The concept of “sphere of culture” is collective in relation to a whole set of sectoral systems, but the content of this concept cannot be considered established. In Russia, in recent years, in statistics and in the budget process, two sectoral systems have been distinguished: “culture and art” and “means mass media". In this textbook a broad understanding will be used spheres of culture as a system of organizations and individuals engaged in activities to create, preserve, and distribute goods that satisfy people’s needs for aesthetic experiences, entertainment and information. We will call such benefits cultural benefits.
A variety of activities that have the specified characteristics (hereinafter they will be called types of cultural activities) and accordingly included in the sphere of culture, can be divided into four large groups (see Table 4.1):
1) artistic creativity;
2) preservation of cultural heritage;
3) club and entertainment activities;
4) mass creation and distribution of cultural goods (cultural industry).
The basis for distinguishing these four groups is the difference in the composition of functions (creation, preservation, distribution of goods) and types of satisfied needs (aesthetic, entertainment, information), the orientation towards which is leading and fundamental for the corresponding types of activities. For artistic creativity, these are the creation of cultural products and the satisfaction, first of all, of aesthetic needs. The functional orientation of activities for the preservation of cultural heritage follows from its very name, and it is focused on satisfying aesthetic and information needs. In the same way, the very name of the entertainment activity speaks about the type of needs that it mainly satisfies, and its main functions are the creation and distribution of relevant types of goods. In the types of activities that make up the fourth group, the main ones are also the functions of creating and distributing cultural goods, but the needs being satisfied are arranged in order of priority as follows: informational, entertainment, aesthetic.
Table 4.1. Composition of the cultural sphere
End of table. 4.1.
Unlike healthcare and education, in the cultural sector there is no such clearly defined stage in the provision of services to consumers. Of course, in this area there are examples when certain types of activities act as links in a single chain of creation and distribution of services. These are fine arts and museums, book publishing and librarianship, show business and the production of audiovisual products, etc. But the specificity of the cultural sphere is that here different types of activities relate to each other not as different stages or levels of service, but are alternative ways satisfy aesthetic, entertainment, information needs and compete with each other for people’s attention and time.
Some types of cultural activities are characterized by long-established technologies and organizational forms that change little over time. This is the case with various types of artistic creativity and methods of preserving cultural heritage. Let us take theatrical activity as an example. The technology used in it has remained unchanged in the main thing for centuries - it is a stage performance by a group of actors. In theatrical productions, technical means are used: lighting equipment, sound equipment, etc., which change over time and allow the implementation of new stage solutions. But technical means are used as auxiliary ones, complementing the main technology, the basis of which is unchanged. The organizational forms of theatrical activity are also constant: these are enterprise and repertory theater .
Other types of cultural activities owe their very origins to certain technical inventions. This includes cinematography, audio and video production, radio, and television. Changes in their technologies and methods of organization are determined by changes in the technical means that gave rise to them. A number of activities in the area under consideration are carried out on the basis of the principles of industrial production of consumer goods: these are the press, book publishing, and the production of audiovisual products. Radio and television use information technologies that ensure mass consumption of the corresponding services.
The dynamics of the development of those types of cultural activities that emerged thanks to new technologies has the following pattern: the emergence of a new type of cultural creativity, due to new technical inventions, -> expansion of the production of new types of cultural goods -> reduction in the rate of its growth or even a decline in its scale, due to the emergence new competing technologies and types of cultural activities that shift consumer demand to themselves -> occupation by this type of activity of a certain niche in the system of cultural needs and its reproduction on a scale that slowly changes over time. In some cases, the production of a certain type of cultural goods may disappear altogether, being replaced by competing technology. This happened quite recently with the production of gramophone records, which was stopped in Russia, and laser discs and audio cassettes became the means of distributing audio products.
Spiritual life of society
The spiritual sphere of life is common. The concept of culture, its types, types and functions.
The concept of subculture, its forms and differences from the prevailing one
Main types of culture:
The spiritual sphere is understood as that part of social existence in which relations between people are not mediated by material values and their corresponding orientations; therefore, the spiritual sphere includes such main areas as: morality, religion, art, science, education, the activities of relevant scientific, religious and educational organizations. Spiritual life is a way of life of people and their real existence. The initial content elements of spiritual life: knowledge, ideas, customs, faith, norms, ideals, feelings and values that make up spiritual world person. The most important element of spiritual life is culture, which is a product of the common and the result joint activities people, passed on from generation to generation. Culture is an interdisciplinary concept, so there are more than 300 definitions of this concept. The uncertainty of the meaning of the term is due to the historical nature in this category and the unevenness cultural development different societies. The term culture itself comes from the Latin “culture”, which translates as cultivating and processing, therefore in ancient Rome culture was associated with the labor of peasants. As a result of development, it began to be filled with a different meaning. In the 18th century, it began to mean the improvement of spiritual qualities, therefore, a well-read person began to be called cultured; in the 20th century, the term began to be used to characterize beliefs and certain values designed to improve life experience social essence and regulating the interaction of the entire society or its individual structures. In modern social science and cultural studies, the meaning of the concept of culture is most easily understood through a series of relationships.
1 ratio– culture of society. Society is always the connection, relationship and interaction between people, while culture is what defines their interaction and gives it meaning and supports it.
2 ratio– culture – nature. Culture is something that does not exist in nature and that is created by human activity, and in this sense, culture is “second nature,” i.e. environment artificially created by man using language and thinking. At the same time, when considering this relationship, it is not enough to indicate that culture is only what is created by people, in contrast to what is created in nature, because people can not only create culture, but also deny it.
3 ratio– culture – civilization. Culture is an intellectual phenomenon, including certain rules, norms, values, while civilization is a material phenomenon that covers physical objects created by man. Civilization is replacing barbarism and it was associated with the emergence material culture, therefore it can be defined as a culture “clad in a thing”.
4 ratio- heredity, succession. Culture is not given to a person from birth and is not built into his genetic memory. Culture is non-genetic, behavioral information inherited through means of learning. Anthropologists argue that culture is a sociological designation for scientific behavior, i.e. behavior that is not given to a person from birth and must be learned anew by each new generation, through learning from adults.
5 ratio– cultural statics, dynamics. Consideration of this relationship requires attention to such problems as: anomie or lack of clear unambiguous norms, uneven development various parts culture, in particular cultural lag or slower development of intangible culture compared to material culture, foreign influence (Americanization)
6 ratio– cultural ethnocentrism or pluralism of cultural practice. Ethnocentrism is the tradition of judging another culture from a position of superiority to one's own. It can be considered as the motives on the basis of which each people believes that it occupies the highest place among modern peoples and nations and in relation to all peoples of the historical past. Excessive ethnocentrism is associated with xenophobia - fear and hostility towards other people's views and customs. In modern society, the prevailing view is that each culture can be understood in its own context - cultural revetivism. It allows you to understand the differences between closely related cultures.
Culture- phenomenon public life, various shapes life activities of people and the way of life of society.
Culture– a set of material and spiritual values created by man
Culture- a system of specially acquired and transmitted from generation to generation of all meaningful elements of the spiritual life of society, by means of which people organize their life activities.
Culture– a historically established system of communication that embodies basic life values and patterns social behavior in a certain human collective (people, nation), forming one cultural region.
The concept of culture can be used in several senses:
Culture- the totality in the form of the results of human activity and the result of human influence on nature, which has an external, empirically visible expression. This form of culture is called material. Material culture - those values that make up the skilled human environment:
natural objects that have undergone human changes
Synthetic objects created by man from natural
Socially - cultural sites and social - material
Spiritual culture is a set of values, ideas, social communication skills in traditions and social norms. Unlike material culture, they exist only in the human mind. It includes science, art, religion and morality. At the same time, material and spiritual cultures are closely interconnected. In unity they form a common human culture. Material is associated with production, the preservation of material values from generation to generation, while spiritual is associated with the transformation of a person’s inner world. In addition to the 2 main forms, types of culture are also distinguished for different reasons.
^ 1) who creates culture and what is its content level
Types of culture:
Elite
Folk
Mass
Attitude to culture
Dominant
Subculture
Counterculture
Scope of operation
Economic
Political
Religious
Social
As a product of society and a socially significant phenomenon, culture performs a number of functions, the most important of which are: cognitive, evaluative, regulatory (normative), informative, communicative, socialization function, and humanistic.
№2
The theory of subcultures is one of the means of describing the phenomena of cultural differentiation of modern society. In cultural studies there are other terms that denote the same phenomena (informals, local networks, life styles) and each of them focuses on one of the aspects of the phenomenon being studied. Theory of life and styles on symbolism, attributes and ideology. Theory and method social networks on the internal structure of communities and types of interpersonal connections. The concept of subculture itself was formed as a result of the awareness of heterogeneity cultural space. Although the emergence of the term subculture in scientific literature associated with the 30s of the 20th century, this term became widespread in the 60s and 70s, in connection with studies of youth movements. At first, the prefix sub “under” came to the fore, which denoted hidden unofficial cultural layers , That's why the concept initially denoted a phenomenon that was perceived as extracultural, but over time the concept acquired a different meaning. The ethics and aesthetics of youth communities have received recognition as a special youth cult, and the existence of other cultures that differ from the official one with their own normative and symbolic characteristics has also been discovered. Since that time, subculture has been a subsystem of culture. The definition of a subculture is somewhat difficult due to the polysemy of the underlying concept of culture. A subculture does not represent an independent whole and its cultural layer is formed within the framework of a more common system, which determines the basis of a particular civilization and the integrity of a particular society. Therefore, any subculture, as a subsystem of culture, is based on a single cultural code, in addition, is focused on constant dialogue with culture, and this dialogue can take the form of: renewal, development. Restoration of tradition or confrontation and destruction, but each of them is defined in relation to the dominant culture. As a rule, any subculture either opposes the dominant culture with its norms and values.
In modern cultural studies the most common:
Subculture is a community of people whose beliefs, views on life and behavior differ from generally accepted ones or are hidden from the general public, which distinguishes them from more broad concept culture. Most often they become a separate concept. Subcultures may vary in age, race, ethnicity or class, gender, and the traits that define them may be aesthetic, religious, sexual, or any other nature, or a combination of these. They usually arise in opposition to the values of the broader cultural movement to which they belong. Fans of a subculture can demonstrate their unity through the use of all styles of clothing or behavior, as well as specific symbols. Therefore, studying them is usually understood as one of the stages of studying symbolism: regarding clothing, music and other external preferences of fans of the subculture, and ways of interpreting the same symbols, only in the dominant culture.
In connection with the polysemy of the interpretation of the concept, the problem of its typology arises. The most convenient is Osokin's typology, according to which subcultures differ in accordance with the types of community and their carriers. Types of subcultures:
Sex and age(children's, youth, park meetings of pensioners, etc.)
Professional(professional - corporate, computer, medical.....)
Leisure, religious and ethnic
Territorial(community, local subcultures, as a consideration of regional communities, or cities with their own traditions, language features, folklore)
In the 50s most popular subcultures there was a transformation of various musical styles(jazz gave way to rock and roll, and during the same period the first beatniks appeared in America). In the 60s, the beatniks grew into an entire culture, which had a strong influence on the development of all mankind. '67 became outstanding time for hippies, and in the meantime they appear in the USSR, where she was brought foreign students. The disco movement began in the 60s. During this period, there was an increase in the number of computers in Western countries, in connection with which hackers began to form. The 70s are the dawn of rock and punk rock. At the end of the 70s, Gothic became widespread, which was recognized by almost all media. In the 70s, the first underground rock bands appeared in Leningrad, and their style was called boogie-woogie. In the 80s, neo-romantics and electro-pop emerged. During these same years, rap appeared and was associated with specific poetry. In the mid-80s, free parties appeared where they played techno and other electronic music. The 90s were a period of a mixture of subcultures, which was associated with the collapse of the USSR. Horses of the 20th century – crazy time, everyone goes crazy in their own way. At this time, emo, glamor, anime appear.
One of the types of culture is elite culture, which manifests itself as the culture of a special layer of society, the most capable of spiritual activity, gifted with high moral and aesthetic inclinations, on the other hand, as a subculture of a privileged society. Characterized by closedness, aristocracy, and cultural language. Representatives of this type deliberately contrast themselves with mass culture, which leads to the destruction of stereotypes and templates of mass culture.
In social science, there are 2 types of elite:
Political (that part of society in which social and political moral and social goals are combined)
Cultural (based on spiritual ideas and socio-cultural norms, as a rule, their interests do not coincide, but an alliance is possible, which turns out not to be durable)
Mass culture acts as culture Everyday life. It is characterized by mass availability and universality of consumption. As a type of cultural product, GDC is characterized by annual production in large volumes. Mass consumption and production of cultural values. Regardless of the forms in which it appears, it has a number of specific general goals:
1) leisure and stress relief
2) distribution of cultural samples to the masses
3) the formation of a non-critical perception of culture by a person
4) focus on artificially published models and stereotypes
5) introduction to the world of illusions
6) distracting the masses from social activity
7) adaptation to existing conditions
Mass culture is based on an unconscious form of perception and people's interest in the everyday form of life. It is designed to perform a number of functions
Ensuring human socialization in a big city environment
Accustoming to new social roles and values
Satisfying a person's needs and distracting him from the intense race in the sphere of life success
Removal psychological stress, conflict resolution
Mastering the way to regulate actions in different situations
Media:
The media include periodicals, radio and television.
SMD (cinema, theater, circus) They are distinguished by their regularity of appeal to a mass audience.
Technical (telephone, teletype, Internet) Do not have mass coverage of the territory.
The media ensure the regular circulation of information, so they are the most powerful mechanism of influence. One of important conditions functioning – the significance of the transmitted information. Evaluation information also plays an important role.
The impact of information depends on how well it corresponds to the social needs of the territory.
MK functions:
Informational (provides up-to-date information about areas of people’s activities)
Regulatory (influences the formation of social consciousness of the group and individual, the formation public opinion and the creation of social stereotypes)
Culturological (promotes the need for cultural continuity and preservation of cultural traditions)
Culture is an important component of social consciousness. It is a means of forming social personality, the sphere of communication between people and the implementation of their creative potential. culture and its features are the object of study by philosophers, cultural scientists, and intellectuals who seek to determine the role of spiritual culture in society and in human development.
Concept of culture
Human activity throughout history develops into culture. This concept covers the widest sphere of people's lives. The meaning of the word “culture” - “cultivation”, “processing” (originally - land) - is due to the fact that with the help of his various actions a person transforms the surrounding reality and himself. Culture is an exclusively human phenomenon; animals, unlike people, adapt to the world, and humans adapt it to their needs and requirements. It is in the course of these transformations that it is created.
Due to the fact that the spheres of spiritual culture are extremely diverse, there is no single definition of the concept of “culture”. There are several approaches to its interpretation: idealistic, materialistic, functionalist, structuralist, psychoanalytic. Each of them highlights individual aspects of this concept. In a broad sense, culture is all the transformative activities of a person, directed both outward and inward. In a narrow sense, it is human creative activity, expressed in the creation of works of various arts.
Spiritual and material culture
Despite the fact that culture is a complex, complex phenomenon, there is a tradition of dividing it into material and spiritual. It is customary to include all the results of human activity embodied in various objects in the field of material culture. This is the world surrounding a person: buildings, roads, household utensils, clothing, as well as a variety of equipment and technologies. Spheres of spiritual culture are associated with the production of ideas. These include theories, philosophical teachings, moral standards, and scientific knowledge. However, often such a division is purely conditional. How, for example, can we separate works of art such as cinema and theater? After all, the performance combines the idea literary basis, acting, as well as subject design.
The emergence of spiritual culture
The question of the origin of culture still causes lively debate between representatives of different sciences. Social science, for which the sphere of spiritual culture is an important research area, proves that cultural genesis is inextricably linked with the formation of society. Condition for survival primitive man became the ability to adapt the world around us to our needs and the ability to coexist in a team: it was impossible to survive alone. The formation of culture was not instantaneous, but was a long evolutionary process. A person learns to convey social experience, creating for this a system of rituals and signals, speech. He has new needs, in particular the desire for beauty, social needs are formed and all this becomes a platform for the formation of spiritual culture. Comprehension surrounding reality, the search for cause-and-effect relationships lead to the formation of a mythological worldview. It's in symbolic form explains the world around us and allows a person to navigate life.
Main areas
Over time, all spheres of spiritual culture grow from mythology. The human world is evolving and becoming more complex, and at the same time, information and ideas about the world are becoming more complex, and special areas of knowledge are being identified. Today, the question of what the sphere of spiritual culture includes has several possible answers. In the traditional sense, it includes religion, politics, philosophy, morality, art, and science. There is also a broader view according to which the spiritual sphere includes language, the system of knowledge, values and plans of humanity for the future. In the narrowest interpretation, the sphere of spirituality includes art, philosophy and ethics as the area of formation of ideals.
Religion as a sphere of spiritual culture
The first one that stands out is religion. All spheres of spiritual culture, including religion, represent a special set of values, ideals and norms that serve as guidelines in human life. Faith is the basis for understanding the world, especially for ancient people. Science and religion are two antagonistic ways of explaining the world, but each of them represents a system of ideas about how man and everything that surrounds him were created. The specificity of religion is that it appeals to faith, and not to knowledge. The main function of religion as a form of spiritual life is worldview. It sets a person’s framework of worldview and worldview, and gives meaning to existence. Religion also performs a regulatory function: it controls the relationships of people in society and their activities. In addition to these, faith performs communicative, legitimizing and cultural-translating functions. Thanks to religion, many outstanding ideas and phenomena appeared; it was the source of the concept of humanism.
Morality as a sphere of spiritual culture
Moral and spiritual culture is the basis for regulating relationships between people in society. Morality is a system of values and ideas about what is evil and good, about the meaning of people’s lives and the principles of their relationships in society. Researchers often consider ethics highest form spirituality. Morality is a specific sphere of spiritual culture, and its features are due to the fact that it is an unwritten law of behavior of people in society. It represents an unspoken social contract, according to which all nations consider man and his life to be the highest value. The main social functions of morality are:
Regulatory - this specific function consists of managing the behavior of people, and they are not dominated by any institutions or organizations that control a person. In fulfilling moral requirements, a person is motivated by a unique mechanism called conscience. Morality establishes rules that ensure human interaction;
Evaluative-imperative, i.e. a function that allows people to understand what is good and what is evil;
Educational - it is thanks to it that the moral character of an individual is formed.
Ethics also performs a number of socially significant functions such as cognitive, communicative, orienting, and prognostic.
Art as a sphere of spiritual culture
Cinema and theater
Cinema is one of the youngest and at the same time most popular arts. Its history compared to thousand years of history music, painting or theater is short. At the same time, cinema halls are filled with millions of spectators every day, and more people watch movies on television. Cinema has a powerful impact on the minds and hearts of young people.
Today theater is less popular than cinema. With the ubiquity of television, it has lost some of its appeal. Besides, theater tickets are now expensive. Therefore, we can say that the visit famous theater has become a luxury. Yet theater is an integral part of the intellectual life of every country and reflects the state of society and the minds of the nation.
Philosophy as a sphere of spiritual culture
Philosophy - oldest human. Like other areas of spiritual culture, it grows out of mythology. It organically combines the features of religion. Philosophers satisfy the important need of people to find meaning. The main questions of existence (what is the world, what is the meaning of life) receive different answers in philosophy, but allow a person to choose his life path. Its most important functions are ideological and axiological; it helps a person to build own system views and criteria for assessing the world around us. Philosophy also performs epistemological, critical, prognostic and educational functions.
Science as a sphere of spiritual culture
The latest sphere of spiritual culture to emerge was science. Its formation occurs quite slowly, and it is intended primarily to explain the structure of the world. Science and religion are forms of overcoming the mythological worldview. But unlike religion, science is a system of objective, verifiable knowledge and is built according to the laws of logic. The leading need that a person satisfies through science is cognitive. It is human nature to ask various questions, and the search for answers gives rise to science. Science is distinguished from all other spheres of spiritual culture by strict evidence and testability of postulates. Thanks to it, a universal human objective picture of the world is formed. The main social ones are cognitive, ideological, practical-transformative, communicative, educational and regulatory. Unlike philosophy, science is based on a system of objective knowledge that is verifiable through experiments.
Good day, dear readers of our blog!
Let's talk about what occupies the top of Maslow's pyramid, about the spiritual and beautiful. A person carries the question of spiritual and cultural throughout his entire existence, and you and I have to understand at least a small, but theoretically studied part of this bravado of information.
Culture is a complex phenomenon, which can be confirmed by citing new and new interpretations and definitions, but three approaches are considered the most common:
— technological approach (culture, as the totality of all achievements in the development of the material and spiritual life of the entire society);
— activity approach (culture as creative activity carried out in the spheres of material and spiritual life of society);
— value approach (culture as a practical implementation universal human values in the affairs and relationships of people).
It follows from this that culture has its own structure, system, functions, forms, etc. Thus, we talk about culture as an institution of society, which is historically determined by a number of factors. Opening historical information about the origin of culture, we will encounter the first mention in the 1st century. BC e. and use as a philosophical concept in the 18th century. XIX century
Today, the concept of “culture” is interpreted in a broad and narrow sense, which helps to understand and evaluate this phenomenon.
!Culture (shire)- a historically conditioned dynamic complex of forms, principles, methods and results of active creative activity of people that are constantly updated in all spheres of social life!
!Culture (narrow)- a process of active creative activity, during which spiritual values are created, distributed and consumed.!
As we noted earlier, culture is endowed with a number of functions that it is called upon to perform as a phenomenon of social life. And so, the main ones functions of culture :
- educational- forms an idea of where we live or about a particular people, country or era;
- evaluative— carries out differentiation of values, including the enrichment of traditions;
- regulatory— forms norms and attitudes in society in all areas of life and activity;
- informative— transmits the knowledge, values and experience of previous generations;
- communicative— preservation and transmission of cultural values, as well as their development through communication;
- socialization— the individual’s mastery of knowledge, norms, values, awareness and readiness to fulfill social roles and the desire for self-improvement.
Evaluating these functions, you come to the conclusion about what a huge role culture plays in our lives, and this is part of a large space called “spiritual life of society.” This is the area of existence in which objective reality is given in the form of opposing objective activity, but as a reality present in the person himself, which is an integral part of his personality.
Speaking about the spiritual, the following associations immediately arise in the head: knowledge, faith, feelings, experiences, needs, abilities, aspirations - everything that makes up the spiritual world of a person. Elements of the spiritual sphere of society are morality, science, art, religion and, to a certain extent, law. Let's imagine the structure of the spiritual life of society in the form of a diagram (see below).
Having carefully examined the presented diagram, you can imagine how multifaceted spiritual life is, and only guess the breadth and scope of each of its elements, especially affecting culture.
Culture has the most different shapes and varieties, in the literature it is customary to distinguish three forms of culture:
elite, popular and mass; And two varieties
: subculture and counterculture.
Let us consider the forms and varieties, indicating their main features.
Forms of culture:
- Elite
created by a privileged part of society, or at their request, by professional creators who have special knowledge in this area of the creation process. - Folk
created by anonymous creators who do not have prof. or special knowledge (myths, legends, epics, songs and dances). - Mass
form characterizing modern cultural production and consumption.
Types of culture:
- Subculture
part of the general culture, a system of values inherent in a certain group (religious, ethnic, criminal groups). - Counterculture
opposition and alternative to the dominant culture in society (hippies, punks, skinheads, etc.).
And what is most surprising is that each form and variety surprises with its breadth of views, and how many needs and interests it can satisfy.
As a result, I would like to say that each of us is the creator of our own culture, which many years later will be mentioned in history textbooks, and it is very important what we leave behind, Mass culture a product of globalization, and we need not to forget about the identity of our multinational and great people.
© Maria Rastvorova 2015.
The spiritual sphere of society is a complex of certain social subsystems in which people live and act. The essence of each of them is that they represent the business, intellectual, moral or ideological component of human relationships.
Definition
The spiritual sphere is organized purposefully and reflects not the material, but the moral inclinations of a person. It includes his worldview and moral qualities. Creating such a sphere around yourself is necessary for.
Being influenced by this sphere and inspired by it, a person creates his own moral environment and consumes spiritual values that he does not yet have in his intellectual potential. Determination makes her give birth:
- various theories;
- works of art;
- meaningful ideas.
Personality builds its inner world and spiritual connections with others. In order for this range of values to be of high quality, she needs to consume values that have already been created by others and are capable of satisfying her spiritual needs.
What is the spiritual sphere in principle? This is not a biologically given condition of existence. It is the fruit of a person’s socialization, his desire to develop and become a recognized individual. Even animals need to communicate with their own kind not only at the level of instincts. Man is taller than an ordinary animal. As Gorky said, man sounds proud. This means that he should strive for social spheres that can ensure the development of his spirituality and full-fledged work activity.
What constitutes the basis of spiritual life
The basic elements that determine the structure of the spiritual aspirations of the individual and society are:
- morality;
- religion;
- education;
- the science;
- art;
- culture.
Their functional relationship is obvious. In principle, only it ensures the harmonious development of a person and his successful interaction with the outside world.
Morality
Morality refers to certain rules of behavior accepted in society. At its origins in all human societies stood the prevailing ideas of people:
- about evil and good;
- unacceptable and acceptable;
- wrong and right;
- low and high.
The existence of morality, accepted by humanity already in the early stages of its history, is due to the need to regulate the totality of social processes and eliminate periodically occurring chaotic and protest phenomena. Morality directs these processes in a certain political or economic direction, given by the era.
IN modern societies This function is performed by the constitution, which regulates the rights and duties of its citizens. Judicial institutions are called upon to guarantee their independence from the voluntarism of the authorities. The law in a controversial situation becomes a manifestation of the foundations of existing morality. It strictly binds the behavior of an individual to certain norms accepted by society.
Religion
It plays a role in many ways similar to morality: it also organizes huge masses of people. But the organizing force becomes not worldly power, but the power of God: a certain supernatural being, possessing ideal qualities to which one should orient one’s activities unquestioningly. The main sign of any non-criticized acceptance of a postulate set by religion. Faith in this postulate is ensured by the church, independent missionaries who expand the circle of the believing flock, and one or another degree of inquisition - the fight against dissent, disciplining the believing population.
IN ancient Greece For this purpose, ostracism was used - the eviction of unwanted people from the policies, in medieval Europe heretics could easily end up at the stake. Today, morals are much softer: everyone has the right to choose for themselves whether to worship God or not.
Education
Unlike religion, it inclines the individual towards knowledge of the natural causes of social and scientific progress or regression. Gives a person the knowledge necessary for this, which becomes the main factor for awakening interest in the environment. From knowledge come the corresponding skills, from skills - skills that allow you to translate the information received into reality and transform aspects of life that are unsatisfactory in terms of characteristics.
An uninformed person is powerless in the face of circumstances; it is difficult for him to communicate with trained people. He has difficulty understanding what is happening around him and feels useless to anyone in a constantly evolving world.
The science
The highest manifestation of the education received. This intellectual institution constantly systemizes and deepens the knowledge available to humanity. On this basis, new reasoned ideas are developed, which are systematized from time to time and generate more accurate knowledge. A special feature of science compared to religious knowledge is its objectivity. It differs in that it strives to display various objects and phenomena in their real form, existing independently of subjective perception. Scientific activity meets both the urgent and strategic needs of society and contributes to its scientific and technical development.
Art
It represents an important part of the moral sphere, in a sense alternative to science. It can be considered as a means of entertainment, a manifestation of skill that provides people with a variety of emotions and aesthetic comfort. Another distinctive feature of art is the ability to influence thoughts various representatives society. It provides food for artistic and scientific reflection. The consequence of many works of art There have been many great scientific discoveries.
Art is also an effective ideological tool. By directly influencing the public, it evokes in people a certain attitude towards what is happening around them.
Awakens high feelings:
- makes you feel compassion for your neighbor;
- reveals problems that exist between people;
- shows the way to strengthen friendship.
Culture
This is a generalized achievement of all the elements of the spiritual sphere that are described above. It includes morality, education, science, and art. Through culture, the most significant values of a particular society are revealed, on the basis of which the traditional background of society and national customs, making it possible to spiritually connect different generations with each other and saturate them with the experience of their predecessors.
In the era of globalization, there is constant interaction between different cultures. Previously closed cultural formations include the traditions and customs of other peoples, gradually eliminating their differences. Intercultural communication makes it possible to more fully reveal the moral potential of the most different nationalities. Often this makes you treat them with respect, adopt the best and thereby enrich your own culture.
Conclusion
Expanding the spiritual sphere in public life means increasing the chances of changing your life and the lives of others for the better. By developing intelligence and moral qualities and realizing them in society, a person becomes more in demand in society and enjoys its trust. Ultimately, this leads to the spiritual uplift of the entire society and its moral evolution.