East Slavic union of tribes living in the basin of the upper and middle reaches of the Oka and along the Moscow River. The settlement of the Vyatichi occurred from the territory of the Dnieper left bank or from the upper reaches of the Dniester. The substrate of the Vyatichi was the local Baltic population. The Vyatichi retained pagan beliefs longer than other Slavic tribes and resisted influence Kyiv princes. Disobedience and belligerence - business card Vyatichi tribe.
Tribal Union Eastern Slavs 6-11 centuries. They lived in the territories of what are now Vitebsk, Mogilev, Pskov, Bryansk and Smolensk regions, as well as eastern Latvia. They were formed on the basis of the incoming Slavic and local Baltic population - Tushemlinskaya culture. The ethnogenesis of the Krivichi involved the remnants of local Finno-Ugric and Baltic tribes - Estonians, Livs, Latgalians - who mixed with the numerous newcomer Slavic population. The Krivichi are divided into two large groups: Pskov and Polotsk-Smolensk. In the culture of the Polotsk-Smolensk Krivichi, along with Slavic elements of decoration, there are elements of the Baltic type.
Slovenian Ilmenskie- tribal union of Eastern Slavs in the territory Novgorod land, mainly in the lands near Lake Ilmen, adjacent to the Krivichi. According to the Tale of Bygone Years, the Ilmen Slovenes, together with the Krivichi, Chud and Meri, participated in the calling of the Varangians, who were related to the Slovenes - immigrants from the Baltic Pomerania. A number of historians consider the ancestral home of the Slovenes to be the Dnieper region, others trace the ancestors of the Ilmen Slovenes from the Baltic Pomerania, since the legends, beliefs and customs, the type of dwellings of the Novgorodians and Polabian Slavs are very similar.
Duleby- tribal union of the Eastern Slavs. They inhabited the territories of the Bug River basin and the right tributaries of the Pripyat. In the 10th century the association of Dulebs disintegrated, and their lands became part of Kievan Rus.
Volynians- an East Slavic union of tribes that lived on the territory on both banks of the Western Bug and at the source of the river. Pripyat. In Russian chronicles, Volynians were first mentioned in 907. In the 10th century, the Vladimir-Volyn principality was formed on the lands of the Volynians.
Drevlyans- East Slavic tribal union, which occupied in the 6th-10th centuries. the territory of Polesie, the Right Bank of the Dnieper, west of the glades, along the rivers Teterev, Uzh, Ubort, Stviga. The area of residence of the Drevlyans corresponds to the area of the Luka-Raykovets culture. The name Drevlyans was given to them because they lived in forests.
Dregovichi- tribal union of the Eastern Slavs. The exact boundaries of the habitat of Dregovichi have not yet been established. According to a number of researchers, in the 6th-9th centuries the Dregovichi occupied territory in the middle part of the Pripyat River basin, in the 11th - 12th centuries the southern border of their settlement ran south of Pripyat, the northwestern - in the watershed of the Drut and Berezina rivers, the western - in the upper reaches of the Neman River . When settling Belarus, the Dregovichi moved from south to north to the Neman River, which indicates their southern origin.
Polotsk residents- a Slavic tribe, part of the tribal union of the Krivichi, who lived along the banks of the Dvina River and its tributary Polota, from which they got their name.
The center of the Polotsk land was the city of Polotsk.
Glade- a tribal union of Eastern Slavs who lived on the Dnieper, in the area of modern Kyiv. The very origin of the glades remains unclear, since the territory of their settlement was at the junction of several archaeological cultures.
Radimichi- an East Slavic union of tribes that lived in the eastern part of the Upper Dnieper region, along the Sozh River and its tributaries in the 8th-9th centuries. Convenient river routes passed through the lands of the Radimichi, connecting them with Kiev. The Radimichi and Vyatichi had a similar burial rite - the ashes were buried in a log house - and similar female temple jewelry (temporal rings) - seven-rayed (among the Vyatichi - seven-paste). Archaeologists and linguists suggest that in the creation material culture The Radimichi tribes also participated in the Baltic tribes living in the upper reaches of the Dnieper.
Northerners- an East Slavic union of tribes that lived in the 9th-10th centuries along the Desna, Seim and Sula rivers. The origin of the name northerners is of Scythian-Sarmatian origin and is traced back to the Iranian word “black”, which is confirmed by the name of the city of northerners - Chernigov. The main occupation of the northerners was agriculture.
Tivertsy- an East Slavic tribe that settled in the 9th century in the area between the Dniester and Prut rivers, as well as the Danube, including along the Budjak coast of the Black Sea in the territory of modern Moldova and Ukraine.
Ulichi- East Slavic tribal union that existed in the 9th - 10th centuries. The Ulichi lived in the lower reaches of the Dnieper, Bug and on the shores of the Black Sea. The center of the tribal union was the city of Peresechen. The Ulichi for a long time resisted the attempts of the Kyiv princes to subjugate them to their power.
Lecture: Peoples and ancient states on Russian territory. East Slavic tribes and their neighbors
East Slavic tribes and their neighbors
Slavic languages belong to the world's most widespread Indo-European language. language family. Therefore, the basis for the formation of the Slavs and others European peoples(Latvians, Lithuanians, Germans, Greeks, Iranians, etc.) became an ancient Indo-European community. According to one version, it was located in the north of Asia Minor (modern Türkiye). From there, at the turn of the 4th-3rd millennium BC. the resettlement of modern Europeans, including Slavs, began.
The ethnogenesis of the Slavs is the subject of scientific debate. Previously, it was believed that the Slavs came from the Danube, but modern researchers claim that the ancestral home of the Slavs is between the Vistula and Odra rivers. Here the settlement of Slavic tribes to the east and south began ( Balkan Peninsula). The first mentions of nationalities on the territory of Russia date back to the Bronze Age. In the Bible, historical documents Ancient Greece and the works of Herodotus are mentioned Cimmerians- a union of tribes living on the Crimean Peninsula and the northern parts of the Black Sea region.
In the Northern Black Sea region of the 7th-6th centuries. BC e. Great colonization of the Greeks to the west began. As a result, many city-states of Chersonesus (Sevastopol), Feodosia, Panticapaeum, Fanagria, Olvia, etc. were founded. They were the center of trade in fish, bread, livestock and slaves. In 480 BC. e. Panticapaeum (current name - Kerch) became the capital of the Bosporan Kingdom - a powerful Greek-barbarian state. At the same time, Iranian-speaking tribes came to the steppe shores of the Black Sea - Scythians. Their main occupation was cattle breeding, agriculture and crafts. Over time, until the 4th century AD. they settled throughout the northern Black Sea region, from the Danube to the Don. Their structure of life is also described by Herodotus. Later they came to these lands Sarmatians, they conquered most of their lands from the Scythians and occupied them with their settlements.
During Great Migration in the IV-VII centuries. n. e. The Northern Black Sea region is becoming a kind of main route for the movement of peoples from east to west. The hegemony of the Sarmatians in the Black Sea steppes passed to those who came from the Baltic gotham who came from Germanic tribes. Goths in the 4th century AD created the first known state in Europe - Oium. Which was soon destroyed by the Huns. The Huns were a nomadic people, living in the area from the Volga to the Danube. They defeated the Roman cities of the Black Sea region and undermined the prosperity of the Slavs of the Middle Dnieper region, depriving them of the opportunity to export grain. The Huns reached their maximum power during the reign of leader Attila in the 5th century, and were even able to form a state. But after Attila's death, due to internecine wars Between the heirs and other leaders, the state quickly fell apart, the Huns went beyond the Dnieper. And the Slavs moved to their place and invaded the Balkan Peninsula en masse.
As a result of the Great Migration of Peoples, the single Slavic community split into three branches: Western, Southern and Eastern Slavs, who in our time are represented by the following peoples:
- Western Slavs (Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Lusatian Serbs);
- South Slavs (Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats, Macedonians, Slovenes, Montenegrins, Bosnian Muslims);
- Eastern Slavs (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians).
They settled in the territories of Central, Eastern and South- of Eastern Europe.
All Slavic tribes occupied a significant part of the territory of the East European Plain. The Eastern Slavs settled in the west, starting from the Carpathians and to the northern territories of the Dnieper in the east, from Lake Ladoga in the north to the Middle Dnieper region in the south. The names of the tribes are associated with their habitat (glades - field, Drevlyans - tree - forests, Dregovichi - dryagva - swamp). The largest in terms of population and area were Polyana and Sloven.
Neighbors of the East Slavic tribes
The neighbors of the Slavs were not very numerous Finno-Ugric and Baltic tribes. In the north they neighbored the peoples of the Finno-Ugric group: Ves, Merya, Muroma, Chud, Mordovians, Mari. The East Slavic tribes were more numerous and more developed, so many neighboring tribes became part of them. But not only the Slavs taught their neighbors, the Finno-Ugric tribes instilled in the Slavs many of their beliefs, just like the Baltic ones.
Nestor's "Tale of Bygone Years" preserved the news of the "torture" of the Slavic tribes by the "images". We are talking about Avarah- nomadic people of Central Asian origin. Which in the VI century. AD moved to Central Europe, creating their own state, the Avar Khaganate (in the territory of present-day Hungary). This state controlled all of Eastern Europe, including the Slavic lands. To protect themselves from the constant raids of the Avars, the Slavs began to make weapons, and men gathered a militia. At the end of the 8th century. The Avar state was destroyed by Hungarian troops.
Another neighboring nomadic tribe is the Khazars. They came in the 7th century. also from Asia, settled in the south of the Volga. Where the largest state in Eastern Europe was formed - Khazar Khaganate(including the northern territories of the Black Sea region, Crimean peninsula, North Caucasus, Lower Volga and Caspian region). Under oppression and constant raids, the Slavs living on the steppes had to pay them tribute, mainly in furs. True, the Khazar state allowed the Slavs to trade along the Volga trade route. Destroyed in the 10th century by the Russian army.
The Varangians played an important role in the life of the Eastern Slavs. The most important trade route that connected Scandinavia and Byzantium passed through the territory of the Eastern Slavs. In addition to economic influence, northern neighbors also had political influence. The Norman theory states that it was people from Scandinavia who gave the Eastern Slavs statehood. In the life of the Slavs, the role of Byzantium, which was one of the largest trade, economic, cultural and religious centers of the 9th century, was also great.
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Territory of settlement of the Eastern Slavs
Representatives of the official historical science argue that the settlement of the East European Plain by tribes that can be classified as Slavic groups occurred in waves. Thus, the colonization of these territories occurred both in the form of one-time resettlement of tribal groups, and through the gradual resettlement of individual families and clans.
At the same time, unlike Western and southern directions colonization of Slavic tribes, the development of territories (mostly forest areas) by the Eastern Slavs, according to the research of modern historians, took place quite peacefully, without typical military conflicts with the Baltic population and local residents. It is worth noting that the main enemy in these places was not an aggressive human enemy, but dense, deserted forests. Thus, the forest part of the future Slavic territories tribes had to settle, not conquer.
But in the southern lands, forest-steppe regions, the Slavic tribes encountered not the people living there, but aggressive nomadic hordes.
The author of one of the most significant and popular chronicles in the world, “The Tale of Bygone Years,” in his story about the beginning of Rus', notes several East Slavic tribes that settled in the second half of the first millennium in the territories located between the Black and Baltic seas. Among these tribes, Nestor identifies: Drevlyans, Polyans, as well as Tiverts, Glitches, Northerners, White Croats, Buzhans or Volynians (remains of the Duleb tribes), Slovenians, Krivichi, Vyatichi, Radimichi, Dregovich, Drevlyans.
Most of the listed tribes are known to many medieval authors under their proper names. For example, Konstantin Porphyrogenitus describes the life of the Drevlyans, Lendzians (here, most likely, immigrants from the area of modern Lodz are meant), Slovenians, as well as Krivichi and.
Researchers note that the bulk of the East Slavic tribes, which settled throughout the territory of the future Old Slavic state, belonged to the “Sklavenskaya” branch of the Slavs. The only exceptions were, perhaps, the northerners, Tivertsy and Uglich.
Also, it is worth noting that those Slavic tribes that at one time colonized Western European territories and the Balkans sometimes participated in the settlement of Russian territories. This is confirmed by numerous items that were found as a result archaeological excavations in the forest zone of Eastern Europe. First of all, historians include lunar temple rings among such objects, the origin of which is closely connected with the Middle Danube lands, where these objects acted as popular decorations of local Slavic tribes - Croats, Smolensk, Northerners and Droguvites.
The actual advancement of the bearers of the described lunar rings is most often associated with popularity in folklore, in which historical period, the “Danube theme”, which was transmitted in the form of epics.
The Danube River and the surrounding territories, in which the Slavic tribes realized their identity and ethnic independence, are forever imprinted in popular Slavic memory as the cradle of a single people.
Thus, some modern scientists propose to consider the text about the settlement of the Slavs from the banks of the Danube along European territories, not as a literary or scientific version, but as a pre-chronicle folk tradition, established in people's memory for many years.
Map of the settlement of the Eastern Slavs
Having studied the map of the settlement of the Eastern Slavs, one can notice that the Slavic tribes were especially attracted to rivers, and mention of the inhabitants of these territories as “river” people is found among Byzantine writers of the sixth century. This is evidenced by the “Tale of Bygone Years” we examined.
Actually, general outlines The settlement of this ethnic group, as a rule, completely corresponds to the lines of river channels. According to the same chronicle of Nestor, the Polyan tribe settled on the lands of the middle Dnieper, the Drevlyans settled along the banks of the Pripyat River, the Dregovich tribe neighbored the Drevlyans in the north, the Buzhans lived to the west of the glades, the northerners lived to the east of the Polyan tribe, whose neighbors in the north were rodimichi. The author moves furthest away from the Vyatichi, who settled in the upper reaches of the Oka. The Krivichi settled along the Western Dvina, Volga and Dnieper, and the so-called Ilmen Slavs settled near Lake Ilmen.
Procopius of Caesarea and various Arab sources report the settlement of the Eastern Slavs even further - into the Don basin. At the same time, apparently, they were not able to gain a foothold there for long. So, in the eleventh – twelfth centuries, during the creation of the “Tale of Bygone Years,” they were under the rule of nomadic tribes, and the memory that the Slavs once lived there was lost.
Table on the topic: Settlement of the Eastern Slavs
As are the ages, so are the people.
Russian proverb
Lesson objectives: Understand what qualitative changes occurred in the life of the Slavs in the 6th–7th centuries; be able to determine the territory of the ancient Slavs on a map; be able to characterize the features of classes; relations with neighboring tribes and peoples, the general level of socio-economic development.
Lesson plan:
- Slavic tribes.
- Settlement of East Slavic tribes.
- Classes. Development of the economy of the Eastern Slavs
Basic concepts: tribal unions, tribal community, neighboring community, the path “from the Varangians to the Greeks”
During the classes
I. Frontal conversation on the main issues of the topic of the previous lesson
II. Learning new material
Teacher's explanation.
The first mention of the Slavs dates back to the 1st–2nd centuries AD. Tacitus, Pliny, Ptolemy report that the Slavs inhabited the Vistula basin.
So, briefly, the essence of the problem of the origin of the Slavs can be reduced to the following provisions:
- Slavs are the indigenous population of Eastern Europe. They have a single root and date back to the earliest stages of the formation of the Indo-European community and are an integral part of it.
- The Slavs appeared as a result of a mixture of various ethnic elements at the turn of AD and do not have a single root, that is, the basis of the Slavic community is multi-ethnic.
- It would be too bold to say that the Slavs do not have a single ethnic root. However, on the other hand, the presence of such a root does not deny the certain role of other peoples in Slavic ethnogenesis (in the origin of the Slavs).
The Slavs are part of the Indo-European community, they have a single ethnic root and are the indigenous population of Eastern Europe.
Slavic language belongs to Indo-European language system. Having formed around the 5th-4th thousand. BC, this language group in the IV-III millennium BC. experienced a time of collapse associated with the settlement of Indo-European tribes. This settlement occurred during the Neolithic - the New Stone Age. It is no coincidence that historians talk about neolithic revolution, that is, about the transition of man from hunting and gathering to a production economy - agriculture and cattle breeding. Neolithic tribes became more independent of nature and mobile. In search of new habitats, they left their ancestral home and dispersed throughout Asia and Europe. In the course of development, the Eastern (Indians, Iranians, Armenians) and Old European language groups. The latter served as the basis for the emergence of Western European (German, French, Italian) and Slavic groups.
Our ancestors called themselves Slavs, also Slovenes. What words did the names “Slavs” and “Slovenes” come from? ( Slavs from the word “glory”, meaning the same as praise, and Slovenes meaning “those who understand the word”)
By VII-IX the eastern branch of the Slavs inhabited a significant part of the great Russian Plain, reaching in the north almost to the Gulf of Finland, and in the south to the Black Sea. The placement of the East Slavic tribes is described in detail by the chronicler Nestor ( All historical works Ancient Rus' began with the words “In the summer...”, later they were called chronicles.). Moreover, the settlement of tribes given in the Tale of Bygone Years is confirmed by archaeological material.
Working with the textbook: Students ( work in groups), using a map and a textbook, make a table
Settlement of East Slavic tribes
| Name of the tribal union | Place of settlement |
| Glade | Middle reaches of the Dnieper (Kyiv) |
| Drevlyans | In the Pripyat River basin, the city of Iskorosten (northwest of Kyiv) |
| Dregovichi | In the territory modern Belarus (left bank of Pripyat) |
| Polotsk residents | The middle course of the Western Dvina at its confluence with the Polot River, main city Polotsk (Western Dvina basin) |
| Ilmen Slavens (or Slovenians) | Around Lake Ilmen. Main city Novgorod |
| Northerners | In the basins of the Desna, Seim and Sulla rivers. Chernigov city (left bank of the Dnieper) |
| Radimichi | Along the Sozh and Seim rivers (between the Dnieper and Sozhzh) |
| Krivichi | The upper reaches of the Western Dvina and Dnieper, the main city of Smolensk (upper reaches of the Volga, Dnieper, Dvina) |
| Vyatichi | In the forest thickets between the Oka, Klyazma and Volga rivers, the cities of Rostov and Suzdal (region of Oka and Moskva rivers) |
| Volynians (Buzhanians) | Along the Bug River (upper reaches of the southern Bug) |
| Ulichi | Lower Dnieper region, Black Sea coast (Dniester) |
| Tivertsy | Between the Dniester and Prut rivers (Dniester) |
| White Croats | Transcarpathia |
Conclusion: The zone of settlement of the Eastern Slavs was devoid of natural boundaries, therefore it was “open” both to invasions and to the cultural influences and influences of neighboring peoples.
We remind you that after the second social division of labor, the clan community is replaced by the neighboring one. (territorial)
Entry in notebooks:
Tribal community - a group of blood relatives who have common property and run the household together.
(Teacher's explanation: One of the reasons for the transition to the neighboring community was the change slashing agriculture arable.
Arable farming is a type of agriculture that did not require labor-intensive work to cultivate the land, since the land had already been cleared by previous generations, but restored its fertility. One family could cultivate such a plot)
Entry in notebooks:
Neighborhood Community - a more fragmented association based on the separation of individual small families from the clan.
(Teacher's explanation:In society, the importance of the individual is gradually increasing, separate family. The right of private ownership, private property was born.)
Entry in notebooks:
Private property - a form of ownership in which the means of production and products of labor belong to private individuals.
Classes. Development of the economy of the Eastern Slavs
The Middle Dnieper region is the most favorable region for economic activity. But at the same time, there were differences in the farming system of the Eastern Slavs living in the south and in the north.
Working with the textbook: Students ( work in groups - south and north, at the end of the lesson they exchange selected data, finally form a table - homework), using the textbook material, make a table
Development of the economy of the Eastern Slavs
| Settlements | South | North |
| There was a lack of water and constant dangers, people settled in large numbers, crowded into huge villages. There were many cities in the South that served as centers of trade |
Swampy and wooded area, there were few dry places. Villages with a small population (3-4 households) predominated. There were few cities |
|
| Agriculture | In the southern regions there was more fertile land, and free areas were simply sown. When, after a few years, the land was depleted, they moved to a new site. Later, in the 7th-8th centuries, arable farming appeared with two-field and even three-field. Repost: They used the land for 2-3 years, and when the soil was depleted, they moved to another place |
Large forest areas prevented agriculture. Slash and burn system: 1 year: forest was cut down Year 2: dried trees were burned and grain was sown directly into the ash, using it as fertilizer. After 2-3 years the land was depleted and it was necessary to move to a new site. |
| agricultural crops | agricultural: rye, wheat, barley, millet | |
| garden: turnip, cabbage, beets, carrots, radish, garlic | ||
| technical: flax, hemp | ||
| Guns | Plow, ralo, plow with iron share | Axe, hoe, plow, spade |
| Cattle breeding | Livestock breeding was closely related to agriculture. The Slavs bred vines, cows, and small cattle. | |
| Oxen | Horses | |
| Trades | Gathering and hunting continue to play significant role in the life of the Slavs. Main trades: lykodery, fur hunting, salt making, beekeeping, hunting and fishing | The farmers of the north had no incentive to expand ploughing, because... the land was poor, it was difficult to plow it, they were far removed from large markets. To make up for the meager income from arable farming, residents turned to trades: lykoderstvo, fur hunting, salt making, beekeeping, hunting and fishing |
| Trade | The main thing in the economy was foreign trade. Traded bread, wax, honey, fur with Rome and Byzantium |
Too far from coastal markets, foreign trade did not begin driving force National economy |
| The path “from the Varangians to the Greeks”(late 9th century) Along the Dnieper → near Smolensk portage to Lovot → in the lake Ilmen → to Volkhov → in the lake Nevo → to Varyazhskoe (Baltic) sea → to Rome → to Constantinople (Constantinople - Byzantium) → Pontic (Russian, Black) sea. |
||
| The domestic market was poorly developed; mainly there was an exchange of agricultural products for handicrafts | ||
Working with the map: Show on the map the trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks.”
Homework
TASK A
- Create a table “Development of the economy of the Eastern Slavs”
- Read the tables carefully, choose the main thing and learn.
TASK B
Answer questions and complete assignments in writing.
- Ancient Russians greeted each other: "Oh you goy..." What did they want in this way?
- What was the name of the Baltic Sea in Ancient Rus'?
- The Slavic tribes of the Dregovichi lived in the swamp, the glade - in the fields, and in the gley they lived Drevlyans?
- Was the territory of the modern Moscow region inhabited by the Drevlyans or the Vyatichi?
- Which major chronicler owns the words that are more than eight centuries old: “Our land is great and abundant, but there is no order in it...”?
- What did the number mean in old Russian proverbs? "seven"?
- Ancient authors used the word “Rus” to refer to the state formation that had developed in the region
- Volga
- Prykarpattya
- Middle Dnieper
- The main occupation of the Eastern Slavs in the VI-IX centuries. was
- agriculture
- weaving
- beekeeping
- spinning