As they say, “the Prophetic Oleg is going to take revenge on the unreasonable Khazars.” Were they really below the Slavs in terms of development? What do we even know about this people?
Let's get answers to these questions together.
The Mystery of the Vanished People
Thanks to mentions in written sources of the period Kievan Rus, we know that Prince Svyatoslav destroyed the main cities of the Khazar Kaganate.
Sarkel, Semender and Itil were destroyed, and the position of the state was undermined. After the 12th century nothing is said about them at all. The latest information available suggests that they were captured and subjugated by the Mongols.
Until this time - from the 7th century - Khazaria was spoken of in Arab, Persian, and Christian sources. Its kings have enormous influence in the territories of the North Caucasus and the Caspian steppes near the mouth of the Volga. Many neighbors paid tribute to the Khazars.
Until now, this people is shrouded in mystery, and many information does not agree. Researchers have difficulty getting through the national specifics of eyewitness accounts.
The Arabs have one measure of distance and time, the Turks have completely different ones, add here Byzantine, Jewish, Slavic and Khazar concepts. The names of cities are often given in one paragraph in an Islamic manner, in another in Hebrew or Turkic. That is, it is quite possible that there were more or fewer cities, since it has not yet been possible to completely compare ethnonyms. As well as discovering the remains of all major settlements.
Judging by the correspondence, the result is complete confusion and nonsense. In the king’s descriptions, the cities are huge, 500 kilometers long, and the provinces are tiny. Perhaps, again, this is a feature of the nomadic distance measure. The Khazars, Pechenegs, and Polovtsians counted the journey in days and distinguished the length of the road in the mountains and on the plain.
How did it really happen? Let's figure it out gradually.
Origin hypotheses
In the middle of the 7th century, in the vast expanses of flat Dagestan, in the Eastern Ciscaucasia, a hitherto unknown but very strong people appeared - the Khazars. Who is this?
They call themselves “Kazars”. The word, according to most researchers, comes from the common Turkic root “kaz”, denoting the process of “nomadism”. That is, they can simply call themselves nomads.
Other theories concern Persian ("Khazar" - "thousand"), Latin (Caesar) and Turkic ("enslave") languages. In fact, we don’t know for sure, so we’re adding this question to the list of open ones.
The origin of the people themselves is also shrouded in mystery. Today, the majority still considers it Turkic. What tribes claim to be the ancestors?
According to the first theory, these are the heirs of the Akatsir tribe, one part once great empire Huns.
The second option is that they are considered migrants from Khorasan.
These hypotheses have little evidence.
But the next two are quite strong and are confirmed by some facts. The only question is which sources are more accurate.
So, the third theory classifies the Khazars as descendants of the Uyghurs. The Chinese in their chronicles refer to them as the "Ko-sa people." During the collapse of the Hunnic Empire, taking advantage of the weakening of the Avars, some of the Oguzes went west. The self-names of the groups are translated as “10 tribes”, “30 tribes”, “white tribes”, and so on.
Were there Khazars among them? Who can confirm this? It is believed that these people were among them.
In the process of resettlement, they find themselves in the Northern Caspian region and Kuban. Later, with growing influence, they settled in the Crimea and near the mouth of the Volga.
With the advent of cities, crafts developed. Jewelers, blacksmiths, potters, tanners and other craftsmen form the basis for domestic trade.
The nobility and the ruling elite, as well as the army, lived off plunder and tribute from conquered neighbors.
In addition, a significant source of income came from duties and taxes on goods transported through the territory of the Kaganate. Since the history of the Khazars is inextricably linked with the east-west crossroads, they simply could not help but take advantage of the opportunities.
The route from China to Europe was in the hands of the Kaganate; navigation along the Volga and the northern part of the Caspian Sea was under state control. Derbent has become a wall separating two warring religions - Orthodoxy and Islam. This gave an unprecedented opportunity for the emergence of intermediary trade.
In addition, Khazaria became the largest transit point in the slave trade. Captured northerners were well sold by the Persians and Arabs. Girls are like concubines for harems and servants, men are like warriors, housekeepers and other hard labor.
Also, the state minted its own coins in the 10th and 11th centuries. Although it was an imitation of Arab money, a noteworthy point is that in the inscription “Muhammad is a prophet” on Khazar coins, the name “Moses” was written.
Culture and religion
Researchers obtain the main information about the people from original written sources. With nomadic tribes such as the Khazars, Pechenegs, and Cumans, things are more complicated. An ordered set of any documents simply does not exist.
And scattered inscriptions of a religious or everyday nature do not carry much meaning. From them only grains of information are obtained.
How much do we learn about a tribe's culture from the inscription "made by Joseph" on a pot? Here you can only understand that pottery and some linguistic traditions were widespread, for example, the belonging of names to different nations. Although this is not entirely true. This vessel could simply be bought and brought, for example, from Byzantium or Khorezm.
In fact, only one thing is known. The “foolish Khazars” included several nationalities and tribes who spoke Slavic, Arabic, Turkic and Jewish dialects. The elite of the state communicated and kept documentation in Hebrew, and the common people used runic writing, which leads to the hypothesis of its Turkic roots.
Modern researchers believe that the closest existing language to the Khazar language is Chuvash.
Religions in the state were also different. However, by the era of the decline of the Kaganate, Judaism became increasingly predominant and dominant. The history of the Khazars is thoroughly connected with it. In the 10th and 11th centuries, the “peaceful coexistence of faiths” came to an end.
Troubles even began among the Jewish and Muslim quarters of large cities. But in this case, the followers of the Prophet Muhammad were attacked.
We can hardly judge the state of things at the bottom of society due to the lack of any sources, except for a few brief mentions. But more on that later.
Khazar documents
Amazing sources about the state of affairs in the state, its history and structure came to us thanks to one Spanish Jew. A Cordoba courtier named Hasdai ibn Shafrut wrote a letter to the Khazar king asking him to tell him about the Khaganate.
This action was caused by his surprise. Being a Jew himself, and a highly educated one at that, he knew about the absent-mindedness of his fellow tribesmen. And here merchants visiting from the east talk about the existence of a centralized, powerful and highly developed state, in which Judaism predominates.
Since diplomacy was among Hasdai’s duties, he acted as an ambassador and turned to the kagan for truthful information.
He still received an answer. Moreover, it was written (rather dictated) by “Melekh Joseph, son of Aaron,” the Kagan of the Khazar Empire himself.
In the letter he provides a lot of interesting information. The greeting states that his ancestors had diplomatic ties with the Umayyads. Next, he talks about the history and structure of the state.
According to him, the ancestor of the Khazars is the biblical Japhet, the son of Noah. The king also tells a legend about the adoption of Judaism in the role state religion. According to it, a decision was made to replace the paganism that the Khazars had previously professed. Who could do this in the best possible way? Of course the priests. A Christian, a Muslim and a Jew were invited. The last one turned out to be the most eloquent and outdid the rest.
According to the second version (not from the letter), the test for the priests consisted of deciphering unknown scrolls, which by “lucky chance” turned out to be the Torah.
Next, the Kagan talks about the geography of his country, its main cities and the life of the people. They spend the spring and summer as nomads, and return to their settlements during the cold season.
The letter ends with a boastful remark about the position of the Khazar Kaganate in the role of the main deterrent that saves Muslims from the invasion of northern barbarians. Rus' and the Khazars, it turns out, were at great odds in the 10th century, which led to death
Where have all the people gone?
And yet, Russian princes such as Svyatoslav and Oleg the Prophet could not completely destroy the entire people. The Khazars had to stay and assimilate with the invaders or neighbors.
In addition, the army of mercenaries of the Kaganate was also not small, since the state was forced to maintain peace in all occupied territories and confront the Arabs and Slavs.
To date, the most plausible version is the following. The empire owes its disappearance to a combination of several circumstances.
Firstly, the rise in the level of the Caspian Sea. More than half the country ended up at the bottom of the reservoir. Pastures and vineyards, homes and other things simply ceased to exist.
Thus, pressed by the natural disaster, people began to flee and move to the north and west, where they encountered opposition from their neighbors. So the Kyiv princes had the opportunity to “take revenge on the foolish Khazars.” The reason was long ago - the taking of people into slavery, duties on
The third reason, which served as a control shot, was the confusion in the conquered tribes. They sensed the weakness of the oppressors' position and rebelled. Provinces were gradually lost one after another.
As the sum of all these factors, the weakened state fell as a result of the Russian campaign, which destroyed three main cities, including the capital. The prince's name was Svyatoslav. The Khazars were unable to oppose worthy opponents to the northern pressure. Mercenaries do not always fight to the end. Your life is more valuable.
Most plausible version of who are the surviving descendants is as follows. During assimilation, the Khazars merged with the Kalmyks, and today they are part of this people.
Mentions in literature
Due to the small amount of surviving information, works about the Khazars are divided into several groups.
The first is historical documents or religious polemics.
Second - fiction based on the search for the missing country.
The third is pseudo-historical works.
The main characters are the Kagan (often as a separate character), Tsar or Bek Joseph, Shafrut, Svyatoslav and Oleg.
The main theme is the legend of the adoption of Judaism and the relationship between peoples such as the Slavs and Khazars.
War with the Arabs
In total, historians identify two armed conflicts in the 7th and 8th centuries. The first war lasted about ten years, the second - more than twenty-five.
The confrontation was between the Khaganate and the three caliphates, which were in the process historical development replaced each other.
In 642, the first conflict was provoked by the Arabs. They invaded the territory of the Khazar Kaganate through the Caucasus. Several images on vessels have survived from this period. Thanks to them, we can understand what the Khazars were like. Appearance, weapons, armor.
After ten years of unsystematic skirmishes and local conflicts, the Muslims decided to launch a massive attack, during which they suffered a crushing defeat at Belenger.
The second war was longer and more prepared. It began in the first decades of the eighth century, and continued until 737. During this military conflict, Khazar troops reached the walls of Mosul. But in response, Arab troops captured Semender and the Kagan's headquarters.
Similar clashes continued until the 9th century. After this, peace was concluded in order to strengthen the positions of Christian states. The border passed behind the wall of Derbent, which was Khazar. Everything to the south belonged to the Arabs.
Rus' and the Khazars
The Khazars were defeated by the Kyiv prince Svyatoslav. Who will deny this? However, the fact reflects only the ending of the relationship. What happened during the couple of centuries preceding the conquest?
The Slavs are mentioned in the chronicles as separate tribes (Radimichi, Vyatichi and others), which were subordinate to the Khazar Kaganate until they were captured by the Prophetic Oleg.
It is said that he imposed a lighter tribute on them with the only condition that they would not pay the Khazars now. This turn of events undoubtedly caused a corresponding reaction from the empire. But the war is not mentioned in any source. We can guess about it only by the fact that peace was concluded and the Rus, Khazars and Pechenegs went on joint campaigns.
This is such an interesting and complex fate for this people.
The Khazars are one of the nomadic, warlike tribes that lived in ancient times on the territory of modern southern Russia.
Gradually, the Khazars captured vast territories from the Black Sea to the Lower Volga region and turned into a strong state - the Khazar Khaganate.
It acquired its greatest power around VII-X centuries AD. The capital of the state was the city of Itil at the mouth of the Volga, not far from the present city of Astrakhan.
What do we know about the Khazars
Everything we know about the Khazars today is just scientists’ hypotheses different countries. They rely on a few written and archaeological sources. These are mainly Western European and Arabic documents and chronicles.
The etymology of the word “Khazars” itself does not have an unambiguous interpretation. According to some information, the Khazars were a nomadic Turkic-speaking people, or a union of Turkic tribes, headed by a ruler - the Khagan.
But as the Khazar Kaganate expanded, it began to include numerous nationalities. They all spoke different languages, had different beliefs. Islam, Christianity, Judaism, paganism - all these religions flourished here.
According to fragmentary information, it is assumed that the Kagan himself and his heirs converted to Judaism around the 8th century. Be that as it may, the Khazar Kaganate became famous for its religious tolerance.
Some sources report cases when residents adhered to three religions at the same time. Gradually, the Khazars created a prosperous state.
They fought a lot, were skilled diplomats, and successfully conducted international trade. And yet, in the 10th century, Khazaria fell into decline. Decisive role The Old Russian state played a role in this.
First, the Novgorod prince Svyatoslav Igorevich defeated the Khazar army in 965. Later, Prince Vladimir again goes on a campaign against Khazaria and imposes tribute on it. Further information about the state becomes fragmentary and gradually disappears.
Brief chronicle of the Khazars
- 626g. - The Turkic-Khazar army captures Derbent.
- 650g. - Khazars gain independence.
- 700g. - first mention in Western European literature.
- VIII century - Arab-Khazar wars. The capital is in the city of Itil.
- 859 - Khazars take tribute from Slavic tribes.
- 861 — Constantine (St. Cyril) baptizes the Khazars.
- 965 - defeat of the Khazar army by Svyatoslav.
- XIII century - The Khazars are conquered by the Mongols.
The short but vivid history of Khazaria disturbs the minds of scientists and writers, remaining largely a mystery. It is no coincidence that one of his whimsical compositions is a classic European literature Milorad Pavic simply called it “Khazar Dictionary”.
Neighboring peoples wrote a lot about the Khazars, but they themselves left virtually no information about themselves. Just as suddenly the Khazars appeared on the historical stage, just as suddenly they left it.
God knows where
The Khazars were first reported in the 5th century by the Armenian historian Moses Khorensky, who wrote that “crowds of Khazars and Basils, having united, crossed the Kura and scattered on this side.” The mention of the Kura River apparently indicates that the Khazars came to Transcaucasia from the territory of Iran. The Arab chronicler Yaqubi confirms this, noting that “the Khazars again took possession of everything that the Persians had taken from them, and held it in their hands until the Romans drove them out and installed a king over the four Armenians.” Until the 7th century, the Khazars behaved rather modestly, being part of various nomadic empires - longest of all the Turkic Khaganate. But by the middle of the century they grew stronger and bolder so much that they created their own state - the Khazar Khaganate, which was destined to exist for more than three centuries.
Ghost State
The Byzantine and Arab chronicles describe in all colors the greatness of Itil, the beauty of Semender and the power of Belenjer. True, one gets the feeling that the chroniclers only reflected the rumors circulating about the Khazar Kaganate. Thus, the anonymous author, as if retelling a legend, answers the Byzantine dignitary that there is a country called “al-Khazar”, which is separated from Constantinople by 15 days of travel, “but between them and us there are many nations, and their king’s name is Joseph.” Attempts by archaeologists to establish what the mysterious “Khazaria” was began to be actively undertaken in the 20-30s of the 20th century. But everything was unsuccessful. It turned out to be easiest to discover the Khazar fortress Sarkel (White Vezha), since its location was known relatively accurately. Professor Mikhail Artamonov managed to excavate Sarkel, but he could not find traces of the Khazars. “The archaeological culture of the Khazars themselves remains unknown,” the professor sadly stated and suggested continuing the search in the lower reaches of the Volga.
"Isinglass"
Russian Atlantis
Continuing Artamonov’s research, Lev Gumilev conducts his search for “Khazaria” on the unflooded islands of the Volga delta, but the list of finds attributed to the Khazar culture is small. Moreover, he was never able to find the legendary Itil. Then Gumilyov changes his strategy and conducts underwater reconnaissance near part of the Derbent wall, which goes into the Caspian Sea. What he discovered amazes him: where the sea now splashes, people lived and needed drinking water! Even the medieval Italian geographer Marina Sanuto noted that “The Caspian Sea is growing year by year, and many good cities already flooded." Gumilyov concludes that the Khazar state should be sought under the thickness sea water and sediments of the Volga delta. However, the attack came not only from the sea: a drought was approaching “Khazaria” from land, which completed what had been started by the Caspian.
Scattering
What nature failed to do, the Russian-Varangian squads accomplished, finally destroying the once powerful Khazar Khaganate and scattering its multinational composition around the world. Some of the refugees after Svyatoslav’s victorious campaign in 964 were met in Georgia by the Arab traveler Ibn Haukal. Modern researcher Stepan Golovin notes a very wide geography of settlement of the Khazars. In his opinion, “the Khazars of the delta mixed with the Mongols, and the Jews partly hid in the mountains of Dagestan, and partly moved back to Persia. Christian Alans survived in the mountains of Ossetia, and Turkic Khazars Christians moved to the Don in search of co-religionists.” Some studies show that the Christian Khazars, having merged with their Don co-religionists, subsequently began to be called “wanderers”, and later Cossacks. However, more credible are the conclusions according to which the bulk of the Khazars became part of the Volga Bulgaria. The 10th century Arab geographer Istakhri claims that “the language of the Bulgars is similar to the language of the Khazars.” These loved ones ethnic groups What they have in common is that they were the first to create their own states on the ruins of the Turkic Khaganate, which were headed by Turkic dynasties. But fate decreed that first the Khazars subjugated the Bulgars to their influence, and then they themselves joined the new state.
Unexpected descendants
At the moment, there are many versions about the descendant peoples of the Khazars. According to some, these are Eastern European Jews, others call them Crimean Karaites. But the difficulty is that we do not know what the Khazar language was: the few runic inscriptions have still not been deciphered.
Writer Arthur Koestler supports the idea that the Khazar Jews, having moved after the fall of the Khaganate to eastern Europe, became the core of the world Jewish diaspora. In his opinion, this confirms the fact that the descendants of the “Thirteenth Tribe” (as the writer called the Khazar Jews), being not of Semitic origin, ethnically and culturally have little in common with modern Jews of Israel.
Publicist Alexander Polyukh, in an attempt to identify the Khazar descendants, followed a completely unusual path. It is based on scientific findings, according to which the blood type corresponds to the way of life of the people and determines the ethnic group. Thus, Russians and Belarusians, like most Europeans, in his opinion, more than 90% have blood group I (O), and ethnic Ukrainians are 40% carriers of group III (B). Polyukh writes that group III (B) serves as a sign of peoples who led a nomadic lifestyle (where he includes the Khazars), for whom it approaches 100% of the population.
Further, the writer supports his conclusions with new archaeological finds of Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Valentin Yanin, who confirms that Kyiv at the time of its capture by the Novgorodians (IX century) was not a Slavic city, as evidenced by the “birch bark letters”. Also, according to Polyukh, the conquest of Kyiv and the defeat of the Khazars, carried out by Oleg, suspiciously coincide in terms of timing. Here he makes a sensational conclusion: Kyiv is the possible capital of the Khazar Kaganate, and ethnic Ukrainians are the direct descendants of the Khazars.
Latest finds
However, sensational conclusions may be premature. In the early 2000s, 40 kilometers south of Astrakhan, Russian archaeologists discovered “Khazar traces” during excavations in the medieval city of Saksin. A series of radiocarbon analyzes date the cultural layer to the 9th century - the heyday of the Khazar Khaganate. As soon as the settlement was outlined, its area was determined - two square kilometers. What large city besides Itil did the Khazars build in the Volga delta? Of course, it is too early to rush to conclusions, however, already now the pillars of Khazarology M. Artamonov and G. Fedorov-Davydov are almost sure that the capital of the Khazar Kaganate has been found. As for the Khazars, most likely they simply disappeared into the ethnoculture of neighboring peoples without leaving behind direct descendants.
A people who once lived in what is now southern Russia. Their origin is unknown with certainty. Konstantin Porphyrogenitus considers them Turks and translates the Khazar name of the city Sarkela - white hotel. Bayer and Lerberg also take them for Turks, but the word Sarkel is translated differently: the first is a white city, the second is a yellow city. The author of the article published in "Beytr ä ge zur Kenntniss Russlands" (I, 410) recognizes them as Hungarians; Fren attributes them to the Finnish tribe; Klaproth and Budygin consider them Voguls, the Arab writer Ibn el-Efir - Georgians, the geographer Shemeud-din-Dimeshki - Armenians, etc. There is an interesting letter from the Jew Hisdai (see Art. Jews), the treasury of one Arab sovereign in Spain, to the Khozar Kagan and the Kagan’s answer: the Kagan considers X. to be the descendants of Forgoma, from whom the Georgians and Armenians descend. The authenticity of this letter, however, is doubtful. Reliable information about the Khazars begins no earlier than the 2nd century AD, when they occupied the lands north of the Caucasus Mountains. Then their struggle with Armenia begins, mostly victorious, and lasts until the 4th century. With the invasion of the Huns, the Khazars disappeared from the eyes of history until the 6th century. At this time, they occupy a large area: in the east they border with the nomadic tribes of the Turkic tribe, in the north - with the Finns, in the west - with the Bulgarians; in the south their possessions reach the Araks. Freed from the Huns, the Khazars begin to strengthen and threaten neighboring peoples: in the VI century. the Persian king Kabad built a large rampart in the north of Shirvan, and his son Khozroi built a wall for the fence from the X. In the VII century. The Khazars occupied the territory of the Bulgarians, taking advantage of the discord among them after the death of King Krovat. From this century, X's relations with Byzantium began. The Khazar tribes posed a great danger to the latter: Byzantium had to give them gifts and even become related to them, which Constantine Porphyrogenitus took up arms against, advising them to fight the Khazars with the help of other barbarians - Alans and Guzes. Emperor Heraclius managed to win over the Khazars in his fight against the Persians. Nestor calls the Khazars white Ugrians. Justinian II, who married the sister of the Khazar Kagan, found refuge among the Khazar tribes on the Tauride Peninsula, in the former possessions of the Bulgarians. In 638, Caliph Omar conquered Persia and destroyed neighboring lands. Kh.'s attempt to counteract the conquest of the Arabs ended unsuccessfully: their capital Selinder was taken; Only the defeat of the Arabs on the banks of the Bolanjira River saved the Khazar country from complete devastation. In the 8th century Kh. waged an 80-year war with the caliphate, but had to (although later they attacked the lands of the caliphate) asked the Arabs for peace in 737, which was given to them under the condition of accepting Islam. Unsuccessful wars in the south were rewarded to some extent with successes in the north: around 894, the Khazars, in alliance with the Guzes, defeated the Pechenegs and Hungarians living north of the Tauride Peninsula; Even earlier, they subjugated the Dnieper Slavs and took from them “white from the smoke.”
Thus, in the 9th century. their possessions extended from the northern part of the Caucasus to the lands of the northerners and Radimichi, that is, to the banks of the Desna, Seim, Sula and Sozh rivers. In X century. their possessions expanded further, but death was already close. Russian state grew stronger and brought together the scattered Slavic tribes . Already Oleg collided with the Khazar Khaganate, subjugating some of the Khazar tributaries. In 966 (or 969) Svyatoslav Igorevich moved to Khozaria and won a complete victory in a decisive battle. Khazaria has fallen. The remnant of the Khozar people remained for some time between the Caspian Sea and the Caucasus Mountains, but then mixed with their neighbors. In Russian chronicles, the last reference to the Khozars was preserved in 1079, but the name Khozaryan is found in the 14th and even 15th centuries. when listing various servants of the Moscow princes. The Khazars, like the Bulgarians, were a semi-sedentary people. In winter, according to Ibn-Dast’s description, they lived in cities, and with the onset of spring they moved to the steppes. Their main city after the defeat of Selinder was Itil, which stood near the place where Astrakhan is now. The population of Khozaria was diverse and diverse. The head of state himself - the Kagan - accepted Judaism in the 18th century, according to Fotslan and Massudi, together with his governor and the “porphyry-born” - the boyars; the rest of the population professed partly Judaism, partly Islam, partly Christianity; There were also pagans. There is a legend (see "Acta Sanctorum", II, 12-15), accepted by Bestuzhev-Ryumin, that X. asked Emperor Michael for a preacher and that the latter sent St. Kirill. The Khazars' government and court were very original. Arab writers of the 10th century. they say that although the main power belonged to the kagan, it was not he who ruled, but his governor, the infantry (running?); Kagan, in all likelihood, had only religious significance. When the new governor came to the Kagan, the latter threw a silk noose around his neck and asked the half-choked “infantry” how many years he thought of ruling. If he did not die by the time appointed by him, then he was killed. The Kagan lived completely secluded in his palace, with 25 wives and 60 concubines, surrounded by a court of “porphyry-born” and significant guards. He showed himself to people once every 4 months. Access to it was open to the “infantry” and some other dignitaries. After the death of the Kagan, they tried to hide the place of his burial. The Khazar army was numerous and consisted of a permanent detachment and militia. The "infantry" commanded him. For the trial, the Khazars had 9 (according to Ibn-Fotslan) or 7 (according to Gaukal and Massudi) husbands: two were judged according to Jewish law, two - according to Mohammedan law, two - according to the Gospel, one was appointed for the Slavs, Rus and other pagans. Trade in the Khazar Kaganate was transit: they received goods from Rus' and Bulgaria and sent them across the Caspian Sea; expensive goods came to them from Greece, from the southern shores of the Caspian Sea and the Caucasus. Khazeran, one of the parts of Itil, was a storage place for goods. State revenues were made up of travel duties, tithes from goods brought in dry and by waterways, and taxes sent in kind. The Khazars did not have their own coins.
Literature. Fran, "Veteres memoriae Chazarorum" ("Mem. de l"Acad. Sciences", VIII, 1822); Thunmann, "Unters. über die Geschichte der östl. Europ. Vö lker" (trans. Pogodin, "Western Europe", 1823); Evers, "Krit. Vorarbeiten" (translated by Pogodin, "Northern Arch.", 1838); Khvolson, "News about the Khazars, Burtases, Magyars, Slavs and Russians - Ibn-Dasta" (St. Petersburg, 1869); Sum, "Ist. once. about the Khazars" ("Read in "General History", year 2, book 3); V.V. Grigoriev, "Review of the political history of Khazaria" ("Son of the Fatherland." and "Northern Archives", 1835, 17); "About X's mode of government." ("J. M. N. Pr.", 3 books); D. Yazykov, “Experience in the history of Khazaria” (“Proceedings of the Russian Academy of Sciences,” I); B. A. Dorn, “News about Khazaria, eastern source Tabori” (J. M. N. Pr., 1844, book 7); “Historical collection” by Valuev and “Readings in General History,” year 2, 6 (letter from Hisdai and the Kagan’s response in translations by K. Kossovich and Gartenstein). For more detailed instructions, see D. Yazykov.
Today I had an extra movie. I see a newspaper with color photographs, a modern newspaper, an ordinary one, well, “ Russian newspaper", For example. I start reading, and I can’t understand in any way what language it is written in. On the front page there is a photo of Erdogan, and the caption to it and the text of the article are written in a letter unknown to me. This is neither Georgian nor Armenian. Not Hebrew or hieroglyphs. Looks more like runic writing, but I've never seen one like this before. I ask: “What language is the newspaper in?” The answer sounds in my head: - “Khazar”.
What nonsense. I “turned over” so much material in search of material evidence of the existence of Khazaria, and became convinced that reliable information about the Khazar writing simply does not exist.
In the morning, over a cup of coffee, I come across an unsolved crossword puzzle that my wife “tormented” last night, and in the most prominent place I come across the question “Prophetic Avenger of the Khazars,” with four letters. “Oleg” - written in the boxes by his wife’s hand. I haven’t forgotten the school curriculum yet. And then I remember my vision, and how I was scalded with boiling water. A sign, though. You need to think. And this is what my thoughts led to.
What do we even know about Khazaria? Even if you take a quick mental look at known facts, and even then very serious doubts arise about the existence of the Khazar Kaganate in the form as it was discussed in textbooks. Everything, absolutely everything that is known to the average citizen on this issue is based on one paragraph from a textbook, and the map of “ancient Khazaria” imprinted in the memory, which someone completely arbitrarily painted over modern map one color.
Today, this version of the presence of the Kaganate on the territory of modern Russia is actively exaggerated by those who are sure that the Jews want to “chop off” from Russia its ancestral lands under the guise of restitution. In general, the concerns are fair. They “chopped off” Palestine only on the basis that some kind of Jehovah promised them this land as their property, and no one except the Jews themselves ever knew about this promise.
Moreover, what is actually happening now is completely consistent with these plans. Even if there are no plans, Jewish expansion is beyond doubt for a sane person. It is forbidden to talk about it in “independent” Russian media, but there is no escaping the facts. Plans for the construction of “New Khazaria” are being implemented before our eyes.
But today we have a different task. It is necessary to understand how information about the Khazar Kaganate appeared in world history. We won’t touch Pushkin, he died just recently, and it’s unlikely he knew the truth about how everything really happened. What other sources do we have? Again, everything comes down to “The Tale of Bygone Years,” or rather its Radzivilov list, which today only the President of the Academy of Sciences of the Russian Federation believes, probably, and even then I doubt it.
The Cambridge Document, or otherwise Schechter's letter (named after the discoverer. Who would doubt it! A Kyrgyz could not have found a document of such importance.) is a manuscript in Hebrew. Contains a fragment of a letter from an unnamed Jew, a subject of the Khazar king Joseph, to an unnamed gentleman from a Mediterranean country. One of two (along with King Joseph's letter) written monuments of Khazar origin.
The author at the time of writing was in Constantinople (Remember this important point!). The addressee of the letter from high degree Probably the Cordovan dignitary Hasdai ibn Shaprut, who collected information about Khazaria. The time of writing can be dated to around 949.
The letter contains unique information on the history and religion of the Khazars, the resettlement of Jews to Khazaria, and the activities of the last three Khazar kings: Benjamin, Aaron and Joseph. Of particular interest is the story about the author’s contemporary Russian-Khazar-Byzantine war in the Black Sea region, where the Russian leader is named H-l-g-w, which conveys the exact Scandinavian form of the name Oleg.
Is the mention coincidental? Prophetic Oleg in Schechter's letter? Of course not. The one who falsified this “document” was definitely familiar with the work of A.S. Pushkin, and so that no one would doubt that the letter was genuine, I could not resist the temptation to mention Oleg in it. Probably on the eve of the First World War, it looked quite convincing, but not today.
There is another “convincing” document... Consisting of as much... From one phrase in “ancient Khazar”:
Allegedly, it was a Khazar official - the censor who signed the Kyiv charter. The inscription was translated as “I READ THIS.” And can we take this seriously?
So... What else do we have besides the works of historians of the 19th and 20th centuries? Yeah! Probably, as in the cases of ancient civilization, Sumerian or Egyptian, coins, brooches, jugs and rings with inscriptions in the Khazar language remained on the territory of ancient Khazaria? Pipes! All archaeological finds in this region have clear signs of belonging to the Scythian and Sarmatian culture. This suggests that not only were there never Jews here, but the Polovtsians and Pechenegs were not Turks, but the same Slavs as the sedentary inhabitants around them.
Look at the scam I discovered on Wikipedia. In the article about Khazaria there is a reference to a certain treasure with Khazar treasures:
The discoverer of this masterpiece, as one might expect, is again not Ivanov. Click on the link to find out what Comrade Finkelstein found there. And for some reason we end up on an English-language article on Wikipedia. Okay, let's not be lazy, click on the page forward, and we get...
This is what the Jews themselves call chutzpah. Proving the existence of the Khazar material culture in Kuban, they refer to the Bulgarian Tsar! Unprecedented impudence!
Okay... What else do we have Khazar? Without a doubt, in the wake of Ukrainian events, a little bauble, which was previously known only to specialists, mainly in the field of customs law, became widely known to everyone. This is tamga.
People don’t understand what tamga is, and they think that it’s Hebrew, Khazar money. In some ways they are right, since the word “money” itself is derived from “tamga”. What is tamga?
Tamga is the seal that the publican put on bags of goods on which the carriage duty was paid, so that at the next outpost the merchant would not be charged a second customs duty - tamga. Thus, tamga is not coins, and not these pendants with tridents, but actually paid customs duties, no matter in what currency, they were often paid in kind as a percentage of the transported goods. You are carrying ten jugs of oil, you gave one to customs, and the other nine received a “tamga” stamp.
From the word “tamga” the word “customs” arose (the place where tamzhat - they collect tamga). And in Ukrainian, Belarusian, Polish and some other languages, another name was fixed - “mytnya” (mitnya, mitnitsa), after the name of the tax collectors - tax collectors.
But it is logical that the publican’s seal was periodically changed in order to avoid forgeries. Merchants have always been cunning, and they could stick as many fraudulent seals on customs goods as they wanted. And if so, then the types of tamga - the seal were visible - invisible. But modern professors explain this issue in their own way, so as to stretch the facts so that everyone believes in the existence of the Khazaria, and they explain such diversity by the fact that each “Khazar” had his own ancestral tamga... Oh, it’s not even funny.
I don’t know who first launched the “canard” that the picture above shows Khazar tamga money. I only know that such signs with a trident were previously called “dshchitsy”, and served as a mandate, visa, and safe conduct. Marco Polo writes about this in his book “On the Diversity of the World.”
Here again it is necessary to clarify. Brothers, this is the father and uncle of Marco Polo; Marco himself was still a boy while traveling through Great Tartary.
So here it is. The table is not a table at all, but a table. The travelers came to the Great Khan of Tartary (today he would be called the President of Russia), and he gave them a personal medal, a tablet with his personal seal - a diving falcon. This is NOT tamga. This is a talisman confirming that foreigners travel with his personal permission, and the bearers of this enjoy immunity. Having presented the document to the khans and princes (in our opinion, governors and heads of regions) of the provinces through which the route of the Veneti (Apennine Slavs), also known as Venetians, lay, travelers could count on all possible assistance. Security, assistance, and even provision of provisions and pit horses.
The guards also differed in the metal from which they were minted. Gold ones gave maximum powers, silver ones gave the owner less rights, and iron ones were given to many service people. More recently, archaeologists in Yaroslavl discovered a piece of clothing that supposedly belonged to Alexander Nevsky himself. So much for the debate about the “Mongol-Tatar yoke.” The fact that the President vests the governor with local powers with a certificate is not considered a yoke now. And historians call the fact that Nevsky went to the Great Khan to get a title (label) almost a betrayal of the prince!
But the fact that the Kiev Prince Vladimir minted coins with the seal of the Great Khan most likely indicates that he received permission to mint his own Kyiv coins from the Great Khan of Tartaria himself. Who was there before Chingiz? And Javan himself! Son of Japeth, grandson of Noah.
Although by blood he was most likely a Jew. The son of the Jewish housekeeper Malushka (Malka, Malanya) could not be Russian; among Jews, kinship is transmitted through the mother. His portrait is more than eloquent.
The surnames Malakhov, Malkov, Malkin, and their derivatives were borne only by Jews in Russia.
And he took the “Christian” faith again from... Constantinople. Remember at the beginning of the note I drew attention to the fact that the “Cambridge” document was written in Constantinople? Now I again draw attention to the fact that Prince Oleg, who went down in history as the first fighter against the Khazar ghouls, and even suffered death from them, nailed his shield to the gates of Constantinople. Now the question is: why did he kill the Khazars and hang up a shield for the Byzantines?
Well, onwards. There is no Khazar language, no household items, no tools, no weapons, no documents, maybe on the maps somewhere? And with that big problems. Cartography during the period to which the existence of Khazaria is attributed (650-969) was in its infancy. I have a map, presumably from the eighth century, and it has a lot of interesting details, but there is no hint of Khazaria.
This is a fragment of Claudius' map; to view it in its entirety, click on the image.
The island in Azov has long been gone. The Riphean mountains have turned into Northern ridges, and they are not observed at all on the territory of Ukraine. The Volga is quite recognizable. Both the Kuban and Don rivers are indicated quite accurately. Two other rivers nearby are also quite identifiable, only now they have become very shallow, and are called Mius and Kagalnik. Ta-Dam!! KAGALNIK. So there was a Kaganate!
And who says that it wasn’t? Prince Vladimir, among other titles, was also Kagan! But this does not mean at all that at the end of the tenth century the Khagans were Jewish kings. In the Bible, the Jews simply have kings, or am I wrong?
Yeah! Tell me how to deal with Jewish surnames Kogan, Koganovich, Cohen and Hogan? And the answer is right before your eyes. Kogan is spelled with an “O”, and Kagan with an “A”. and It is not the result of linguistic transformation. Because from Persian, “Khazar” (هَزَارْ, hâzâr) means “thousand”, and “Kagan” most likely also has a Persian (Farsi) etymology.The words “Caesar” and “king”, according to A. Rona-Tash, appeared precisely from the word hâzâr. Why not? And Kogan is the surname of Ashkenazis - German and Polish Jews, and it means... Lyubimov. In Ukrainian, even now, “love” is “kohannya”.
Theater director Yuri Lyubimov is also an Ashkenazi, and his parents probably became his favorites when they received Soviet passports. At that time, all the kohans (kohans) became favorites, and the tsukermans became sugar ones.
Ask why I was looking for the etymology of “Khazar” in Farsi? It's that simple. The Khazar tribes still live in northern Iran, i.e. in Persia, and this is what they look like:
And you want to say that these are Jews? No, guys are democrats... Of course, the Khazars existed and did not disappear anywhere. As they were a small nation, they remained so. And no Jewish empire called the “Khazar Kaganate” has ever existed in the territory occupied by modern Russia. This is confidently confirmed by DNA genealogy studies. If only three hundred extra years Jews ruled Sarmatia, how did it happen that in the blood of the modern original inhabitants of Kuban and North Caucasus no traces of Jewish chromosomes left? There is no way this can happen. We have neither Mongolian nor Jewish traces. Consequently, the “Jewish Kaganate” is the same fiction as the “Mongol yoke.”
The Khazars could live in the Kuban, and their princes could be called Khagans, but they were not Jews, but the same Slavs, only their language was Persian or Arabic, like the Pechenegs and Polovtsians. And they could periodically plunder the settlements of the Northern Slavs, but no one paid them tribute for sure. And Vladimir added the post of Kagan to his titles, most likely because he became the ruler of the Khazars. This is a common practice of monarchs; with each new subject of the federation, a new title was added.
Here Ivan the Terrible went on a business trip to Pleskavia and Novgorod, and immediately became, in addition to his previous specialties, the Prince of Pskov and the Prince of Novgorod. So does Vladimir. Isn't this normal?
In general, we have a retreat on all fronts. No tongue. There is no writing, no artifacts, no maps, nothing. There is not a single clue that gives a reasonable reason to assume the existence of a Jewish empire in the Kuban and northern Caucasus. Maybe there are legends about the famous Khazar Khagans, or military leaders? Eat. Kagan Bulan, supposedly the founder of the Khazar empire, but we also know about him from the false Radzivilov list.
What other Presidents of Khazaria have we heard about? Chanukah and Passover were also supposedly Khazar leaders. Well, I don’t know what to say. Purim is just not enough. And besides them they remember Joseph and Aaron. But where did they rule? In Constantinople. Those. in Constantinople. In Byzantium. Again, all roads lead to Istanbul. Accidentally? No, I don't think so. The true Jewish state was Byzantium. And true Jewish culture is Christianity with all the attributes now attributed to Byzantium. Well, it was necessary to fill in the 1000 years missing in history with something?
Jews have been unsuccessfully searching for traces of their culture in Palestine and the Kuban for 150 years, and cannot find anything. Why? Yes, because they themselves were treated like suckers. They told tales about “ancient Judea” and convinced them that their culture was special, unlike anything else, and in fact, Jerusalem was Byzantium. And Jesus is the prophet Isa, aka Yusha, who came from the east and began to teach wisdom to the Jews who were mired in depravity.
And they fled not from Egypt, but from the Bosporus to Europe. They fled from the Ottomans. That is why Arab and Jewish genes were so intertwined in Asia Minor. This is where it all comes together.
And Fomenko’s version that Jerusalem is Constantinople, and Jesus was crucified on the shore of the Bosporus Strait, is fully confirmed.
And the tomb of Jesus still exists in the suburbs of Istanbul, on Beykos Hill, which in the Bible bears the name of Golgotha.
Painting from the 17th century. "The rest of the inhabitants of Constantinople at the tomb of Saint Jesus." In the perspective are the ruins of the Yoros fortress. This is the real Jerusalem.
And this is how Beykos and Jerusalem look today. View from the grave of Isa Khazarin (Yushi Khazar).
The Latin version of the Bible of the 15th century contains references to the fact that Jesus was executed on the Bosporus in the area where biblical Jerusalem was located:
“Obadiah 1:20 et transmigratio exercitus huius filiorum Israhel omnia Chananeorum usque ad Saraptham et transmigratio Hierusalem quae in Bosforoest possidebit civitates austri..."
The Ostrog Bible preserves a description of the weather in the area in which Jerusalem was supposedly located, and it has nothing in common with the desert climate of today’s Jerusalem. It talks about cold, rainy and snowy weather! Under Empress Catherine, this was removed and they wrote that it was simply very cold. And then this paragraph was removed altogether.
This is what Jesus' tomb looks like today:
On the sign at the entrance there is the inscription: Нz. YUSA (Khazreti - Saint Yusha), and next to it are signs with quotes from the Koran. For the uninitiated, it is worth explaining that in Islam, Yusha - Isa (Jesus) is highly revered as someone who endured suffering for his faith. His name is mentioned in the Holy Book of Muslims over 100 times!
The famous old Russian text “The Walking of Abbot Daniel” contains a description of the Gospel Jerusalem.
In the modern Russian translation, a fragment of this text sounds like this:
“The Crucifixion of the Lord is located on the east side ON A STONE. It was high, HIGHER THAN A COPY. THAT STONE WAS ROUND, LIKE A SMALL SILL.
AND IN THE MIDDLE OF THAT STONE, AT THE VERY TOP, THERE IS A HOLE CARVED ABOUT AN ELBOW DEPTH, AND LESS THAN A SPATH WIDE IN THE CIRCLE (in the perimeter). THE CROSS OF THE LORD WAS PLACED HERE.
In the ground, under that stone, lies the head of the primordial Adam... And that stone broke apart over Adam's head... AND THERE IS THIS CRAFT ON THE STONE TO THIS DAY... THE CRUCIFIX OF THE LORD AND THAT HOLY STONE ARE SURROUNDED WITH A WALL... OF DOORS THE SAME (IN THE WALL) TWO."
This description by Daniel of the site of Christ's crucifixion corresponds perfectly to what we see today on Mount Beykos on the outskirts of Istanbul. Namely, a round stone like a small slide with a hole at the very top, in the center. There is a crack in this stone.
Now attention! In Turkish, “Saint Yusha” sounds like “Hazreti Yusa”. HAZRETI is... A NAZORITE? Slavic letter N and Latin H are written the same, but read differently: one as N, and the other as X. So “N” and “X” could turn into each other, and from the word NAZORITE could get HAZORITE or HAZRETI.
Those. Yusha (Jesus) was not any “Nazarene”; he was not from Nazareth, but from Khazaria. Then everything comes together. In the Bible it is so funny that it is written that the Magi saw a star in the EAST, and followed it, found a baby, brought him gifts, etc. But the Bible also says that the Magi came from the EAST with gifts. Prrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr Stop Zorka! They saw a star in the EAST and went to the EAST, but came again from the EAST. How is that?
Aw! Christians, who can tell where the Magi came from and where they were going? Everything falls into place if in Constantinople they saw a star that lit up in the east, and so it was, this is a supernova outbreak, the Crab Nebula, which happened in the first half of the 12th century. And then, 33 years later, Yusha came from the east. Who differed from the Byzantines in that he cut through the truth.
He went into Christian churches and drove out priests selling candles and Cahors. And from the doors of the temples he drove away the moneylenders sitting on banks (folding chairs), who gave money at interest. Bankers sitting on banks is an original Jewish business, isn't it?
"In the summer of 5500, the eternal king, the Lord our God Jesus Christ, was born in the flesh on the 25th day of December. The circle of the Sun was then 13, the Moon was 10, the index of the 15th, on the day of the week at the 7th hour of the day"(Palea, sheet 275, verso).
“The third kingdom of Tiberius of Caesar. In the summer of August 5515, the Caesars took over the kingdom of Tivirius, son of the Caulians, and reigned in Rome for 23 years. With this, the great coward was quick and ruined, 13 degrees even the earth was crushed. At the age of 15, Christ FROM IVAN IN THE JORDAN RECE, 30 years of age in the month of Genvar on the 6th day at the 7th hour days of indictment 15 circle of the Sun 3 ring fingers. And from that time I chose a disciple for myself, 12, and began to work miracles, and after baptism he was on earth 3 years until his holy passion. With this Tivirius there was both the SAVED PASSION and the RESURRECTION of our Lord Jesus Christ. Years in the 18th year of the kingdom of Tiviri, our Lord Jesus Christ suffered for salvation for man in the year 5530 March on the 30th day, on Friday at the 6th hour of the day, indict 3, circle of the Sun 7, Moon 14, and Easter to the Jew"(Palea, sheet 256, verso, sheet 257).
And then, when the Muslims learned about what the Jews had done to their beloved prophet Isa, they went to war against Jerusalem - Constantinople, and they coddled everyone who participated in earnest, as they know how. But most of the bankers managed to collect 40 tons of gold, and fled to Spain - Iberia, and the Rhine. The first became Sephardim, the second Ashkenazi. Now do we understand the roots of the mutual hatred of Jews and Arabs, which smolders at the genetic level?
This is probably not all I wanted to say about the Khazars. Yes, definitely not everything. But this is not a scientific work, not a dissertation, just thoughts. To put an end to a matter that can only be stopped, but not completed, I will express a couple more thoughts.
It seems to me that modern Cossacks are also Khazars. It’s not for nothing that people called them “barracks”! And the northern goose, the goose, also got its name from the Khazars. And the hussars are also Cossacks - Khazars. Agile, sharp, tough, born warriors who were the first to domesticate horses.
And no moneylenders.
P.S. Incredible but true. I had just posted a note when I “accidentally” came across a picture with a font that I instantly recognized! Rune hieroglyphs from a newspaper with a photo of Erdogan in my extra film!
Do you know what this “doodle” is?
This is Mongolian writing! That's what it is!