Open lesson “Peoples inhabiting the Urals. Aborigines of the Northern Urals - the Mansi people

Essay
in the discipline "History of the Urals"
on the topic : "ORIGIN OF THE PEOPLES OF THE URAL"

Content

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………….....3
1. General information about the Ural peoples……………………………………………………...4
2. Origin of the peoples of the Urals…………………………….................... .................... ..8
Conclusion…………………………………………………………… ……………………………...15
References……………………………………………………………..16

Introduction
The ethnogenesis of modern peoples of the Urals is one of the pressing problems of historical science, ethnology and archeology. However, this question is not purely scientific, because In the conditions of modern Russia, the problem of nationalism arises acutely, the justification for which is often sought in the past. The radical social transformations taking place in Russia have a huge impact on the life and culture of the peoples inhabiting it. The formation of Russian democracy and economic reforms are taking place in conditions of diverse manifestations of national self-awareness, activation social movements and political struggle. At the heart of these processes is the desire of Russians to eliminate the negative legacy of past regimes, improve the conditions of their social existence, and defend the rights and interests associated with a citizen’s sense of belonging to a particular ethnic community and culture. That is why the genesis of the ethnic groups of the Urals should be studied extremely carefully, and historical facts should be assessed as carefully as possible.
Currently, representatives of three language families live in the Urals: Slavic, Turkic and Uralic (Finno-Ugric and Somadian). The first includes representatives of Russian nationality, the second - Bashkirs, Tatars and Nagaibaks, and finally, the third - Khanty, Mansi, Nenets, Udmurts and some other small nationalities of the Northern Urals.
This work is devoted to the consideration of the genesis of modern ethnic groups living in the Urals before its inclusion in the Russian Empire and settlement by Russians. The ethnic groups under consideration include representatives of the Uralic and Turkic language families.

1. General information about the Ural peoples
Representatives of the Turkic language family
BASHKIRS (self-name - Bashkort - “wolf head” or “wolf leader”), the indigenous population of Bashkiria. The number in the Russian Federation is 1673.3 thousand people. In terms of population, Bashkirs occupy fourth place in the Russian Federation after Russians, Tatars and Ukrainians. They also live in the Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Perm, and Sverdlovsk regions. They speak Bashkir; dialects: southern, eastern, the northwestern group of dialects stands out. The Tatar language is widespread. Writing based on the Russian alphabet. Believing Bashkirs are Sunni Muslims.
The main occupation of the Bashkirs in the past was nomadic (jailaun) cattle breeding; were distributed hunting, beekeeping , beekeeping, poultry farming, fishing, gathering. From crafts - weaving, felt making, production of lint-free carpets , shawls, embroidery, leather working (leatherworking), wood working.
In the 17th-19th centuries, the Bashkirs switched to agriculture and settled life. Among the eastern Bashkirs, a semi-nomadic way of life was still partially preserved. The last, single trips of villages to summer camps (summer nomadic camps) were noted in the 20s of the 20th century. The types of dwellings among the Bashkirs are varied; log houses (wooden), wattle and adobe (adobe) predominate; among the eastern Bashkirs in the past there was a felt yurt ( head “tirm?”), plague-like stances (kyush)
The traditional clothing of the Bashkirs is very variable, depending on the age and specific region. Clothing was made from sheepskin, homespun and purchased fabrics; Various women's jewelry made of corals, beads, shells, and coins were widespread. These are bibs (yaga, hakal), cross-shoulder decorations-belts (emeyzek, daguat), backrests (inhalek), various pendants, bracelets, bracelets, earrings. Women's headdresses in the past were very diverse, including the cap-shaped "kashmau", the girl's cap "takiya", the fur "kama burek", the multi-part "kalyabash", the towel-shaped "tastar", often richly decorated with embroidery. a very colorfully decorated head cover "kushyaulyk".. Among men's - fur "kolaksyn", "tyulke burek", "kyulyupara" made of white cloth, skullcaps, felt hats. The shoes of the Eastern Bashkirs "kata" and "saryk", leather heads and cloth shafts, ties with tassels are original. Kata and women's saryks were decorated with appliqué on the back. “Itek”, “Sitek” boots and “Sabata” bast shoes were widespread everywhere (with the exception of a number of southern and eastern regions). Pants with a wide leg were a mandatory attribute of both men's and women's clothing. Very elegant top women's clothing. it is often richly decorated with coins. sleeveless camisoles with braiding, appliqué and a little embroidery on “elyan” (robe) and “ak sakman” (which also often served as a head cover). decorated with bright embroidery and edged with coins. Men's Cossacks and chekmeni "sakman" half caftans "bishmet". The Bashkir men's shirt and women's dresses differed sharply in cut from those of the Russians. Although they were also decorated with embroidery and ribbons (dresses). It was also common for Eastern Bashkirs to decorate dresses along the hem with appliqué. Belts were an exclusively male item of clothing. The belts were woven wool (up to 2.5 m in length), belted. cloth and sashes with copper or silver buckles.
NAGAYBAKI (Nogaibaki, tat. nagaib?kl?r) - ethnographic group Tatars , living mostly in Nagaibak and Chebarkul regions Chelyabinsk region. Language - Nagaybak. Believers - Orthodox . According to Russian legislation, they are officiallysmall people .
Number of 2002 census- 9.6 thousand people, of which 9.1 thousand are in the Chelyabinsk region.
In the Russian Empire, Nagaibaks were included in the classOrenburg Cossacks.
The regional center of the Nagaibaks is the village Ferchampenoise in the Chelyabinsk region.
Nagaybaks, called “Ufa newly-baptized” people, have been known since the beginning of the 18th century. According to various researchers, they are of either Nogai-Kypchak or Kazan-Tatar origin. By the end of the 18th century they lived in the Verkhneuralsk district: Nagaibak fortress (near the modern village Nagaibaksky in the Chelyabinsk region), village Bakaly and 12 villages. In addition to the Nagaibak Cossacks, Tatars lived in these villages. Teptyari , with whom the Cossacks had intensive marriage ties.
Some of the Nagaibaks lived in the Cossack settlements of the Orenburg district: Podgorny Giryal, Allabaital, Ilyinsky, Nezhensky. At the beginning of the 20th century they finally merged with the local Tatar population and moved into Islam.
Nagaibaki of the formerVerkhneufimskyThe districts retained their identity as a community separate from the Tatars. During the census 1920 - 1926 they were counted as an independent “nationality”. In subsequent years - like the Tatars. At 2002 census - separate from the Tatars.

Representatives of the Uralic language family:
MANSI (Voguly, Vogulich, Mendsi, Moans) - a small people in Russia , indigenous peopleKhanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra. Immediate family Khanty and original Hungarians (Magyars). They speakMansi language, but about 60% consider Russian their native language. Total number 11432 people. (By 2002 census ). About 100 people live in the north of the Sverdlovsk region.
Ethnonym “Mansi” (in Mansi - “person”) is a self-name, to which is usually added the name of the area where this group comes from (sakv mansit - Sagvinsky Mansi). In relation to other peoples, the Mansi call themselves “Mansi Makhum” - Mansi people.
NENETS (Samoyeds, Yuracs) -Samoyed people, inhabiting the Eurasian coastArctic Ocean from Kola Peninsula to Taimyr . In the 1st millennium AD e. migrated from the territory of the southern Siberia to the place of modern habitat.
Of the indigenous peoples of the Russian North, the Nenets are one of the most numerous. According to the results2002 census, 41,302 Nenets lived in Russia, of which about 27,000 lived in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
Traditional occupation - large herd olenev odstvo (used for toboggan movement). On the Yamal Peninsula, several thousand Nenets reindeer herders, keeping about 500,000 reindeer, lead a nomadic lifestyle.
Names of two autonomous okrugs of Russia ( Nenets, Yamalo-Nenets ) mention the Nenets as the titular people of the district.
The Nenets are divided into two groups: tundra and forest. Tundra Nenets are the majority. They live in two autonomous okrugs. Forest Nenets - 1500 people. They live in the basin of the Pur and Pelvis in the southeast of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug andKhanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. A sufficient number of Nenets also live in the Taimyr municipal district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
UDMURTS (formerly Votyaks?) - Finno-Ugric people living inUdmurt Republic, as well as in neighboring regions. They speak Russian language and Udmurt languageFinno-Ugric group Ural family ; Believers profess Orthodoxy and traditional cults. Within his language group, he, along with Komi-Permyak and Komi-Zyryan is Perm subgroup. By 2002 census637 thousand Udmurts lived in Russia. 497 thousand people live in Udmurtia itself. In addition, the Udmurts live in Kazakhstan, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Ukraine.
KHANTY (self-name - hunti, hande, kantek, outdated name - Ostyaks?) - a small indigenous Finno-Ugric people living in the northWestern Siberia . In Russian their self-name Khanty translated as Human.
The number of Khanty is 28,678 people (according to the 2002 census), of which 59.7% live inKhanty-Mansiysk Okrug, 30.5% - in Yamalo-Nenets District, 3.0% - in the Tomsk region, 0.3% - in the Komi Republic.
Khanty language together with Mansi, Hungarian and others constitute the Ugric group of the Ural-Yukaghir family of languages.
Traditional crafts - fishing, hunting and reindeer herding . Traditional religion - shamanism (until the 15th century), Orthodoxy (from the 15th century to the present).
2. Origin of the peoples of the Urals
Origin of the peoples of the Uralic language family
The latest archaeological and linguistic research suggests that the ethnogenesis of the peoples of the Ural language family dates back to the Neolithic and Chalcolithic eras, i.e. to the Stone Age (VIII-III millennium BC). At this time, the Urals were inhabited by tribes of hunters, fishermen and gatherers, who left behind a small number of monuments. These are mainly sites and workshops for the production of stone tools, however, on the territory of the Sverdlovsk region, uniquely preserved villages of this time have been identified in the Shigirsky and Gorbunovsky peat bogs. Structures on stilts, wooden idols and various household utensils, a boat and an oar were discovered here. These findings make it possible to reconstruct both the level of development of society and trace genetic relationships material culture these monuments with the culture of modern Finno-Ugric and Somadian peoples.
The formation of the Khanty is based on the culture of the ancient aboriginal Ural tribes of the Urals and Western Siberia, who were engaged in hunting and fishing, and were influenced by the pastoral Andronovo tribes, with whom the arrival of the Ugrians is associated. It is to the Andronovo people that the characteristic Khanty ornaments—ribbon-geometric—are usually traced back. The formation of the Khanty ethnic group took place over a long period of time, from the middle. 1st millennium (Ust-Poluyskaya, Lower Ob cultures). Ethnic identification of the bearers of the archaeological cultures of Western Siberia during this period is difficult: some classify them as Ugric, others as Samoyed. Recent research suggests that in the 2nd half. 1st millennium AD e. The main groups of Khanty were formed - northern, based on the Orontur culture, southern - Potchevash, and eastern - Orontur and Kulai cultures.
The settlement of the Khanty in ancient times was very wide - from the lower reaches of the Ob in the north to the Baraba steppes in the south and from the Yenisei in the east to the Trans-Urals, including p. Northern Sosva and river Lyapin, as well as part of the river. Pelym and R. Conda in the west. Since the 19th century The Mansi began to move beyond the Urals from the Kama region and the Urals, being pressed by the Komi-Zyryans and Russians. From an earlier time, part of the southern Mansi also went north due to the creation in the XIV-XV centuries. Tyumen and Siberian Khanates - states of the Siberian Tatars, and later (XVI-XVII centuries) with the development of Siberia by the Russians. In the XVII-XVIII centuries. Mansi already lived on Pelym and Konda. Some Khanty also moved from the western regions. to the east and north (to the Ob from its left tributaries), this is recorded by statistical data from the archives. Their places were taken by the Mansi. So, to end of the 19th century V. on p. Northern Sosva and river Lyapin there was no Ostyak population left, which either moved to the Ob or merged with the newcomers. A group of northern Mansi formed here.
Mansi as an ethnic group was formed as a result of the merger of tribes of the Ural Neolithic culture and Ugric and Indo-European (Indo-Iranian) tribes moving in the 2nd-1st millennium BC. e. from the south through the steppes and forest-steppes of Western Siberia and the Southern Trans-Urals (including tribes that left monuments to the Land of Cities). The two-component nature (a combination of the cultures of taiga hunters and fishermen and steppe nomadic herders) in the Mansi culture continues to this day, most clearly manifested in the cult of the horse and the heavenly rider - Mir susne khuma. Initially, the Mansi were settled in the Southern Urals and its western slopes, but under the influence of colonization by the Komi and Russians (XI-XIV centuries) they moved to the Trans-Urals. All Mansi groups are largely mixed. In their culture, one can identify elements that indicate contacts with the Nenets, Komi, Tatars, Bashkirs, etc. Contacts were especially close between the northern groups of the Khanty and Mansi.
The newest hypothesis of the origin of the Nenets and other peoples of the Samoyed group connects their formation with the so-called Kulai archaeological culture (5th century BC - 5th century AD, mainly in the territory of the Middle Ob region). From there in the III-II centuries. BC e. Due to a number of natural-geographical and historical factors, migration waves of Samoyeds-Kulai penetrate to the North - to the lower reaches of the Ob, to the West - to the Middle Irtysh region and to the South - to the Novosibirsk Ob region and the Sayan region. In the first centuries of the new era, under the onslaught of the Huns, part of the Samoyeds who lived along the Middle Irtysh retreated into the forest belt of the European North, giving rise to the European Nenets.
The territory of Udmurtia has been inhabited since the Mesolithic era. The ethnicity of the ancient population has not been established. The basis for the formation of the ancient Udmurts were the autochthonous tribes of the Volga-Kama region. In different historical periods, there were inclusions of other ethnicities (Indo-Iranian, Ugric, early Turkic, Slavic, late Turkic). The origins of ethnogenesis go back to the Ananyin archaeological culture (VIII-III centuries BC). Ethnically, it was a not yet disintegrated, mainly Finno-Perm community. The Ananyin tribes had various connections with distant and close neighbors. Among the archaeological finds, silver jewelry of southern origin (from Central Asia, from the Caucasus). Contacts with the Scythian-Sarmatian steppe world were of greatest importance for the Permians, as evidenced by numerous linguistic borrowings.
As a result of contacts with Indo-Iranian tribes, the Ananyin people adopted more developed forms of economic management from them. Cattle breeding and agriculture, together with hunting and fishing, took a leading place in the economy of the Perm population. On the edge new era On the basis of the Ananino culture, a number of local cultures of the Kama region grew. Among them highest value for the ethnogenesis of the Udmurts was Pyanoborskaya (III century BC - II century AD), with which an inextricable genetic connection is found in the material culture of the Udmurts. One of the earliest mentions of the southern Udmurts is found in Arab authors (Abu-Hamid al-Garnati, 12th century). In Russian sources, the Udmurts are called. Aryans and Ar people are mentioned only in the 14th century. Thus, “Perm” for some time apparently served as a common collective ethnonym for the Perm Finns, including the ancestors of the Udmurts. The self-name “Udmord” was first published by N.P. Rychkov in 1770. The Udmurts were gradually divided into northern and southern. The development of these groups took place in different ethnohistorical conditions, which predetermined their originality: the southern Udmurts have Turkic influence, the northern ones - Russian.

Origin of the Turkic peoples of the Urals
The Turkization of the Urals is inextricably linked with the era of the Great Migration of Peoples (2nd century BC – 5th century AD). The movement of the Huns tribes from Mongolia caused the movement of huge masses of people across Eurasia. The steppes of the Southern Urals became a kind of cauldron in which ethnogenesis took place - new nationalities were “cooked”. The tribes that previously inhabited these territories were partly shifted to the north and partly to the west, as a result of which the Great Migration of Peoples in Europe began. It, in turn, led to the fall of the Roman Empire and the formation of new states Western Europe- barbarian kingdoms. However, let's return to the Urals. At the beginning of the new era, the Indo-Iranian tribes finally cede the territory of the Southern Urals to the Turkic-speaking ones and the process of formation of modern ethnic groups - the Bashkirs and Tatars (including the Nagaibaks) begins.
In the formation of the Bashkirs decisive role played by Turkic pastoral tribes of South Siberian and Central Asian origin, who, before coming to the Southern Urals, spent considerable time wandering in the Aral-Syr Darya steppes, coming into contact with the Pecheneg-Oguz and Kimak-Kypchak tribes; here they are in the 9th century. record written sources. From the end of the 9th – beginning of the 10th centuries. lived in the Southern Urals and adjacent steppe and forest-steppe areas. The self-name of the people “Bashkort” has been known since the 9th century; most researchers etymologize it as “chief” (bash-) + “wolf” (kort in the Oguz-Turkic languages), “wolf-leader” (from the totemic hero-ancestor). IN last years a number of researchers are inclined to believe that the ethnonym is based on the name of a military leader known from written sources in the first half of the 9th century, under whose leadership the Bashkirs united into a military-political union and began to develop modern settlement territories. Another name for the Bashkirs, ishtek/istek, was presumably also an anthroponym (the name of a person is Rona-Tash).
Even in Siberia, the Sayan-Altai Highlands and Central Asia, the ancient Bashkir tribes experienced some influence from the Tungus-Manchurians and Mongols, which was reflected in the language, in particular in the tribal nomenclature, and the anthropological type of the Bashkirs. Arriving in the Southern Urals, the Bashkirs partly ousted and partly assimilated the local Finno-Ugric and Iranian (Sarmatian-Alan) population. Here they apparently came into contact with some ancient Magyar tribes, which can explain their confusion in medieval Arab and European sources with the ancient Hungarians. By the end of the first third of the 13th century, at the time of the Mongol-Tatar invasion, the process of formation of the ethnic appearance of the Bashkirs was basically completed
In the X - early XIII centuries. The Bashkirs were under the political influence of Volga-Kama Bulgaria, neighboring the Kipchak-Cumans. In 1236, after stubborn resistance, the Bashkirs, simultaneously with the Bulgarians, were conquered by the Mongol-Tatars and annexed to the Golden Horde. In the 10th century Islam began to penetrate among the Bashkirs, which in the 14th century. became the dominant religion, as evidenced by Muslim mausoleums and grave epitaphs dating back to that time. Together with Islam, the Bashkirs adopted Arabic writing, began to familiarize themselves with Arabic, Persian (Farsi), and then Turkic-language written culture. During the period of Mongol-Tatar rule, some Bulgarian, Kipchak and Mongol tribes joined the Bashkirs.
After the fall of Kazan (1552), the Bashkirs accepted Russian citizenship (1552–1557), which was formalized as an act of voluntary accession. The Bashkirs stipulated the right to own their lands on a patrimonial basis and live according to their customs and religion. The Tsarist administration subjected the Bashkirs to various forms of exploitation. In the 17th and especially the 18th centuries. The Bashkirs repeatedly rebelled. In 1773–1775, the resistance of the Bashkirs was broken, but tsarism was forced to preserve their patrimonial rights to the lands; in 1789 the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Russia was established in Ufa. The Religious Administration included the registration of marriages, births and deaths, regulation of issues of inheritance and division of family property, and religious schools at mosques. At the same time, royal officials were able to control the activities of the Muslim clergy. Throughout the 19th century, despite the theft of Bashkir lands and other acts of colonial policy, the economy of the Bashkirs was gradually established, restored, and then the number of people increased noticeably, exceeding 1 million people by 1897. In the end. XIX – early XX centuries. is happening further development education, culture, rise of national self-awareness.
There are various hypotheses about the origin of Nagaibaks. Some researchers associate them with the baptized Nogais, others with the Kazan Tatars, baptized after the fall of the Kazan Khanate. The most well-reasoned opinion is about the initial residence of the ancestors of the Nagaibaks in the central regions of the Kazan Khanate - in Zakazanye and the possibility of their ethnic affiliation with the Nogai-Kypchak groups. In addition, in the 18th century. a small group (62 males) of baptized “Asians” (Persians, Arabs, Bukharans, Karakalpaks) dissolved in their composition. The existence of a Finno-Ugric component among the Nagaibaks cannot be ruled out.
Historical sources find the “Nagaibaks” (under the name “newly baptized” and “Ufa newly baptized”) in the Eastern Trans-Kama region since 1729. According to some sources, they moved there in the second half of the 17th century. after the construction of the Zakamskaya Zasechnaya Line (1652–1656). In the first quarter of the 18th century. these “newly baptized” lived in 25 villages of the Ufa district. For loyalty to the tsarist administration during the Bashkir-Tatar uprisings of the 18th century, Nagaibaks were assigned to the “Cossack service” according to Menzelinsky and others then being built in the area of ​​the upper reaches of the river. Ik fortresses. In 1736, the village of Nagaibak, located 64 versts from the city of Menzelinsk and named, according to legend, after the Bashkir who roamed there, was renamed into a fortress, where the “newly baptized” of the Ufa district were gathered. In 1744 there were 1,359 people, they lived in the village. Bakalakh and 10 villages of the Nagaybatsky district. In 1795, this population was recorded in the Nagaybatsky fortress, the village of Bakaly and 12 villages. In a number of villages, together with the baptized Cossacks, lived newly baptized yasak Tatars, as well as newly baptized Teptyars, who were transferred to the department of the Nagaybatsky fortress as they converted to Christianity. Between representatives of all noted population groups at the end of the 18th century. There were quite intense marital ties. After administrative changes in the second half of the 18th century. all the villages of baptized Cossacks became part of the Belebeevsky district of the Orenburg province.
In 1842, the Nagaibaks from the area of ​​the Nagaibak fortress were transferred to the east - to the Verkhneuralsky and Orenburg districts of the Orenburg province, which was associated with the land reorganization of the Orenburg Cossack army. In Verkhneuralsky (modern districts of the Chelyabinsk region) district they founded the villages of Kassel, Ostrolenko, Ferchampenoise, Paris, Trebiy, Krasnokamensk, Astafievsky and others (a number of villages are named after the victories of Russian weapons over France and Germany). In some villages, Russian Cossacks, as well as baptized Kalmyks, lived together with the Nagaibaks. In the Orenburg district, the Nagaibaks settled in settlements where there was a Tatar Cossack population (Podgorny Giryal, Allabaital, Ilyinskoye, Nezhenskoye). In the last district they found themselves in a dense environment of Muslim Tatars, with whom they began to quickly become close, and at the beginning of the 20th century. accepted Islam.
In general, the adoption by the people of a special ethnonym was associated with their Christianization (confessional isolation), long stay among the Cossacks (class separation), as well as the separation of the main part of the group of Kazan Tatars after 1842, who lived territorially compactly in the Urals. In the second half of the 19th century. Nagaybaki stand out as special ethnic group baptized Tatars, and during the censuses of 1920 and 1926 - as an independent “nationality”.

Conclusion

Thus, we can draw the following conclusions.
The settlement of the Urals began in ancient times, long before the formation of the main modern nationalities, including Russians. However, the foundation of the ethnogenesis of a number of ethnic groups inhabiting the Urals to this day was laid precisely then: in the Chalcolithic-Bronze Age and during the era of the Great Migration of Peoples. Therefore, it can be argued that the Finno-Ugric-Somadian and some Turkic peoples are the indigenous population of these places.
In the process of historical development in the Urals, a mixture of many nationalities took place, resulting in the formation of the modern population. Its mechanistic division along national or religious lines is unthinkable today (thanks to the huge number of mixed marriages) and therefore there is no place for chauvinism and interethnic enmity in the Urals.

Bibliography

1. History of the Urals from ancient times to 1861 / ed. A.A. Preobrazhensky - M.: Nauka, 1989. - 608 p.
2. History of the Urals: Textbook (regional component). – Chelyabinsk: ChSPU Publishing House, 2002. – 260 p.
3. Ethnography of Russia: electronic encyclopedia.
4. www.ru.wikipedia.org, etc.................

The Urals are known as a multinational region with a rich culture based on ancient traditions. Not only Russians live here (who began to actively populate the Urals since the 17th century), but also Bashkirs, Tatars, Komi, Mansi, Nenets, Mari, Chuvash, Mordovians and others.

The appearance of man in the Urals

The first man appeared in the Urals approximately 100 thousand years ago. It is possible that this happened before, but there are no finds associated with more early period, scientists do not yet have at their disposal. The oldest Paleolithic site primitive man was discovered in the area of ​​Lake Karabalykty, near the village of Tashbulatovo, Abzelilovsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

Archaeologists O.N. Bader and V.A. Oborin, famous researchers of the Urals, claim that the Proto-Urals were ordinary Neanderthals. It has been established that people moved to this territory from Central Asia. For example, in Uzbekistan, a complete skeleton of a Neanderthal boy was found, whose life span coincided with the first exploration of the Urals. Anthropologists recreated the appearance of a Neanderthal, which was taken as the appearance of a Uralian during the settlement of this territory.

Ancient people were not able to survive alone. Danger awaited them at every step, and the capricious nature of the Urals every now and then showed its obstinate disposition. Only mutual assistance and caring for each other helped primitive man to survive. The main activity of the tribes was the search for food, so absolutely everyone was involved, including children. Hunting, fishing, and gathering are the main ways to obtain food.

A successful hunt meant a lot to the entire tribe, so people sought to appease nature with the help of complex rituals. Rituals were performed before the image of certain animals. Evidence of this is the surviving cave drawings, including a unique monument - the Shulgan-tash cave, located on the banks of the Belaya (Agidel) River in the Burzyansky district of Bashkortostan.

Inside, the cave looks like an amazing palace with huge halls connected by wide corridors. The total length of the first floor is 290 m. The second floor is 20 m above the first and stretches 500 m in length. The corridors lead to a mountain lake.

It is on the walls of the second floor that unique drawings of primitive man, created using ocher, have been preserved. Figures of mammoths, horses and rhinoceroses are depicted here. The pictures indicate that the artist saw all this fauna in close proximity.

The drawings of the Shulgan-tash cave were created about 12-14 thousand years ago. There are similar images in Spain and France.

Indigenous peoples of the Urals

Voguls - Russian Hungarians

The original Uralian - who is he? For example, the Bashkirs, Tatars and Mari have lived in this region for only a few centuries. However, even before the arrival of these peoples, this land was inhabited. The indigenous people were the Mansi, called Voguls before the revolution. On the map of the Urals you can now find rivers and settlements called “Vogulka”.

Mansi belong to the people of the Finno-Ugric language group. Their dialect is related to the Khanty (Ostyaks) and Hungarians. In ancient times, these people inhabited the territory north of the Yaik River (Ural), but later they were forced out by warlike nomadic tribes. Vogulov was even mentioned by Nestor in his “Tale of Bygone Years”, where they are called “Yugra”.

The Voguls actively resisted Russian expansion. Foci of active resistance were suppressed in the 17th century. At the same time, the Christianization of the Voguls took place. The first baptism occurred in 1714, the second in 1732, and later in 1751.

After the conquest of the indigenous inhabitants of the Urals, the Mansi were obliged to pay taxes - yasak - subordinate to the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty. They had to pay the treasury one tribute in two foxes, for which they were allowed to use arable and hay lands, as well as forests. They were exempted from conscription until 1874. From 1835 they had to pay a poll tax, and later perform zemstvo duties.

The Voguls were divided into nomadic and sedentary tribes. The first had canonical plagues in the summer, and spent the winter either in huts or in yurts with a fireplace equipped there. The sedentary people built rectangular huts from logs with an earthen floor and a flat roof covered with chopped logs and birch bark.

The main activity of the Mansi was hunting. They lived mainly on what they got with bows and arrows. The most desirable prey was considered to be elk, from whose skin national clothing was made. The Voguls tried their hand at cattle breeding, but practically did not recognize arable farming. When the factory owners became the new owners of the Urals, the indigenous population had to engage in logging and burning coal.

A hunting dog played an important role in the life of any Vogul, without which, like without an ax, no man would leave the house. Forced conversion to Christianity did not force this people to abandon ancient pagan rituals. Idols were installed in secluded places, and sacrifices were still made to them.

The Mansi are a small people, which includes 5 groups isolated from each other according to their habitat: Verkhoturye (Lozvinskaya), Cherdynskaya (Visherskaya), Kungurskaya (Chusovskaya), Krasnoufimskaya (Klenovsko-Bisertskaya), Irbitskaya.

With the arrival of the Russians, the Voguls largely adopted their orders and customs. Mixed marriages began to form. Living together in villages with Russians did not prevent the Voguls from preserving ancient activities, such as hunting.

Today there are fewer and fewer Mansi left. At the same time, only a couple of dozen people live according to old traditions. Youth is looking for better life and doesn't even know the language. In search of income, young Mansi tend to go to the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug to get an education and earn money.

Komi (Zyryans)

This people lived in the taiga zone. The main occupation was hunting fur-bearing animals and fishing. The first mention of the Zyryans is found in a scroll dating back to the 11th century. Starting from the 13th century, tribes were obliged to pay tribute to Novgorod. In 1478, the Komi territory became part of Russia. The capital of the Komi Republic, Syktyvkar, was founded in 1586 as the Ust-Sysolsk churchyard.

Komi-Permyaks living in Perm region, appeared towards the end of the first millennium. Since the 12th century, Novgorodians entered this territory, engaged in the exchange and trade of furs. In the 15th century, the Permians formed their own principality, which was soon annexed to Moscow.

Bashkirs

Mentions of the Bashkirs are found in chronicles starting from the 10th century. They were engaged in nomadic cattle breeding, fishing, hunting, and beekeeping. In the 10th century they were annexed to the Volga Bulgaria and during the same period Islam penetrated there. In 1229, Bashkiria was attacked by the Mongol-Tatars.

In 1236, this territory became the inheritance of Khan Batu's brother. When Golden Horde collapsed, one part of Bashkiria went to the Nogai Horde, the other to the Kazan Khanate, the third to the Siberian Khanate. In 1557, Bashkiria became part of Russia after the Russians captured Kazan.

In the 17th century, Russians began to actively come to Bashkiria, among whom were peasants, artisans, and traders. The Bashkirs began to lead a sedentary lifestyle. The annexation of the Bashkir lands to Russia caused repeated uprisings of the indigenous inhabitants. Each time, pockets of resistance were brutally suppressed by the tsarist troops. The Bashkirs took an active part in the Pugachev uprising (1773-1775). During this period, the national hero of Bashkiria Salavat Yulaev became famous. As punishment for the Yaik Cossacks who took part in the riot, the Yaik River received the name Ural.

The development of these places accelerated significantly with the advent of the Samara-Zlatoust railway, which was built from 1885 to 1890 and passed through central regions Russia. An important moment in the history of Bashkiria was the discovery of the first oil well, thanks to which the republic became one of the major oil regions of Russia. Bashkiria received powerful economic potential in 1941, when more than 90 large enterprises were relocated here from the west of Russia. The capital of Bashkiria is Ufa.

The Mari or Cheremis are a Finno-Ugric people. Settled in Bashkiria, Tatarstan, Udmurtia. There are Mari villages in the Sverdlovsk region. They were first mentioned in the 6th century by the Gothic historian Jordan. The Tatars called these people “cheremysh,” which meant “obstacle.” Before the revolution began in 1917, the Mari were usually called Cheremis or Cheremis, but then given word was considered offensive and removed from use. Now this name is returning again, especially in the scientific world.

Nagaibaki

There are several versions of the origin of this nation. According to one of them, they may be descendants of Naiman warriors, Turks who were Christians. Nagaibaks are representatives ethnographic group baptized Tatars of the Volga-Ural region. These are the indigenous people of the Russian Federation. Nagaibak Cossacks took part in all large-scale battles of the 18th century. They live in the Chelyabinsk region.

Tatars

The Tatars are the second largest people in the Urals (after the Russians). Most Tatars live in Bashkiria (about 1 million). There are many completely Tatar villages in the Urals.

The Agafurovs were in the past one of the most famous merchants of the Urals among the Tatars

Culture of the peoples of the Urals

The culture of the peoples of the Urals is quite unique and original. Until the Urals ceded to Russia, many local peoples did not have their own written language. However, over time, these same peoples knew not only their own language, but also Russian.

The amazing legends of the peoples of the Urals are full of bright, mysterious plots. As a rule, the action is associated with caves and mountains, various treasures.

It is impossible not to mention the unsurpassed skill and imagination of folk craftsmen. The products of craftsmen made from Ural minerals are widely known. They can be seen in leading museums in Russia.

The region is also famous for wood and bone carvings. The wooden roofs of traditional houses, laid without the use of nails, are decorated with carved “ridges” or “hens”. Among the Komi, it is customary to place wooden figures of birds on separate poles near the house. There is such a thing as “Perm animal style”. Just look at the ancient figurines of mythical creatures cast in bronze, found during excavations.

Kasli casting is also famous. These are amazing in their sophistication creations made of cast iron. Masters created the most beautiful candelabra, figurines, sculptures and jewelry. This direction has gained credibility in the European market.

A strong tradition is the desire to have your own family and love for children. For example, the Bashkirs, like other peoples of the Urals, revere their elders, so the main members of families are grandparents. Descendants know by heart the names of the ancestors of seven generations.

The traditions of the peoples of the Urals have interested me for a long time. Do you know what I suddenly thought? The entire Internet is flooded with blogs, posts and reports about travel and exploration of traditions European countries and peoples. And if not European, then still some fashionable, exotic ones. IN Lately a lot of bloggers have gotten into the habit of educating us about life in Thailand, for example.

I myself am attracted by super popular places of unprecedented beauty (ah, my beloved Venice!). But peoples inhabited every corner of our planet, sometimes even seemingly not entirely suitable for habitation. And everywhere they settled down, acquired their own rituals, holidays, and traditions. And surely this culture of some small nations is no less interesting? In general, I decided, in addition to my long-standing objects of interest, to slowly add new, unexplored traditions. And today I’ll take for consideration... well, at least this: the Urals, the border between Europe and Asia.

Peoples of the Urals and their traditions

The Urals is a multinational region. In addition to the main indigenous peoples (Komi, Udmurts, Nenets, Bashkirs, Tatars), it is also inhabited by Russians, Chuvashs, Ukrainians, and Mordovians. And this is still an incomplete list. Of course, I will begin my research with some general culture of the peoples of the Urals, without dividing it into national fragments.

For residents of Europe, this region was inaccessible in the old days. The sea route to the Urals could only run through the northern, extremely harsh and dangerous seas. And it was not easy to get there by land - dense forests and the fragmentation of the territories of the Urals between different peoples, who were often not on very good neighborly terms.

Therefore, the cultural traditions of the peoples of the Urals developed for quite a long time in an atmosphere of originality. Imagine: until the Urals became part of the Russian state, most local peoples did not have their own written language. But later, with the intertwining of national languages ​​with Russian, many representatives of the indigenous population turned into polyglots who knew two or three languages.

The oral traditions of the peoples of the Urals, passed down from generation to generation, are full of colorful and mysterious stories. They are mainly associated with the cult of mountains and caves. After all, the Urals are, first of all, mountains. And the mountains are not ordinary, but representing - alas, in the past! – a treasury of various minerals and gems. As a Ural miner once said:

“Everything is in the Urals, and if something is missing, it means we haven’t dug it yet.”

Among the peoples of the Urals there was a belief that required special care and respect in relation to these countless treasures. People believed that caves and underground storerooms were protected by magical powers, which can bestow or destroy.

Ural gems

Peter the Great, having founded the lapidary and stone-cutting industry in the Urals, marked the beginning of an unprecedented boom in Ural minerals. Architectural structures, decorated with natural stone, jewelry in the best traditions of jewelry art has won not only Russian, but also international fame and love.

However, one should not think that the crafts of the Urals became famous only thanks to such rare luck with natural resources. The peoples of the Urals and their traditions are, first of all, a story about the magnificent skill and imagination of folk craftsmen. This region is famous for its wood and bone carving tradition. Wooden roofs look interesting, laid without the use of nails and decorated with carved “horses” and “hens”. And the Komi people also installed such wooden sculptures birds.

Previously, I had the opportunity to read and write about the Scythian “animal style”. It turns out that there is such a concept as “Perm animal style”. It is convincingly demonstrated by ancient bronze figurines of mythical winged creatures found by archaeologists in the Urals.

But I’m especially interested in telling you about such a traditional Ural craft as Kasli casting. And do you know why? Because not only did I already know about this tradition before, I even have my own copies of the craft! Kasli craftsmen cast creations of amazing grace from such a seemingly thankless material as cast iron. They made not only candelabra and figurines, but even jewelry, which had previously been made only from precious metals. The authority of these products on the world market is evidenced by the following fact: in Paris, a cast iron Kasli cigarette case had the same price as a silver one of equal weight.

Kasli casting from my collection

I cannot help but say about the famous cultural figures of the Urals:

• Pavel Bazhov. I don’t know if today’s children read Bazhov’s fairy tales, but my generation in childhood was in awe of these fascinating, breathtaking tales, which seemed to shimmer with all the colors of the Ural gems.
• Vladimir Ivanovich Dal. He is a native of Orenburg, and regarding his contribution to Russian literature, literature, history, and traditions of the peoples of the Urals, I think there is no need to explain anything.
• But about the next name - I would like to know more. The Stroganovs are a family of Russian merchants and industrialists, and from the 18th century - barons and counts of the Russian Empire. Back in the 16th century, Tsar Ivan the Terrible granted Grigory Stroganov vast land holdings in the Urals. Since then, several generations of this family have developed not only the industry of the region, but also its cultural traditions. Many Stroganovs were interested in literature and art, collecting priceless collections of paintings and libraries. And even - attention! - the surname left its noticeable mark in the traditional dishes of the Southern Urals. For the well-known dish “beef stroganoff” is the invention of Count Alexander Grigorievich Stroganov.

Various traditions of the peoples of the Southern Urals

The Ural Mountains are located almost along the meridian for many hundreds of kilometers. Therefore, this region in the north reaches the shores of the Arctic Ocean, and in the south it borders on the semi-desert territories of Kazakhstan. And isn’t it natural that the northern Urals and the southern Urals can be considered as two very different regions. Not only the geography is different, but also the way of life of the population. Therefore, when I say “traditions of the peoples of the Urals,” I will still highlight the most numerous people southern Urals. We will talk about the Bashkirs.

In the first part of the post, I somehow became more interested in describing traditions of an applied nature. But now I want to focus on the spiritual component; it seemed to me that some traditions of the people of Bashkortostan are especially relevant in our time. At least these:

• Hospitality. Elevated to the rank of a national cult among the Bashkirs. A guest, no matter whether invited or unexpected, is always greeted with extraordinary cordiality, the best treats are put on the table, and upon parting, the following tradition is observed: giving a small gift. For a guest, there was only one essential rule of decency: to stay for no more than three days :).
• Love for children, desire to have a family- this is also a strong tradition of the Bashkir people.
• Honoring Elders. Grandfathers and grandmothers are considered the main members of the Bashkir family. Every representative of this people is obliged to know the names of relatives of seven generations!

What I was especially happy to learn was the origin of the word “Sabantuy”. Isn't it a common word? And somewhat frivolous, I thought it was slang. But it turned out that this is the name of the traditional national holiday marking the end of spring field work. It is also celebrated by the Tatars, but the first written mention of Sabantuy was recorded by the Russian traveler I. I. Lepekhin among the Bashkir people.

Lyubov Fedyakova

Summary of GCD on local history with children of the preparatory group

"Peoples of the Middle Urals"

(teacher L.I. Fedyakova, kindergarten No. 329, Yekaterinburg).

Target: To develop in children an interest in their native land as a part of Russia: in people of different nationalities living in their native land.

Tasks: 1. Introduce children to the peoples of the Sverdlovsk region.

2. Develop children’s ideas about their characteristics (appearance, national costumes, traditional activities) and cultural traditions representatives of different nationalities native land, Middle Urals.

3. Cultivate respectful, friendly feelings towards people of other nationalities.

Progress of the lesson:

What do we call Motherland?

The land where you and I live!

Children, name your homeland? (children's answers).

Name the region in which we live. (Middle Urals).

Tell me, what is the name of our region? (Sverdlovskaya).

Look at the map of the Sverdlovsk region, it is rich in coniferous and deciduous forests, wild animals. We found out and marked it on the map Beautiful places and sights of our region. And today we will talk about the peoples of the Sverdlovsk region.

Look at each other, are we all the same? (No.) That's right, because among us there are Udmurts, Maris, Tatars, and Russians.

How are we different from each other? (eye color, hair, skin).

Each nation also speaks its own language.

What language do Russians speak? (in Russian).

And the Tatars? (in Tatar). Yaroslav R. please say a few words in Tatar.

What language do the Udmurts speak? (in Udmur). Listen to a poem in the Udmur language, Angelina will tell it. IN.

The peoples of our region know two languages: their national and Russian, since they live in a large country - Russia, and Russian is the state language.

To get to know the peoples of the Sverdlovsk region better, we will now watch the presentation.

1 slide. Russians.

Consider the Russian national costume. Tell us what kind of clothes Russian people wore.

What national holidays were celebrated? (Epiphany, Maslenitsa, Easter, etc.)

2 slide. Tatars.

Children, how is the Tatar costume different from the Russian one?

Who knows Tatar national holidays?

The most famous Tatar holiday is Sabantuy. Celebration of the completion of spring field work. The main, most beloved and most popular view The only remaining competition on Sabantui is sash wrestling. They also conduct horse racing, sack fighting, tug of war, sticks, climbing on high poles with a prize hanging on top, etc.

At the same time, competitions of singers and dancers are held.

3 slide. Bashkirs.

Look how unusual the Bashkir national costume is? What is it decorated with?

Bashkirs are known as wonderful farmers, excellent livestock breeders and skilled beekeepers.

Bashkir national holidays:

Kargatuy is a crow festival, held in March, dedicated to the spring awakening of nature. On this day, porridge was cooked in milk in large cauldrons. While the porridge was cooking, girls and young women decorated the trees with colorful ribbons, rings, and bracelets. There were rugs spread under the trees, and bright woven tablecloths in the center of them. Festive treats were laid out on them.

Jiyin is a summer holiday. Sports competitions were organized.

3 slide.Mari- this is very ancient people, they have been known since the 6th century. The traditional occupations of the Mari are agriculture, animal husbandry, beekeeping, and hunting.

The national Mari costume is decorated with embroidery. Pay attention to the headdress, how it differs from other national costumes.

The Mari have maintained a reverent attitude towards nature. The forest is sacred to them. There is a belief that the forest is ruled by the goddess, or mistress, of the forest. Therefore, during any forestry work, it is customary to leave a piece of pancake or flatbread on a stump as a gift to the mistress of the forest.

4 slide. Udmurts. The traditional occupation of the Udmurts is agriculture and animal husbandry.

Now look at how beautiful the Udmur national costume is. Why did you like him?

Udmurian folk holidays: Gyryny Poton - the holiday of the first furrow. On the day of the holiday, horse racing was held. It was believed that whoever is the winner will finish the spring plowing earlier. The girls gave towels to the winner of the equestrian competition, and ribbons were woven into the mane of his horse.

Goron Bydton – completion of spring work.

On Udmur holidays the most common musical instrument there were harps.

5 slide. Chuvash.

Do you like the Chuvash national costume? Tell us how the Chuvash dress.

In ancient times, the Chuvash were engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. Domestic animals were highly valued on the farm. It was customary for the Chuvash to swear by them. During such an oath, a hand was extended over the animals. They believed that if the oath was false, the animal would get sick and die.

Chuvash folk holidays:

Akatui is a holiday of sowing. Adults and children competed in running and organized horse races.

Chukleme – completion of harvesting work.

6 slide. Mordva.

Now look how beautiful the Mordovian national costume is. Mandatory attribute of Mordovian women's suit– a beautiful belt – pulai. Let's say it all together - pulai.

The Mordovians were mainly fishermen, plowmen, livestock breeders and hunters. All Mordovian holidays are associated with their economic activities.

Slide 7 Khanty and Mansi.

In the Far North live brave, hardworking people - Khanty and Mansi. Let's look at their clothes. Khanty clothes are very warm. Why do you think?

That's right, because it's very cold in the north! Clothes are made from reindeer skins, because, first of all, they must be warm and comfortable. The Khanty and Mansi are dressed in fur pants and a fur shirt with a hood, called a kukhlyanka. Let's all repeat this new word for you together.

Look, national clothes are decorated with fur and embroidery. Patterns representing fish, deer and birds were often embroidered on clothing.

8 slide. All nationalities in our region live in peace and harmony; we have no national hostility. All nations respect each other.

Game "Travel on the map of the Sverdlovsk region." Guys, now we will go on a trip around our region and paste small pictures of peoples in the places where they live.

Every nation, when creating a national costume, sought to make it beautiful, because in the old days such clothes were worn only on holidays.

Andrei D.’s grandmother came to visit us - she is Mari. Look, guys, what a beautiful festive national costume she is in. Do you like it? Grandma will tell us about the Mari children's games that she played when she was little.

Children, together with their grandmother, play Mari folk game"Pire den pacha-vlak" - "The Wolf and the Lambs." Rule of the game:

They choose a wolf, a sheep, and the rest - lambs. A sheep and lambs are walking along the path, and a wolf meets them. The sheep asks:

Mom tyshte yshtet (What are you doing, wolf)

Tendam vuchem (Waiting for you) - the wolf answers.

Does Molan take memnam into account? (And why)

Pacha-vlakym kochkash. (To eat your lambs.)

After these words, the wolf catches the lambs. The lambs should stand behind their mother, holding hands. They play until the wolf catches all the lambs.

Lesson summary:

What peoples live in the Sverdlovsk region? (Children's answers)

Our country, guys, is strong in its unity and friendship. different nations. Even in our group there are Tatars, Russians, Chuvash, Mari, and we all live together, we never quarrel!

Publications on the topic:

There has long been a popular saying: “The Urals are the supporting region of the state.” What is “Ural”? Let's take a look at Wikipedia: “The Urals is a geographical region.

Abstract of GCD on local history for the preparatory group

Peoples of the Urals The Urals are known as a multinational region with a rich culture based on ancient traditions. Not only Russians live here (who began to actively populate the Urals since the 17th century), but also Bashkirs, Tatars, Komi, Mansi, Nenets, Mari, Chuvash, Mordovians and others. The appearance of man in the Urals The first man appeared in the Urals approximately 100 thousand years ago. It is possible that this happened earlier, but scientists do not yet have any finds associated with an earlier period. The oldest Paleolithic site of primitive man was discovered in the area of ​​Lake Karabalykty, not far from the village of Tashbulatovo, Abzelilovsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Archaeologists O.N. Bader and V.A. Oborin, famous researchers of the Urals, claim that the Proto-Urals were ordinary Neanderthals. It has been established that people moved to this territory from Central Asia. For example, in Uzbekistan, a complete skeleton of a Neanderthal boy was found, whose life span coincided with the first exploration of the Urals. Anthropologists recreated the appearance of a Neanderthal, which was taken as the appearance of a Uralian during the settlement of this territory. Ancient people were not able to survive alone. Danger awaited them at every step, and the capricious nature of the Urals every now and then showed its obstinate disposition. Only mutual assistance and caring for each other helped primitive man to survive. The main activity of the tribes was the search for food, so absolutely everyone was involved, including children. Hunting, fishing, and gathering are the main ways to obtain food. A successful hunt meant a lot to the entire tribe, so people sought to appease nature with the help of complex rituals. Rituals were performed before the image of certain animals. Evidence of this is the preserved rock paintings, including a unique monument - the Shulgan-tash cave, located on the banks of the Belaya (Agidel) River in the Burzyansky district of Bashkortostan. Inside, the cave looks like an amazing palace with huge halls connected by wide corridors. The total length of the first floor is 290 m. The second floor is 20 m above the first and stretches 500 m in length. The corridors lead to a mountain lake. It is on the walls of the second floor that unique drawings of primitive man, created using ocher, have been preserved. Figures of mammoths, horses and rhinoceroses are depicted here. The pictures indicate that the artist saw all this fauna in close proximity. The drawings of the Kapova Cave (Shulgan-Tash) were created about 12-14 thousand years ago. There are similar images in Spain and France. Indigenous peoples of the Urals Voguls - Russian Hungarians Original Uralian - who is he? For example, the Bashkirs, Tatars and Mari have lived in this region for only a few centuries. However, even before the arrival of these peoples, this land was inhabited. The indigenous people were the Mansi, called Voguls before the revolution. On the map of the Urals you can now find rivers and settlements called “Vogulka”. Mansi belong to the people of the Finno-Ugric language group. Their dialect is related to the Khanty (Ostyaks) and Hungarians. In ancient times, these people inhabited the territory north of the Yaik River (Ural), but later they were forced out by warlike nomadic tribes. Vogulov was even mentioned by Nestor in his “Tale of Bygone Years”, where they are called “Yugra”. The Voguls actively resisted Russian expansion. Foci of active resistance were suppressed in the 17th century. At the same time, the Christianization of the Voguls took place. The first baptism took place in 1714, the second - in 1732, and later - in 1751. After the conquest of the indigenous inhabitants of the Urals, the Mansi were obliged to pay taxes - yasak - submitting to the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty. They had to pay the treasury one tribute in two foxes, for which they were allowed to use arable and hay lands, as well as forests. They were exempted from conscription until 1874. From 1835 they had to pay a poll tax, and later perform zemstvo duties. The Voguls were divided into nomadic and sedentary tribes. The first had canonical plagues in the summer, and spent the winter either in huts or in yurts with a fireplace equipped there. The sedentary people built rectangular huts from logs with an earthen floor and a flat roof covered with chopped logs and birch bark. Mansi The main activity of the Mansi was hunting. They lived mainly on what they got with bows and arrows. The most desirable prey was considered to be elk, from whose skin national clothing was made. The Voguls tried their hand at cattle breeding, but practically did not recognize arable farming. When the factory owners became the new owners of the Urals, the indigenous population had to engage in logging and burning coal. A hunting dog played an important role in the life of any Vogul, without which, like without an ax, no man would leave the house. Forced conversion to Christianity did not force this people to abandon ancient pagan rituals. Idols were installed in secluded places, and sacrifices were still made to them. The Mansi are a small people, which includes 5 groups isolated from each other according to their habitat: Verkhoturye (Lozvinskaya), Cherdynskaya (Visherskaya), Kungurskaya (Chusovskaya), Krasnoufimskaya (Klenovsko-Bisertskaya), Irbitskaya. With the arrival of the Russians, the Voguls largely adopted their orders and customs. Mixed marriages began to form. Living together in villages with Russians did not prevent the Voguls from preserving ancient activities, such as hunting. Today there are fewer and fewer Mansi left. At the same time, only a couple of dozen people live according to old traditions. Young people are looking for a better life and don’t even know the language. In search of income, young Mansi tend to go to the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug to get an education and earn money. Komi (Zyryans) This people lived in the taiga zone. The main occupation was hunting fur-bearing animals and fishing. The first mention of the Zyryans is found in a scroll dating back to the 11th century. Starting from the 13th century, tribes were obliged to pay tribute to Novgorod. In 1478, the Komi territory became part of Russia. The capital of the Komi Republic - Syktyvkar - was founded in 1586 as the Ust-Sysolsk churchyard. Komi-Zyrians Komi-Permyaks Komi-Permyaks living in the Perm region appeared towards the end of the first millennium. Since the 12th century, Novgorodians entered this territory, engaged in the exchange and trade of furs. In the 15th century, the Permians formed their own principality, which was soon annexed to Moscow. Bashkirs Mentions of the Bashkirs are found in chronicles starting from the 10th century. They were engaged in nomadic cattle breeding, fishing, hunting, and beekeeping. In the 10th century they were annexed to the Volga Bulgaria and during the same period Islam penetrated there. In 1229, Bashkiria was attacked by the Mongol-Tatars. In 1236, this territory became the inheritance of Khan Batu's brother. When the Golden Horde disintegrated, one part of Bashkiria went to the Nogai Horde, the other to the Kazan Khanate, and the third to the Siberian Khanate. In 1557, Bashkiria became part of Russia. In the 17th century, Russians began to actively come to Bashkiria, among whom were peasants, artisans, and traders. The Bashkirs began to lead a sedentary lifestyle. The annexation of the Bashkir lands to Russia caused repeated uprisings of the indigenous inhabitants. Each time, pockets of resistance were brutally suppressed by the tsarist troops. The Bashkirs took an active part in the Pugachev uprising (1773-1775). During this period, the national hero of Bashkiria Salavat Yulaev became famous. As punishment for the Yaik Cossacks who took part in the riot, the Yaik River received the name Ural. The development of these places accelerated significantly with the advent of the Samara-Zlatoust railway, which was built from 1885 to 1890 and passed through the central regions of Russia. An important moment in the history of Bashkiria was the discovery of the first oil well, thanks to which the republic became one of the major oil regions of Russia. Bashkiria received powerful economic potential in 1941, when more than 90 large enterprises were relocated here from the west of Russia. The capital of Bashkiria is Ufa. Mari The Mari or Cheremis are a Finno-Ugric people. Settled in Bashkiria, Tatarstan, Udmurtia. There are Mari villages in the Sverdlovsk region. They were first mentioned in the 6th century by the Gothic historian Jordan. The Tatars called these people “cheremysh,” which meant “obstacle.” Before the revolution began in 1917, the Mari were usually called Cheremis or Cheremis, but then this word was considered offensive and was removed from use. Now this name is returning again, especially in the scientific world. Nagaibaki There are several versions of the origin of this nation. According to one of them, they may be descendants of Naiman warriors, Turks who were Christians. The Nagaibaks are representatives of the ethnographic group of baptized Tatars of the Volga-Ural region. These are the indigenous people of the Russian Federation. Nagaibak Cossacks took part in all large-scale battles of the 18th century. They live in the Chelyabinsk region. Tatars Tatars are the second largest people in the Urals (after the Russians). Most Tatars live in Bashkiria (about 1 million). There are many completely Tatar villages in the Urals. The Agafurovs The Agafurovs were in the past one of the most famous merchants of the Urals among the Tatars. The culture of the peoples of the Urals The culture of the peoples of the Urals is quite unique and original. Until the Urals ceded to Russia, many local peoples did not have their own written language. However, over time, these same peoples knew not only their own language, but also Russian. The amazing legends of the peoples of the Urals are full of bright, mysterious plots. As a rule, the action is associated with caves and mountains, various treasures. It is impossible not to mention the unsurpassed skill and imagination of folk craftsmen. The products of craftsmen made from Ural minerals are widely known. They can be seen in leading museums in Russia. The region is also famous for wood and bone carvings. The wooden roofs of traditional houses, laid without the use of nails, are decorated with carved “ridges” or “hens”. Among the Komi, it is customary to place wooden figures of birds on separate poles near the house. There is such a thing as “Perm animal style”. Just look at the ancient figurines of mythical creatures cast in bronze, found during excavations. Kasli casting is also famous. These are amazing in their sophistication creations made of cast iron. Masters created the most beautiful candelabra, figurines, sculptures and jewelry. This direction has gained authority in the European market. A strong tradition is the desire to have your own family and love for children. For example, the Bashkirs, like other peoples of the Urals, revere their elders, so the main members of families are grandparents. Descendants know by heart the names of the ancestors of seven generations.