home > All about the signs of the Zodiac

Report on a cultural heritage site. Natural heritage of Russia, marked by UNESCO

29.09.2019

Natural heritage. General provisions

Definition 1

Currently, World Natural Heritage refers to miraculous monuments nature, formed under the influence of evolutionary, natural-climatic, biotic and abiotic factors and of cultural, aesthetic or scientific value for present and future generations.

Natural heritage may include forests, water bodies, mountains and mountain systems, plateaus, other geological formations, rich biodiversity, protected areas and so on.

The study of natural ecosystems in the part of the world natural heritage is studied by such sciences as general ecology, geoecology, recreational geography, geomorphology, hydrology, mineralogy, petrography and many other sciences that are components of ecology and geography.

UNESCO's activities for the protection of world natural heritage

Definition 2

UNESCO is the international United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, which unites 195 member countries.

In addition to activities in the field of education, science, ensuring human rights and freedoms, illiteracy, discrimination, this organization also deals with issues of preserving natural objects of great aesthetic, scientific and other significance. In 1972, UNESCO adopted the Convention for the Protection of the Cultural and Natural Heritage. This convention came into force in $3$ years. Since then, a special commission has held annual meetings at which objects are identified for inclusion in the list of cultural and natural heritage sites. In turn, natural heritage sites are selected with the aim of preserving and attracting wide range the public to the uniqueness of natural objects.

There are currently $197 sites listed as World Natural Heritage sites around the world. In addition, $32$ of objects are also allocated according to mixed natural and cultural criteria.

Natural sites have been included in the UNESCO list since 2002 based on four developed criteria:

The property is a natural phenomenon or space of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance;
The object is an outstanding example of the main stages of the history of the Earth, including monuments of the past, a symbol of ongoing geological processes in the development of relief or a symbol of geomorphological or physiographic features;
The property is an outstanding example of ongoing ecological or biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal and marine ecosystems, plant and animal communities;
The property contains the most important or significant natural habitat for the conservation of biological diversity, including endangered species of exceptional global conservation and scientific value.

Unfortunately, a number of world natural heritage sites are under constant anthropogenic pressure and are subject to destruction and destructive influences natural processes, armed conflicts and uncontrolled tourism. Therefore, at the moment, protecting and attracting public attention to the conservation of natural heritage sites is a very important and urgent task.

Natural heritage of Russia

Currently $26$ objects are registered in Russia world heritage, including $10$ World Natural Heritage Sites. In terms of world natural heritage, Russia ranks 4th in the world, after China, the USA and Australia.

The list of natural world heritage sites in Russia includes:

Virgin forests of Komi. Year included in the list: $1995. The territory of the facility is $3.28 million hectares and includes tundra areas covered with forests, swamps and rivers.
Lake Baikal. Year included in the list: $1996. The area of the facility is $3.15 million hectares. Baikal is the oldest and deepest lake on the planet. Its waters store almost $20%$ of all the world's fresh water. The lake is home to a unique fauna, characteristic only of these territories.
Volcanoes of Kamchatka. Year of inclusion in the list: $1996. ($2001-expansion). The object consists of $6$ separate areas and includes a large concentration of volcanoes. The nature of Kamchatka forms a unique landscape from an aesthetic point of view with significant biodiversity.
Gold Altai Mountains. Year included in the list: $1998. The property consists of $3$ separate plots. The territory is home to endangered species such as the snow leopard.
Western Caucasus. Year included in the list: $1999. The area of the facility is $300$ thousand hectares. The area is characterized by the presence of a large number of endemic plant and animal species.
Central Sikhote-Alin. Year of inclusion – $2001$. The territory extends from the Sikhote-Alin mountains to the coast of the Sea of Japan and is home to endangered species of animals - the Amur tiger, the Far Eastern leopard.
Ubsunur basin. Year of inclusion – $2003$. The territory of the facility is $1,069 thousand hectares and consists of $12 separate plots, $7 of which are located in Russia, and $5 in Mongolia. A huge number of birds and rare species of animals are observed in the Ubsunur depression.
Wrangel Island. Year included in the list – $2004$. The object includes Wrangel Island itself and Herald Island with adjacent water areas. There is a very high biodiversity here (walruses, polar bear, northern whales, bird nesting sites, etc.).
Putorana plateau. Year of inclusion – $2010$. The object is characterized by untouched tundra, forest-tundra, and a system of arctic deserts. The main migration routes of deer are recorded here.
Lena pillars. Year of inclusion – $2012$. Lena pillars are natural formations about $100$ meters high and have aesthetic value and unique beauty.

In addition, 6 new natural sites (Daursky Reserve, Commander Islands, Magadan Reserve, Krasnoyarsk Pillars, Vasyugan Swamps, Ilmen Mountains), 3 repeated sites (expansion of the Sikhote-Alin site, Virgin Komi Forests) were included as candidates for inclusion in the World Heritage List and Western Caucasus).

Currently, another $1$ object of a mixed type (according to cultural and natural criteria) is listed as a candidate - the cultural landscape of the Cave Cities of Crimean Gothia, which is located in Crimea, however, the territory of the Crimean Peninsula, in accordance with international standards, is disputed between Russia and Ukraine, therefore this object is in limbo and is unlikely to be recognized as a world heritage site in the near future, since it has no national connection.

World Day is celebrated on March 3rd every year wildlife. The date was not chosen by chance: on this day in 1973, the Convention on International Trade in Species of Wild Fauna and Flora was adopted. World Wildlife Day provides an opportunity to celebrate the diversity and beauty of the world around us.

In order to preserve and enhance not only the cultural, but also the natural riches of the planet, in 1972 UNESCO created the List of World Cultural and Natural Heritage, the main goal of which is to make known and protect objects that are unique in their kind. There are now more than a thousand objects on the list.

The entire diversity of World Heritage is divided into three conditional groups: cultural, natural and cultural-natural objects. There are currently 26 monuments on the territory of Russia, 10 of which are unique natural objects.

Virgin forests of Komi

The virgin forests of Komi were the first to be included in the list of World Natural Heritage in Russia. This is a huge and almost untouched natural area located in the northeast of the Komi Republic. The local forests mainly contain spruce, pine, fir, as well as several types of birch, larch and cedar.

This site includes one of the oldest nature reserves in Russia, the Pechora-Ilychsky nature reserve, located on the western slopes Northern Urals, and the Yugyd Va National Park. In general, this entire extended protected area plays a huge role in stabilizing the state of the environment. natural environment. In addition, the pristine nature of the reserve and park is of interest to archaeologists and paleontologists.

Volcanoes of Kamchatka

The volcanoes of Kamchatka are six separate areas that are located in the east, center and south of the peninsula. Together they reflect almost all the main landscapes of Kamchatka, but at the same time each of them also has a bright individuality. In total, there are about 30 active and 300 extinct volcanoes.

The boundaries of this UNESCO monument include the Kronotsky Biosphere Reserve (a unique picturesque mountainous area that includes 26 volcanoes), the little-developed high-mountain Bystrinsky Natural Park, the Klyuchevskoy Natural Park with the Klyuchevskaya Sopka - the highest active volcano in Eurasia - and the Nalychevo Natural Park. The latter includes the famous Nalychevo resort area, where there are about 200 healing springs of thermal and mineral waters.

Lake Baikal

Lake Baikal is one of the largest natural world heritage sites. This is the oldest freshwater body of water on our planet - its age is usually estimated at 25 million years, and also the deepest lake in the world - its maximum depth is 1620 meters. In addition, Baikal contains approximately 20% of all the world's fresh water reserves. The beauty of the lake and its surroundings attract tourists from all over Russia and from many countries of the world.

Golden Mountains of Altai

In the area where the territories of the four largest states of Eurasia—Russia, Kazakhstan, China and Mongolia—converge, are located the Golden Mountains of Altai, one of the most significant mountain systems in Central Asia and Southern Siberia.

Here you can see a wide variety of landscapes - from steppes and taiga to mountain tundras and glaciers. The area is dominated by the double-headed Belukha Mountain, covered with a cap of eternal snow and ice. It reaches 4506 meters in height and is highest point not only Altai, but throughout Siberia. And to the west of Belukha, dozens of mountain glaciers are concentrated.

Western Caucasus

The Western Caucasus is a natural massif located in the western part of the Greater Caucasus, approximately 50 kilometers northeast of Sochi. More than 6 thousand species of plants and animals have been recorded in this territory, which makes it a unique center of biodiversity not only on the scale of the Caucasus, but also in Eurasia.

Several tourist routes have been laid across the territory of the reserve, observation decks have been equipped, and a natural museum has been created. The most visited place is the Krasnaya Polyana area, located at the southern borders of the reserve.

Central Sikhote-Alin

This most valuable mountain and forest area is located in the south of the Russian Far East. Here you can see narrow intermountain valleys through which small but fast rapids rivers flow; soaring mountains and rocky cliffs, sometimes plummeting into the waters of the Sea of Japan. Thanks to the local humid climate, dense forests have formed here, recognized as one of the richest and most original in species composition in the entire Northern Hemisphere.

Ubsunur Basin

Ubsunur is a fairly large shallow salt lake located in the western part of a vast and closed intermountain basin. The northern part of this basin is located on the territory of Russia (Tuva), and the southern part is on the territory of Mongolia. The World Heritage Site itself consists of 12 separate sites, seven of which are located in Russia.

All sites are located in different parts of the drainage basin of Lake Ubsunur, so they differ markedly from each other in natural conditions and in general represent all the main types of landscapes characteristic of Central Asia. In addition, cultural heritage monuments were found in the basin: ancient burials, rock paintings, stone sculptures.

Wrangel Island

The area of Wrangel Island is the northernmost among the World Natural Heritage sites, it is located approximately 500 kilometers above the border of the Arctic Circle, at 71 degrees north latitude. In addition to Wrangel Island, the object includes Herald Island, located 70 kilometers to the east, as well as the adjacent waters of the East Siberian and Chukchi Seas.

The island itself is valuable because it represents a distinctly autonomous ecosystem that has developed in complete isolation over the past 50 thousand years, starting from the time when the island began to separate from the mainland. In addition, this territory is characterized by exceptional biological diversity for the Arctic, with a number of rare and endangered species found here.

Putorana Plateau

The boundaries of this object coincide with the boundaries of the Putorana State Nature Reserve, located in the northern part of Central Siberia, 100 kilometers beyond the Arctic Circle. The World Heritage portion of this plateau contains a full range of subarctic and arctic ecosystems preserved in an isolated mountain range, including pristine taiga, forest-tundra, tundra and arctic deserts, as well as a pristine lake with cold water and river systems.

Natural Park "Lena Pillars"

The Lena Pillars are rock formations of rare beauty that reach a height of about 100 meters and are located along the banks of the Lena River in the central part of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The pillars are separated from each other by deep and steep ravines, partially filled with rock debris. The site contains remains of many different species from the Cambrian period.

The material was prepared by the site editors

Project work "World Heritage of Russia"

Prepared by the teacher primary classes
Tagibekova Faiza Tagirovna

Research objectives:

-introduce the objects of natural and cultural heritage of Russia;

-show all the greatness and beauty of the natural and cultural heritage of Russia;

-instill love for the Motherland and the environment.

Project objectives:

- to cultivate feelings of respect for nature and pride in one’s Fatherland;

- to develop cognitive activity in students, to form a strong interest in the subject;

-form careful attitude to natural and cultural heritage.

Fundamental question:

Can humanity learn lessons?

Problematic issues:

What is World Heritage?

What caused the creation of the World Heritage Organization?

What do people do to preserve these objects for posterity?

When did Russia join this organization?

Which Russian sites are included in the World Heritage List?

Project result:

Solid knowledge on the topic “World Heritage of Russia”.

People realized that due to ill-conceived economic activities, the whole world could lose priceless treasures. The idea arose to announce the most

outstanding natural and cultural attractions are World Heritage Sites subject to mandatory protection. This is how the World Heritage List came into being. It is conducted by the authoritative international organization UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).

In 1972, UNESCO adopted the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (came into force in 1975). The USSR ratified the convention on March 9, 1988. The main purpose of the World Heritage Site is to make known and protect objects that are unique in their kind. The states on whose territory World Heritage sites are located undertake the responsibility for their conservation.

Like most countries in the world, Russia supported the idea of creating a World Heritage List. Now it includes a number of natural and cultural objects of our country. The UNESCO World Heritage List is updated every year.

UNESCO sites in Russia

Russia is a unique country. It ranks first in the world in terms of territorial area and ninth in terms of population. As of 2012, there are 25 specially protected sites in Russia. Fifteen of them have the status of a cultural attraction, the remaining ten are of a natural nature. Six of the fifteen UNESCO cultural sites in Russia are marked “i”, that is, they belong to the masterpieces of human civilization. Four out of ten natural objects have the highest aesthetic criterion “vii”.
UNESCO sites in Russia
The nature of the country is distinguished by a variety of plant and animal forms: northern mosses and lichens coexist with southern palm trees and magnolias, coniferous forests of the taiga form a striking contrast with the steppe crops of wheat and sunflowers. The climatic, natural and cultural diversity of Russia has led to interest in it both from our own and foreign citizens. Natural and man-made attractions, river cruises and rail travel, beach and health, sports and extreme tourism make the country attractive to all categories of vacationers. The main attractions of Russia are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Anyone who wants to discover a great country can start by getting acquainted with twenty-five natural and man-made sites that have a cultural, historical or environmental degree of global significance. The UNESCO list is compiled in order to preserve and show modern people the full depth of our common civilizational heritage.

1. Historical center of St. Petersburg

The northern capital of Russia was included in the UNESCO List of 36 monuments located not only in St. Petersburg itself, but also in its neighbors - Pushkin and Shlisselburg. The palace and park ensembles of the villages of Gatchina and Strelna, the Koltuvskaya and Yukkovskaya uplands, the Lindulovskaya Grove and the Komarovskoye village cemetery - all this makes up one huge cultural and natural formation, territorially and historically connected with the northern capital of Russia. St. Petersburg itself is represented on the UNESCO List by the historical center and old part of the city of Kronstadt, the Pulkovo Observatory and the palace and park ensembles of Peterhof, Shuvalovsky Park and the Vyazemsky estate, local fairways and numerous city highways.

2. Architectural ensemble of the Kizhi Pogost

Two wooden churches and a bell tower, built in the 18th-19th centuries in Kizhi, were included in the UNESCO List in 1990. The cultural heritage of Karelia is known throughout the world for the Church of the Transfiguration, built, according to legend, without a single nail. Since the mid-20th century, the Kizhi State Historical and Architectural Museum has been operating on the basis of the Kizhi Pogost. Along with the ancient original buildings, it includes objects of wooden religious architecture that were brought and erected in the immediate vicinity - for example, an eight-wing windmill built in 1928. The wooden fence of the Kizhi churchyard ensemble was reconstructed in 1959 in accordance with the principles of organizing traditional churchyard fences.

3.Moscow Kremlin and Red Square

Symbols of an entire country and era - the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square - are among the most significant cultural attractions of Russia and the whole world. It seems that there is not a person on Earth who does not know what they look like. When visiting Russia, most foreigners first go to Red Square. The Moscow Kremlin is one of the oldest architectural monuments in Russia. Its majestic walls and numerous towers, its Orthodox cathedrals and palace buildings, its squares and gardens, the Armory Chamber and the Kremlin Palace of Congresses reflect the centuries-old history of the country. Adjacent to the north-eastern wall of the Kremlin, Red Square is famous not only for the Mausoleum and the Eternal Flame, but also for the numerous events organized there recently. Victory parades, concerts dedicated to Russian Independence Day, New Year's skating rinks - all this can be afforded by one of the largest pedestrian areas in Moscow.

4.Novgorod historical monuments

Veliky Novgorod and its surrounding areas are included in the UNESCO list with more than ten cultural sites that are predominantly of a religious nature. Znamensky, Zverin, Antoniev and Yuryev Monasteries, the Church of the Nativity of Christ on the Red Field, the Church of the Savior on Nereditsa, St. John the Merciful and the Annunciation on Myachina and many other Orthodox buildings date back to ancient periods Russian history and represent unique architectural complexes. The Novgorod Detinets (that is, the Kremlin) and the part of the city related to it are interesting from the point of view of historical and architectural heritage.

5. Solovetsky Islands

Spaso-Preobrazhensky Solovetsky Monastery was built in the 20-30s of the 15th century. It is spread over four islands of the Solovetsky archipelago. The cultural and historical ensemble "Solovetsky Islands" includes the main monastery, the Ascension and Savvatievsky skete, St. Isaac's, Makarievskaya and Filippovskaya hermitages on Bolshoi Solovetsky Island, Sergievsky monastery on the island of Bolshaya Muksalma, Trinity and Golgotha-Ruspyatsky monastery and Eleazar's hermitage on Anzer and Andreevskaya deserts and stone labyrinths on Bolshoi Zayatsky Island. IN Soviet time The largest special-purpose forced labor camp in the USSR, Solovetsky, operated on the monastery territory. Monastic life became possible here only at the end of 1990.

6. White stone monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal

Eight architectural monuments of ancient Russian architecture, mostly of a white stone nature, were included in the UNESCO list in 1992. All of them are located on the territory of the Vladimir region and belong to Orthodox culture Russia. In Vladimir there are three UNESCO-protected sites: the Assumption and Demetrius Cathedrals, built in the 12th century, as well as the Golden Gate. In Suzdal there is a 12th-century Kremlin with the Nativity Cathedral and the Spaso-Efimievsky Monastery, built in the 16th-17th centuries. The village of Bogolyubovo is known to Orthodox pilgrims for the Palace of Andrei Bogolyubsky and the magnificent Church of the Intercession on the Nerl. The Church of Boris and Gleb in the village of Kideksha is the first white stone building in northeastern Rus'.

7. Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye

Built in the 16th century, the Church of the Ascension of the Lord is the first stone Orthodox church to use a tent instead of a classic dome. According to legend, it was erected on the occasion of the birth of Ivan the Terrible. The place for the temple was chosen on the right bank of the Moscow River, famous for its miraculous spring. The Church of the Ascension of the Lord has the appearance of a centric temple-tower, rising above the ground to a height of 62 meters. The architectural design of the church shows features early Renaissance. The temple is surrounded in a circle by a two-tiered gallery-promenade.

8. Trinity - Sergius Lavra.

The Holy Trinity Lavra of Sergius was founded Venerable Sergius Radonezh in 1337. Currently it is the largest Orthodox monastery in Russia. The Trinity-Sergius Lavra is located in the center of Sergiev Posad, a city in the Moscow region. The designation “Laurel” indicates the crowded, large population of the monastery. The architectural ensemble of the monastery consists of fifty buildings of various functional purposes. Among them there are Orthodox cathedrals, numerous bell towers, and royal palaces. Boris Godunov and members of his family found their final refuge in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra.

9. Komi forest.

The virgin forests of Komi are known as the largest intact forests growing in Europe. They occupy an area of 32,600 square kilometers in the north of the Ural Mountains, within the Pechero-Ilychsky Nature Reserve and the Yugyd Va National Park. In terms of their composition, Komi forests belong to the taiga ecosystem. They are dominated by coniferous trees. The western part of the forests is in the foothills area, the eastern part is in the mountains themselves. The Komi forest is distinguished by the diversity of not only flora, but also fauna. More than two hundred species of birds live here, and rare species of fish are found. Many forest plants are protected.

10. Lake Baikal.

For the whole world, Baikal is a lake, for the residents of Russia, who are in love with a unique natural object, Baikal is a sea! Located in Eastern Siberia, it is the deepest lake on the planet and, at the same time, the largest natural reservoir of fresh water by volume. The shape of Baikal looks like a crescent. The maximum depth of the lake is 1642 meters with an average depth of 744. Baikal contains 19 percent of all fresh water on the planet. The lake is fed by more than three hundred rivers and streams. Baikal water has a high oxygen content. Its temperature rarely exceeds plus 8-9 degrees Celsius even in summer in the surface area. The water of the lake is so clean and transparent that it allows you to see at a depth of up to forty meters.

11. Kamchatka volcanoes.

The volcanoes of Kamchatka are part of the Pacific Volcanic Ring of Fire, a large chain of the planet’s main active volcanoes. Unique natural sites were included in the UNESCO List in 1996, along with adjacent areas characterized by picturesque views and biological diversity. The exact number of volcanoes on the peninsula is unknown. Scientists talk about several hundred and even thousands of objects. About thirty of them are classified as active. The most famous Kamchatka volcano is Klyuchevskaya Sopka - the most high volcano Eurasia and the most active on the peninsula. The volcanoes of Kamchatka have different volcanic origins and are divided into two belts superimposed on each other - the Middle and East Kamchatka.

12. Sikhote - Alinsky Nature Reserve.

A large biosphere reserve in the Primorsky Territory was originally created to preserve the sable population. Currently, it represents the most convenient place for observing the life of the Amur tiger. A huge number of plants grow on the territory of the Sikhote-Alin Nature Reserve. More than a thousand higher species, more than a hundred mosses, about four hundred lichens, more than six hundred species of algae and more than five hundred fungi. The local fauna is represented by a large number of birds, marine invertebrates and insects. Many plants, birds, animals and insects are protected species. Schisandra chinensis and edelweiss Palibina, spotted deer and Himalayan bear, black kite and Japanese starling, Sakhalin sturgeon and swallowtail butterfly - they all found shelter in the Sikhote-Alin Nature Reserve.

13. Golden Mountains of Altai.

The three most significant areas of the Altai Mountains - the Altai and Katunsky reserves and the Ukok plateau - were included in the UNESCO list in 1998 under the name “Golden Mountains of Altai”. Mount Belukha and Lake Teletskoye were also included in the list of protected geographical sites. The Altai Mountains received the natural criterion “x” for the most fully presented picture of alpine vegetation. In this area, five belts follow one after another: steppe, forest-steppe, mixed, subalpine and alpine. The territory of the golden mountains of Altai is home to rare species of animals - snow leopard, Siberian mountain goat and others.

14. Ubsunur basin.

The basin of Lake Uvs-Nur, located in the Republic of Tyva, belongs to both Russia and Mongolia. On the part of the Russian Federation, it is represented by the Ubsunur Basin biosphere nature reserve, which includes both the waters of the lake itself and the adjacent land areas. The latter is home to a unique and, in many ways, diverse ecosystem of the region - here you can find glaciers and the northernmost deserts in Eurasia. On the territory of the Ubsunur depression there are taiga zones, forest and classical steppes, alpine tundra and meadows. The area of the reserve is replete with several tens of thousands of unexcavated burial mounds of ancient nomadic tribes.

15.Caucasian Nature Reserve.

Located in the Western Caucasus, the natural biosphere reserve belongs to the category of state ones. It is a large natural formation belonging to two climatic zones - temperate and subtropical. More than 900 species of vascular plants and 700 species of fungi grow on the territory of the reserve. Initially, the Caucasian Reserve was called the bison reserve. Nowadays, it was decided to abandon this definition, since, in addition to bison, there are a large number of other mammals, each of which requires state protection. Today, on the territory of the reserve you can find wild boars and roe deer, Western Caucasian tur and brown bear, Caucasian mink and bison.

16 Kazan Kremlin.

Not only the Moscow and Novgorod Kremlin are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The Kazan Kremlin is also among the culturally significant objects of world significance. Its historical and architectural complex, consisting of a white-stone Kremlin, temples and other buildings, is a monument to three historical periods: XII-XIII, XIV-XV and XV-XVI centuries. The Kremlin territory of Kazan has the shape of an irregular polygon, coinciding in outline with the hill on which the ancient settlement is located. Initially, the Kazan Kremlin was a Bulgarian fortress. Then it came under the rule of the Kazan Khanate. After the capture of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible, the first Orthodox churches appeared on Kremlin territory. In 2005, in honor of the millennium of Kazan, the main mosque of the Republic of Tatarstan, Kul Sharif, was built within the Kazan Kremlin.

17. Ferapontov monastery.

Currently, the Ferapontov Monastery is one of the inactive monasteries. The Ferapontovsky branch of the Kirillo-Belozersky Museum-Reserve and the unique Museum of Dionysius' Frescoes located there became a stumbling block between the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation and the Russian Orthodox Church. In 2000, the Ferapontov Monastery was included in the UNESCO List, which finally gave it the status of not so much a religious, but a cultural heritage of humanity. The architectural ensemble of the monastery is represented by the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary, painted by the famous Moscow icon painter of the 15th-16th centuries - Dionysius, the monumental Church of the Annunciation, the treasury chamber and service buildings.

18. Curonian Spit.

The Curonian Spit is a long, narrow strip of sandy land that separates the Curonian Lagoon from Baltic Sea. According to its geographical status, this natural object is sometimes classified as a peninsula. The length of the Curonian Spit is 98 kilometers, the width is from 400 to 4 kilometers. The saber-shaped strip of land belongs half to Russia, half to Lithuania. On Russian territory The Curonian Spit contains the national park of the same name. The original peninsula was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List due to its biological diversity. Numerous landscapes, from deserts to tundra, a large amount of flora and fauna, as well as the ancient migration route of birds make the Curonian Spit a unique natural complex that needs protection.

19. Derbent.

The southernmost city of Russia, located in the Republic of Dagestan, Derbent, is one of the ancient cities peace. The first settlements on its territory arose at the end of the 4th millennium BC. The city acquired its modern appearance in 438. In those distant times Derbent was a Persian fortress consisting of the Naryn-Kala citadel and double walls descending to the Caspian Sea. Ancient fortress, Old city and fortifications of Derbent were included in the UNESCO List in 2003. Naryn-Kala has survived to this day in the form of ruins, ancient temple fire worshipers, a mosque, bathhouses and water reservoirs located on its territory.

20. Wrangel Island.

Wrangel Island, located in the Arctic Ocean, was discovered in 1849. In 1926, the first polar station was created on it, in 1948 the island was inhabited by domesticated reindeer, and in 1975 by musk oxen. The latest event led to the fact that the authorities of the Magadan region decided to establish a nature reserve on Wrangel Island, which also included the neighboring Herald Island. At the end of the 20th century, the adjacent water areas also became part of the Wrangel Island nature reserve. The island's flora consists mainly of ancient plant species. The fauna of the area is poorly developed: most often, birds and walruses are found here, which have established their main Russian rookery on Wrangel Island.

21. Novodevichy Convent.

The Novodevichy Mother of God-Smolensk Monastery was founded in 1524 in honor of the Smolensk Icon Mother of God"Hodegetria". The location of the Orthodox women's monastery is the Maiden's Field in Moscow. In the center of the monastery is the five-domed Smolensk Cathedral, from which the creation of everything began architectural ensemble religious monument of the Russian capital. In the 17th century, the Church of the Assumption was built around it Holy Mother of God, Church of the Transfiguration, Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary, bell tower, refectory, Lopukhinsky, Mariinsky and Funeral Chambers.

22. Historical center of Yaroslavl.

The historical center of Yaroslavl, consisting of Rubleny Gorod (the local Kremlin) and Zemlyanoy Gorod, was noted by UNESCO in 2005 as an outstanding architectural example of urban planning reform carried out under Catherine II. Construction from the time of classicism took place near the parish church of Elijah the Prophet, in front of which there was a semicircular square. Streets-beams were drawn to it, each of which ended with an architectural monument that was earlier in construction - the Assumption Cathedral on Strelka, the Znamenskaya and Uglichskaya towers, the Church of Simeon the Stylite.

23. Struve geodetic arc.

A network of 265 geodetic reference points, created in the first half of the 19th century to study earth parameters, is currently found in many European cities. On Russian territory it is represented by two points - “Point Mäkipällus” and “Point Z”, located on the island of Gogland. Of more than two hundred objects of the Struve arc, only 34 points have survived to this day, which served as the basis for including a unique scientific monument of humanity in the List of especially valuable cultural objects of our time.

24. Putarana plateau.

Like many natural sites in Russia included in the UNESCO List, the Putarana Plateau was included in it due to the unique combination of different ecological systems. Located within an isolated mountain range, the Putorana State Nature Reserve combines within its territory the subarctic and arctic zones, taiga, forest-tundra and arctic desert. The Putorana subspecies of the snow leopard, listed in the Red Book of Russia, lives on the territory of the reserve. The world's largest population of wild reindeer also winters on the plateau.

25. Lena Pillars.

Located on the territory of the Sakha Republic, the Lena Pillars are the most recent Russian site included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2012. The geological formation, located on the banks of the Lena, is a multi-kilometer complex of vertically elongated rocks. The basis of this unique natural monument is Cambrian limestone. Scientists attribute the beginning of the formation of the Lena Pillars to the Early Cambrian - a time 560 million years distant from ours. The relief form of the Lena Pillars was formed much later - only 400 thousand years ago. Near the Lena Pillars there is a natural park of the same name. On its territory there are blowing sands and the site of an ancient man. Fossilized remains of mammoths are also found here.

httr :// www . yandex . ru

htth :// www . geo . ru

Cultural heritage is an important part of the life of every nation. For this reason, you should know what cultural heritage is and why its preservation is so important. It helps to better learn and understand the history of the formation modern society.

What is cultural heritage

Nature and culture together form the human environment. The skills and knowledge acquired by humanity since the beginning of time accumulate and multiply over the centuries, forming a cultural heritage. There is no single definition of what cultural heritage is, since this term is considered from different points vision.

From the point of view of cultural studies, this is the main way of existence of culture. Heritage objects preserve and transmit to subsequent generations values that carry an emotional aspect. History considers cultural heritage primarily as a source of information about the development and formation of modern society. The legal point of view does not take into account emotional value, but determines the degree of information content and demand for a particular object, as well as its ability to influence society.

If we combine these concepts, then cultural heritage can be defined as a set of tangible and intangible values created by nature and man during previous historical eras.

Social memory

Social memory should be understood as the basis of social cognition. The experience and knowledge accumulated by humanity are passed on from generation to generation. The development of modern man is possible only by relying on the knowledge of his ancestors.

Cultural heritage and social memory are concepts that always accompany each other. Heritage sites are the primary means of transmitting knowledge, thoughts and worldviews to future generations. This is irrefutable evidence of the existence of certain people, events and ideas. In addition, they guarantee the reliability of social memory, preventing it from being distorted.

Social memory is a kind of library where everything is stored useful knowledge, which can be used and improved by society in the future. Unlike the memory of one person, social memory has no end and belongs to every member of society. Ultimately, heritage determines the basic elements of social memory. Those values that are not part of the cultural heritage sooner or later lose their meaning, are forgotten and excluded from social memory.

UNESCO Organization

UNESCO is a UN agency dedicated to education, science and culture (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). One of the goals of UNESCO is to unite countries and peoples to preserve world cultural values.

The organization was formed in November 1945 and is based in Paris. Today, more than two hundred states are members of UNESCO.

In the field of culture, the organization is engaged in the preservation and protection of the cultural and natural heritage of humanity. basis this direction The Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted in 1972, became an activity. During the first session, the main provisions and tasks of the World Heritage Committee were adopted.

The Committee also determined natural and cultural criteria for assessing objects, according to which they were included or not included in the list of protected sites. Preservation of cultural heritage is an obligation assumed by the state that owns this or that object, with the support of UNESCO. Today the register includes more than a thousand protected objects.

World Heritage

The 1972 Convention gave a clear definition of what cultural heritage is and divided it into categories. Cultural heritage should be understood as:

monuments;
ensembles;
places of interest.

Monuments include all works of art (painting, sculpture, etc.), as well as objects of archaeological significance ( rock inscriptions, burials) created by man and valuable for science, history and art. Ensembles are architectural groups that are harmoniously integrated into the surrounding landscape. Places of interest are understood as human creations separately from nature or together with it.

The Convention also outlined criteria for natural heritage. It includes natural monuments, places of interest, geological and physiographic formations.

Cultural heritage of Russia

To date, twenty-seven objects located on Russian territory are included in the World Heritage Register. Sixteen of them were selected according to cultural criteria and eleven were natural objects. The first sites were designated a World Heritage Site in 1990. Twenty-three more sites are on the candidate list. Of these, eleven are cultural, three are natural-cultural, nine are natural objects.

Among UNESCO member states, the Russian Federation is in ninth place in terms of the number of World Heritage sites.

Days of cultural heritage in Moscow - International Day for the Preservation of Monuments and Sites (celebrated on April 18) and International Museum Day (May 18). Every year on these days in Moscow free access to heritage sites is opened, excursions, quests, and lectures are organized. All these events are aimed at popularizing cultural values and familiarizing them with them.

Legal aspect

The Federal Law (FL) on cultural heritage objects was adopted by the State Duma of the Russian Federation in 2002. This law defines the preservation of cultural heritage as a priority task of the authorities. The law also establishes the procedure for identifying heritage sites and including them in the register.

This register includes tangible and intangible cultural assets that have undergone expert verification. Each object included in the register is assigned a registration number and passport. The passport indicates detailed characteristics object: name, date of origin, photographic materials, description, location information. The passport also reflects data on the expert assessment of the object and the conditions for protecting the object.

According to the Federal Law on Cultural Heritage Objects, cultural values are recognized as the property of the state. In this regard, the need to preserve them, as well as popularize and provide accessibility to heritage sites, has been declared. The law prohibits alteration and demolition of objects. Cultural heritage management is a set of measures aimed at controlling, preserving and developing cultural objects.

Natural objects of Russia

There are ten sites included in the World Heritage Sites on the territory of the Russian Federation. Six of them, according to the UNESCO classification, should be considered a phenomenon of exceptional beauty. One of these objects is Lake Baikal. This is one of the oldest freshwater formations on the planet. Thanks to this, a unique ecosystem has formed in the lake.

The volcanoes of Kamchatka are also natural phenomena. This formation is the largest cluster of active volcanoes. The area is constantly developing and has unique landscapes. The Golden Altai Mountains are unique in their geographical features. The total area of this heritage site occupies one million six hundred and forty thousand hectares. This is a habitat for rare animals, some of which are on the verge of extinction.

Cultural sites of Russia

Among the objects that represent the cultural heritage of Russia, it is difficult to single out more significant exhibits. The culture of Russia is ancient and very diverse. These are monuments to Russian architecture, and a colossal project of interweaving streets and canals of St. Petersburg, and numerous monasteries, cathedrals and kremlins.

The Moscow Kremlin occupies a special place among heritage sites. The walls of the Moscow Kremlin are witnesses to many historical events that influence the life of Russia. St. Basil's Cathedral, located on Red Square, is a unique masterpiece of architecture. The main part of the World Heritage in Russia are churches and monasteries. Among them is the Solovetsky Islands ensemble, the first settlement of which dates back to the fifth century BC.

The importance of cultural heritage

The importance of cultural heritage is very great both for society as a whole and for each person individually. Personality formation is impossible without knowledge of the traditions and experience of ancestors. Preserving heritage sites and enhancing them is an important task for each generation. This ensures the spiritual growth and development of humanity. Cultural heritage is an important component of culture, which helps to assimilate the experience of world history.

About UNESCO World Heritage

The Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage was adopted at the XVII session of the General Conference of UNESCO on November 16, 1972 and entered into force on December 17, 1975. Its main goal is to attract the forces of the world community to preserve unique cultural and natural objects. In 1975, the Convention was ratified by 21 states, over the 42 years of its existence, another 172 states joined them, and by mid-2017 total number The number of states parties to the Convention has reached 193. In terms of the number of state parties, the World Heritage Convention is the most representative among other international UNESCO programs. To improve the effectiveness of the Convention, the World Heritage Committee and the World Heritage Fund were established in 1976.

The first cultural and natural sites were included in the UNESCO World Heritage List two years after the formation of the program. Among natural areas, the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador), Yellowstone (USA), Nahanni (Canada) and Simen (Ethiopia) national parks received heritage status. Over the past years, the List has become very representative both in terms of the regions of the planet represented and in the number of objects: by mid-2017, it included 206 natural, 832 cultural and 35 mixed natural-cultural sites in 167 countries. Largest number Italy, Spain, Germany and France and China have cultural sites on the List (more than 30 each), while the USA, Australia, China, Russia and Canada have the largest number of natural World Heritage areas (more than 10 sites each). Under the protection of the Convention are such worldwide famous monuments nature, such as the Great Barrier Reef, the Hawaiian and Galapagos Islands, the Grand Canyon, Mount Kilimanjaro, Lake Baikal.

Of course, being on a par with the generally recognized world pearls of nature and culture is honorable and prestigious for any object, but at the same time, it is also a great responsibility. To receive World Heritage status, a property must represent outstanding universal value, go through a thorough expert assessment and satisfy at least one of the 10 selection criteria. In this case, the nominated natural object must comply at least one of the following four criteria:

VII) include unique natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic value;

VIII) present outstanding examples of major stages of Earth's history, including traces of ancient life, serious geological processes, which continue to occur in the development of the forms of the earth's surface, significant geomorphological or physical-geographical features of the relief;

ix) present outstanding examples of important ongoing ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal and marine ecosystems and plant and animal communities;

X) include natural habitats of great importance for the conservation of biological diversity, including habitats of endangered species that represent an outstanding global asset from a scientific or conservation perspective.

The security, management, authenticity and integrity of a property are also important factors that are taken into account when assessing it before inclusion on the List.

The status of a World Natural Heritage site provides additional guarantees of the safety and integrity of unique natural complexes, increases the prestige of the territories, promotes the popularization of sites and the development of alternative types of environmental management, and ensures priority in attracting financial resources.

World Heritage Project

In 1994, Greenpeace Russia began work on the World Heritage project, aimed at identifying and protecting unique natural complexes that are threatened by the serious negative impact of human activity. Giving natural areas the highest international conservation status to further guarantee their preservation is the main goal of the work carried out by Greenpeace.

The first attempts to include Russian protected natural areas on the UNESCO World Heritage List were made in the early 1990s. In 1994, an all-Russian meeting “Modern problems of creating a system of world and Russian natural heritage sites” was held, at which a list of promising territories was presented. At the same time, in 1994, Greenpeace Russia experts prepared the necessary documents for inclusion in the UNESCO List of a natural complex called “Virgin Komi Forests”. In December 1995, it was the first in Russia to receive the status of a World Natural Heritage Site.

At the end of 1996, “Lake Baikal” and “Volcanoes of Kamchatka” were included in the List. In 1998, another Russian natural complex, the Golden Mountains of Altai, was included in the List; in 1999, a decision was made to include the fifth Russian natural object- “Western Caucasus”. At the end of 2000, the Curonian Spit became the first international site in Russia (together with Lithuania) to receive the status of a World Heritage Site according to the “cultural landscape” criterion. Later, the UNESCO List included “Central Sikhote-Alin” (2001), “Ubsunur Basin” (2003, together with Mongolia), “Natural complex of the Wrangel Island reserve” (2004), “Putorana Plateau” (2010) , “Natural Park “Lena Pillars” (2012) and “Landscapes of Dauria” (2017, jointly with Mongolia).

Nominations for consideration by the World Heritage Committee must first be included on the national Tentative List. Currently, it contains such natural complexes as the “Commander Islands”, “Magadan Reserve”, “Krasnoyarsk Pillars”, “Big Vasyugan Swamp”, “Ilmen Mountains”, “ Bashkir Ural", "Protected Kenozerye", "Oglakhty Ridge" and "Bikin River Valley". Work is underway to expand the territory of the Golden Mountains of Altai object (by including the adjacent territories of China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan). Negotiations are underway with Finland and Norway about the joint nomination “Green Belt of Fennoscandia”.

Russia is certainly rich in unique, untouched economic activity natural complexes. According to rough estimates, there are more than 20 territories in our country that are worthy of the status of a World Natural Heritage Site. Among the promising territories, the following natural complexes can be noted: “Kuril Islands”, “Lena Delta”, “Volga Delta”.

Russian cultural sites included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, include such recognized historical and architectural monuments as historical Center St. Petersburg, the Kremlin and Red Square, Kizhi Pogost, Solovetsky, Ferapontov and Novodevichy monasteries, Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye, monuments of Veliky Novgorod, Vladimir, Suzdal, Yaroslavl, Kazan, Derbent, Bolgar and Sviyazhsk, Struve geodetic arc (together with Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine and Moldova).