Do you know how many nationalities there are in the world? Answering this question is not as easy as it seems at first glance. There are quite a lot of contradictions in the understanding of the very term “nationality”. What is this? Linguistic community? Citizenship? This article will be devoted to bringing some clarity to the problems of nationalities of the world. We will also look at which ethnic groups produce beautiful women and attractive men. Naturally, nationalities can disappear and assimilate. And an individual in our age of globalization can be a product of a mixture of different ethnic groups. And it is often difficult for a person to answer the question of what his nationality is. But if we talk about large groups of people, then we can identify several factors by which ethnicity is determined.
Citizenship and nationality
Firstly, not all powers are monolithic in the ethnic composition of their populations. And even if we do not take into account the presence of migrants, the so-called “first generation citizens,” then even then we cannot say that there are one hundred and ninety-two nationalities of the world. List of states (namely, there are so many of them in political map) does not give us an idea about numerous ethnic groups, inhabiting these same countries. For example, representatives of more than one hundred and eighty nationalities live in the Russian Federation. And Northern and South Korea inhabits one people, divided by a demarcation line due to political strife. There is a concept " American nation“, but it is extremely diverse in ethnic composition. The same can be said about Australia, New Zealand and Canada, whose lands were settled by emigrants from all over the world. At the same time, even in such a seemingly monolithic country in terms of ethnic composition as Poland, there are Silesians, Kashubians, Lemkos and other groups.
Language and nationality
One of the markers by which one can determine whether a person belongs to a particular nation is his language. In the population census, this factor is placed at the forefront. If we are guided by this marker, then the question of how many nationalities there are in the world can be answered: from two and a half to five thousand. Why is there such a huge discrepancy in numbers? Because we are faced with a new difficulty: what is language? Is it a dialect, a dialect used by a certain ethnic community? But determining a person’s nationality by language is also not entirely correct. After all, not all Jews know Hebrew. And it almost died, and now the government is making incredible efforts to revive it. Residents of the Green Island speak English, but do not consider themselves British.
Appearance and nationality
An even more precarious path is to determine the ethnicity of an individual by his physiological characteristics. What can we say about a person's appearance? If he has blond hair and Blue eyes, then he can equally successfully turn out to be a Swede, a Russian or a Pole. We can, of course, talk about Scandinavian, Mediterranean, Latin American, but all this does not give us an idea of what a representative of the “titular nation” should look like. Moreover, with the dominant brunette gene, blondes are gradually “dying out.” Nationalities of the world, whose representatives inhabited the lands previously known as the countries of fair-haired people (Bulgaria, states on Balkan Peninsula, Italy, Georgia), after the Turkish conquest they noticeably “darkened”. So define ethnicity by appearance does not seem possible. Although, of course, there are certain facial features that are often found in representatives of a particular nationality.
Formation of ethnic groups
All nationalities of the world in their historical development have gone through long haul. Ancient tribes entered into military-trade alliances with each other and long time lived in close proximity. As a result, certain differences were erased, dialects came closer together, forming one language. One can cite the example of the ancient Romans. In addition to the Latins who inhabited the regions along the banks of the Tiber, the Veneti, Auzones, Lucanians, Osci, Messapians, Piceni, Umbrians and Falisci took part in the formation of the people. And their dialects still exist today! The huge Roman Empire, which included many nationalities, collapsed in the Middle Ages. Latin is the official language ancient state- gave impetus to the formation of Romance languages: Italian, French, Spanish. Awareness of the multitude by one community within the state gives rise to a nation.
Natural assimilation
Not all nationalities of the countries of the world have survived to this day. A smaller nation surrounded by a larger one risks losing its identity, especially if it is included in a state where this same nation is considered the “titular nation.” great nationality. This happened in the USSR. The first census, conducted in 1926, found that there were 178 nationalities living in the state. In 1956, there were only 109 of them. And there were 91 large nationalities, which numbered more than ten thousand people. Thus, in less than thirty years, the number of ethnic groups has decreased significantly. Of course, not everyone became Russian. Adjarians, Laz, Svans and Mingrelians began to associate themselves with Georgians; Kuramins, Turks and Kipchaks began to consider themselves Uzbeks. Thus, if the cultural characteristics of small peoples are not maintained, there is a serious risk that they will disappear.
Forced assimilation
Sometimes governments, wary of separatist sentiments, pursue policies aimed at the deliberate destruction of nationality as such. They do not kill members of the ethnic minority, but carry out targeted assimilation measures. For example, in Poland after World War II, all Lemkos were taken out of their places of compact residence and settled in small groups in other regions of the country. In the south of France, for a long time, schoolchildren were punished if they began to speak the local Occitan dialect. Only in the eighties of the twentieth century, under public pressure, elective courses were opened to study the almost extinct dialect. Since the world's small nationalities are already inclined to dissolve into large ones, assimilating them by force is a violation of human rights.
How many nationalities are there in the world?
Nobody knows this. According to various sources, the nationalities of the peoples of the world can number from four and a half to six thousand. The total number of languages and dialects ranges from two and a half to five thousand. But there are still tribes that do not make contact with the civilized world (the so-called un-contacted people). How many such tribes are still found in Africa, the Amazon Valley? It is also quite difficult to determine the line between ethnic group, nationality and nationality. But there is another opinion about larger communities. It is believed that a nation is a purely political construct. This theory is gaining more and more supporters in modern society.
Beautiful nationalities of the world: list
Assimilation, of course, can lead to the disappearance of an ethnic group. But mixing blood only improves the gene pool. The so-called mestizos have always amazed us with their beauty and talents. Let us at least remember the Russian poet A.S. Pushkin, in whose veins Slavic and African blood flowed. If we talk not about certain individuals, but about large groups of people, then the same relationship can be traced here. The most beautiful community is the one in which they are mixed, as in a crucible, different nationalities peace. Yes, countries Latin America amaze with the abundance of beauties and angelic men. After all, local people took part in the formation of Costa Ricans, Brazilians and Colombians Indian tribes, Spaniards and Africans. Citizens of the former USSR are also not bad-looking, since many of them were born as a result of mixed interethnic marriages.
Where do the most beautiful girls live?
This issue worries not only representatives of the stronger sex. Of course, everyone has their own standard of beauty, but aren’t Miss Universe competitions held? Let's do a little statistical analysis to find out which country has the most beautiful women peace. The nationality of the charming winner is not taken into account by the jury. But we will count charming girl representative of the “titular nation”.
So, according to surveys conducted by various men's and women's magazines, Brazilian women are in first place in beauty. After all, this Latin American country is real. Here you can meet both an irresistible blonde and a charming black woman. Many Asians gave Brazilians the languor of the Japanese orchid and almond-shaped eyes. If you like tall blondes, then feel free to go to Sweden for them. Argentines are in third place. The fourth position is held by Ukrainians, and the fifth by Russians.
Where do the most handsome men in the world live by nationality?
A selection of super attractive machos different countries created a portal for tourists Travelers Digest. He did his own research to properly guide single ladies on a romantic getaway. What happened? Which nationalities in the world have produced the most Apollos?
The portal warns that it assessed not only the external data of men, but also their upbringing, level of intelligence, and ability to care for a lady. Swedes, residents of New York and Amsterdam lead the list. The Top Ten included the Portuguese, Argentines, Australians, Spaniards, Germans, Italians and Israelis. But girls often notice that the portal is wrong. In their opinion, residents of Latin American countries, Spaniards, Italians and Turks are more attractive.
IN modern world Russia is the largest country, occupying a vast area - more than seventeen thousand square kilometers. Two continents divide it into parts - European and Asian. Each of them is larger in territory than many not-so-small states of the Earth.
In terms of population, however, our country is only in ninth place. The number of Russians today does not reach one hundred and fifty million people. The problem is that most of the country's territory lies under deserted steppes and taiga, for example, these are the most remote regions of Siberia.
However, this is compensated by the number of peoples living here. This was predetermined by the past. Historically Russia is multinational state, which I became, absorbing into myself neighboring peoples, attracting outsiders with large territories and wealth. According to official data, the Russian state is now home to almost two hundred peoples, differing sharply in numbers: from Russians (more than one hundred and ten million people) to Kerek (less than ten representatives).
How many of us are there?
How many peoples live in Russia? How to find out? Leading sources useful information Statistical censuses regularly conducted in recent years serve as information about the population of our country. At the same time, according to modern techniques and according to democratic approaches, data on the nationality of Russian residents by origin is not noted in documents, which is why digital material for the census appeared on the basis of self-determination of Russians.
In total, in recent years, a little more than 80% of the country’s citizens declared themselves Russian by nationality, leaving only 19.1% as representatives of other nations. Almost six million census participants were unable to identify their nationality at all or defined it as a fantastic people (elves, for example).
Summing up the final calculations, it should be noted that the total number of peoples of the country who do not consider themselves Russian population did not exceed twenty-five million citizens.
This suggests that the ethnic composition of the Russian population is very complex and requires constant special attention. On the other hand, there is one large ethnic group, serving as a kind of core of the entire system.
Ethnic composition
The basis national composition Russia is, of course, Russian. This people comes from their own historical roots from Eastern Slavs who lived on the territory of Rus' since ancient times. A significant part of Russians exist, of course, in Russia, but there are large layers in a number of former Soviet republics and in the USA. This is the most significant European ethnic group. Today there are more than one hundred and thirty-three million Russians living in the world.
Russians are the titular people of our country; their representatives dominate a significant number of regions of the modern Russian state. Of course, this led to side effects. The spread of this nation over several centuries over a vast territory during historical development led to the formation of dialects, as well as separate ethnic groups. For example, on the coast White Sea Pomors live, making up a subethnic group of local Karelians and Russians who arrived in the past.
Among the more complex ethnic associations, groups of peoples can be noted. The largest group of peoples are the Slavs, mainly from the eastern subgroup.
In total, representatives of nine large language families live in Russia, differing greatly in language, culture, and way of life. With the exception of the Indo-European family, they are mainly of Asian origin.
This is the approximate ethnic composition of the Russian population today according to official data. What can be said definitely is that our country is distinguished by a significant diversity of nationalities.
The largest nations of Russia
The nationalities living in Russia are quite clearly divided into numerous and small. The first ones, in particular, include:
- The Russian inhabitants of the country number (according to the latest census) more than one hundred and ten million people.
- Tatars of several groups, reaching 5.4 million people.
- Ukrainians number two million. The bulk of the Ukrainian people live on the territory of Ukraine; in Russia, representatives of this people appeared in the course of historical development in the pre-revolutionary, Soviet, and modern periods.
- Bashkirs, another nomadic people in the past. Their number is 1.6 million people.
- Chuvash, residents of the Volga region - 1.4 million.
- Chechens, one of the peoples of the Caucasus, - 1.4 million, etc.
There are other peoples of similar numbers who played an important role in the past and, possibly, the future of the country.
Small nations of Russia
How many small nations live on the territory of Russia? There are many such ethnic groups in the country, but they are poorly represented in the total population because they are very few in number. To these national groups belong to the peoples of the Finno-Ugric, Samoyed, Turkic, Sino-Tibetan groups. Particularly small are the Kereks (a tiny people - only four people), the Vod people (sixty-four people), the Enets (two hundred and seventy-seven), the Ults (almost three hundred people), the Chulyms (a little more than three and a half hundred), the Aleuts (almost half a thousand) , Negidals (just over five hundred), Orochi (almost six hundred). For all of them, the problem of survival is a pressing and everyday issue.
Map of the peoples of Russia
In addition to the strong dispersion in the size of the national composition of Russia and the inability of many ethnic groups in modern times to maintain their numbers independently, there is also the problem of distribution within the country. The population of Russia is distributed very heterogeneously, which is caused primarily by economic incentives both in the historical past and in the present.
The bulk is in the area between Baltic St. Petersburg, Siberian Krasnoyarsk, Black Sea Novorossiysk and the Far Eastern Primorsky Territory, where all the big cities lie. The reasons for this are the good climate and favorable economic background. To the north of this territory there is permafrost caused by eternal cold, and to the south there are vast expanses of lifeless desert.
In terms of population density, one of the last places in the modern world received Siberia. Its vast territory is home to less than 30 million inhabitants. This represents only 20% of the country's total population. While in its vast area Siberia reaches three-quarters of the expanses of Russia. The most densely populated areas are the directions Derbent - Sochi and Ufa - Moscow.
In the Far East, a significant population density runs along the entire length of the Trans-Siberian Highway. Increased standards of population density are also observed in the Kuznechny coal basin region. All these areas attract Russians with their economic and natural wealth.
The most big nations countries: Russians, to a lesser extent Tatars and Ukrainians - mainly located in the southwest of the state. Ukrainians today are mostly located on the territory of the Chukotka Peninsula and in the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug, in the distant Magadan region.
Other small peoples Slavic ethnic groups, such as the Poles and Bulgarians, do not form large compact groups and are scattered throughout the country. The Polish population is found in a fairly compact group only in the Omsk region.
Tatars
The number of Tatars living in Russia, as noted above, exceeded the level of three percent of the total Russian population. About a third of them live compactly in the region of the Russian Federation called the Republic of Tatarstan. Group settlements exist in the Volga regions, in the far north, etc.
A significant part of the Tatars are supporters of Sunni Islam. Certain groups of Tatars have differences in language, culture and way of life. Mutual language located within the Turkic group of languages of the Altaic language family, it has three dialects: Mishar (western), the more widespread Kazan (middle), and the slightly distant Siberian-Tatar (eastern). In Tatarstan, this language appears as an official one.
Ukrainians
One of the many East Slavic peoples is the Ukrainians. More than forty million Ukrainians live in their historical homeland. In addition, significant diasporas exist not only in Russia, but also in the countries of Europe and America.
Ukrainians living in Russia, including labor migrants, number about five million people. A significant number of them are located in cities. Particularly large groups of this ethnic group are located in the capital, in oil- and gas-bearing regions of Siberia, the Far North, etc.
Belarusians
In modern Russia, Belarusians, taking into account their total number in the world, constitute a large number of. As the 2010 census of the Russian population shows, there are just over half a million Belarusians living in Russia. A significant proportion of white people are located in the capitals, as well as in a number of regions, for example in Karelia and the Kaliningrad region.
IN pre-revolutionary years a large number of Belarusians moved to Siberia and Far East, later there were national administrative units. By the end of the eighties, there were more than one million Belarusians on the territory of the RSFSR. Nowadays, their number has been halved, but it is obvious that the Belarusian stratum in Russia will be preserved.
Armenians
There are quite a lot of Armenians living in Russia, although different sources, their number differs. Thus, according to the 2010 census, there were slightly more than one million people in Russia, that is, less than one percent of the total population. According to the assumptions of the Armenians public organizations, the number of the Armenian stratum in the country at the beginning of the twentieth century exceeded two and a half million people. And Russian President V.V. Putin, speaking about the number of Armenians in Russia, voiced the figure of three million people.
In any case, Armenians play a serious role in social and cultural life Russia. Thus, Armenians work in the Russian government (Chilingarov, Bagdasarov, etc.), in show business (I. Allegrova, V. Dobrynin, etc.), and in other fields of activity. In sixty-three regions of Russia there are regional organizations Union of Armenians of Russia.
Germans
The Germans living in Russia are representatives of an ethnic group that has experienced a contradictory and, in some ways, even tragic story. Migrating en masse in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries at the invitation of the Russian government, they mainly settled in the Volga region, western and southern provinces Russian Empire. Life on good lands was free, but in the twentieth century historical events hit the Germans hard. First the First World War, then the Great Patriotic War led to mass repression. In the fifties and eighties of the last century, the history of this ethnic group was hushed up. It is not for nothing that the mass migration of Germans began in the nineties, the number of which, according to some sources, barely exceeds half a million.
True, in recent years, episodic re-evacuations from Europe to Russia have begun, but so far they have not reached large proportions.
Jews
It is difficult to say how many Jews currently live in Russia due to their active migration both to Israel and back to the Russian state. In the historical past there were many Jews in our country - in Soviet era several million. But with the collapse of the USSR and significant migration to their historical homeland, their number decreased. Now, according to public Jewish organizations, there are approximately one million Jews in Russia, half of them are residents of the capital.
Yakuts
They are a fairly numerous Turkic-speaking people, an indigenous population of the region adapted to local conditions.
How many Yakuts are there in Russia? According to the 2010 All-Russian Census of the Domestic Population, there were slightly less than half a million people, mainly in Yakutia and surrounding regions. The Yakuts are the largest (about half the population) people and the most significant of the indigenous peoples of Russian Siberia.
In the traditional economy and material culture of this people there are many close, similarities with pastoralists south asia. On the territory of the Middle Lena, a version of the Yakut economy was formed, combining nomadic cattle breeding and the most important extensive types of fisheries (meat and fish production), similar to the local one. In the north of the region there is also a distinctive form of harness reindeer herding.
Reasons for resettlement
The history of the ethnic composition of the population of Russia in the course of its development is extremely ambiguous. The accelerated settlement of the Russian state by Ukrainians occurred back in the Middle Ages. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, according to instructions government agencies settlers from the southern lands headed east to develop new territories. After some time, representatives began to be sent there social strata from different regions.
Representatives of the intelligentsia voluntarily moved to St. Petersburg in an era when this city had the status of the capital of the state. Nowadays, Ukrainians make up the largest number of people in Russia ethnic group after, of course, the Russians.
At the other pole are representatives of small nations. The Kereks, who have the smallest numbers, are in particular danger. According to the latest census, there are only four representatives left, although fifty years ago there were only one hundred Kerek people. The leading languages for these people are Chukchi and generally accepted Russian; their native Kerek is found only in the form of an ordinary passive language. The Kereks, in terms of their level of culture and ordinary daily activities, are very close to the Chukchi people, which is why they were in constant assimilation with them.
Problems and future
The ethnic composition of the Russian population will undoubtedly develop in the future. IN modern conditions The revival of ethnographic traditions and the culture of peoples is clearly visible. However, the development of ethnic groups experiences a number of problems:
- poor fertility and gradual decline of most peoples;
- globalization, and at the same time the influence of the culture and life of large nations (Russian and Anglo-Saxon);
- general economic problems that undermine the economic base of peoples, and so on.
Much in such a situation depends on the national governments themselves, including the Russian one, and on global opinion.
But I want to believe that the small peoples of Russia will further develop and grow in size in the coming centuries.
Russia is a multinational state. How many peoples live in Russia? Which of them are the most numerous? How are they distributed throughout the country? Let's find out about this further.
How many peoples live in Russia?
Russia covers a vast territory, stretching from of Eastern Europe Its area is 17,125,191 square kilometers, in terms of this size the country ranks first in the world.
In terms of population, Russia is in ninth position, with 146.6 million people. How many peoples live in Russia? It is difficult to give an exact figure, but there are approximately 190 of them, including the autochthonous population and small indigenous peoples.
The main source of data on the population of Russia is the census, which was conducted in 2010. The nationality of the country's citizens is not indicated in their passports, so data for the census was obtained based on the self-determination of the residents.
Slightly more than 80% of residents identified themselves as Russians; other nationalities accounted for 19.1%. Approximately five and a half million people did not indicate their nationality. Based on these data, the total number of peoples of Russia who do not consider themselves Russians amounted to 26.2 million people.
Ethnic composition
Russians are the titular population of the country; they predominate in most constituent entities of the Russian Federation. These include the Pomors, representing the subethnic group of Karelians and Russians in the White Sea region. The second largest people are the Tatars, which include the Mishars, Kryashens, Astrakhan and
The largest group of peoples are the Slavs, mainly Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles and Bulgarians. They belong to the Indo-European family, which in Russia is also represented by Romanesque, Greek, Germanic, Baltic, Iranian, Indo-Iranian and Armenian groups.
In total, the territory of the state is inhabited by peoples who belong to nine language families. In addition to Indo-European, these include:
- Altai;
- blue-tibetan;
- Ural-Yukaghir;
- Chukotka-Kamchatka;
- Yenisei;
- Kartvelian;
- Eskimo-Aleutian;
- North Caucasian.
The small peoples of Russia are represented by the Kerek (4 people), the Vod people (64), the Ents (227), the Ults (295), the Chulyms (355), the Aleuts (482), the Negidals (513), and the Orochs (596). These include peoples who belong to the Finno-Ugric, Samoyed, Turkic, Sino-Tibetan groups.
The largest nations of Russia are presented in the table below.
People | Number in million |
Ukrainians | |
Azerbaijanis |
Map of the peoples of Russia
The country's population is heterogeneously distributed. How many peoples live in Russia and how they are located on its territory can be clearly demonstrated by the map below. The vast majority live in the area between St. Petersburg, Krasnoyarsk, Novorossiysk and Primorsky Krai, where all the largest cities are located.
The largest Tatars and Ukrainians mainly inhabit the southwestern part of the country. Ukrainians make up a large share residents in the Chukotka and Khanty-Mansiysk districts, in the Magadan region.
As for the rest of the peoples of the Slavic group, the Poles and Bulgarians do not form large groups and are dispersedly settled. The Polish population lives compactly only in the Omsk region. Belarusians mostly inhabit the Moscow and St. Petersburg region, as well as the Kaliningrad region, Karelia, and the Khanty-Mansiysk district.
Tatars
The number of Tatars in Russia is more than 3% of the total population. A third of them live in the Republic of Tatarstan. Focal settlements are also located in the Ulyanovsk region, in the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug, Bashkortostan, Tyumen, Orenburg, Chelyabinsk, Penza regions and in other subjects of the state.
Most Tatars are Sunni Muslims. Various groups Tatars have linguistic differences, and also differ from each other in traditions and way of life. Their language belongs to the Turkic languages of the Altai family; it has three dialects: Mishar (western), Kazan (middle), Siberian-Tatar (eastern). In the Republic of Tatarstan Tatar language is official.
The ethnonym “Tatars” appeared back in the 6th century among the Turkic tribes who called themselves that. After the conquest by the Golden Horde in the 13th century. the name spreads and already denotes the Mongols and the tribes conquered by them. Later the term was used in relation to nomads Mongolian origin. Having settled in the Volga region, these tribes called themselves Meselmans, Mishers, Bolgrs, Kazanls, etc., until in the 19th century they consolidated under the definition of “Tatars”.
Ukrainians
One of the East Slavic peoples, Ukrainians, lives mainly in the territory of the state of Ukraine, where its population is about 41 million people. Large Ukrainian diasporas are located in Russia, the USA, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Germany and other countries.
Including labor immigrants, approximately 5 million Ukrainians live in Russia. Most live in cities. Large centers of settlement of this ethnic group are located in Moscow and the Moscow region, Tyumen, Rostov, Omsk regions, in the Primorsky and Krasnodar territories, the Yamalo-Nenets district, etc.
The history of the peoples of Russia is not the same. Large-scale settlement Russian territories Ukrainians began during the existence of the empire. IN XVI-XVII centuries, according to the royal decree, Cossacks, gunners, archers from Ukraine and the Don were sent to Siberia and the Far East to develop the lands. Later, peasants, townspeople, and representatives of the Cossack elders were exiled to them.
The intelligentsia moved to St. Petersburg of their own free will at a time when the city was the capital of the Russian Empire. Currently, Ukrainians represent the largest ethnic group in it after the Russians.
Bashkirs
The fourth largest people in Russia are the Bashkirs. The vast majority live in the Republic of Bashkortostan. They also inhabit the Tyumen, Kurgan, and Orenburg regions. The Bashkir language belongs to the Altai family and is divided into a southern and eastern dialect and several dialects.
According to anthropological characteristics, the people belong to the Subural and South Siberian (among the Eastern Bashkirs) racial types. They represent Caucasians with a share of Mongoloidity. By religious affiliation they are Sunni Muslims.
The origin is associated with the tribes of the Pechenegs (South Ural Bashkirs - Burzyans, Usergans), as well as the Cumans (Kypchaks, Kanlys) and the Volga Bulgars (Bulyars). Their ancestors inhabited the region of the Urals, Volga and Urals. The formation of the people was influenced by the Mongols and Tungus-Manchus.
Indigenous peoples
The country's indigenous population includes 48 peoples. They make up approximately 0.3% of the country's total population. About 12 of them are small and number less than a thousand people.
The small peoples of Russia predominantly inhabit the northern regions of the state, the Far East and Siberia. They often lead a traditional economy, engaging in reindeer herding, fishing, hunting and cattle breeding.
The largest indigenous people are the Nenets; they number almost 45 thousand people. They occupy the coastal zones of the Arctic Ocean and are divided into European and Asian. The people raise deer and live in chums - cone-shaped huts covered with birch bark and felt.
The Kereks have the smallest population and are represented by only four people according to the census. Half a century ago there were approximately 100 people. The main languages for them are Chukchi and Russian, their native Kerek remained as a traditional passive language. In terms of their way of life and culture, they are similar to the Chukchi people, therefore they were subjected to assimilation with them.
Conclusion
Russia stretches for many kilometers from west to east, touching both the European and Asian parts of the continent. More than 190 peoples live on its vast territory. Russians are the most numerous and represent the country's titular nation.
Others large nations are Tatars, Ukrainians, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Avars, etc. Small indigenous peoples live in the state. The number of most of them does not exceed several thousand. The smallest are the Kereks, Enets, Ults, and Aleuts; they inhabit mainly the region of Siberia and the Far East.
Russia has always been not just a densely populated state, but also a multinational one. More than one hundred and forty-five million citizens live in the country. Among them are representatives of about one hundred and sixty nationalities who speak their own language. The people who came from other countries of the world are few in number. Only seven nationalities living on the territory of our country, in terms of the number of people, exceed a million. So what peoples live on Russian territory? The answer is quite simple, these include: Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians, as well as Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Chechens, and Armenians.
In general, Russia ranks seventh in terms of population after China, India, the United States of America, Indonesia, Brazil and Pakistan. But in terms of population density, our country ranks only second on the planet after the United States. Almost a fifth of the Russian population lives in major cities-megacities: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Volgograd, Yekaterinburg, Perm, Samara, Omsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, Ufa, Kazan. If we talk about the population in the largest cities, the indicators are as follows: more than ten million people live in Moscow, about five million people live in St. Petersburg. In terms of population density, the capital is one of the largest cities in the world.
What peoples live on the territory of Russia: naturally, The bulk of the population is Russian - eighty percent. But the remaining percentage comes from such nationalities as: Tatars - 3.8; Ukrainians – 3; Chuvash – 1.2; Belarusians – 0.8; Mordovians – 0.7; Chechens and Germans – 0.6; Avars, Jews, Armenians – 0.4 and so on. If you ask yourself what peoples live on the territory of Crimea, then these are mainly Tatars. They occupy the second place in our country in terms of their numbers.
Together with the Bashkirs, the Tatars represent a large group Muslim peoples, which are located almost in the center of Russia. The Chuvash are a completely different Turkic people, numbering more than two million people. The peoples of the Abkhaz-Adyghe group live in the Caucasus, these include: Adygs, Circassians, Kabardians, as well as the peoples of the Nekh-Dagestan group: Ingush, Chechens, Lezgins, Avars. Yakuts, Khakassians and Altaians live in Siberia.
In addition, Finnish people live in Russia Ugric peoples: Karelians, Sami, Finns, Komi. In the north of Russia there are also Mordovians, Mari, in the Volga region Mansi and Khanty, who are engaged in reindeer herding and hunting. As for the Far North, the Nenets live here, in Eastern Siberia Evenks live. But the Chukchi live on the Chukotka Peninsula.
Naturally, every people living on the territory of Russia strives to preserve their native language, their traditions and customs, costumes, traditional activities, and crafts. And what’s most interesting is that most peoples still retained their traditions.
A little history...
The diversity of nationalities living on the territory of the Russian Federation at present is the result of centuries of history. The most interesting thing is that establishing exactly what kind of people lived on the territory of our country in ancient times is not an easy matter. Since archaeological data provide the opportunity to outline only the approximate boundaries of the territory where the tribes lived, but it is impossible to give an exact answer as to what such settlements called themselves and what language they spoke. Such information can be found using ancient monuments.
The work of the famous Gothic historian Jordan, which was written in the seventh century BC, has survived to this day. In it, the writer praised the Gothic kings, and the power, according to him, stretched from the Baltic states to the Crimea, and on the eastern side its territories reached the Volga region. According to the historian, King Ermanaric, in the middle of the fourth century, managed to conquer the tribes of the Inaunxes, Vasinabronxes, Bubegens and many others. The descendants of the Vesi - the Vepsians - currently live in Karelia, Vologda, and Leningrad regions.
So, if you draw a map of the peoples who lived in the fourth century on the territory of modern Russia, there will be practically no blue or red color on it. Only on the western side of Ukraine will it be possible to mark a small red spot and from there direct many arrows to the east, south and north. Because Slavic tribes by that time they began to populate the lands of the future Russia.
In general, linguists, historians, or rather their studies have shown that the north, the center of modern Russia, by the beginning new era inhabited by Finnish tribes. A little later, they “became glorified” and played an important role in the formation of the Russian population. A little further east and north lived other Finnish tribes, who were the ancestors of modern Finns, Estonians, Karelians, and Mordovians. Siberia and the South of Ukraine were occupied by the Ugric peoples; they were the future Mansi and Khanty. To the east, the ancestors of the Samoyed peoples, who today are the Selkups and Nenets, lived on a large territory. Today in Siberia there live only a small number of people who belong to the Kets and Yukaghirs, but once upon a time these peoples occupied the entire Eastern Siberia.
In the mountains North Caucasus, as scientists assume, lived exactly the same peoples as at the present time. The most interesting thing is that their way of life and culture did not change almost until the nineteenth century. Yes, religion has changed, from the fourth to the fifth centuries Christianity was widespread here, from the eighth to the sixteenth centuries Christianity was gradually replaced by Islam. Various rituals and pagan beliefs were part of the new religion for a long time, and they have survived to this day. The ancient chronicles also mentioned the ancestors of the Abkhazians - the Bezes and Kasogims. The descendants of the ancient Scythians-Sarmatians roamed the steppes of the North Caucasus to the Altai region.
For a whole millennium, from the fourth to the thirteenth centuries, East Slavic tribes gradually settled in the forest-steppe and forest zones of the East European Plain. But the Turkic peoples along the steppe belt of Eurasia itself. The Slavs in those days settled from west to north, south, east, but the Turks moved mainly to the west. Naturally, there were military clashes between the Slavs and Turks. During the truce between these peoples, weddings were held, alliances were concluded, and trade was carried out.
Gradually, cities began to appear in which trade developed, as well as various crafts. Then states appeared: among the Turks and peoples related to them - Volga Bulgaria, Khazar Khaganate, among the Eastern Slavs - Kievan Rus. Volga Bulgaria was created on the banks of the Volgibulgara. Some of them decided to go to the Balkans, where the First Bulgarian Kingdom was subsequently created together with the Slavs. The Khazar Khaganate included the Lower Volga region and lands Caucasian peoples. In the mid-tenth century, Kievan Rus defeated the Khaganate, as a result of which the Khazars, as well as its population, mixed with other peoples.
Of course, the state needed a religion that would help strengthen the unity of the state. Christians, Muslims, and Jews lived in Turkic and Russian cities. From the mid-eighteenth century to 1480 is an era that is known in the history of our country as the era of the Tatar-Mongol yoke. During the “Golden Horde” era, the following peoples emerged: Kumyks, Bashkirs, Karachais, Crimean, Astrakhan Tatars. Significant role The Cumans played a role in their formation. But the Polovtsians themselves ceased to exist as a people. It was then that the separation of the Russian people began. After the collapse of the Golden Horde occurred, its lands and the Khanate gradually joined the Russian state.
By the time Peter the Great began to reign, and this is the end of the seventeenth century, the territory of Russia acquired the outlines that are characteristic of the modern borders of the Russian Federation. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the lands of the peoples of Ukraine, the Baltics, Belarus, Transcaucasia, and Central Asia began to join Russia.
Modern Russia
To summarize, it should be noted that Russia is the most multinational state in the world. Here all peoples live in peace and harmony. They exchange experiences with each other, but at the same time each nationality retains its ethnic identity, originality.
Naturally, the traditions of the peoples of modern Russia are quite diverse. And they depend not just on the time of year, but also on the place of residence. The main feature, which is characteristic of one or another nationality living on the territory of Russia, is cuisine. Even among those peoples who inhabit the northern part of our state, although it is similar, it is still not the same. So, each nationality has its own characteristics.
In addition to cuisine, every nation living in Russia can boast of its own entertainment. Representatives of their nationalities are hospitable, which is why it is interesting to get acquainted with their cultures, customs, and traditions. Knowing about the way of life of a particular people, every person will be able to live in peace and harmony.
The Russian Federation is considered the largest state in the world in terms of its territory. And in terms of the number of peoples, it is in the top ten among all countries on the planet. Of course, the demographic situation in this state has an impact on the development Russian society generally.
Our country was and is a multinational state. The peoples of Russia are distinguished by their unique culture and history. In general, according to various sources of information, about two hundred nationalities live on its territory. Currently, the nationality of a resident of our country is not indicated in the passport. Accordingly, census data are based on self-determination. Therefore, nationality indicators may change periodically.
The state language of Russia is Russian. Although different territories of the state have their own dialects. In general, our country is unique not only in its ethnic composition, but also in its religious composition. Representatives of Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity live on the territory. At the same time, most peoples adhere to their traditions and national beliefs.
regional migration interethnic
By the beginning of the 20th century, the territory of the Russian Empire reached 22.4 million km2. Accordingly, with the increase in territory, the population also grew and during this period of time amounted to 128.2 million people. Thus, according to the 1897 census, the ethnic composition included 196 peoples, with the share of Russians being 44.3%.
In 1926, according to the USSR population census, about 160 ethnic groups were identified, including 30 with a population of less than 1 thousand people. Characteristic feature the peoples of the USSR there was a strong difference in their numbers. Twenty-two of them, numbering more than 1 million people each, accounted for 96% of the population of the entire country.
As for the population of modern Russia, it is also very rich and diverse. Today, more than 130 nations and nationalities live on the territory of the Russian Federation. Each nation has a different way of life, customs, historical traditions, culture, work skills.
According to the 1989 census, the majority of the population were Russians (more than 80%), further, from the numerous nationalities inhabiting Russia, the following should be noted: Tatars (over 5 million people), Ukrainians (over 4 million people), Chuvash, Bashkirs, Belarusians, Mordovians and others.
As for the national composition of the Chita region, the 1989 population census recorded the following data (as a percentage of the total population of the region): Russians - 88.4%, Buryats - 4.8%, Ukrainians - 2.8%, Tatars - 0.9%, Belarusians - 0.7%, Chuvash - 0.2%, Bashkirs - 0.2%, Mordovians - 0.1%, Evenks - about 0.1%, other nationalities - 1.9%.
Current statistics indicated an increase in the share of Russians to 90.9%, Buryats to 5.4%, Evenks to 0.2% and a decrease in the share of representatives of other nationalities.
The overwhelming majority of representatives of the peoples of the north, primarily the Evenks, live in the Kalarsky, Tungir-Olyokminsky and Tungokochensky regions.
Settlement of peoples across the territory of the Russian Federation
All the peoples inhabiting our country can be divided into three groups. The first is ethnic groups, most of which live in Russia, and outside its borders they make up only small groups(Russians, Chuvashs, Bashkirs, Tatars, Yakuts, Buryats, Kalmyks and others). They, as a rule, form national-state units within the Russian Federation.
The second group is those peoples of neighboring countries (that is, the republics of the former USSR), as well as some other countries, which are represented on the territory of Russia by significant groups, in some cases compact settlements (Ukrainians, Belarusians, Kazakhs, Armenians, Poles, Greeks and others ).
And finally, the third group is formed by small subdivisions of ethnic groups, in most cases living outside of Russia (Romanians, Hungarians, Abkhazians, Chinese, Vietnamese, Albanians, Croats and others).
Thus, about 100 peoples (the first group) live mainly on the territory of the Russian Federation, the rest - representatives of the second and third groups - mainly in neighboring countries or other countries of the world, but are still a significant element of the Russian population.
Russia is a multinational republic, in its own way state structure is a federation built on a national-territorial principle.
The federal structure of the Russian Federation is based on its state integrity, the unity of the system of power, the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between bodies state power subjects of the Russian Federation, equality and self-determination of peoples in the Russian Federation (Constitution of the Russian Federation, 1993).
As of January 1, 2007, the Russian Federation includes 86 constituent entities, of which 21 are republics, 7 territories, 48 regions, 2 federal cities (Moscow and St. Petersburg), 1 autonomous region, 7 autonomous districts.
The total area of 29 national entities (republics, autonomous okrugs, autonomous regions) makes up 53% of the country's territory. At the same time, only about 26 million people live here (including almost 12 million Russians).
All national entities have a complex population composition. Moreover, the share of the main or “titular” nation in some cases is relatively small. Thus, out of 21 republics of the Russian Federation, only in six the main peoples make up the majority (Ingushetia, Chuvashia, Tuva, Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia, the Chechen Republic). In multi-ethnic Dagestan, ten local peoples (Avars, Dargins, Kumyks, Lezgins, Laks, Tabasarans, Nogais, Rutuls, Aguls, Tsakhurs) form 80% of the total population. In nine republics, the peoples of the “titular” nation account for less than one-third of the population (including in Karelia and Kalmykia).
The picture of the settlement of peoples in the autonomous okrugs is significantly different. They are very sparsely populated and for many decades they attracted migrants from all the republics of the former USSR (Russians, Ukrainians, Tatars, Belarusians, Chechens and others) who came to work - to develop the richest mineral deposits, to build roads, industrial facilities and cities. As a result, the “titular” peoples in most autonomous okrugs and in the only autonomous region constitute only a small percentage of their total population. For example, in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - 1.5%, in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug - 6%, Chukotka - about 9%. Detailed national structure The population of the autonomous regions of Russia can be traced according to the data in Table 1.1 in the appendix of the work.
Language families and groups
A distinctive feature of a people is its language - the most important means of communication between people. Based on the similarity of languages, peoples are united into language groups, and close and related groups into language families. Based on language, all the peoples of Russia can be united into 4 language families:
1. Indo-European family (80% of all residents of the country). This family includes:- Slavic group, the most numerous in Russia, including Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles and others.
Iranian group, including Tajiks, Ossetians, Kurds.
The Romanesque group, which includes Moldovans, Gypsies, and Romanians.
German group. It includes Germans and Jews.
2. Altai family (6.8% of all residents of the country). It includes the following groups: - Turkic group, which includes Tatars, Chuvash, Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Yakuts, Tuvans, Karachais, Khakassians, Balkars, Altaians, Shors, Dolgans.
Mongolian group consisting of Buryats and Kalmyks.
Tungus-Manchu group. This group includes the Evens, Evenks, Nanais, Udeges and others.
Paleo-Asian group consisting of the Chukchi and Koryaks.
3. Ural family(2% of all residents of the country). They are divided into groups: - Finno-Ugric group, which includes Mordovians, Estonians, Udmurts, Mari, Komi, Komi-Permyaks, Karelians, Finns, Mansi, Hungarians, Sami.
Samoyed group, including Nenets, Selkups, Nganasans.
Yukaghir group (Yukaghirs).
4. North Caucasian family (2% of all residents of the country). Also includes several groups: - Nakh-Dagestan group. It includes Chechens, Avars, Dargins, Lezgins, and Ingush.
Kartvelian group · Georgians.
Adyghe-Abkhaz group, including Adyghe, Abkhazians, Circassians, Kabardians.
In addition to the above-mentioned families, representatives of the Chukchi-Kamchatka family (Chukchi, Koryaks, Itelmens) live in Russia; the Eskimo-Aleut family (Eskimos, Aleuts) and the peoples of other linguistic families and peoples (Chinese, Arabs, Vietnamese and others).
The languages of all the peoples of Russia have full rights, but the language of interethnic communication is Russian.