Question to point I 1. When was it formed Golden Horde? When did it become an independent state?
What peoples were part of the Golden Horde? What was the name of the main part of the inhabitants of this state?
Golden Horde – Russian name, the residents themselves called it Ulus Jochi. Ulus (or great states) were originally components of Genghis Khan's empire. The future Golden Horde was formed even before the conquest of the Old Russian state for the eldest son of Genghis Khan named Jochi and also his descendants. The state actually became independent under Batu Khan (Batu), and his younger brother Mengu-Timur received formal independence when he ascended the throne in 1266.
The population of the Golden Horde was called Tatars, but in fact included Turkic (Kipchaks, Volga Bulgars, Khorezmians, Bashkirs, etc.), Slavic, Finno-Ugric (Mordovians, Cheremis, Votyaks, etc.) and North Caucasian (Yasy, Alans, Cherkassy and others) etc.) peoples.
Question to paragraph 1 2. Who was the Grand Duke of Moscow at that time?
Vasily I Dmitrievich was on the Moscow throne at that time.
Question to paragraph No. 1. Why do you think Tamerlane's power collapsed?
Timur's power collapsed for the same reasons as the Old Russian state and many other medieval powers. The great conqueror distributed the lands to his sons and grandsons. Moreover, many of these lands were independent before the conquest, therefore they were not economically dependent on the center and could separate again. Despite the fact that Timur left the throne to only one of his descendants, the rest had the resources to fight for the inheritance or part of it.
Question for paragraph No. 2. What peoples were part of the Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberian Khanates?
The inhabitants of all these khanates were called Tatars. But in Kazan lived the Volga Bulgars (it was actually formed on the territory of their ancient Khaganate), Cheremis (Udmurts) and Morians, in Siberian - the Bashkirs and other peoples, in Astrakhan - the Kipchaks (Polovtsians).
Question to paragraph No. 3. Describe the occupations of the population of the states - heirs of the Golden Horde. What religions did the inhabitants of these states profess?
There were many nomadic cattle breeders in the Astrakhan and Kazan khanates. But due to the trade route along the Volga, traders and artisans also flourished. In the Siberian Khanate, the ruling Tatars continued to engage in nomadic cattle breeding, and the subordinates (who paid them tribute), mainly Finno-Ugric peoples, continued to engage in hunting and gathering - they were largely at the primitive stage of development.
The Tatars professed Islam, but the primitive peoples subject to the Siberian Khanate retained their pagan beliefs and shamanism.
Question for paragraph No. 4. How did the relationship between the new states and Russia develop?
Relations developed in different ways, they differed both with different states and with one state in different periods. So the Kazan Khanate tried to subjugate Moscow, but having achieved the last tribute, it did not demand more and moved on to peaceful trade. The Crimean Khanate was initially an ally of Moscow against the Great Horde, but after the destruction of the latter it also began raiding Russian lands.
We think, compare, reflect: question No. 1. Using the Internet and additional literature, compile in your notebook chronological table, showing the main stages in the development of relations between the Moscow principality and the Kazan and Crimean khanates up to mid-16th century V.
Relations with the Kazan Khanate:
1439 - the first campaign of the Kazan Tatars against Moscow, the beginning of attempts to subjugate it;
1445 - in order to redeem himself from captivity, Vasily II, in addition to the ransom itself, gave the Kazan people a tribute, their officials arrived in Russian cities - trade between the states began, but Kazan became richer from it, and Moscow remained in a subordinate position;
1467 - campaign of Moscow troops against Kazan ( unsuccessful attempt to place on the throne Tsarevich Kasim, who had previously fled from Kazan): the beginning of Moscow’s offensive campaigns;
1487 - Moscow troops took Kazan and placed Muhammad-Amin, who was friends with Moscow, on the throne;
1505 - apparently, not without the knowledge of Muhammad-Amin, the massacre of Russian merchants in Kazan began, the result was a series of wars against Moscow;
1552 - the capture of Kazan by Russian troops and the destruction of the Khanate.
Relations with the Crimean Khanate:
1480 - the union of Crimea and Moscow, it began with an alliance against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Great Horde, which first prevented Lithuania from attacking Moscow at the same time as the Great Horde, and then forced Khan Akhmat to leave the Ugra River, thanks to which the stand on it ended in the victory of the Moscow troops;
The turn of the 15th-16th centuries - with the weakening of the Great Horde, the Crimean Khanate no longer needed the Moscow state as an ally and began to make frequent raids on it, which went deep into Russian lands (in 1571, Khan Devlet Gerey even burned Moscow).
We think, compare, reflect: question No. 2. Find out which descendants of the peoples who inhabited the territories of the states formed after the collapse of the Golden Horde currently live in the Russian Federation.
The Bashkirs, Mordovians, Mari (Cheremis), Votyaks (Udmurts) and some other peoples have not yet dissolved among other peoples. The Tatars are considered a separate people.
Collapse of the Golden Horde. Consequences Mongol conquest
Initially, under Batu Khan (1227–1256), the Golden Horde was dependent on the Mongol Empire. At 1260 ᴦ. The Mongol Empire broke up into independent uluses and under Berke Khan (1256–1266) the Golden Horde became an independent state. Monke Khan (1256–1266) began minting his own coins in the Golden Horde. The Golden Horde reached its greatest power in the first half of the 14th century, especially under Uzbek Khan (1312–1324) and Zhanibek Khan (1342–1357). The power of the khans increased, the convening of kurultai ceased, and power was centralized. In 1312 ᴦ. Uzbek Khan declared Islam state religion.
From 1357 ᴦ. at 1380 ᴦ. In the Golden Horde, two and a half dozen khans replaced the khan’s throne. This was the era of the “Great Troubles”
At 1380 ᴦ. The actual ruler, Temnik Mamai, was defeated on the Kulikovo field by Russian troops led by Dmitry Donskoy.
Taking advantage of the defeat of Mamai, the Juchid Tokhtamysh seized power in the Golden Horde. Trying to strengthen his power with military victories, he in 1382 ᴦ. burned Moscow, made a series of campaigns in Transcaucasia and Transcaucasia.
In 1389, 1391, 1395. Emir Timur undertook aggressive campaigns against the Golden Horde and dealt it a blow from which it could no longer recover.
In 1238 ᴦ. Mahmud Tarabi revolted in Bukhara. In 1241 ᴦ. An uprising broke out in Kama Bulgaria in 1259. - in Novgorod, Rostov and Suzdal; at 1270 ᴦ. - in Yaroslavl. The reasons for the weakening of the Golden Horde were: the aggressive campaigns of Emir Timur; constant internecine wars for power; popular uprisings; the desire of conquered peoples for independence.
By the middle of the 15th century. The Golden Horde ceased to exist. On its ruins, states arose - Ak Orda, Nogai Horde, Siberian, Kazan, Crimean and Astrakhan khanates.
The negative consequences of the Mongol conquest were: destruction of productive forces; decline of cities and urban culture (cities and villages, palaces and mosques were destroyed. According to Marco Polo (XIII century), after the establishment of Mongol rule, cities were not allowed to “have walls and gates” so as not to prevent the entry of troops); decline of agriculture and crafts (Irrigation systems were destroyed, agricultural oases were trampled, cultivated fields were abandoned. Thousands of master craftsmen were driven into slavery); demographic crisis; mass extermination of people, the population starved; the final stage of the formation of the Kazakh nation was suspended; the decline of spiritual culture (the second largest library in the world after Alexandria was burned in Otrar); the conquered population was subject to heavy taxes and duties (the Mongols introduced more than 20 types of taxes); the population was obliged to supply warriors for the Mongol army; The population was obliged, according to special labels, to provide transport, housing and food to passing khan's messengers, officials, and merchants; The population was entrusted with the responsibility of supplying clothing, food and livestock to the Mongol military detachments stationed in the area. The Mongol conquest delayed for a long time the economic and cultural progress of the peoples of the countries conquered by the Mongols. But there were also positive aspects: the Mongolian authorities stimulated the development of trade and international relations (trade and diplomatic ties were established with distant countries. Caravans, diplomatic missions, and travelers moved through the territory of the uluses); the idea of “centralized power” was brought to the steppe, which led to the political consolidation of tribes;
the norms of nomadic life began to be regulated by “Yasa”, adapted to new conditions (later the norms of “Yasa” were used to a certain extent in the creation of “Zhety-Zhargy”); many shapes political system were also used subsequently in the states that arose on the territory of Kazakhstan in the post-Mongol era; the Mongols did not oppress the culture of the tribes of Kazakhstan - languages, religions, customs and traditions, but on the contrary, the Mongols themselves accepted the Turkic culture.
TOPIC No. 15: Ak Orda. Mogulistan.
Plan:
Collapse of the Golden Horde. Consequences of the Mongol conquest - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Collapse of the Golden Horde. Consequences of the Mongol conquest" 2017, 2018.
The Golden Horde was one of the most powerful states, under whose control were vast territories.
The absence of a strong ruler (with the exception of Tokhtamysh) capable of keeping the country from internal crises.
The territories subject to the Mongols also began to rebel, sensing the weakening of the Golden Horde.
Regular internecine wars led to the country experiencing a very serious economic crisis.
After Tokhtamysh handed over the throne to his heirs, the dynastic crisis resumed in the country. After the death of Tokhtamysh, the Golden Horde again began to experience a crisis, and Ancient Rus' perked up. The size of the tribute began to decrease slightly, and the princes themselves did not strive to pay it as diligently as before. The final blow for the Horde was that a prince appeared in the Russian lands, capable of uniting all the troops under his banner. Ivan III became such a prince. Immediately after gaining power, Ivan III refused to pay tribute. And if the Golden Horde was just experiencing the crisis of early feudalism, then Ancient Rus' was already emerging from this stage of development. Gradually, individual territories united under common banners, realizing the power of their strength together, and not apart. In essence, to gain final independence, Ancient Rus' it took exactly 100 years (1380-1480). All this time, the Golden Horde was in a great fever, which led to its final weakening. Of course, Khan Akhmat tried to return the territories under his control, but in 1480 Ancient Rus' gained its long-awaited independence, which was the final blow for the once powerful state. Of course, not every country is able to withstand an economic and internal political crisis. Golden Horde due to internal conflicts lost its former power, and soon ceased to exist altogether. However, this state had a huge influence on the course of international history, and on the course of the history of Ancient Rus' in particular
2. The delimitation of the lands of the Don Army and the Zaporozhye Sich. The relationship between the Don Cossacks and the Cossacks worsened every year. No one remembered the former military brotherhood. The Russian government openly supported the Don Cossacks, seeing them as ethnic Russians, in contrast to the Ukrainian Cossacks. Meanwhile, the struggle for salt and fish had already reached the point of armed clashes, when the Don Cossacks and Cossacks looked at each other as sworn enemies. The government had to intervene in this conflict. In 1743, a special commission was created, which was charged with studying in detail the causes of these disputes and delimiting the lands of the Don and Zaporozhye Army. The commission worked for three whole years, but made a decision in favor of the Don Cossacks. According to the Senate Decree of 1746, the border between the two Cossack republics was established along the Kalmius river (within the modern Donetsk region, where Mariupol is). Thus, part of the land was liquidated, its lands were given to the Don Cossacks, along with the remnants of Azov and Taganrog, which a few decades later were rebuilt and transferred to the Russian military administration. So Donskoe Cossack army at the expense of the Cossacks gained access to the Sea of Azov
But the unfair decision of the Russian government only angered the Zaporozhye Cossacks. They refused to recognize the new border, and, as before, fished on the Azov coast, driving the Don Cossacks away from there. The debate continued. It got to the point that in 1753, the Don Ataman Danila Efremov complained to St. Petersburg that the Cossacks were entering not only new Don lands, but even entering the Kuban, Turkish possessions. So the Don leader stood up for the Turks before the Russian Empress Elizabeth, speaking out against the Zaporozhye Cossacks.
Reasons for the collapse of the Golden Horde
Note 1
The beginning of the collapse of the Golden Horde is associated with "Great Remembrance" which began in $1357 with the death of Khan Janibeka. This state entity finally collapsed in the $40s of the $15th century.
Let us highlight the main reasons for the collapse:
- Lack of a strong ruler (with the exception of short time Tokhtamysh)
- Creation of independent uluses (districts)
- Growing resistance in controlled territories
- Deep economic crisis
The Horde's destruction begins
As noted above, the beginning of the decline of the Horde coincided with the death of Khan Janibek. His numerous descendants entered into a bloody feud for power. As a result, for a little over $2$ decades, the “zamyatni” was replaced by $25$ khans.
In Rus', of course, they took advantage of the weakening of the Horde and stopped paying tribute. Military clashes soon followed, the grandiose result of which was Battle of Kulikovo$1380$ year ended for the Horde under the leadership of Temnik Mamaia terrible defeat. And, although two years later a strong khan came to power Tokhtamysh returned the collection of tribute from Rus' and burned Moscow; the Horde no longer had the previous power.
Collapse of the Golden Horde
Central Asian ruler Tamerlane in $1395$ he completely defeated Tokhtamysh and installed his governor in the Horde Edigeya. In $1408, Edigei made a campaign against Rus', as a result of which many cities were plundered, and the payment of tribute, which had stopped in $1395, resumed again.
But there was no stability in the Horde itself; new unrest began. Several times using Lithuanian prince Vytautas The sons of Tokhtamysh seized power. Then Timur Khan expelled Edigei, although he put him at the head of the Horde. As a result, in $1419, Edigei was killed.
In general, the Horde ceased to exist as a single state association after the defeat by Tamerlane. Since the $1420s, the collapse has accelerated sharply, as another turmoil led to the ruin of economic centers. Under the current conditions, it is quite natural that the khans sought to isolate themselves. Independent khanates began to appear:
- The Siberian Khanate emerged in $1420-1421
- The Uzbek Khanate appeared in $1428
- The Kazan Khanate arose in $1438
- The Crimean Khanate appeared in $1441
- The Nogai Horde took shape in the $1440s.
- The Kazakh Khanate appeared in $1465
Based on the Golden Horde, the so-called Great Horde, which formally remained dominant. The Great Horde ceased to exist at the beginning of the 16th century.
Liberation of Rus' from the yoke
In $1462, Ivan III became Sovereign Grand Duke of All Rus'. His priority foreign policy there was complete liberation from the remnants of the Horde yoke. After $10$ years he became the Khan of the Great Horde Akhmat. He set out on a campaign against Rus', but Russian troops repulsed Akhmat’s attacks, and the campaign ended in nothing. Ivan III stopped paying tribute to the Great Horde. Akhmat could not immediately withdraw a new army against Rus', since he was fighting the Crimean Khanate.
Akhmat's new campaign began in the summer of $1480. For Ivan III, the situation was quite difficult, since Akhmat enlisted the support of the Lithuanian prince Casimir IV. In addition, Ivan's brothers Andrey Bolshoi And Boris at the same time they rebelled and left for Lithuania. Through negotiations, the conflict with the brothers was resolved.
Ivan III went with his army to the Oka River to meet Akhmat. Khan did not cross for two months, but in September $1480 he nevertheless crossed the Oka and headed to Ugra River, located on the border with Lithuania. But Casimir IV did not come to Akhmat’s aid. Russian troops stopped Akhmat's attempts to cross the river. In November, despite the fact that the Ugra was frozen, Akhmat retreated.
Soon the khan went to Lithuania, where he plundered many settlements, avenging the betrayal of Casimir IV. But Akhmat himself was killed during the division of the loot.
Note 2
Traditionally, the events of Akhmat’s campaign against Rus' are called "standing on the Ugra River". This is not entirely true, because clashes took place, and quite violent ones, during Akhmat’s attempts to cross the river.
Be that as it may, after the “standstill,” Rus' finally got rid of the $240-year-old yoke.
THE DISCOVERY OF THE GOLDEN HORDE AND ITS CONSEQUENCES
1. List social groups, who were interested in the unification of Rus', the creation of a single state with its center in Moscow. Indicate the reasons for this interest for each social group.
In addition to the prince, they were interested in creating a unified Russian state serving princely people, which formed the backbone of the administrative and military “machine” of the state. Since for faithful service they were allocated estates that were not inherited, the welfare of the landowners and the size of their land holdings depended on the Grand Duke. Therefore, they were interested in strengthening his power and creating a unified state.
For the creation of a unified state there were also boyars, owners of hereditary estates. The fact is that, in accordance with the princely agreements, the boyars did not have the right to buy land on the territory of other principalities. Since the boyars also had ambitions to expand their own possessions, they were interested in annexing new lands to the Moscow Principality, and therefore were interested in the unification of Rus'.
Support in creation centralized state provided and Church. Over time, the Church became a large landowner, accumulating properties that it received as a gift or bought from patrimonial owners as payment for debts. Having turned into a large landowner, the Church actively supported the current government in an effort to unite the Russian lands.
Supported the centralization of the state and artisans, And merchants, since the expansion of handicraft production and trade in Moscow rallied North-Western Rus' around Moscow and created economic prerequisites for unification.
2. List the consequences internecine war second quarter of the 15th century
Consequences:
- the death of many ordinary people;
- blow to the economy - villages and towns are devastated;
- strengthening the power of the Golden Horde;
- The dynastic principle of transfer of power - from father to son - won.
The war between the Moscow princes slowed down the unification of Russian lands, increased dependence on the Horde, and brought suffering to the people. The strife again demonstrated the need to unite the lands and create a single state. The lesson that the Russian people should have learned from this event is as old as the world - any internal strife makes the state weak and only in the unity of the entire people lies great strength.
Test control
1. The difference between the internecine wars of the second quarter of the 15th century. from the strife of the previous period:
1) the struggle of princes for the Vladimir throne
2) the struggle of princes for the Moscow throne
3) attracting the forces of the Golden Horde
4) the use of brutal methods of struggle
2. In the strife between the Moscow princes, the Russian Orthodox Church:
1) took a wait-and-see attitude
2) sided with Vasily II
3) supported Dmitry Shemyaka
4) supported Vasily Kosoy
3. In his will, Dmitry Donskoy:
1) ordered his sons to obey Khan Tokhtamysh as their father
2) divided the Moscow principality equally between his sons
3) transferred the Principality of Moscow and the Vladimir throne to his eldest son
4) transferred the Principality of Moscow and the Vladimir throne to his youngest son
4. Edigei organized a campaign against Rus' in 1408 in order to:
1) force Vasily to pay tribute to the Horde
2) help Vasily I establish himself on the Moscow throne
3) help Timur conquer Rus'
4) support Prince Vytautas of Lithuania
5. Vasily I bequeathed the Moscow throne:
1) younger brother
2) to a young son
3) wife Sofya Vitovtovna
4) Dmitry Shemyaka
6. War between the Moscow princes:
1) accelerated the process of unification of Russian lands
2) slowed down the progress of the unification of Russian lands
3) weakened dependence on the Horde
4) did not affect the economy of the Moscow Principality
Questions in the text of the paragraph
What changes have occurred in Eastern Europe as a result of the collapse of the Golden Horde?
Since the sixties of the 14th century, since the Great Jammy, important political changes have taken place in the life of the Golden Horde. The gradual collapse of the state began. The rulers of remote parts of the ulus acquired actual independence, in particular, in 1361 the Ulus of Orda-Ejen gained independence. However, until the 1390s, the Golden Horde still remained more or less a unified state, but with the defeat in the war with Tamerlane and the ruin of economic centers, a process of disintegration began, which accelerated from the 1420s.
In the early 1420s, the Siberian Khanate was formed (the capital is the city of Sibir), in 1428 - the Uzbek Khanate, then the Kazan (1438), Crimean (1441) khanates, the Nogai Horde (1440s, capital - Saraichik) and the Kazakh Khanate ( 1465). After the death of Khan Kichi-Muhammad, the Golden Horde ceased to exist as a single state.
The Great Horde continued to be formally considered the main one among the Jochid states. In 1480, Akhmat, Khan of the Great Horde, tried to achieve obedience from Ivan III, but this attempt ended unsuccessfully, and Rus' was finally freed from the Tatar-Mongol yoke. At the beginning of 1481, Akhmat was killed during an attack on his headquarters by Siberian and Nogai cavalry. Under his children, at the beginning of the 16th century, the Great Horde ceased to exist. In 1502, the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey, in alliance with Moscow troops, finally defeated the Great Horde. The Astrakhan Khanate strengthened on part of its territory. The capital of the new state was the city of Hadji-Tarkhan (Astrakhan).
When was the Golden Horde formed? When did it become an independent state?
The Golden Horde or Ulus Jochi was formed as a result of Genghis Khan's division of the empire between his sons, carried out by 1224. Until 1266, the Golden Horde was part of the Mongol Empire. In 1266, under Khan Mengu-Timur, it gained complete independence, retaining only formal dependence on the imperial center. In the early 1320s, under Khan Uzbek, Islam became the state religion.
What peoples were part of the Golden Horde? What was the name of the main part of the inhabitants of this state?
The Golden Horde was home to Turkic (Kipchaks, Volga Bulgars, Khorezmians, Bashkirs, etc.), Slavic, Finno-Ugric (Mordovians, Cheremis, Votyaks, etc.), North Caucasian (Yas, Alans, Cherkasy, etc.) peoples. The small Mongol elite very quickly assimilated among the local Turkic population. And by the beginning of the 15th century, the entire nomadic population of the Golden Horde was designated by one word “Tatars”. It was in the Golden Horde that the formation of such nationalities as the Volga, Crimean, and Siberian Tatars took place. The Turkic population of the eastern wing of the Golden Horde formed the basis of modern Kazakhs, Karakalpaks and Nogais.
Who was the Grand Duke of Moscow during the time of Timur?
Timur (Tamerlane) was born in 1336 and died in 1405. Thus, formally, during the time of Timur, the princes of Moscow were Dmitry Donskoy and his son Vasily Dmitrievich. However, Dmitry Donskoy never faced the actions of Timur, since by the beginning of Timur's campaign against the Golden Horde in 1395, Dmitry Donskoy had already died (1389). Therefore, during the active phase of the war between Timur and Tokhtamysh, Vasily I was the Moscow prince.
Questions and tasks for working with the text of a paragraph
1. Why do you think Tamerlane’s power collapsed?
Tamerlane left behind a large family clan. Literally the next day after his death, quarrels began, forceful pressure and palace coups. Strife within the Timurid family led to the collapse of the empire.
2. What peoples were part of the Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberian Khanates?
The Kazan Khanate was inhabited mainly by the descendants of the ancient Bulgars. People from the Golden Horde also settled here. The subjects of the Kazan Khanate included the Mordovians, Chuvash, Mari, and Udmurts.
The Siberian Khanate was inhabited by Turkic-speaking tribes. The influence of the Siberian Khanate extended to such peoples as the Khanty, Mansi, and Trans-Ural Bashkirs.
The main population of the Astrakhan Khanate were the Astrakhan Tatars and Nogais, the ethnic basis of which was made up of such ancient peoples as the Siraks, Uysuns, Uyghurs, Kanglys, Kipchaks, Ases, Kereits, Dormens, Naimans, Mangyts, Bulgars, Bayys, Bodyraks, Keneges, Katagans, Kobans, kaidars, mazhars, argyns, etc., who lived in the Irtysh region, Northwestern Mongolia, Central Asia, Southern Urals, Lower Volga region, Northern Caucasus, Northern Black Sea region, Don region, Azov region and Lower Dnieper region.
3. Describe the occupations of the population of the states - the heirs of the Golden Horde. What religions did the inhabitants of these states profess?
The main occupation of the population of the Kazan Khanate was agriculture; semi-nomadic cattle breeding was preserved in the steppe regions. Transit trade played a major role. Leather, jewelry, blacksmithing, and pottery crafts received significant development. Slavery was also developed in the Kazan Khanate. Russian prisoners captured as a result of raids were made slaves.
In the Astrakhan Khanate, the main occupation of the population was nomadic cattle breeding. Its inhabitants were also engaged in crafts and trade.
Siberian Tatars were engaged in cattle breeding, agriculture, pottery and furrier crafts, spinning, weaving, smelting and metal processing. In the northern part of the Siberian Khanate they were engaged in hunting, fishing and reindeer herding.
All the heirs of the Golden Horde preached Islam.
4. How did the relationship between the new states and Russia develop?
The relationships between the new states and Russia developed in different ways. Periods of hostilities alternated with times of peaceful trade. Wars were fought and alliances were made. Thus, Khan Ulu-Mukhammed, expelled from the Horde, who became the ruler of the Kazan Khanate, tried to restore his dominance over Russia and force the Moscow prince to pay tribute as before, only to him, and not to the khan of the Great Horde. To do this, he made several trips to Rus'. In one of the campaigns, his sons managed to capture Prince Vasily II, who was later released on the promise of a huge ransom. From 1446 to 1466 became a time of strengthening trade ties between Moscow and Kazan. And in 1452, one of the sons of Ulu-Muhammad, Kasim, generally went into the service of the Moscow prince, for which he granted him a town, which since then began to be called Kasimov. The Kasimov Khanate, dependent on Moscow, was formed here.
The Great Horde, considering itself the heir of the Golden Horde, also sought to restore the dependence of Rus'. To achieve this, the khans of the Great Horde entered into an alliance with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The confrontation with the Great Horde temporarily brought the Moscow Principality and the Crimean Khanate closer together, which at the beginning of the 16th century led to the destruction of the Great Horde.
Working with the map
1. Find on the map the states conquered by Timur.
States and territories conquered by Timur(marked on the map in burgundy letters): Armenia. Azerbaijan, Jelairid State, Serbedar State, Khorezm, Kurt State, Mozafferid State (Kerman), Mekran, Sistan, the territories of the Ottoman Turks, Maberannahr, Jab, India were also partially conquered.
2. Show on the map the states formed as a result of the collapse of the Golden Horde.
The Golden Horde split into states:
- Nogai Horde - capital Saraichik
- Kazan Khanate - capital Kazan
- Great Horde - capital New Saray
- Astrakhan Kingdom - capital of Khadzhi-Tarkhan (Astrakhan)
- Crimean Khanate - capital Bakhchisarai
- Siberian Khanate - capital of Siberia
- Kazakh kingdom - capital Sygnak
Kabarda, Tarkov Shamkhalate, Avar Khanate, Uzbek Khanate and others were also formed
3. Using a map, explain why, of all the fragments of the Golden Horde, the Kazan Khanate was the most dangerous enemy for the Russian lands.
The Kazan Khanate was geographically located closest to the Russian principalities and was a fairly strong state from a military and economic point of view.
Studying the document
What conclusions about the features of political and economic ties between Moscow and Astrakhan can be drawn based on this text?
The Astrakhan Khanate was the smallest and weakest fragment of the Golden Horde. Its armed forces consisted of only 3 thousand soldiers. The Khanate was always in a state of dependence, first on the Great Horde, then on the Nogai Horde and on the Crimean Khanate. In this situation, naturally, the Khanate sought to enlist the support of the strong Moscow principality. Moreover, the Astrakhan Khanate had something to offer in exchange for friendship with Moscow - access to the Caspian Sea. Therefore, most likely, the annual trips of the Khan’s envoys to Moscow indicate the desire of the Astrakhan Khanate to understand whether everything remains the same, whether Moscow is faithful to its friendship with the Khanate.
We think, compare, reflect
1. Using the Internet and additional literature, make a chronological table in your notebook showing the main stages in the development of relations between the Moscow principality and the Kazan and Crimean khanates until the middle of the 16th century.
Khanate of Kazan
- 1439 - Khan Ulug-Muhammad approached Moscow and besieged it, but retreated eleven days later, plundering Kolomna and several other Russian cities along the way.
- 1444 – Kazan Khan attacked the Nizhny Novgorod and Ryazan principalities.
- 1445 - the Khan's army defeated the Russian troops near Suzdal, Grand Duke Vasily II was captured, and tribute was imposed on the Moscow Principality.
- 1467 - Russian troops marched on Kazan to place the friendly Tsarevich Kasim on the Kazan throne. The trip was unsuccessful. Ibrahim Khan prepared in advance for the “meeting”.
- In the third quarter of the 15th century, there were pronounced contradictions between states, expressed in the clash of interests of Moscow and Kazan in the lands of the Upper Volga region.
- In the 80s In the 15th century, the Moscow government actively intervened in the struggle for the Kazan throne and often sent troops to Kazan in order to place its protege on the Kazan throne.
- 1487 - capture of Kazan by Moscow troops and establishment of Khan Muhammad-Emin, loyal to Moscow, on the Kazan throne. The khan, disliked by the Moscow government, was overthrown.
- 1506 - Moscow’s major campaign against Kazan, the defeat of the Russians near Kazan, Khan Muhammad-Emin, who was placed on the throne with the military and political support of Moscow, was freed from Moscow dependence.
- 1545-1552 – a series of military campaigns of Ivan the Terrible to Kazan. The first two were not successful, and in 1552 the Grand Duke besieged the capital of the Khanate for the third time. After the explosion of the city walls with gunpowder planted in secretly made tunnels, Kazan was taken by storm, a significant part of the population was killed, and the city itself burned down. The Kazan Khanate ceased to exist, and a significant part of the Middle Volga region was annexed to Russia. In memory of the capture of Kazan and the victory over the Kazan Khanate, by order of Ivan the Terrible, St. Basil's Cathedral was built on Red Square in Moscow.
In total, the Kazan khans made about forty campaigns against Russian lands, mainly in areas near Nizhny Novgorod, Vyatka, Vladimir, Kostroma, Galich and Murom.
Crimean Khanate
- 1480 - Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III turned to the Crimean Khan Mengli I Giray with a request to organize a campaign in the Polish lands “to the Kyiv places.” Mengli Giray took Kyiv by storm, plundered and greatly destroyed the city. From the rich booty the khan sent Ivan III in gratitude, a golden chalice and paten from the Kyiv St. Sophia Cathedral. In the same year, Ivan III entered into an alliance with Mengli Giray.
- The end of the 15th century - constant raids on Rus' for the purpose of robbery.
- 1521 - the forces of the Kazan khan Sahib Giray made a military campaign against the Nizhny Novgorod, Murom, Klin, Meshchera and Vladimir lands and united with the army of the Crimean khan Mehmed Giray near Kolomna. After which they besieged Moscow and forced Vasily III to sign a humiliating treaty.
- 1571 - despite the agreement with Moscow, at the head of an army of 40 thousand horsemen, the Crimean Khan Devlet Giray raided Moscow, burned the settlements, and captured 50 thousand people. Ivan the Terrible was forced to give an obligation to pay annual tribute to Crimea.
- 1572 - the Crimean army of Devlet Geray, united with Turkish and Nogai detachments, suffered a crushing defeat from Russian troops led by princes Mikhail Vorotynsky and Dmitry Khvorostinin in the Battle of Molodi (50 versts south of Moscow).
2. Find out which descendants of the peoples who inhabited the territories of the states formed after the collapse of the Golden Horde currently live in the Russian Federation.
Kazan, Astrakhan and Crimean Tatars, Mordovians, Chuvash, Mari, Udmurts, Khanty, Mansi, Bashkirs, Nogais.
Possible additional questions during the lesson
Why did the Golden Horde collapse?
Since the sixties of the 14th century, since the Great Jammy, important political changes have taken place in the life of the Golden Horde. Due to internal strife, the gradual collapse of the state began. The rulers of remote parts of the ulus acquired actual independence, and the state gradually began to lose its integrity. Until the 1390s, the Golden Horde still remained more or less a unified state, but with the defeat in the war with Tamerlane and the ruin of economic centers, the process of disintegration began.
In the early 1420s, the Siberian Khanate was formed, in 1428 - the Uzbek Khanate, then the Kazan (1438), Crimean (1441) khanates, the Nogai Horde (1440s) and the Kazakh Khanate (1465) arose. After the death of Khan Kichi-Muhammad in 1459, the Golden Horde ceased to exist as a single state.
Create psychological portrait Timur (Tamerlane)
Timur was a very brave and reserved man. Possessing sobriety of judgment, he knew how to make the right decision in difficult situations. These character traits attracted people to him. A far-sighted ruler and talented organizer. Timur had a phenomenal memory, spoke several languages, and was excellent at playing chess, which certainly testifies to his talent as a strategist. Timur was also a very erudite person, possessed extensive historical and philosophical knowledge, which he very often used to inspire his troops.
The city of Saraichik became the capital of which state?
Saraichik was the capital of the Nogai Khanate.
What state was formed on the territory of the former Volga Bulgaria?
The Kazan Khanate was formed on the territory of the former Volga Bulgaria.
What was the name of the capital of the Great Horde?
The capital of the Great Horde was Sarai-Berke (New Sarai).
What territories were included in the Crimean Khanate?
In addition to the steppe and foothills of Crimea, the Khanate occupied the lands between the Danube and the Dnieper, the Azov region and most of the modern Krasnodar region of Russia.
Who and when finally defeated the Great Horde?
In 1502, the Crimean Khanate attacked the Great Horde and captured the Volga region. The Great Horde ceased to exist. The Trans-Volga lands became part of the Nogai Horde, and the lands between the Don and Volga formally went to the Crimea, but soon, in 1556, they were annexed to the Russian state.
The capital of which khanate was the city of Hadji-Tarkhan?
Khadzhi-Tarkhan (Astrakhan) was the capital of the Astrakhan Khanate.
What state formations took shape in the North Caucasus?
In the North Caucasus, after the collapse of the Great Horde, new state formations also began to take shape - Kabarda, Tarkov Shamkhalate, Avar Khanate, etc.
What did the inhabitants of the Kazan Khanate call themselves?
The inhabitants of the Kazan Khanate called themselves Bulgars.
What did the Russians call them?
And the Russians called the inhabitants of the Kazan Khanate Tatars.
What is yasak?
Yasak is a tax in kind from the peoples of Siberia and the North, mainly on furs.
What cities were in the Kazan Khanate?
There were not many cities in the Kazan Khanate - only two: Kazan and Arsk, as well as several fortresses
Who were enslaved in this state?
Russian prisoners captured during raids were turned into slaves.
Which government system was it in the Siberian Khanate?
State foundations in the Siberian Khanate were intertwined with remnants of tribal relations. The head of the state was a khan, elected by the nobility. The structure of the state was of a semi-military nature, the Khanate was divided into “hundreds” - volosts headed by the Murzas. The strongholds of the khan's power were fortified towns.
Give examples of military and peaceful relations between new states and Russia
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Confrontation |
Rapprochement |
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