle of the author's song.
Zhanna Bichevskaya, star of the original song
Zhanna Bichevskaya is a singer who is called the star of the original song. In her work, she adheres to the themes of Russian patriotism and the Orthodox faith. In the early seventies, Bichevskaya's repertoire included Russian folk songs, which she performed in a bard style, accompanied by an acoustic seven-string guitar. In 1973, Zhanna became a prize-winner All-Russian competition stage, and in subsequent years she toured all the countries of the socialist camp with concerts. Later she performed repeatedly at the Olympia Hall in Paris to sold-out crowds.
The Russian performer of original songs of his own composition, playwright, screenwriter and poet, was an active member of the “Bards of Russia” community. His plays early period were staged in Moscow theaters, and "Sailor's Silence", written by Galich in 1958 for the Sovremennik Theater, saw the light only in 1988, directed by Oleg Tabakov. At the same time, Alexander Galich began writing songs and performing them to his own accompaniment on a seven-string guitar. He took the performing traditions of Alexander Vertinsky as the basis for his work - romance and poetic storytelling with a guitar. Galich's poems in their structure and literary value put him on a par with Vladimir Vysotsky and Bulat Okudzhava. Russian art song has become the main direction in the work of Alexander Galich.
Family duet
And Tatyana is a family duet of bards, their music is heard in many films and theater performances. Sergei Nikitin's most famous song - "Alexandra" - was performed in the popular film "Moscow Doesn't Believe in Tears" directed by Vladimir Menshov. Nikitin is a physicist by education, graduated from Moscow State University in 1968, and is a candidate of physical and mathematical sciences. He has been writing songs since 1962 based on poems by Pasternak, Shpalikov, Bagritsky, Voznesensky, Yevtushenko and other Russian poets. IN student years Nikitin led a quartet of physicists at Moscow State University, and later became the artistic director of the quintet of the physics department, where he met Tatyana Sadykova, who later became his wife.
All Russian bards of the sixties and seventies can be called "Soviet" because they lived and worked under Soviet rule. However, this epithet says little; the performers of the original song cannot be characterized as social order, nor political conditions - these are people of art, free in their creativity.
Initially, the word “bard” arose in the Celtic language and denoted the lowest priestly rank in the Druid caste. The title of bard was given to a person who masterfully mastered the magic of sound, who knew by heart thousands of ancient ballads and poetic legends, who knew how to raise the morale of warriors by singing and even heal bodies and souls.
But they earned honor and respect for composing and singing songs about heroes and gods not only among the Celts, but also among other peoples of antiquity: among the Etruscans, Scandinavians and the ancients.
The tradition of composing ballads and sagas and performing them while accompanying oneself was alive in the Middle Ages. Such singers and performers in one person were called differently: trouvères, troubadours, vagantes, minstrels. But they can be called continuers of the bardic tradition. What these eternal wanderers had in common with bards was that they not only performed other people’s hits of that time, but also composed both lyrics and music themselves.
Modern bards
Since the 30s of the twentieth century in the territory Soviet Union A new direction in the song genre has developed. The so-called urban song, popular in the 19th century, is transformed into a yard song. By the 60s the image young man with a guitar, often performing songs of his own composition around the fire or during kitchen gatherings, has become a classic attribute of urban, student and tourist romance. The most prominent representatives of this new genre became famous and even popular. Many people still hear the names of A. Galich, Yu. Vizbor, E. Klyachkin, A. Yakusheva.
But the first Russian bards to gain truly national fame and love are considered to be such bright and talented personalities as Bulat Okudzhava and Vladimir Vysotsky. It was they who raised the original song from the level of “apartment concerts” to a significant phenomenon in cultural life countries. They were the ones who showed that a person without music education, not proficient musical instrument, is able to find a response in thousands of hearts.
Perhaps the golden age for art songs in Russia was the 80s of the last century, but even now this genre has not lost its fans. Many came out and continue to go on stage, accompanying themselves on the guitar, performing their songs. Of course, the poetic component is more valuable and significant than the musical one. But the guitar rhythm or the leisurely flow of the melody also helps the words find their way to the hearts and souls of listeners.
There is a genre of art that is not intended for stadiums full of people and packed concert halls. However, art song festivals are his element; there is never a shortage of spectators here. The power of a bard's song and the author who performs it is that they captivate the audience, communicating separately with each person, conducting an intimate conversation with the viewer about imperishable matters - spiritual, sensual, about the fate of a person.
Bards - who are they?
The Celtic meaning of bardos refers to the ancient Indo-European "to proclaim, to sing". Celtic Druids granted bards the priesthood. A person who received this title was considered the master of sound and, with the help of songs and music, conveyed to people the content of thousands of legends and ballads of antiquity. The bard raised the morale of the troops with his creativity; he was considered a healer of soul and body.
Ballads and sagas, performed by singers to the author's accompaniment, became traditional in the Middle Ages. The eternal wanderers bards had their followers. Trouvères, troubadours, minstrels, and vagantes are widely known. They were united not only by performance popular works other authors, as well as my own writing.
Modern bards
On the territory of the USSR in the century before last, a popular urban romance served as the basis for a yard song, which in the 30s of the last century became a separate direction in art. In the 60s, a young man playing the guitar and performing his songs became a characteristic image of student and tourist gatherings around the fire, in the kitchen, in the city park and a symbol of youth romance.
In the 60-80s, which are called the golden age of art song, bards became famous and popular performers, despite the restrictive policy of the USSR in the field of culture. At the same time, performers of amateur songs received the name bards. Unlike official songs, bard songs appealed to the personality of the listener, touched his feelings, and revealed the theme of the song in a new format.
Bards of Russia
Nowadays, the concept of bard is used in the sense of “representing an author’s song.” In Russia, a bard is usually called a performing author or an author performing his works.
In the art of music and song, bards formed separate genre. Undoubtedly, the primacy in it belongs to the Russian bards Bulat Okudzhava and Vladimir Vysotsky. A. Galich, Yu. Vizbor, E. Klyachkin, A. Yakusheva and others also became recognized classics of the genre. Later they were joined by a whole galaxy of new authors. These bright, talented performers elevated the original song and won nationwide fame with their creativity. Thanks to them, limited “apartment singing” turned into a cultural phenomenon. In addition, the original song showed that a non-professional musician and performer is capable of winning the soul of the public and causing indelible impressions on listeners.
Until now, the ranks of fans of this genre have not dried up. Many poets sing their own songs on stage to the accompaniment of guitar or piano. And despite the fact that the poetic part of the work is paramount, in contrast to the musical one, the leisurely chanting accompanied by measured guitar tints makes it possible for the prose to open up and penetrate the hearts and souls of the listeners.