Analysis of the episode “Storm in the Steppe”

from the story by A.S. Pushkin “ Captain's daughter»

MBOU "Secondary School No. 1" named after. Maksimova N.M., teacher of Russian language and literature.

Abdieva Sania Anvarovna

What was blackened there among the muddy swirling snowstorm?

Basis of the story- these are “living pictures” of the relationships between individuals against the backdrop of a “historical snowstorm”. But we will talk about a blizzard as a natural phenomenon.

Readdescription. What artistic means does the author use? What role does this episode play in the work?

The coachman galloped off; but kept looking to the east. The horses ran together. Meanwhile, the wind became stronger hour by hour. The cloud turned into a white cloud, which rose heavily, grew and gradually covered the sky. It began to snow lightly and suddenly began to fall in flakes. The wind howled; there was a snowstorm. In an instant, the dark sky mixed with the snowy sea. Everything has disappeared. “Well, master,” the coachman shouted, “trouble: a snowstorm!”...

I looked out of the wagon: everything was darkness and whirlwind. The wind howled with such ferocious expressiveness that it seemed animated; the snow covered me and Savelich; the horses walked at a pace - and soon stopped. “Why aren’t you going? “I asked the driver impatiently.” “Why go? - he answered, getting off the bench, - God knows where we ended up: there is no road, and there is darkness all around.

If we try to characterize the manner of narration in “The Captain’s Daughter”, then we must say: clarity, simplicity, laconicism are the most essential features of the style historical novel Pushkin. And with this focus on simplicity and clarity, the narrative remains highly poetic. Using meager means, the writer is able to create memorable images of people, visually tangible pictures of nature, and vivid episodes of reality.

In the language of the narrative, laconicism and simplicity are manifested in the usual, normal construction of the phrase. Nouns - subjects and verbs - predicates are accompanied by a minimum number of absolutely necessary secondary members of the sentence, they occur complex sentences, but they never turn into a common period.

The landscape is also brief. Moreover, it is always included in the narrative, is an element of the plot, the development of the action.

The main thing in this description is action, dynamics. The state of nature changes instantly: wind, snow, blizzard, blizzard, haze. A.S. Pushkin uses very modestepithets, only two contrasting colors - dark sky - snowy sea (previously - a white cloud).

Metaphoronly two: the wind howled - the beast howls; snow sea - an infinity of snow mass similar to sea ​​element. Pushkin is a master of landscape. But his landscape is static, frozen, but changing, moving, as in life. The description of the snowstorm has several meanings in the story:

A)compositional– thanks to the snowstorm, the heroes (Pugachev and Grinev) not only meet, but also develop sympathy for each other;

b)allegorical- blizzard, rampant elements - symbolizes future events, rampant rebellion, which, like the blizzard, posed a threat to the hero’s life;

V)realistic– Snowstorms still occur in the steppes. Thus, this description gives the story the authenticity of what actually happened.

Let's see this by looking at the episode"Storm in the steppe."

Expressive reading of a passage.

Educational conversation with elements of analysis:

What impression does the picture of the steppe make on us at the beginning of the passage, how do we imagine it?

A huge silent plain, here and there hills and ravines, everything covered with snow; evening, lonely carriage.

The picture produces a dull, sad impression (“sad plains stretched out”), because no people are visible, nothing living, only White snow all around.

Why were the travelers caught in a snowstorm in the steppe? What did the coachman advise?

The coachman is a local man, he knows well the signs of an approaching snow storm, he knows how dangerous it is to stay in the open steppe during a snowstorm. He addresses Grinev respectfully, takes off his hat in front of him, asks about his orders, because Grinev is a nobleman, a master.

Why didn’t Grinev agree with the coachman and Savelich and ordered them to move on, although he had heard about misfortunes during snowstorms?

Grinev is too young, inexperienced, accustomed to taking into account only himself, acts frivolously (“the wind seemed... not strong”).

In what sequence does Pushkin describe what happens in nature during a snowstorm?

The sequence is temporary. First, it talks about what happens when it begins, and then about what the travelers saw when the storm was at its height. It is told about the sky, wind, snow at different moments: before the storm, at the beginning of it and when it broke out.

Let's see how the cloud, sky, wind, and snow change. We will reflect our observations in the plan.

“Sad deserts stretched all around.”

Before the storm:

a) white cloud,

b) clear sky,

c) slight wind.

3. The storm begins:

a) the wind became stronger,

b) a white cloud covered the sky,

c) it snowed lightly, then began to fall in flakes.

4. The storm broke out:

a) the wind howled,

b) blizzard, snowy sea,

c) “everything was darkness and whirlwind.”

Why can we imagine the picture of a storm so vividly and in detail?

Pushkin described everything that happens in nature from the very beginning of the storm to its end. He showed that everything in nature is in motion. In change: from clear sky to darkness, from silence to fierce wind, from fine light snow to a snowy sea.

Using words from which part of speech allows you to convey all these changes?

We find in the text and write down verbs that convey the state and changes of wind, snow, clouds, sky.

The cloud—the cloud—turned into a white cloud, rose, grew, and covered the entire sky.

The sky - clear sky, dark sky, mixed with the snowy sea.

It snowed, fell, fell asleep, fell.

The wind rose slightly, swept away the powder, became stronger, howled, howled with such ferocious expressiveness.

Thanks to the careful selection of words and their expressiveness, Pushkin makes us see these gradual changes in nature, be present with the travelers at the onset of the storm, and experience with them the fear of its consequences.

Let us pay attention to the speech of the heroes, especially the speech of the coachman. Can we guess that this is the peasant speaking?

In the driver’s speech, many common words and phrases are used: see how he sweeps away the powder, who knows where we went, etc.

What is the compositional function of the episode? How is it connected to subsequent events?

The snowstorm becomes the reason that Grinev's wagon went astray and a meeting of two heroes took place, which determined their further relationship and, in general, the fate of one of them - Grinev.

Homework:

Possible further work on the text: writing a summary.

Analysis of the episode “Storm in the Steppe” (based on the story “The Captain’s Daughter” by A.S. Pushkin)

Scene of a snowstorm in the steppefrom the chapter “Counselor” serves the beginning of events historical story A.S. Pushkin "Captain's daughter" Main storyline works related tothe narrator's image- Russian nobleman Pyotr Andreevich Grinev, who once served in Belogorsk fortress Orenburg region.

Various circumstances lead Grinev and the leader of the peasant uprising E. Pugachev to a road covered in a snowstorm. Epigraph , which the author took from an ancient folk song, talks about this, but poses a riddle to the reader: who will we be talking about - about Grinev or the unknown “good fellow”, who was led in an “unfamiliar direction” by “agility, brave cheerfulness”.

To reveal the characters' charactersPushkin uses varioustechniques: landscape, dialogue, portrait. Now, excited by the loss and tormented by shame in front of the faithful Savelich, Grinev draws attention to the surrounding area: “Sad deserts stretched around me, intersected by hills and ravines.” This is only a premonition of events, and it helps to understand it epithet "sad". And the events themselves, as often happens, begin with the word “suddenly: the driver suddenly notices a cloud, foreshadowing a snowstorm, and asks the master to stop. Grinev is young, arrogant, and this time he does not want to listen to Savelich.

And finally, the snowstorm scene. Scenery Pushkin is laconic, precise and expressive. Short sentences without lush onesepithets and comparisonsnevertheless they givefigurative picture: the cloud “rose heavily, grew and gradually covered the sky.” Metaphor helps to feel the fear and helplessness of people in front of the approaching elements: “In an instant, the dark sky mixed with the snowy sea.”

The image of a blizzard or blizzard in literature is not new. It was new symbolic the meaning of the elements, which, following Pushkin, was picked up by many Russian writers (for example, A. Blok in the poem “The Twelve”). A raging sea, a furious wind, a blizzard are symbols of spontaneous epochal events: uprisings, revolutions.

The episode features "darkness and whirlwind" and a ride across a field that is "like a ship sailing on a stormy sea." Pushkin's snowstorm in the steppe is a symbol of the spontaneity of the popular uprising led by Pugachev. Hence the animation in the description of the blizzard: “And the wind howled with such fierce expressiveness that it seemed animated.”

But the situation of people ready to die (and his own!) is saved by a random traveler. Speech calms and fascinates a stranger; she is reasonable, confident and melodious: “The side I know, thank God, has been traveled and traveled far and wide...” Here the reader remembers the epigraph and again wonders: who is it about? The “side” turns out to be “familiar” to the counselor. This random fellow traveler attracts Grinev. Everything about him is impressive: “his composure encouraged him,” “his ingenuity and subtlety of instinct...amazed him,” and later, “his appearance seemed...wonderful.”

Portrait description of Pugachevwill let you know a lot about it amazing person: he is “forty years old,” and his “beard is gray,” he has “living big eyes,” which speak of intelligence, “his hair is cut into a circle” in the Cossack style, but he was wearing a peasant’s ragged army coat and Tatar trousers.” Isn't this a prototypepsychological portrait from Lermontov and Dostoevsky? The conversation between the counselor and the owner of the skill is also noteworthy: fromallegoricalphrases reminiscentProverbs and sayings, we learn about some significant upcoming events that cannot be spoken about openly.

Allegory techniquecan be traced in dream episode Grineva. Pushkin was an extremely superstitious person; he believed in signs and meanings of dreams. It is no coincidence that his heroes often see “prophetic” dreams(remember Tatyana Larina, Hermann in “The Queen of Spades”).Grinev also sees his “prophetic” dream. From the further content of the story, we learn that, indeed, the road to happiness will pass through “dead bodies” and “bloody puddles” for Grinev and Masha, and Pugachev will become a kind of “imprisoned father” for them. An ax in the hands of a black-bearded man will turn out to be a symbol of retribution.

Thus, on the steppe road (its other meaning is life path) the fate of the main character of the story Grinev will intersect with the fate of Pugachev. Their paths will cross more than once, and more than once Pugachev will save both Grinev himself and his bride. It is important for Pushkin to emphasize the significance of this scene. Hence symbolic image snowstorm, and details recreating the appearance of Pugachev. And everywhere we see the invisible sympathy that has arisen between the two heroes.

Descriptions of nature in Pushkin's prose are as simple and brief as descriptions of the appearance, home environment, and life of the characters. Here, for example, is one of the landscapes in the story “The Captain's Daughter”: “Sad deserts stretched around me, intersected by hills and ravines. Everything was covered with snow. The sun was setting." Another landscape is even more succinct: “The sun was shining. The snow lay in a dazzling veil on the vast steppe.”

The main landscape of the story is a picture of a snowstorm: “The coachman galloped; but kept looking to the east. The horses ran together. Meanwhile, the wind became stronger hour by hour. The cloud turned into a white cloud, which rose heavily, grew and gradually covered the sky. It began to snow lightly and suddenly began to fall in flakes. The wind howled; there was a snowstorm. In an instant, the dark sky mixed with the snowy sea. Everything has disappeared. “Well, master,” the coachman shouted, “trouble: a snowstorm!”... I looked out of the wagon: everything was darkness and whirlwind.”

This landscape is largely symbolic; it anticipates upcoming events and the participation of the main character in them, who, by the will of fate, is caught in a snowstorm. Buran is a symbol of the Pugachev freemen. The darkness, the whirlwind, the muddy whirling of a blizzard reminds us of human delusions, of the fact that human souls are often in darkness, where it is impossible to distinguish between good and evil, good and bad.

It is characteristic that we find a similar landscape in Pushkin's poem"Demons." There, in the endless swirl of a blizzard, the hero unexpectedly notices demons. In The Captain's Daughter, Pugachev also unexpectedly appears from a snowstorm. Thus, Pushkin already in this landscape declares his attitude to the described historical events.

The image of Pugachev in the poem is certainly ambiguous. He has intelligence, courage, and generosity, but “to live by murder and robbery” means “to peck at carrion.” And Pugachev’s “gangs of robbers” are committing crimes everywhere, destroying villages, fortresses, autocratically executing and pardoning... “God forbid that we see a Russian rebellion - senseless and merciless. Those who are plotting impossible revolutions in our country are either young and do not know our people, or they are hard-hearted people, for whom someone else’s head is worth nothing, and their own neck is worth a penny,” wrote Pushkin.

Pugachev and his Cossacks carry out brutal reprisals throughout Russia, not even sparing women and children. This is how Pushkin describes the murder of Vasilisa Yegorovna, the wife of the commandant of the Belogorsk fortress: “Several robbers dragged Vasilisa Yegorovna onto the porch, disheveled and stripped naked. One of them had already managed to dress up in her warmer...Suddenly she looked at the gallows and recognized her husband. “Villains!” she screamed in a frenzy... Then a young Cossack hit her on the head with a saber, and she fell dead on the steps of the porch.” Exactly the same fate would have awaited Masha if they had not managed to send her away from her home.

The Pugachevites are an anarchic free spirit, unrestrained, merciless and cruel. The rebellion they organized, like a snowstorm, sweeps away human lives in its path and plays with destinies. It is difficult for a person to withstand and survive in the middle of a cruel, ferocious blizzard. In the same way, it is difficult for Peter Grinev to “resist” and survive in the current situation, in the bloody and insane atmosphere of revenge and countless atrocities.

However, the significance of the snowstorm scene in the story is not limited to the fact that in symbolic form it depicts the Pugachev rebellion. This is also a reminder that a person must choose his own, the only true path in life and be able not to stray from it. One wrong step and you get lost, die, freeze, caught in a blizzard. Human life is fragile, “right” actions are extremely important in it, the source of which can only be love and mercy. Exactly this philosophical thought is realized in Pushkin's plot. Remembering the meeting with the young man, the hare sheepskin coat given to him by Grinev, Pugachev saves him from death penalty, saves Masha’s life.

However, in addition to a certain spiritual didacticism, the idea of ​​fate and its meaning in human life. A meeting with an unfamiliar black-bearded man in a terrible, deadly snowstorm determines the whole future fate hero. The counselor takes Grinev to the inn without letting him young man die from the snowy elements. In the same way, Pugachev subsequently “leads” him out of the whirlwind historical events, not allowing his “well done” to hang him and sparing Masha. These events in the story are preceded not only by the picture of a snowstorm, but also by Grinev’s “prophetic” dream.

We find a similar image of a blizzard, a demonic whirlwind that knocks a person off his feet, in Blok’s poem “The Twelve.” The movement of the snow whirlwind here symbolizes Russia, engulfed in revolution. The merciless wind at Blok knocks passers-by off their feet, “twists their hems,” “tears, crumples and wears Big poster”, accompanies the “sovereign step” of the Red Guards. The twelve go in the poem “without the name of a saint”, “without a cross”, they “don’t feel sorry for anything”. On their “revolutionary path” they kill Katya, rob the cellars, promise to “slash with a knife” and “drink the blood.” Ahead of them is Jesus Christ, but how far Blok’s heroes are from him! While they are inextricably fused with the elements of the blizzard, with the demonic, inhuman atmosphere. But the finale of their path, according to Blok, is the acceptance of the Divine principle in life, this is repentance, kindness and mercy.

Thus, the picture of a snowstorm in “The Captain's Daughter” is very ambiguous. This is an element of the composition, the background against which the action takes place, it is also a symbol of upcoming events, a symbol of the main theme of the work.

Introduction

The deepest of modern research present art world Pushkin as a complex, contradictory whole that cannot be reduced to any of its ideological poles.

Pushkin, brought up in the Lyceum, was completely indifferent to Orthodoxy, non-religious, but he was a sincerely religious person with his own deep mystical experience. The father of Russian poetry was interested not only in horoscopes, which Euler compiled at the request of Catherine, but he also knew the secret power of stones and talismans. That's why on his famous portrait you can see so many rings on his fingers.

Having received the tsar's permission to work with archives to write the history of Pugachev's uprising, Pushkin took up his main task - researching the character and soul of the Russian people. Continuous long-term study of Russian and world history and culture, work in archives led Pushkin to an understanding of the need for autocracy and Orthodoxy for the Russian people, although he himself was deeply alien to any ideas about a monarchy using the ideology of religious education

The image of the elements in the work

The functions of images of natural elements in the works of A. S. Pushkin are varied: aesthetic, philosophical, symbolic, plot. In “The Captain's Daughter” the image of the elements performs primarily symbolic and philosophical functions; we have a description of a snowstorm and a blizzard. Both elements represent complex symbols and help Pushkin reveal his philosophy in these works.

In “The Captain's Daughter,” the elements appear before readers in the form of a snowstorm, described in the second chapter. When depicting it, Pushkin uses details and comparisons: Pushkin calls the winter steppe a “snowy sea”; the movement of the wagon is similar to the navigation of a ship on a stormy sea. Pugachev suggests, if the sky clears, to look for the way by the stars, as sailors have always done. Several times Pushkin calls a blizzard a “storm,” although this word is more suitable to describe the state of the sea, water element. Drawing the image of a terrible snowstorm, Pushkin uses alliteration, a paronymic series of words starting with the letter “b”. “Well, master,” shouted the coachman, “it’s a snowstorm!”

Grinev’s prophetic dream is inspired by a snowstorm (“I fell asleep, lulled by the singing of the storm and the rocking of the quiet ride...”), he seems to continue the description of the storm, which means that the image of the snowstorm in the work is also prophetic. The entire story “The Captain's Daughter” is a description of the elements of the Pugachev uprising. The image of a snowstorm foreshadows and symbolizes terrible events, a storm civil war, popular unrest. The image of Pugachev merges with the image of Buran. Pugachev plays the role of a pilot who leads Grinev out of the endless “sea of ​​snow.” The natural elements push Grinev and Pugachev together, but the folk element separates these heroes.

Pugachev appears suddenly from the “muddy whirling of a blizzard”, in anticipation of a peasant rebellion... He is a werewolf and - like a werewolf - does not lend itself to clear fixation. More precisely, it combines several visual images, creating an attractive mystery before your eyes. The figure materializes from the darkness of the night and the snow whirlwind, and the image of Pugachev, marking further metamorphoses in the novel, rotates from the very beginning: “Suddenly I saw something black,” “What’s black there?”; “... A cart is not a cart, a tree is not a tree, but it seems that something is moving. It must be either a wolf or a man." Developing this line of interpretation of the image of Pugachev, Abram Tertz writes: “The chain of coups and violent deaths trudged near the throne. And you still ask: why did the revolution happen in Russia?

“The muddy whirling of a blizzard” in “The Captain’s Daughter” also symbolizes life itself, chance, the unpredictability of life, as in the story “Blizzard”. In both “The Blizzard” and “The Captain’s Daughter,” the elements still happily influence the fate of the main characters. After all, if Grinev had not met Pugachev that night in the middle of the snowy steppe and then given him a hare sheepskin coat, then it is unknown how Grinev’s fate would have turned out when he met Pugachev in the Belogorsk fortress.

It involuntarily comes to mind that as a result of the flood in “ Bronze Horseman”, and during the popular uprising in “The Captain's Daughter”, innocent people die. The Pugachevites kill Captain Mironov and his wife, and Parasha and her mother die during the flood. In “The Captain's Daughter,” the results of the civil war are terrible: “The disaster reached the extreme... the condition of the entire vast region was terrible.” “God forbid we see a Russian revolt, senseless and merciless!” - concludes Pushkin through the mouth of Grinev.

I believe that the image of the elements in Pushkin’s story “The Captain’s Daughter” helps readers understand the meaning of this work and the ideas that are important to the author. The “senseless and merciless” rebellion of the people, the angry water element is a punishment sent by God to both the rulers and the people themselves for turning into tyrants and slaves. Pushkin hates both “wild lordship” and “skinny slavery,” which he talks about both in his civil lyrics and in the story under consideration.

Descriptions of nature in Pushkin's prose are as simple and brief as descriptions of the appearance, home environment, and life of the characters. Here, for example, is one of the landscapes in the story “The Captain's Daughter”: “Sad deserts stretched around me, intersected by hills and ravines. Everything was covered with snow. The sun was setting." Another landscape is even more succinct: “The sun was shining. The snow lay in a dazzling veil on the vast steppe.” The main landscape of the story is a picture of a snowstorm: “The coachman galloped; but kept looking to the east. The horses ran together. Meanwhile, the wind became stronger hour by hour. The cloud turned into a white cloud, which rose heavily, grew and gradually covered the sky. It began to snow lightly and suddenly began to fall in flakes. The wind howled; it became a blizzard. In an instant, the dark sky mixed with the snowy sea. Everything disappeared. “Well, master,” the coachman shouted, “trouble: a snowstorm!”... I looked out of the wagon: everything was darkness and whirlwind.” This landscape is in many ways symbolic, it anticipates the upcoming events and the participation of the main character in them, by the will of fate caught in a snowstorm. Buran is a symbol of the Pugachev freemen. The darkness, the whirlwind, the muddy whirling of the blizzard remind us of human delusions, that human souls are often in darkness, where it is impossible to distinguish between good and evil, good and bad. In “The Captain's Daughter” Pugachev also unexpectedly appears from the blizzard. Thus, Pushkin already in this landscape declares his attitude to the described historical events. The image of Pugachev in the poem is certainly ambiguous. He has intelligence, courage, and generosity, but “to live by murder and robbery” means “to peck at carrion.” And Pugachev’s “gangs of robbers” are committing villainy everywhere, destroying villages, fortresses, autocratically executing and pardoning... The significance of the snowstorm scene in the story is not limited to the fact that in symbolic form it depicts Pugachev’s rebellion. This is also a reminder that a person must choose his own, the only true path in life and be able not to stray from it. One wrong step - and you get lost, die, freeze, caught in a blizzard. Human life is fragile, “right” actions are extremely important in it, the source of which can only be love and mercy. It is this philosophical thought that is realized in Pushkin’s plot. Remembering the meeting with the young man, about the hare sheepskin coat given to Grinev, Pugachev saves him from the death penalty and saves Masha’s life. However, in addition to a certain spiritual didacticism, the idea of ​​fate and its meaning in human life also sounds quite strongly in the story. A meeting with an unfamiliar black-bearded man in a terrible, deadly snowstorm determines the entire future fate of the hero. The counselor takes Grinev to the inn, preventing the young man from dying from the snowy elements. In the same way, Pugachev subsequently “brings” him out of the whirlwind of historical events, preventing his “well done” from hanging him and sparing Masha. These events in the story are preceded not only by the picture of a snowstorm, but also by Grinev’s “prophetic” dream.