Caucasian captive comparative characteristics. The image and characteristics of Kostylin in Tolstoy’s story Prisoner of the Caucasus essay. Fighting your own abilities

In the work of Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy “ Caucasian prisoner» two different ones are shown, opposite friends friend of the main characters - Zhilin and Kostylin. This story shows the truth, life story, which surprises with its simplicity.

The two main characters are fellow officers and friends in need. Zhilin and Kostylin are nobles serving in the Caucasus. While going on vacation, they are captured by the mountaineers. Reading this story, you have to look at this situation through the eyes of two completely different people.

Outwardly, the friends are very different from each other. Kostylin is an obese man who, due to his weight, constantly sweats and blushes. Zhilin, on the contrary, is short, slender and agile. By paying attention to the names of the characters, you can see how accurately they describe the characters. Zilina's surname speaks of his athletic physique, endurance and strength. While Kostylin’s surname shows the opposite - his clumsiness and lack of independence.

In the story, Zhilin is shown as a prudent and intelligent young man. He is able to sensibly assess the situation and find the right solution to it. Kostylin behaves carefree until he finds himself in danger. He does not hide his fear and often exposes himself as a coward. But the characters’ characters clearly appear at the moment when they are both captured by the mountaineers.

Once captured, Zhilin shows his brave traits, despite the threat to his life. He refuses to pay the ransom and specifically sends the letter to a different address in order to prevent his mother from worrying in advance. But Kostylin acts differently. He immediately writes several letters home, asking for help and the speedy sending of money for his benefit.

Zhilin initially set the goal of escaping home, but in addition to this, he observes local life and tries to understand other people’s life and customs. Zhilin wins the respect of the owner with his positive qualities. He makes toys, heals local residents and becomes close to Dina, who helps him escape at the end.

Kostylin is inactive throughout the entire story, waiting for a letter from his relatives. When Zhilin manages to escape, he takes Kostylin with him, who becomes a complaining burden during the escape. Zhilin endures pain and fatigue, without abandoning Kostylin, he carries him on himself. When his comrades are captured again and returned to captivity, Kostylin will also remain inactive.

At the end of the story, the comrades manage to escape for the second time, but this happens only because of the unbroken spirit of Zhilin, who never stopped resisting. The author clearly sympathizes with Zhilin, admiring his courage and perseverance. While reading the story, the reader cannot help but feel some contempt for Kostylin, who does not make even an ounce of effort to free himself from enemy captivity. The work shows two heroes who are complete opposites of each other. This is what makes readers compare individual personality traits and actions of characters.

Option 2

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, in his work entitled “Prisoner of the Caucasus,” talks about two Russian officers Zhilin and Kostylin. The author uses interesting feature, he describes their behavior in the same situations, showing how different their attitude to what is happening and behavior can be depending on their character.

The heroes meet at the beginning of the story, Zhilin is ready for a dangerous act, because he is in a hurry to meet his mother, while Kostylin is simply driven by a feeling of hunger and heat, which does not allow him to live in peace. There is also a difference in external description young people, Zhilin is not tall, but at the same time he is quite daring and is able to get out of any situation. Kostylin, on the contrary, is tall, overweight and quite thick.

Their surnames can be called telling, Zhilin is derived from the word “vein”, it can be called quite sinewy, strong and quite hardy. Kostylin needs support and support in everything, a kind of crutch that will support him, because he himself cannot do anything.

Zhilin is portrayed as a decisive person and capable of taking independent actions, but at the same time he can prudently look ahead and make informed decisions. At the same time, Kostylin looks more like a frivolous person who sometimes is not responsible for the decisions he makes; he hopes that he will carry through and nothing fatal will happen.

Another key point is the attitude towards animals, Zhilin affectionately calls her mother, and Kostylin simply mocks her, beating her with a whip that comes to hand.

This difference is especially noticeable when they are captured. Kostylin asks his mother to send money, and Zhilin specifically writes the wrong address so that the letter does not reach his mother. At the same time, he takes advantage of the time spent in captivity and tries to observe the culture and way of life of the people who took him captive. The same cannot be said about Kostylin; he dreams of leaving captivity as soon as possible, even if it becomes a burden for his relatives and friends.

Thus, two people who find themselves in the same circumstances show completely different character traits; they show a difference in upbringing.

Comparison of Zhilin and Kostylin

Tolstoy in his story “Prisoner of the Caucasus” tells the story of two officers Zhilin and Kostylin. The author puts them on equal terms, as two military men with similar destinies and who find themselves in the same situation. But due to their character and personality, everyone behaves differently in the same conditions. Leo Tolstoy talks about this state of affairs.

Zhilin and Kostyli were participants in the battles for the annexation of the Caucasus to Russian lands. And so fate, or rather, by their own decision, the comrades are left alone. Thus, they get into trouble, where Kostylin escaped, leaving his friend and gun behind and ran away, thinking only about his life. Zhilin, on the contrary, did not boast of his life and only intended to do good with his death and kill at least one Tatar with a saber.

But fate did not save Kostylin from captivity, where Zhilin was already at that time. The Tatars force prisoners to immediately write letters to their homeland, so that they send a huge ransom if they want to see their relatives again. So Kostylin, without hesitation, writes a letter to his father’s house, where he asks the family to send 5 thousand rubles. Zhilin, on the contrary, does not want to send the letter, but since this is impossible, he simply writes the wrong address of his house. Zhilin understands that mother lives alone and will not be able to send such a sum.

In anticipation of salvation or death, Zhilin and Kostylin also behaved differently, although it would seem that in a limited environment there was no chance of being realized. Zhilin dug a tunnel at night, and during the day he made dolls for a little Tatar girl, who in return brought him cakes and milk. Kostylin did nothing at this time. And so on the day of the escape, both prisoners run together barefoot, as a result of which their legs wear out and Zhilin has to carry his weakened partner. Because of this, they are caught again.

Even after the Caucasian captives are caught, Zhilin does not give up and continues to believe in his escape, Kostylin continues to live his former life as a captive. The same girl who fed him in the past comes to the aid of the brave and courageous Zhilin. She lowers a long stick into the hole, which helps identify the man. He was able to run to the Russians, where safety awaited him, and Kostylin waited for money from his relatives and was ransomed.

Thus, the reader directly sees the antipodean heroes. Zhilin is a brave, courageous, honest and determined young man who thinks not only about himself, but also about his family, about the people around him, no matter what the circumstances, and Kostylin is selfish, pathetic, cowardly and lazy.

Every person makes mistakes, regardless of age and amount of wisdom. This is an unchanging part of life, lessons that no one has the right to step over.

To enter the world, you need to open a book, and for this you need to pick up special “keys”, because with them the reader’s path begins: acquaintance with literary laws, comprehension of artistic structure.

At the center of this world is a person, so characters—actors—occupy a special place in the work.

The author creates the image of each hero using special techniques. My task is to teach children to see them in the text in order to compose full impression about the hero, teach them to understand their feelings and thoughts. A comparative description will give a complete picture of them.

Knowledge of literary theory will help students freely navigate what they read, which means that the book will “speak” in their hands.

The lesson is accompanied by a presentation

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Department of Education of the City Administration of Noyabrsk

Municipal educational institution

"Secondary educational school No. 2"

With in-depth study

Foreign languages" municipality Noyabrsk city

Literature lesson in 5th grade

Topic: “Comparative characteristics of Zhilin and Kostylin”

Teacher Shvetsova Elena Anatolyevna

2011

Subject: “Comparative characteristics of Zhilin and Kostylin”

Target:

1. Teach students how to create an artistic image.

2. Develop comparison skills literary heroes, develop speech activity students and their imagination.

3. Raise a competent reader.

Lesson progress:

I. Work based on the work of L.N. Tolstoy “Prisoner of the Caucasus”

Slide No. 1

L.N. Tolstoy “Prisoner of the Caucasus”

Drawing

1. Repetition of knowledge of literary theory

We continue the conversation about the work of L.N. Tolstoy “Prisoner of the Caucasus”.

Take advantage literary terms and don't get confused.

a) “Prisoner of the Caucasus” is a literary fairy tale?

No, this is a story because this work narrative, small in volume, united by a plot and consisting of several episodes;

b) If this narrative work, so there is a personal narrative?The narration is impersonal, because the conversation in “Prisoner of the Caucasus” comes from the perspective of the narrator;

V) I believe that there is no plot in the work, there are only events all around. What do you think?

The work has a plot. Plot is a chain of events;

G) Are the episode and the plot the same thing?

No, episode

d) What groups of characters are there in the story?

Main, minor and episodic.

Name the main characters.

Zhilin, Kostylin and Dina.

Now look at the screen to see if you made a mistake.

Slide No. 2

Story – a small narrative work united by a plot and consisting of one or several episodes.

Plot is a chain of events occurring in a work.

Episode – one event with a beginning and an end.

Slide No. 3

Narration:

Personal – on behalf of the hero-storyteller;

Impersonal - on behalf of the narrator.

Slide No. 4

Characters:

Main ;

Minor ;

Episodic.

Do you agree with your answers? (Yes)

Answer marks...

2. Work on the epigraph

Which historical event reflected in the story? (Caucasian War)

Caucasian War 1817 - 1864(47 years old) - this is war Russian Empire with mountain peoples North Caucasus(Chechens, Dagestanis, Ossetians, Tatars). What people are we talking about in the story? (about the Tatars).

The Caucasian War is the longest war.

War is not a fairy tale about Ivan,

And we don’t gild it...

Boris Pasternak.

Read the epigraph.

Why is war not a fairy tale?

What does “we don’t gild it” mean?

Conclusion:

War is scary, painful, cruel; These are losses, death, crippled destinies, unhealed wounds.

War is the color of ashes, so we do not “gild” it, it cannot be embellished.

For many, war is a test of strength, endurance, and humanity.

The story features two officers.

In your opinion, what qualities should an officer have? (the officer is not alien to the concepts of honor, conscience, dignity; he is a brave, courageous, courageous person; he is devoted to his Fatherland).

3. Lesson topic

Slide No. 4

A). Techniques for compiling characterizations of heroes

Slide No. 3

Techniques for compiling characteristics of literary heroes:

External features (portrait);

The hero’s actions, attitude towards other people, his feelings, speech;

Characteristics of the hero by other characters

b). Comparative characteristics of Zhilin and Kostylin.

- Let's compare Zhilin and Kostylin.

Sometimes it takes years to understand a person, and you and I will try to get to know the heroes in a lesson. The task is not easy, but it is quite solvable.

To compare means to find commonality and differences in their character.

What's in common?

Officers who served in the Caucasus, both were captured, both wrote a letter asking for a ransom to be sent, and took part in the escape.

Of course, these are not character traits, but events, but they are the ones that will help us figure out who the real officer and the real person are.

Difference:

I. Portrait

Find a description of the heroes in the text;

What character qualities of the characters do we learn from the description of their appearance?

Zhilin is daring, brave, courageous.

Kostylin – physically weak person.

Is it possible to limit ourselves to just this technique? (no, there may be a misconception about the hero).

II. "Talking" surname

The surname Zhilin comes from the word vein (blood vessels, tendons). Our hero is a wiry man. How else can you say it? (lean, strong, hardy).

The surname Kostylin comes from the word crutch. What is a crutch? (a stick that serves as a support when walking for lame people or people with sore legs).

Who is our hero? (weak).

- What decision does Zhilin make? Read it. What is characteristic of him? (decisiveness, courage, ability to resist the enemy; he is not timid).

How does Kostylin behave? Read it. What do you think of him? (violated the agreement - not to leave; behaves like a coward and a traitor).

IV. Captured

1. Ransom letter

Why did Zhilin indicate the wrong address in the letter? (he knew that his mother had no money)

Suppose he wrote a letter. Would your mother send money despite her poverty? Yes, because there is nothing in life higher and stronger than mother's love.

Zhilin is able to spare the feelings of people close and dear to him.

Kostylin wrote more than one letter because he was a coward and thought only of himself.

2. The internal state of the heroes

While in captivity, Zhilin meets Tatar girl Dina. This image is not accidental. "Dina" in Arabic means "faith".

What does Zhilin believe in? (in his own strength, in luck; he is strong in spirit.)

What does Kostylin believe in? (for ransom)

3. Activities of heroes

Zhilin:

Handicrafts;

Studying the area as he thinks about escaping;

Communicates with Dina;

He heals the people of the village.

What can you say about him? (master, smart, cunning, resourceful; man of action).

Kostylin:

Inactive and moaning.

Confirm what is said about the heroes with text.

4. The opinion of the Tatars about the heroes.

Kostylin - “meek”.

V. Escape

Tell us about it.

How did the heroes behave?

V). Creation of an oral statement “Comparative characteristics of Zhilin and Kostylin”

(using a table compiled during the work).

G). Significance of the topic

Do you need to learn to determine the qualities of a person’s character or can you do without it in life?

This is necessary in life to:

Distinguish between good and evil, love and hate, courage and cowardice;

Do right choice friends;

Understand inner world person.

4. Homework:

1. Oral statement “Meeting with Zhilin and Kostylin”

Imagine that you invited Zhilin and Kostylin to the lesson as participants Caucasian War. What could they tell you about? What would you ask them?

Slide captions:

L.N. Tolstoy “Prisoner of the Caucasus”
A story is a small narrative work united by a plot and consisting of one or more episodes. A plot is a chain of events occurring in a work. An episode is one event that has a beginning and an end.
Techniques for characterizing literary heroes:
External features (portrait); Actions of the hero, attitude towards other people, his feelings, speech; Characteristics of the hero by other characters
Topic: “Comparative characteristics of Zhilin and Kostylin”

In Leo Tolstoy’s work Prisoner of the Caucasus, to which the author himself gave the subtitle “true story,” Kostylin is a minor character. His image is introduced for comparison with the main character, Zhilin.

The events described in the work take place in the summer in the Caucasus, during the war. There is a Russian garrison in a remote fortress. You cannot move freely on the roads even during the day - the Tatars will either kill you or take you into captivity. Twice a week, detachments of soldiers passed between the fortresses, under whose protection other people moved. Kostylin once left with one of these detachments.

Kostylin is an officer in the Russian army. Together with Zhilin, he rode ahead of the delayed detachment. Kostylin’s physique is plump, he is red from the heat, and he is reluctant to wait for the detachment. In addition, he has a gun, and he is riding a horse - in case of a chase, he hopes to escape. When the enemies were really nearby - about thirty Tatars against two officers - he took to his heels, not even thinking about helping his comrade, Zhilin, who was in trouble.

The Tatars caught Zilina, but at first he hoped that at least Kostylin had escaped. They met already in captivity. It turned out that the horse stopped under Kostylin, and the gun misfired. So he was captured - barefoot and ragged. He did not contradict the Tatars, like Zhilin, but immediately wrote a letter home asking for a ransom of five thousand rubles to be sent. Kostylin completely lost heart, but Zhilin was not afraid, he managed to insist that he and his friend be fed, given clothes, kept together (at least it’s more fun), and the stocks are removed from their feet at night.

In captivity, Kostylin only counted the days - he waited for him to be released and slept. But Zhilin was not idle, he established himself as a jack of all trades, and even a doctor. He was allowed to walk around the village, and he tried to scout out the way home, preparing to escape. When he found out where to run, Kostylin refused: they say, we don’t know the road, and we won’t get there overnight. But Zhilin nevertheless persuaded him - they fled at night. Kostylin quickly began to fall behind, kept walking and groaning, and then became completely exhausted. Only Zhilin did not abandon him - he could not leave his comrade in trouble, although alone he would have gone to his own people long ago: he dragged the fat man Kostylin on himself. The Tatars noticed them, caught them, put them in stocks and threw them into a hole.

Zhilin managed to persuade the owner’s daughter Dina to help him escape, and with great difficulty he reached his people. But Kostylin did not go with him, he became faint-hearted - only a month later they ransomed him for five thousand, and brought him back barely alive.

From the very beginning, Kostylin showed himself to be an arrogant coward and a cowardly person. He abandoned his comrade in trouble without even trying to help him. Having been captured, he readily wrote home with a request to send a ransom, although his comrade, feeling sorry for his poor mother, did not count on a ransom in advance. Large, strong man, Kostylin let down his comrade during the escape, could not overcome himself and, in essence, exposed himself and his comrade to the Tatars. He refused a second escape, even realizing that there was almost no chance of surviving captivity.

The author treats Kostylin with disapproval, clearly emphasizing the weakness of his spirit. The meaning of this character emphasizes the courage, ingenuity, and fortitude of the main character, Zhilin. After all, in fact, there were two “Caucasian captives”, but one overcame difficulties and escaped, and the second voluntarily remained in captivity.

Kostylin’s essay in the work Prisoner of the Caucasus

Kostylin is one of the two main characters in Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy’s story “Prisoner of the Caucasus.” He is an officer who, together with his new comrade Zhilin, was captured by the Tatars. Kostylin is the opposite of him, both in character and in appearance. Outwardly, he is a big, clumsy, tall, fat and clumsy man. He is in poor health.

One day Kostylin was given leave. He went home. Along the way, he met Zhilin, who was also planning to rest. Due to the fact that the roads are not safe, it was decided to go together. Suddenly the Tatars attacked them. They wanted to take them prisoner and then demand a fairly large ransom. Zhilin told Kostylin to shoot. He turned out to be a coward. Kostylin betrayed his new comrade and fled. Of course, he did not succeed; the Tatars had horses. Zhilin was tied up, Kostylin was caught up and also neutralized. Both were thrown into the village.

While Kostylin and Zhilin were in captivity, the traitor did not want to show his good side. The Tatars ordered the prisoners to write a ransom letter. Kostylin immediately gave up and wrote a letter. He said that his family was rich, they would find five thousand. Zhilin said that they should be fed and only after that he would write a letter. He indicated the wrong address so that it wouldn’t get through. He came up with an escape plan. Fortunately the escape was successful. Kostylin decided to run with him. But, unfortunately, here he also did not show his courage and willpower. He kept saying that his feet hurt a lot, his shoes were rubbing a lot. As a result, Zhilin had to carry it on himself, as a result of which the Tatar noticed them and returned them to the village. Kostylin was a pessimist because he did not believe that it was possible to escape.

From the actions of this character one can understand that he is a very unreliable person. Kostylin does not know how to endure, he has no willpower. He's also a coward. Kostylin was not used to difficulties due to the fact that he was too pampered a gentleman. He doesn't know how to accept on his own important decisions. His last name (Kostylin) comes from the word “crutch”. That is, support for people who have problems with their legs. Apparently the author is hinting in this way either that the officer also has problems with his legs, or that he should be a support for a person, that you can rely on him. But unfortunately, the first option will suit this character.

The second time the cowardly officer did not want to run. He chose to sit quietly and wait for the ransom. Zhilin managed to escape, and the ransom came for Kostylin a month later. He was taken away barely alive. He was very exhausted.

Option 3

Kostylin is an officer Soviet Union and friend of Zilina. He served for the benefit of the people for a long time and went on vacation before the start of the Battle of the Caucasus. Deciding to relax at the resort, Kostylin hit the road. On the way, he met Zhilin, and they decided to go together. Kostylin was the complete opposite of his new friend Kostylin. Outwardly, the officer was a large, clumsy, tall man. However, he was not thin and had poor health.

On the way, Zhilin and Kostylin were attacked by the Tatars. Kostylin was cowardly and could not shoot the Tatars. Because of cowardice, Zhilin was the first to be captured. Kostilin did not manage to escape far, and he was captured along with his comrade. Once captured, the officer also showed his cowardice. He did everything the Tatars told him. On their orders, he wrote a letter to his relatives asking them to pay a ransom of 5,000 gold coins for him. At the same time, he gave away all the family’s savings and property. And Zhilin demanded that they be fed and after that he wrote a letter. To confuse his enemies, he indicated the wrong address of his relatives.

While in captivity, the officer was looking forward to being released. All yours free time all he did was sleep. And Zhilin showed his best qualities and became a master, at the same time a doctor in the camp. He was allowed to roam freely around the camp. He entered notes and looked for an escape route. After a long search, he found a way to escape. And Kostilin came up with several reasons not to run away, and completely refused to leave the camp.

They managed to escape. Here Kostylin showed himself not with the best side. To escape further they had to constantly walk. But Kostylin was a pessimist and constantly complained that his legs hurt. With a pessimistic attitude, he insisted that his shoes were causing blisters. To save his comrade, Zhilin dragged him on himself. So the Tatar noticed them, and they returned to the camp.

Kostylin's actions describe him as an unreliable person who cannot be relied upon. The officer lacked willpower and could not endure difficulties. At the same time, he was a very cowardly person. He was born into a rich family. Kostylin was always looked after, and he was not used to experiencing difficulties. He never took responsibility in his life. At the same time, he was afraid to make important decisions on his own behalf.

By calling him Kostylin, the author wanted the hero to become a support for common people and was able to help everyone. After tougher measures, Kostylin refused to flee and remained in the camp. And Zhilin was able to make friends with the owner’s daughter, who helped him escape. And Kostylin remained in the camp for another month. A month later, his relatives paid a ransom for him and brought the officer home in poor condition.

Several interesting essays

• Venetsianov A.G.

  WITH early years showed a love for drawing. At first I studied on my own, without mentors. He showed a special affinity for portraiture.

- a story by Tolstoy, who introduces us to a Russian officer who was captured by the highlanders. This happens during the Caucasian War. While reading the story, we meet the two main characters - officers, whose comparative characteristics we were asked to do at home.

As we have already said, the main characters of the story are two officers of the Russian army, Zhilin and Kostylin. They have both common and distinctive human characteristics. Perhaps it should be said about them general outline, which makes the heroes similar. This is their common service in the Caucasus. Both of them noble origin, serve as officers, go on leave at the same time, and are captured at the same time. And then the reader sees how different people, different not only in appearance, but also in behavior. One of them is a hero, and the second is a weak person, which only causes disgust. Let us dwell on the heroes of Zhilin and Kostylin in more detail.

Characteristics of Zilina

Zhilin is a person who deserves respect. No matter what, he always remains human. Although Zhilin was small in stature, he was a daredevil in everything. This is an officer whose courage and strength are immediately visible, yet he never sought to appear as a hero. Even in difficult times, Zhilin thinks not about how to save his own skin, but about how to protect his mother from the news that he was captured. Zhilin is independently trying to find a way to solve the problem. He organizes an escape, which fails the first time because of Kostylin. But this did not break the hero. Zhilin does not give up and finds salvation. This hero strong in spirit and even his enemies respect him. Zhilin is brave and decisive and it is impossible not to admire this.

Characteristics of Kostylin

But Kostylin is the complete opposite. Outwardly, he is an overweight, fat man, pitiful and insignificant. Its very description evokes hostility. And when you get to know this hero of the story further, you completely begin to despise him. Kostylin is an egoist by nature, it is important for him to save his own skin, so he immediately rushed to write to his relatives so that they would prepare a ransom for him. Kostylin is a vile person who does not know the concept of friendship and certainly cannot be called a hero.

In 5th grade we begin to learn how to write essays. The first work in the genre of comparative characterization is “Zhilin and Kostylin” (based on the story “Prisoner of the Caucasus” by L.N. Tolstoy). Together with the guys we draw up a plan and write an introduction together. I present some of the most successful works of fifth graders.

Composition

Zhilin and Kostylin: comparative characteristics heroes

(based on the story by L.N. Tolstoy “Prisoner of the Caucasus”)

Plan

1. Introduction

2. Main part

2.1. How do characters behave in a situation? mortal danger? (Meeting with the Tatars, when the heroes are captured)

2.2. How do heroes behave when a ransom is demanded from them?

2.3. How do heroes behave in captivity?

2.4. How do the heroes behave during their escape?

2.5. What was the fate of the heroes?

3. Conclusion.

3.1. How to cultivate qualities worthy of respect?