Collapse of the Golden Horde. Consequences Mongol conquest
Originally under Batu Khan (1227–1256) Golden Horde was dependent on the Mongol Empire. At 1260 ᴦ. The Mongol Empire broke up into independent uluses and under Berke Khan (1256–1266) the Golden Horde became an independent state. Monke Khan (1256–1266) began minting his own coins in the Golden Horde. The Golden Horde reached its greatest power in the first half of the 14th century, especially under Uzbek Khan (1312–1324) and Zhanibek Khan (1342–1357). The power of the khans increased, the convening of kurultai ceased, and power was centralized. In 1312 ᴦ. Uzbek Khan declared Islam the state religion.
From 1357 ᴦ. at 1380 ᴦ. In the Golden Horde, two and a half dozen khans replaced the khan’s throne. This was the era of the “Great Troubles”
At 1380 ᴦ. The actual ruler, Temnik Mamai, was defeated on the Kulikovo field by Russian troops led by Dmitry Donskoy.
Taking advantage of the defeat of Mamai, the Juchid Tokhtamysh seized power in the Golden Horde. Trying to strengthen his power with military victories, he in 1382 ᴦ. burned Moscow, made a number of campaigns in Transcaucasia and Transcaucasia.
In 1389, 1391, 1395. Emir Timur undertook aggressive campaigns against the Golden Horde and dealt it a blow from which it could no longer recover.
In 1238 ᴦ. Mahmud Tarabi revolted in Bukhara. In 1241 ᴦ. An uprising broke out in Kama Bulgaria in 1259. - in Novgorod, Rostov and Suzdal; at 1270 ᴦ. - in Yaroslavl. The reasons for the weakening of the Golden Horde were: the aggressive campaigns of Emir Timur; permanent internecine wars for power; popular uprisings; the desire of conquered peoples for independence.
By the middle of the 15th century. The Golden Horde ceased to exist. On its ruins, states arose - Ak Orda, Nogai Horde, Siberian, Kazan, Crimean and Astrakhan khanates.
The negative consequences of the Mongol conquest were: destruction of productive forces; decline of cities and urban culture (cities and villages, palaces and mosques were destroyed. According to Marco Polo (XIII century), after the establishment of Mongol rule, cities were not allowed to “have walls and gates” so as not to prevent the entry of troops); decline of agriculture and crafts (Irrigation systems were destroyed, agricultural oases were trampled, cultivated fields were abandoned. Thousands of master craftsmen were driven into slavery); demographic crisis; mass extermination of people, the population starved; the final stage of the formation of the Kazakh nation was suspended; decline of spiritual culture (the second largest library in the world after Alexandria was burned in Otrar); the conquered population was subject to heavy taxes and duties (the Mongols introduced more than 20 types of taxes); the population was obliged to supply warriors for the Mongol army; The population was obliged, according to special labels, to provide transport, housing and food to passing khan's messengers, officials, and merchants; The population was entrusted with the responsibility of supplying clothing, food and livestock to the Mongol military detachments stationed in the area. The Mongol conquest delayed for a long time the economic and cultural progress of the peoples of the countries conquered by the Mongols. But there were also positive aspects: the Mongolian authorities stimulated the development of trade and international relations (trade and diplomatic ties were established with distant countries. Caravans, diplomatic missions, and travelers moved through the territory of the uluses); the idea of “centralized power” was brought to the steppe, which led to the political consolidation of tribes;
the norms of nomadic life began to be regulated by “Yasa”, adapted to new conditions (later the norms of “Yasa” to a certain extent were used in the creation of “Zhety-Zhargy”); many shapes political system were also used subsequently in the states that arose on the territory of Kazakhstan in the post-Mongol era; the Mongols did not oppress the culture of the tribes of Kazakhstan - languages, religions, customs and traditions, but on the contrary, the Mongols themselves accepted the Turkic culture.
TOPIC No. 15: Ak Orda. Mogulistan.
Plan:
Collapse of the Golden Horde. Consequences of the Mongol conquest - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Collapse of the Golden Horde. Consequences of the Mongol conquest" 2017, 2018.
The Golden Horde was one of the most powerful states, under whose control were vast territories.
The absence of a strong ruler (with the exception of Tokhtamysh) capable of keeping the country from internal crises.
The territories subject to the Mongols also began to rebel, sensing the weakening of the Golden Horde.
Regular internecine wars led to the country experiencing a very serious economic crisis.
After Tokhtamysh handed over the throne to his heirs, the dynastic crisis resumed in the country. After the death of Tokhtamysh, the Golden Horde again began to experience a crisis, and Ancient Rus' perked up. The size of the tribute began to decrease slightly, and the princes themselves did not strive to pay it as diligently as before. The final blow for the Horde was that a prince appeared in the Russian lands, capable of uniting all the troops under his banner. Ivan III became such a prince. Immediately after gaining power, Ivan III refused to pay tribute. And if the Golden Horde was just experiencing the crisis of early feudalism, then Ancient Rus' was already emerging from this stage of development. Gradually, individual territories united under common banners, realizing the power of their strength together, and not apart. In essence, to gain final independence, Ancient Rus' it took exactly 100 years (1380-1480). All this time, the Golden Horde was in a great fever, which led to its final weakening. Of course, Khan Akhmat tried to return the territories under his control, but in 1480 Ancient Rus' gained its long-awaited independence, which was the final blow for the once powerful state. Of course, not every country is able to withstand an economic and internal political crisis. Golden Horde due to internal conflicts lost its former power, and soon ceased to exist altogether. However, this state had a huge influence on the course of international history, and on the course of the history of Ancient Rus' in particular
2. The delimitation of the lands of the Don Army and the Zaporozhye Sich. The relationship between the Don Cossacks and the Cossacks worsened every year. No one remembered the former military brotherhood. The Russian government openly supported the Don Cossacks, seeing them as ethnic Russians, in contrast to the Ukrainian Cossacks. Meanwhile, the struggle for salt and fish had already reached the point of armed clashes, when the Don Cossacks and Cossacks looked at each other as sworn enemies. The government had to intervene in this conflict. In 1743, a special commission was created, which was entrusted with the responsibility of studying in detail the causes of these disputes and delimiting the lands of the Don and Zaporozhye Army. The commission worked for three whole years, but made a decision in favor of the Don Cossacks. According to the Senate Decree of 1746, the border between the two Cossack republics was established along the Kalmius river (within the modern Donetsk region, where Mariupol is). Thus, part of the land was liquidated, its lands were given to the Don Cossacks, along with the remnants of Azov and Taganrog, which a few decades later were rebuilt and transferred to the Russian military administration. So Donskoe Cossack army at the expense of the Cossacks gained access to the Sea of Azov
But the unfair decision of the Russian government only angered the Zaporozhye Cossacks. They refused to recognize the new border, and, as before, fished on the Azov coast, driving the Don Cossacks away from there. The debate continued. It got to the point that in 1753, the Don Ataman Danila Efremov complained to St. Petersburg that the Cossacks were entering not only new Don lands, but even entering the Kuban, into Turkish possessions. So the Don leader stood up for the Turks before the Russian Empress Elizabeth, speaking out against the Zaporozhye Cossacks.
Question to point 1. When was the Golden Horde formed? When did it become an independent state?
What peoples were part of the Golden Horde? What was the name of the main part of the inhabitants of this state?
Golden Horde – Russian name, the residents themselves called it Ulus Jochi. Ulus (or great states) were originally components of Genghis Khan's empire. The future Golden Horde was formed even before the conquest of the Old Russian state for the eldest son of Genghis Khan named Jochi and also his descendants. The state actually became independent under Batu Khan (Batu), and his younger brother Mengu-Timur received formal independence when he ascended the throne in 1266.
The population of the Golden Horde was called Tatars, but in fact included Turkic (Kipchaks, Volga Bulgars, Khorezmians, Bashkirs, etc.), Slavic, Finno-Ugric (Mordovians, Cheremis, Votyaks, etc.) and North Caucasian (Yasy, Alans, Cherkassy and others) etc.) peoples.
Question to paragraph 1. 2. Who was the Grand Duke of Moscow at that time?
Vasily I Dmitrievich was on the Moscow throne at that time.
Question to paragraph No. 1. Why do you think Tamerlane's power collapsed?
Timur's power collapsed for the same reasons as the Old Russian state and many other medieval powers. The great conqueror distributed the lands to his sons and grandsons. Moreover, many of these lands were independent before the conquest, therefore they were not economically dependent on the center and could separate again. Despite the fact that Timur left the throne to only one of his descendants, the rest had the resources to fight for the inheritance or part of it.
Question for paragraph No. 2. What peoples were part of the Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberian Khanates?
The inhabitants of all these khanates were called Tatars. But in Kazan lived the Volga Bulgars (it was actually formed on the territory of their ancient Khaganate), Cheremis (Udmurts) and Morians, in Siberian - the Bashkirs and other peoples, in Astrakhan - the Kipchaks (Polovtsians).
Question for paragraph No. 3. Describe the occupations of the population of the states - heirs of the Golden Horde. What religions did the inhabitants of these states profess?
There were many nomadic cattle breeders in the Astrakhan and Kazan khanates. But due to the trade route along the Volga, traders and artisans also flourished. In the Siberian Khanate, the ruling Tatars continued to engage in nomadic cattle breeding, and the subordinates (who paid them tribute), mainly Finno-Ugric peoples, continued to engage in hunting and gathering - they were largely at the primitive stage of development.
The Tatars professed Islam, but the primitive peoples subject to the Siberian Khanate retained their pagan beliefs and shamanism.
Question for paragraph No. 4. How did the relationship between the new states and Russia develop?
Relations developed in different ways, they varied both with different states and with one state in different periods. So the Kazan Khanate tried to subjugate Moscow, but having achieved the last tribute, it did not demand more and moved on to peaceful trade. The Crimean Khanate was initially an ally of Moscow against the Great Horde, but after the destruction of the latter it also began raiding Russian lands.
We think, compare, reflect: question No. 1. Using the Internet and additional literature, compile in your notebook chronological table, showing the main stages in the development of relations between the Moscow principality and the Kazan and Crimean khanates up to mid-16th century V.
Relations with the Kazan Khanate:
1439 - the first campaign of the Kazan Tatars against Moscow, the beginning of attempts to subjugate it;
1445 - in order to redeem himself from captivity, Vasily II, in addition to the ransom itself, gave the Kazan people a tribute, their officials arrived in Russian cities - trade between the states began, but Kazan became richer from it, and Moscow remained in a subordinate position;
1467 – march of Moscow troops to Kazan ( unsuccessful attempt to place on the throne Tsarevich Kasim, who had previously fled from Kazan): the beginning of Moscow’s offensive campaigns;
1487 - Moscow troops took Kazan and placed Muhammad-Amin, who was friends with Moscow, on the throne;
1505 - apparently, not without the knowledge of Muhammad-Amin, the massacre of Russian merchants in Kazan began, the result was a series of wars against Moscow;
1552 - the capture of Kazan by Russian troops and the destruction of the Khanate.
Relations with the Crimean Khanate:
1480 - the union of Crimea and Moscow, it began with an alliance against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Great Horde, which first prevented Lithuania from attacking Moscow at the same time as the Great Horde, and then forced Khan Akhmat to leave the Ugra River, thanks to which the stand on it ended in the victory of the Moscow troops;
The turn of the 15th-16th centuries - with the weakening of the Great Horde, the Crimean Khanate no longer needed the Moscow state as an ally and began to make frequent raids on it, which went deep into Russian lands (in 1571, Khan Devlet Gerey even burned Moscow).
We think, compare, reflect: question No. 2. Find out which descendants of the peoples who inhabited the territories of the states formed after the collapse of the Golden Horde currently live in the Russian Federation.
The Bashkirs, Mordovians, Mari (Cheremis), Votyaks (Udmurts) and some other peoples have not yet dissolved among other peoples. The Tatars are considered a separate people.