What is typical for a conversational style of speech? Abstract: Stylistic features of conversational style of speech

23.09.2019

The conversational style is appropriate in the sphere of everyday, everyday and professional informal relationships. The predominant form of speech is oral (conversation, conversation), but it is possible to use a conversational style in some genres of written speech - personal diaries, notes, private letters.

In texts of the colloquial style, to a greater extent than in texts of other styles, the function of communication, or communicative, is realized.

The main properties of conversational style texts include informality, ease, unpreparedness of communication, lack of preliminary selection of linguistic means, participation of gestures, facial expressions, dependence on the situation, characteristics and relationships of speakers, a lower degree of regulation compared to book styles.

Since spoken texts are predominantly oral, a special role is played by means of the phonetic level - intonation, pauses, rhythm, tempo of speech, logical stress. Unlike other genres that exist in oral form - a scientific report, a political speech, a lecture - conversational texts are characterized by incomplete, sometimes unclear pronunciation of sounds, syllables, words, and a fast pace of speech. The orthoepic, or pronunciation, norm of colloquial speech allows options: Hello, Leksey Mikhalych (Hello, Alexey Mikhailovich), “agreement” with emphasis on the first syllable (in scientific report, lectures, speeches, such emphasis is undesirable).

The vocabulary of conversational style texts is characterized by the predominance of concrete words over abstract ones (table, chair, sleep, eat), the widespread use of words with emotional-evaluative (eagle, dog - about a person) and colloquial-colloquial (sleep, get into trouble) coloring, as well as metaphors (vinaigrette, porridge, okroshka - about confusion; jelly, noodles, slob - about a sluggish, characterless person) against the background of neutral vocabulary. Book, foreign language and terminological vocabulary is rarely used. A feature of conversational style texts are the so-called empty words, which can replace any other words (deed, thing, thing): “I drink without sugar, but with this thing (pie).” In everyday communication, it is possible to name objects in a special way: “Give me something to cover myself with (blanket, plaid, sheet). Speech occasionalisms are often used - words created in the process of speaking, and their meaning is clear without additional explanations (opener - can opener, squealers - high-heeled shoes). Synonyms are often used, including occasional ones, and it is permissible to expand the compatibility of words.

At the word-formation level, the emotionality and evaluativeness of colloquial style texts is realized with the help of subjective evaluation suffixes with the meaning of endearment, disapproval, magnification (cold, hot, belly, thin), repetitions of words (barely, big, very big). The tendency to save linguistic resources in conversational texts is manifested in the fact that a phrase can be replaced by one word (condensed milk - condensed milk, stew - stewed meat, minibus - minibus) and in the formation of new words by truncation (magician - tape recorder, teacher - teacher , video - video recorder, cash - cash, strain - tension).

At the morphological level, the conversational style is characterized by the predominance of verbs over nouns, the frequent use of personal pronouns (I, we, you, etc.), particles (well, well, after all), the use of interjections as predicates (He jumped into the water), the use present tense in the meaning of the past (this is what happened: I was walking, I looked, and he was standing and hiding), the presence of special vocative forms (Sash! Zhen!), as well as unchangeable forms (the mood is so-so), the absence of participles, gerunds and short forms of adjectives . Only in conversational texts is it permissible to simplify the declension of phrases (I don’t have one hundred and twenty-five rubles, ask Yegor Petrovich), the use of case endings with -u (to leave the house, to be on vacation; cf.: to leave the house, to be on vacation) , on – and in them. p.m. h. (agreements, sectors; cf.: agreements, sectors) and in gender. p.m. the number of zero endings in some words (orange, tomato, kilogram; cf.: oranges, tomatoes, kilograms), the use of comparative forms in – and with the prefix po- (stronger, faster, better, simpler; cf.: stronger, faster , better, simpler).

In the syntax of spoken texts, as well as at the phonetic, word-formation, lexical and morphological levels, general properties are realized - expressiveness, evaluativeness, the desire to save language resources, and lack of preparedness. This is manifested in the private use of incomplete sentences (I’m going to the store; Do you want coffee or tea?), impersonal 9It’s hot today), interrogative sentences (When will you be back?), incentive sentences (Come on quickly!), free word order (How to get to the Central Market?), in special predicates (And she’s dancing again; he’s sitting reading; he doesn’t know), omission in the main part of a complex sentence of a correlative word (Put it where you got it; cf.: Put it where you got it from), in the use of introductory, inserted constructions (I , I probably won’t come; Zoya will come (she’s my cousin)), interjections (Wow!). According to scientists, non-conjunctive and complex sentences predominate in colloquial texts over complex sentences (complex sentences in colloquial texts account for 10%, in texts of other styles - 30%). But the most common are simple sentences, the length of which on average ranges from 5 to 9 words.

Example of conversational style text:

My dear darling Anechka, I received your sweet letter, and I was very sad to read how the kids cried when I left. Dear little darlings! Tell them right now that dad remembers them, kisses them and calls them to St. Petersburg. I hug and kiss continuously and bless you. I, Anya, am still unwell, my nerves are very irritated, and my head is like a fog, everything seems to be spinning. Never before, even after the most severe seizures, has such a state happened to me. Very hard. It’s like sleep and drowsiness, and they still can’t wake me up. I should take at least a couple of weeks' rest from work and incessant worries - that's what. (Dostoevsky F.M. Complete collected works: In 30 volumes. T.29. Book 1.M., 1986, P.2-9).

The conversational style text is presented in this case in written form, although the most common is the oral form. The general properties of the text include informality, ease (the author and addressee of the letter are close people), and the lack of careful selection of linguistic means.

The text of the letter mainly uses neutral vocabulary, although there are also colloquial words (dad, at least, it’s necessary). The emotional character of the text is given by words with evaluative suffixes (darling, darlings, Anechka, week); verbs conveying the author’s state (remembers, kisses, blesses); figurative means of language, for example comparisons (in the head it’s like fog, like a dream and drowsiness); expressive addresses (my dear darling Anechka, dear darlings); personal pronouns (I, them, with me, me), particles (same, even, at least, would). The syntax of the text is characterized by different types of sentences, free order words (you should rest for at least two weeks), frequent use of homogeneous members. There are extremely short sentences (Very hard); there are even unfinished ones (...that's what). The composition of the text is free, factual information, description and narration, thematic means of communication, and emotional means of influencing the addressee predominate. The type of reaction of the addressee to the text is an emotion, an action (for example, a response letter).

Examples of conversational style texts are present in fiction and journalistic literature. There is no universal language suitable for every situation. Therefore, elements of conversational style, characteristic of everyday communication, are found in the media and works of art.

Briefly about speech styles

There are several of them. Each of them has its own purpose. The artistic style is characterized by emotional coloring and imagery. It is used by authors of prose and poetic works. Scientific speech is found in textbooks, dictionaries, reference books and encyclopedias. This style is also used in meetings, reports and formal conversations.

The author of an article written in a scientific style sets the goal of accurately conveying knowledge and information, and therefore uses a large number of terms. All this allows you to clearly express thoughts, which is not always possible to achieve using spoken language.

In colloquial speech there may be words that are not found in reference books. Moreover, approximately 75% of Russian units literary language people use it in any style of speech. For example, words like I, walked, forest, look, earth, sun, long ago, yesterday. They are called commonly used.

Words like rectangle, pronoun, multiplication, fractions, set, refer to scientific terms. But about 20% of words in the Russian literary language are used only in colloquial speech. Thus, “electric train” does not appear in the railway directory. Here this word replaces the term “electric train”. What are the features of spoken language?

It is implemented mainly orally. This is precisely what distinguishes spoken language from written language. In the book style, literary norms are strictly observed at all language levels. Among the styles of speech, as already mentioned, there are scientific, journalistic, and official business. All of them have a more general name, namely book. Sometimes artistic style is distinguished as a functional style. However, this point of view raises objections among many linguists. More on the art style below.

Spontaneity

Conversational speech falls into the category of unprepared speech. It is spontaneous, involuntary. It is created simultaneously with the thought process. That is why its laws differ significantly from the laws of the journalistic style. But they still exist, and even in everyday communication You should remember the norms of literary language.

Examples of conversational style texts are found in speeches by public and political figures. Some of them have gained fame among the people as the authors of unique sayings and aphorisms. “We wanted the best, it turned out as always,” this phrase became famous. However, it is worth saying that its creator made a gross stylistic mistake. Oratory speech should consist exclusively of elements of journalistic style. The incompleteness of the phrase and emotionality are unacceptable for it.

Expressiveness

Using everyday conversational speech, people easily share information, thoughts, feelings with loved ones and acquaintances. It is not applicable in every situation. One of the main features of the conversational style of speech is emotionality. It is appropriate in any informal setting.

In everyday communication, people constantly express their feelings, preferences, preferences or, on the contrary, indignation, irritation, hostility. In the examples of conversational style texts there is an emotionality that is not found in journalism.

Without expressiveness it is impossible to create advertising slogans. The main task of a marketer is to instill confidence in consumers, and this can be done by using texts created in the language spoken by potential buyers. An example of a conversational text: “Fly with Aeroflot planes!” If this phrase is put into a journalistic style, it will turn out to be “Use the services of the Aeroflot company!” The second option is more difficult to perceive and hardly evokes positive emotions.

Jargons and dialectisms

Spoken speech is not codified, but it has norms and laws. Certain taboos exist for her too. For example, contrary to generally accepted opinion, profanity should not be present not only in journalistic, but also in colloquial speech. In the dialogue of educated people there is no place for jargon, rude vernacular, unless, of course, these linguistic elements carry a certain emotional coloring. There should be no dialectisms in colloquial speech - signs of lack of proficiency in the orthoepic norms of the Russian language. Although in some cases they are also irreplaceable.

Examples of conversational style of speech are present in prose. In order to be convinced of this, you just have to open any book by Bunin, Kuprin, Tolstoy, Turgenev, Dostoevsky or any other Russian writer. Creating a portrait of the characters, the author gives them characteristic features that are best manifested in dialogues. In this case, colloquial speech may include both jargon and dialectisms.

The norms of the literary language do not include vernacular language. But they are also often found in everyday speech. Example: “I came from Moscow.” It is worth knowing that the incorrect use of verbs is outside the norms and conversational style.

Art style

Writers use a variety of linguistic means to the maximum extent. Artistic style is not a system of homogeneous linguistic phenomena. He is devoid of stylistic closure. Its specificity depends on the individual style of a particular author. And, as already mentioned, examples of conversational style texts are present on the pages of works of fiction. Below is one of them.

Reading famous novel Mikhail Bulgakov’s “The Master and Margarita”, you can already find many examples of texts in a colloquial style of speech in the first chapter. Elements of everyday language are present in the dialogues. One of the characters says the phrase “You, professor, have come up with something awkward. It may be smart, but it’s painfully incomprehensible.” If you “translate” this phrase into journalistic language, you get: “Professor, your point of view deserves attention, but raises some doubts.” Would Bulgakov's novel have gained the interest of millions of readers if the characters had expressed their thoughts so dryly and formally?

Such elements of language as jargon and dialectisms have already been mentioned above. In another work of Bulgakov, namely in the story “Heart of a Dog”, main character- Polygraph Poligrafovich - actively uses profanity in communication with the professor and other characters.

We will not give examples of texts in a colloquial style of speech with an abundance of obscene expressions, which the author included in the work in order to emphasize Sharikov’s lack of education and rudeness. But let us remember one of the phrases uttered by Professor Preobrazhensky, a hero in whose speech, unlike the speech of Poligraf Poligrafovich, there are no syntactic, spelling and other errors.

“If, instead of operating, I start singing in chorus in my apartment, devastation will come,” said Philip Philipovich in a dialogue with his assistant. What is the importance of colloquial speech in fiction? It is impossible to overestimate her role in prose. Being in a state of emotional excitement, the professor, an extremely educated person, makes a semantic mistake (singing in chorus) intentionally, thereby giving the speech a certain irony, without which he would not be able to express his indignation and indignation so clearly.

There are two forms oral speech: written and oral. We looked at the first one above. Every person uses spoken language every day. It is worth talking in more detail about other features of this important layer of language.

Using pronouns

Authors of journalistic and scientific texts As a rule, they appeal to a wide audience of readers. In colloquial speech, pronouns occur quite often, especially in the first and second person. This is explained by the fact that communication takes place in an informal setting, and a small group of people takes part in it. Conversational speech is personalized.

Diminutive forms and metaphors

In modern colloquial speech there are a large number of zoomorphic metaphors. Bunny, kitty, bird, cat, mouse- all these are words that are not found in scientific articles. A person uses the name of animals in relation to his interlocutor mainly in diminutive forms, and he does this in order to express his favor and sympathy.

But other words are also found in colloquial speech. For example: goat, donkey, ram, snake, viper. If these nouns are used as zoomorphic metaphors, then they have a pronounced negative character. It is worth saying that in colloquial speech there are much more words of negative evaluation than positive ones.

Polysemy

In the Russian language there is such a commonly used word as “drum”. The verb “drum” is derived from it, which is used in colloquial speech in completely different meanings. It can be used in relation to both a person and a natural phenomenon. Examples:

Don't drum your fingers on the table.
The rain drums on the glass for half a day.

It is one of the few verbs that has multiple meanings in colloquial speech.

Abbreviations

First names and patronymics are used in a truncated form. For example, San Sanych instead of Alexander Alexandrovich. In linguistics, this phenomenon is called prosyopesis. In addition, in everyday speech, “dad” and “mam” are more often used than the words “mom” and “dad”, “mother” and “father”.

In conversation, people actively use aposiopesis, that is, intentionally breaking off a phrase. For example: “But if you’re not home by two, then...” Sometimes authors of literary and journalistic texts also resort to this linguistic device (“If serious changes do not occur in the economy, then...”). But first of all, aposiopesis is characteristic of colloquial speech.

Verb

If you look at one of the examples of conversational texts, you will find that verbs appear more often than nouns or adjectives. In everyday communication, people for some reason prefer words that denote actions.

According to statistics, only 15% of the total number of nouns are used in colloquial speech. As for verbs, preference is given to the present tense in cases where it would be more correct to use the future. For example: “Tomorrow we are flying to Crimea.”

Other features of spoken language

The conversational style is a full-fledged functional style of language, but it lives according to slightly different laws than the written one. When communicating freely, a person creates statements spontaneously, and therefore they do not always sound perfect. However, even colloquial speech should be monitored so that phrases such as “We wanted the best, but it turned out as always” do not appear.

Comparison of conversational style of speech with other styles. Originality of conversational style.

Spoken speech functions only in the private sphere of communication: everyday life, everyday professional, friendly, family, etc. Most often, the subject of conversation is the weather, health, news, any interesting events, purchases, prices... However, this does not mean that the conversational style is limited to everyday topics. Conversational speech can also touch on other topics: for example, a conversation between people in informal relationships about art, science, politics, etc. But these topics are also subject to the rules of conversational style, its syntactic structure, although in such cases the vocabulary of conversations is enriched with book words.

The conversational style performs the main function of language - the function of communication, its purpose is the direct transmission of information. This style is used not only in everyday life, but also in the professional sphere. In everyday life, it has an oral form - monologue or dialogic speech, and a written form - private letters, notes, diary entries. In the professional sphere - only oral. The linguistic features of the conversational style determine the special conditions for its functioning: informality, ease, expressiveness, lack of preliminary selection of linguistic means, automaticity of speech, ordinariness of content. In everyday communication, a concrete, associative way of thinking and a direct, expressive nature of expression are realized. Hence the disorder, fragmentation of speech forms and emotionality of style.

One of the most important features of colloquial speech is its reliance on an extra-linguistic situation, i.e. the real, objective context of speech in which communication takes place. This allows you to extremely shorten a statement that may lack individual components, which, however, does not interfere with the correct perception of colloquial phrases.

For example, in a bakery we don’t find the phrase strange:

- Please, with bran, one.

At the station at the ticket office:

- Two to Svetlogorsk.

Outside of these situations, these statements lose meaning.

In the conversational style, for which the oral form is primordial, the sound side of speech plays an important role, and above all intonation: it is this (in interaction with a peculiar syntax) that creates the impression of conversationality. Relaxed speech is characterized by sharp increases and decreases in tone, lengthening, “stretching” of vowels, scanning of syllables, pauses, and changes in the tempo of speech. Less tension in the speech organs leads to changes in the quality of sounds and sometimes even to their complete disappearance: “hello”, not “hello”, not “says” but “grit”, “buim” instead of “let’s be”, etc. This simplification of orthoepic norms is especially noticeable in non-literary forms of colloquial style, in common parlance.

Colloquial style vocabulary is divided into two large groups: 1) common words ( day, year, work, early, possible, good, new etc.); 2) colloquial words ( potato, reader, record book, real, perch). It is also possible to use colloquial words, dialectisms, jargon, i.e. extraliterary elements. All this vocabulary is predominantly of everyday content, specific. However, the thematic diversity of colloquial speech, which is not limited to everyday topics, involves the inclusion of different style groups of vocabulary: terms, abstract vocabulary, foreign borrowings (although their range is quite narrow). The activity of expressive-emotional vocabulary (familiar, affectionate, disapproving, ironic) is indicative. Evaluative vocabulary usually has a reduced connotation here ( awesome, blond, homely, talkative and so on.). It is interesting to use occasional words (neologisms that we come up with on occasion) - “opener” - a can opener, “adopt” - modeled after “adopt”» Metaphors are widely used ( vinaigrette, porridge, okroshka, - about the confusion ; jelly, weakling - about a sluggish, characterless person) against the background of neutral vocabulary. A feature of conversational style texts are the so-called empty words, which can replace any other words. Their meaning is specified in the situation: “thing”, “thing”, “deed”, “bandura”, “clunker”. For example:

- Where are we going to put this bandura?(About the closet).

- I don’t need sugar, but with this thing(pie).

In everyday communication, it is possible to name objects in a special way:

-Give me something to cover myself with.(blanket).

In the colloquial style, the law of “saving speech means” applies, therefore, instead of names consisting of two or more words, one is used: evening newspaper - “vecherka”, condensed milk - “condensed milk”, utility room - “back room”, five-story building - “ five-story building." In other cases, stable combinations of words are transformed: academic council - “advice”, sick leave- “sick leave”. The conversational style is rich in phraseology. Most Russian phraseological units are of a colloquial nature ( just a stone's throw away, unexpectedly, like water off a duck's back etc.), colloquial expressions are even more expressive ( There is no law for fools, in the middle of nowhere and so on.). Colloquial and colloquial phraseological units give speech vivid imagery. They differ from book and neutral phraseological units not in meaning, but in special expressiveness and reduction. Compare: to die is to play the game, to mislead is to hang noodles on one’s ears.

At the word-formation level, the emotionality and evaluativeness of the conversational style are realized with the help of suffixes of subjective evaluation with the meaning of endearment, disapproval, magnification, etc. ( mommy, honey, sunshine; pretense, vulgarity; home, cold etc.), as well as suffixes with a functional connotation of colloquiality (-k -“locker room”, “overnight”, “stove”;- ik "knife", "rain""; - un " talker"; - Yaga " hard worker"). Suffixless formations are used ( snoring, dancing), compounding ( couch potato, windbag). You can also indicate the most active ways of word formation for adjectives of evaluative meaning ( big-eyed, toothy, biting, pugnacious; thin, healthy etc.), as well as verbs - prefix-suffical ( play naughty, talk, play), suffixes ( speculate, hello), prefix ( is-to-lose weight, to-buy). In order to enhance expression, doubling words are used - adjectives, sometimes with additional prefixation ( black-black, smart-premium), acting as superlatives.

The morphological norm of conversational style, on the one hand, corresponds to the general literary norm, on the other hand, it has its own characteristics. For example, verbs are used here more often than nouns. The particularly frequent use of personal and demonstrative pronouns is also indicative. As Professor G.Ya. says Solganik, “personal pronouns are widely used due to the constant need to designate the participants in a conversation. Any dialogue (and this is the main form of conversational speech) presupposes I - the speaker, YOU - the listener, who alternately takes on the role of the speaker, and HE - the one who is not directly involved in the conversation. You can put any content into the formula I – YOU – HE.” Demonstrative pronouns and others are needed in conversational style due to their inherent breadth and generality of meaning. They are concretized by a gesture, and this creates the conditions for a very compressed transmission of this or that information (for example: “It’s not here, but there”). Only the conversational style allows the use of a pronoun accompanied by a gesture without prior use of a specific word: “ I won't take it. This one doesn't suit me».

Possessive adjectives are used in colloquial speech ( mom's dresses, father's work), but short forms are rarely used. Participles and gerunds do not occur at all, and for particles and interjections, colloquial speech is their native element. ( What can I say! That's the thing! Surprise for you!)

In conversational style, preference is given to variant forms of nouns ( on vacation´; locksmith´), numerals ( fifty, five hundred), verbs ( I will read, but I will not read; raise, not seen, not heard). In live conversation, truncated forms of verbs are often found that have the meaning of instant and unexpected action: grab, jump, jump and so on. For example: And this one grabs him by the sleeve! The grasshopper hops and hits the grass. We use colloquial forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives ( better, shorter), adverb ( quickly, more conveniently). In colloquial speech, zero endings in the genitive plural of such nouns as gram, orange, tomato and so on. ( one hundred grams of butter, five kilograms of orange).

Under the influence of the law of economy of speech means, the conversational style allows the use of real nouns in combination with numerals ( two milks, two coffees– meaning “two servings”). Here, peculiar forms of address are common - truncated nouns: Mom! Dad! Linen! Roll!

Colloquial speech is no less original in the distribution of case forms: the nominative dominates here, which in oral remarks replaces book controlled forms. For example: He built a dacha - a station nearby; I bought a fur coat – gray astrakhan fur. The nominative case is especially consistent in replacing all others when using numerals in speech: The amount does not exceed three hundred rubles (instead of: three hundred); Had three dogs (three dogs).

The syntax of colloquial speech is very unique, which is due to its oral form and vivid expression. Simple sentences dominate here, often incomplete, of the most varied structure (definitely personal, indefinitely personal, impersonal and others) and extremely short.

In oral speech, we often do not name an object, but describe it: In Hat haven't been here? They love to watch up to sixteen(meaning movies). As a result of unprepared speech, connecting constructions appear in it: We must go to St. Petersburg. To the conference. This fragmentation of the phrase is explained by the fact that the thought develops associatively, the speaker seems to recall details and complements the statement. Complex sentences are not typical for colloquial speech; if they are used, then more often than others they are non-conjunctive: If I leave, it will be easier for you; You speak, I listen.

The order of words in live speech is also unusual. As a rule, the most important word in the message is put first: I saw Oleg yesterday; Buy me a computer; Are we going to study today? In this case, parts of a complex sentence (main and subordinate clauses) are sometimes intertwined: I don’t even know where to get water. Typical colloquial complex sentences are characterized by a weakening of the function of the subordinate clause, its merging with the main one, and structural reduction: You will work with whomever they order; Call whoever you want.

A number of colloquial types of sentences can combine question-answer constructions and reflect the features of conversational speech, for example: Who I need is you; Whom I respect on the course is Ivanov.

The following features of conversational syntax should be noted:

Using a pronoun that duplicates the subject: Vera, she comes late.

Placing an important word from the subordinate clause at the beginning of the sentence: I like bread to always be fresh.

Use of sentence words: OK; Clear; Can; Certainly.

Activity of introductory words: May be; So to speak; You know.

Conversational style is contrasted with book styles, since they function in one area or another social activities. However, colloquial speech includes not only specific colloquial means, but also neutral ones, which are the basis of the literary language. Therefore, this style is associated with other styles that also use neutral language means. Within a literary language, colloquial speech is contrasted with codified language as a whole. But codified literary language and colloquial speech are two subsystems within the literary language. As a rule, every native speaker of a literary language speaks both of these varieties of speech.

Summary

The colloquial style, to a greater extent than all other styles, has a striking originality of linguistic features that go beyond the scope of the standardized literary language. It can serve as convincing evidence that the stylistic norm is fundamentally different from the literary norm. Each of functional styles has developed its own norms that should be taken into account, and has its own characteristics. In colloquial speech this is:

· unpreparedness, spontaneity;

· direct nature of the speech act;

· great influence of extra-linguistic factors;

· widespread use of everyday and emotionally expressive vocabulary and phraseology;

· implementation of evaluativeness and expressiveness at the morphological and syntactic level.

But this does not mean that colloquial speech always conflicts with literary language rules. Deviations from the norm may vary depending on the intra-style stratification of the conversational style. It contains varieties of reduced, rude speech, vernacular speech that has absorbed the influence of local dialects, etc. But the colloquial speech of intelligent, educated people is quite literary, and at the same time it differs sharply from bookish speech, bound by the strict norms of other functional styles.

Questions for control and self-control

1. In what area of communication does spoken language function?

2. What conditions for the functioning of a conversational style determine its linguistic features?

3. What role do extra-linguistic factors play in the formation of spoken language?

4. In what forms is the main function of the conversational style implemented?

What is characteristic of orthoepy in colloquial speech?

5. How is the expressiveness and evaluativeness of the colloquial style of speech determined in vocabulary and word formation?

6. What is the uniqueness of the morphology of the conversational style?

7. What syntactic structures are characteristic of colloquial speech?

8. What is the relationship between conversational style and other speech styles?

9. Is the colloquial style of speech included in the literary language?

LITERATURE

1. Golub I.B. Russian language and culture of speech: Tutorial, - M.: Logos, 2004.

2. Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G., Kashaeva E.Yu. Russian language and speech culture for engineers: Textbook, - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2003.

3. Maksimov V.I. and others. Russian language and speech culture: Textbook. - M.: Gardariki, 2001.

4. Zemskaya E.A. Russian colloquial speech: linguistic analysis and learning problems. – M., 1997.

5. Golub I.B., Rosenthal D.E. Secrets of good speech. – M., 1993.

If book styles (scientific, official business, newspaper journalistic, artistic) are used primarily in official settings and in writing and require constant care about the form of expression, then conversational style used in informal settings. The degree of speech preparedness may vary. In everyday conversation, she is usually completely unprepared (spontaneous). And when writing a friendly letter, pre-written drafts can also be used. But this preparedness never reaches the degree that is characteristic of book styles.

All this leads to the fact that the dominant of the conversational style, especially colloquial speech that exists in the oral form of informal personal communication, is to minimize concern about the form of expression of thoughts. And this, in turn, gives rise to a number of linguistic features of the conversational style.

On the one hand, the colloquial style of speech is characterized by a high degree of language standardization. Typical, standard constructions are convenient for spontaneous (unprepared) speech. Each typical situation has its own stereotypes.

For example, etiquette stereotypes include the following phrases: Good afternoon!; Hello!; What's new?; Bye! Stereotypes used in urban transport: Are you leaving next?; in the shop - Weigh the oil, three hundred grams etc.

On the other hand, in a relaxed atmosphere, the speaker is not limited by the strict requirements of official communication and can use untyped, individual means.

It should be remembered that spoken language serves not only the purposes of communication, but also the purposes of influence. Therefore, the conversational style is characterized by expressiveness, clarity and imagery.

Among characteristic features conversational style can be distinguished as follows:

Language means	Examples
Language level: Phonetics
Incomplete pronunciation type.	Grit instead of speaks; hello instead of Hello.
Intonation as one of the main means of expressiveness and organization of speech: rapid changes in intonation, timbre, tempo, play of intonation colors, etc.	The organizing role of intonation in non-union sentences, in sentences with a free connection of parts, etc. ( We walked / it was raining; Subway/here?) Faster pace when pronouncing greetings, farewells, first names and patronymics ( Tanya, hello!); when expressing motivation, especially when combined with the emotion of irritation. ( Shut up!) Slow pace with lengthening of vowels while emphasizing conviction - lack of conviction ( Yes. Of course); to express surprise ( - He has already arrived. - Are you here?) and etc.
Language level: Vocabulary and phraseology
A large percentage of neutral, specific, commonly used vocabulary.	Sofa, bed, sleep, get dressed, faucet.
Neutral colloquial vocabulary.	Doctor, usherette, knife, understand.
Some socio-political and general scientific terms, nomenclature names.	Revolution, administration, governor, analysis, radiation, bulldozer, excavator.
Emotional-evaluative colloquial vocabulary.	Hard worker, headless, poor fellow, parasite.
Standardized figurative means.	Metaphors: get stuck in the city; what a bug you are!; phraseological units: bend your back; fill your pocket; hyperbole and litotes: terribly fun; terribly funny; You can go crazy from this computer science; I could eat a bull right now and etc.
Interspersed with professionalisms, jargon, colloquial words, etc.	We have four today couples. Yes with window. I wouldn't go crazy by the evening!
Language level: Morphology
Frequency nominative case compared to other cases.	There's a store there/ Groceries// and the entrance is on the left/ under the stairs//
Frequency of personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns and adverbs, particles.	Granny// Played cards with me/ fooling around// We were left... we were left alone/ me/ and her// And also John’s dog, that means// We fed this John/ and then sat down... I ran to her for cigarettes/ and we sat down to play/ the fool// Well, ten games a day// Here//
Lack of gerunds, rare use of participles (only past passive).	You gave me a broken chair! Is it sewn or ready-made?
Free handling of tense forms (change of tenses, use of a tense form not in its meaning).	And there we met. “Kolya, hello”... And we sit, or rather stand, chatting there, sitting on the bench for literally three hours. As we begin to remember how our bus got stuck, how they pulled us out.
Use of verbal interjections.	Jump, jump, walk, bang, fuck.
Language level: Syntax
Short simple sentences, as if strung on top of each other.	We lived in the country. We lived at the dacha. We always left early for the dacha. We also had a doctor.
Incomplete sentences, especially those with major clauses missing.	- Tea? - I'll have half a cup.
Restructuring of phrases on the fly, broken structure with interruptions in intonation. Activity of connecting structures, with introductory words and particles.	My husband was a soldier. He served in the artillery. Five years. And so. They told him: “Here is a bride for you. Growing. Very good".
Activity of interjection phrases.	Oh? What a strength!
Freer word order (words are arranged in the order in which thoughts are formed). In this case, everything important moves to the beginning of the sentence.	Well, naturally, we lost money there. Because they were simple workers. I was a turner there. She handed me such a wicker basket. He was in Moscow then.

It should be remembered that, on the one hand, almost all norms of colloquial style are optional (optional), and on the other, the features of colloquial speech and colloquial style in general should not be transferred to official oral speech, much less written speech. The use of elements inherent in the conversational style in other styles (journalistic, artistic) must be stylistically justified!

Introduction

Conclusion

Introduction

Everyday vocabulary is vocabulary that serves non-productive relationships between people, that is, relationships in everyday life. Most often, everyday vocabulary is represented by colloquial speech. Colloquial speech is a functional type of literary language. It performs the functions of communication and influence. Colloquial speech serves a sphere of communication that is characterized by informality of relations between participants and ease of communication. It is used in everyday situations, family environment, at informal meetings, conferences, unofficial anniversaries, celebrations, friendly feasts, meetings, during confidential conversations between colleagues, boss and subordinate, etc.

The next characteristic feature of colloquial speech is the direct nature of the speech act, that is, it is realized only with the direct participation of speakers, regardless of the form in which it is realized - dialogical or monological.

The activity of the participants is confirmed by statements, replicas, interjections, and simply sounds made.

The structure and content of conversational speech, the choice of verbal and non-verbal means of communication are greatly influenced by extralinguistic (extra-linguistic) factors: the personality of the addresser (speaker) and the addressee (listener), the degree of their acquaintance and proximity, background knowledge (the general stock of knowledge of the speakers), the speech situation (context of the utterance). Sometimes, instead of a verbal answer, it is enough to make a gesture with your hand, give your face the desired expression - and the interlocutor understands what your partner wanted to say. Thus, the extra-linguistic situation becomes an integral part of communication. Without knowledge of this situation, the meaning of the statement may be unclear. Gestures and facial expressions also play an important role in spoken language.

Colloquial speech is uncodified speech; the norms and rules of its functioning are not recorded in various kinds of dictionaries and grammars. She is not so strict in observing the norms of literary language. It actively uses forms that are classified in dictionaries as colloquial. “The litter does not discredit them,” writes the famous linguist M.P. Panov. “The litter warns: do not call a person with whom you are in strictly official relations a darling, do not offer to shove him somewhere, do not tell him that he is lanky and sometimes grumpy. In official papers, do not use the words look, to your heart's content, to your heart's content, penny wise, after all? In this regard, colloquial speech is contrasted with codified book speech. Colloquial speech, like book speech, has oral and written forms. Active study of spoken language began in the 60s. XX century. They began to analyze tape and manual recordings of relaxed, natural oral speech. Scientists have identified specific linguistic features of colloquial speech in phonetics, morphology, syntax, word formation, and vocabulary.

conversational style speech Russian

Features of conversational style

Conversational style is a speech style that has the following characteristics:

used in conversations with familiar people in a relaxed atmosphere;

the task is to exchange impressions (communication);

the statement is usually relaxed, lively, free in the choice of words and expressions, it usually reveals the author’s attitude to the subject of speech and the interlocutor;

Characteristic linguistic means include: colloquial words and expressions, emotional and evaluative means, in particular with the suffixes - ochk-, - enk-. - ik-, - k-, - ovat-. - evat-, perfective verbs with the prefix for - with the meaning of the beginning of action, appeal;

incentive, interrogative, exclamatory sentences.

contrasts with book styles in general;

inherent function of communication;

forms a system that has its own characteristics in phonetics, phraseology, vocabulary, and syntax. For example: phraseology - escaping with the help of vodka and drugs is not fashionable these days. Vocabulary - high, hugging a computer, getting on the Internet.

Colloquial speech is a functional type of literary language. It performs the functions of communication and influence. Colloquial speech serves a sphere of communication that is characterized by informality of relations between participants and ease of communication. It is used in everyday situations, family settings, at informal meetings, meetings, informal anniversaries, celebrations, friendly feasts, meetings, during confidential conversations between colleagues, a boss and a subordinate, etc.

The topics of conversation are determined by the needs of communication. They can vary from narrow everyday ones to professional, industrial, moral and ethical, philosophical, etc.

An important feature of colloquial speech is its unpreparedness and spontaneity (Latin spontaneus - spontaneous). The speaker creates, creates his speech immediately “completely”. As researchers note, linguistic conversational features are often not realized and not recorded by consciousness. Therefore, often when native speakers are presented with their own colloquial utterances for normative assessment, they evaluate them as erroneous.

The next characteristic feature of colloquial speech: - the direct nature of the speech act, that is, it is realized only with the direct participation of speakers, regardless of the form in which it is realized - dialogical or monological. The activity of the participants is confirmed by statements, replicas, interjections, and simply sounds made.

The structure and content of conversational speech, the choice of verbal and non-verbal means of communication are greatly influenced by extralinguistic (extra-linguistic) factors: the personality of the addresser (speaker) and the addressee (listener), the degree of their acquaintance and proximity, background knowledge (the general stock of knowledge of the speakers), the speech situation (context of the utterance). For example, to the question “Well, how?” depending on the specific circumstances, the answers can be very different: “Five”, “Met”, “Got it”, “Lost”, “Unanimously”. Sometimes, instead of a verbal answer, it is enough to make a gesture with your hand, give your face the desired expression - and the interlocutor understands what your partner wanted to say. Thus, the extra-linguistic situation becomes an integral part of communication. Without knowledge of this situation, the meaning of the statement may be unclear. Gestures and facial expressions also play an important role in spoken language.

In this regard, colloquial speech is contrasted with codified book speech. Colloquial speech, like book speech, has oral and written forms. For example, a geologist writes an article for a special magazine about mineral deposits in Siberia. He uses bookish speech in writing. The scientist gives a report on this topic at an international conference. His speech is bookish, but his form is oral. After the conference, he writes a letter to a work colleague about his impressions. Text of the letter - colloquial speech, written form.

At home, with his family, the geologist tells how he spoke at the conference, which old friends he met, what they talked about, what gifts he brought. His speech is conversational, its form is oral.

Active study of spoken language began in the 60s. XX century. They began to analyze tape and manual recordings of relaxed, natural oral speech. Scientists have identified specific linguistic features of colloquial speech in phonetics, morphology, syntax, word formation, and vocabulary. For example, in the field of vocabulary, colloquial speech is characterized by a system of its own methods of nomination (naming): different kinds acquisitions (evening - evening newspaper, motor - motor boat, enroll - in an educational institution); non-word combinations (Do you have something to write with? - pencil, pen, Give me something to cover myself with - blanket, rug, sheet); single-word derivatives with transparent internal shape(opener - can opener, rattle - motorcycle), etc. Colloquial words are highly expressive (porridge, okroshka - about confusion, jelly, knucklehead - about a lethargic, spineless person).

Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of its use

In the vocabulary of the modern Russian language, from the point of view of the scope of its use, two main layers are distinguished: national words and words limited in their functioning by the dialect and social environment. National vocabulary is the commonly used vocabulary for all speakers of the Russian language. It is the necessary material for the expression of concepts, thoughts and feelings. The bulk of these words are stable and used in all styles of speech (water, earth, book, table, spring, author, alphabet, promise, walk, talk, start, kind, good, red, quickly, beautiful, etc.).

Dialectal vocabulary is characterized by limited use. It is not part of the lexical system of the common language. This or that dialect word belongs to one or more dialects (dialects) of the national language.

A dialect is a type of language that functions in a certain territory and is characterized by specific dialectal features (in addition to features characteristic of the entire language).

These features are the result of local changes in the national language at different times. The history of the development of dialects is connected with the history of their speakers. At present, only traces of the distant past have been preserved in dialects.

Dialectal vocabulary is words that are characteristic of one dialect or several dialects: susa"ly "skul" (Smolensk), beckon "to wait, hesitate" (Arkhangelsk), basko "good, beautiful" (Novgorod), pokhleya " “put” (Vladimir), borsha”t “grumble” (Vologda), o”taka “father” (Ryazan), zubi”sha “gums” (Bryansk) and words known to all dialects of Northern Russian, Southern Russian dialects and Central Russian dialects. Compare: Northern Russian dialect words: yell “plow the ground”, plow 1) “sweep the floor”,

) “it’s bad to cut bread, in thick slices”, drag “to harrow the ground after plowing”, laney “last year”; South Russian: skorodit “to harrow the ground after plowing”, letos “last year”, paneva “peasant homespun woolen skirt of a special cut (rubbed)”, kachka “duck”; Central Russian: bridge 1) “seni”,

) “steps leading from the entryway to the courtyard”, anadys “recently”, behind the “pop” apron.

The Northern Russian type of residential building is designated by the word izba, and the Southern Russian type by the word hut, but the word izba is known far beyond the borders of the Northern Russian dialect. Probably because in the Old Russian language the word isba meant a heated room.

Based on the nature of the differences in dialect vocabulary, non-opposed and contrasted dialect words are distinguished.

Non-opposite lexical units are words that exist in some dialects and are not used in others due to the lack of corresponding objects, concepts, etc.

In this dialect vocabulary the following groups of words are distinguished:

Words associated with the features of the local landscape, with local natural conditions.

For example, Smolensk, Pskov - bachio "swamp, swampy place", harrier "especially swampy place in the swamp." In areas where there are no swamps, such words are absent.

Words denoting features of the material culture of the region (ethnographic dialectisms), for example, types of clothing that are common in one territory and absent in another. Wed. the already mentioned southern Russian word paneva (panya "va): in the territory of northern Russian dialects, peasants wore sundresses rather than panevas; in the Pskov and Smolensk regions andara"ki ("skirt made of homespun linen canvas"). Smolensk casing, burka and, accordingly, Tula fur coat, sheepskin coat are not different names for the same item, but designate different items - specific local types of clothing.

This also includes a group of words that denote different household items with the same or similar function. For example, a bucket - tse "bar - a bowl - a tub - the names of objects in which water is stored in the house in winter, but there is a difference between them: a bucket is a metal or wooden vessel with handles in the form of a bow, a tse" bar is a large wooden bucket with ears, only cattle are allowed to drink from it, dezhka is a wooden vessel, but without ears and handles, kadka is a wooden vessel (barrel), different in shape from both the tsebra and the dezhka.

Different types dishes for storing and settling milk in different places are called by different words: stolbu"n - jug (kukshin) - ku"khlik - pot - makhotka - gourlach - jug (zban).

Most of the dialect vocabulary consists of words that are opposed to the corresponding names in other dialects. Their oppositions can be expressed by the following differences:

actual lexical differences, when different words are used to denote the same object, phenomenon, concept in different dialects (adverbs): pole - rubel - stick “an object that holds sheaves together, hay on a cart”; jelly - well (kolo"dez); grip - rogach - forks "an object used to remove pots and cast iron from the oven"; squirrel - veksha - vave"rka; cloud - gloomy; boring - dreary, etc.;
lexical-semantic differences, in which, as in the previous case, different words denote similar phenomena and concepts, but these differences are associated here with additional shades in the meaning of words. For example, the word moos (about a cow) in many dialects means general concept, and in some dialects it has the connotation “quietly”; This word is contrasted with the verb roars, which in some dialects denotes a general concept, and in others has the additional connotation of “loudly.” Wed. adjectives sick - sick - kvely, which in some dialects are used to mean “sick in general”, and in others have additional connotations: sick when talking about a person with a cold, kvely when talking about a person with poor health, sick has the general meaning of “sick at all";
semantic differences, when the same word in different dialects has different meaning: weather - “weather in general”, “good weather”, “bad weather”; gai - “forest in general”, “young forest”, “young birch forest”, “small area in the forest”, “tall large forest”;
word-formation differences, when the same-root words of different dialects differ from each other in word-formation structure with the same meaning: scourge - biya"k - bichik - bichu"k - bichovka "scourge, part of the flail"; povet - povetka - subpovetka - povetye - subpovetie "building for agricultural implements"; here - that car "here"; there - that "poppy - that" lobes "there";
phonetic differences, in which the same root morpheme can differ in different dialects by individual sounds, but this does not depend on the characteristics of the phonetic system of the dialect and does not affect the latter, since it concerns only a single word: banya - bainya; trouser - hook - rutabaga - belly "rutabaga"; karomysel - karomisel - karemisel “a device on which buckets are carried”; estate - usya "dba; log - berno" - berveno";
accentological differences in which words of different dialects that are identical in meaning are contrasted according to the place of stress: cold - cold (liter, holodno), studeno - studeno (liter. studeno); morkva - morkva, carrot - carrot (liter, morko "v) ; talk - talk (liter, talk).

Dialects are one of the sources of enriching the vocabulary of the Russian literary language in different periods of its existence. This process was especially intense during the formation of the Russian national language. The assimilation of dialect words into the literary language was caused primarily by the absence in it of the necessary words to denote certain realities characterizing various aspects of human life and nature.

Slang vocabulary (or jargon) is words and expressions found in the speech of people related by occupation, pastime, etc. In the past, social jargons were widespread (the jargon of noble salons, the language of merchants, etc.). Nowadays, they usually talk about the jargon of people of a certain profession, student, youth, about slang words in the speech of schoolchildren; for example, common words among students are; grandmothers “money”, cool “special, very good”, sachkovat “idle”, hut “apartment”. Jargons are conventional, artificial names and have correspondences in the literary language.

Jargons are very unstable, they change relatively quickly and are a sign of a certain time, generation, and in different places the jargon of people of the same category can be different. One of the characteristic features of student jargon of the late 70s was the use of distorted foreign words, mainly anglicisms: shoes, label, mafon, etc. A type of jargon is argot - conventional lexical groups used mainly by declassed elements: feather “knife”, plywood “money” ", stand on the skirmish, etc.

It develops and changes under the influence of material production, social relations, the level of culture, as well as geographical conditions and has a huge impact on other aspects of people’s lives. Everyday vocabulary is vocabulary that names the sphere of non-productive relations between people, that is, everyday life. Everyday vocabulary can exist in both written and oral form. But most often everyday vocabulary is the vocabulary of oral speech.

Like the vocabulary of written speech, the vocabulary of oral speech is stylistically marked. It is not used in special forms of written speech and has a colloquial flavor.

Unlike written speech, in oral speech there is no emphasis on the formality of communication: it is characterized by ease of communication, unpreparedness, situational nature, most often physical contact of communication, and dialogical nature.

These features of oral speech largely explain the stylistic features of its characteristic vocabulary. The vocabulary of oral speech in comparison with neutral appears as a whole as stylistically reduced.

The scope of its use is the area of everyday everyday, as well as, to a large extent, professional communication of an informal nature.

Depending on the degree of literariness and stylistic decline, two main layers of oral vocabulary can be distinguished: colloquial and vernacular.

Colloquial vocabulary is words that are used in informal, relaxed communication. Being a stylistically colored layer of vocabulary, colloquial vocabulary does not go beyond the vocabulary of the literary language.

Most colloquial words are characterized in one way or another by evaluative use: reveler, neat, crammed, big-eyed, big-nosed, shove (“stuck in”), dumbfounded (“greatly perplex”), fearful (“to avoid something, to get rid of someone— anything"), etc.

Conversational marking is characteristic of the most diverse groups of this vocabulary.

A significant number of colloquial words are formed by semantic contraction of phrases through suffixal derivation: soda (< газированная вода), зачетка (< зачетная книжка), зенитка (< зенитное орудие), читалка (< читальный зал), электричка (< электрический поезд) и мн. др.

The everyday and stylistically reduced nature of such words is well realized when they are compared with compound nominations. The second component of the combinations (nouns) is represented in these words of colloquial vocabulary by the suffix: carbonated water "carbonated water" (a).

With semantic contraction, there may be a complete elimination of one of the components of the phrase, and then the omitted word does not receive any reflection in the structure of the colloquial nomination. Can be eliminated as a defined word (chemistry< химическая завивка, декрет < декретный отпуск; ср.: Она сделала себе химию; Она - в декрете), так и определяющее (сад, садик < kindergarten, language< foreign language; Wed: Petya stopped going to kindergarten. He is already learning the language). These processes are a characteristic phenomenon of colloquial speech.

Colloquial vocabulary also includes many words of a professional and business nature used in informal communication: steering wheel "steering wheel", brick "no-travel sign", stake out (stake out a topic - "make an application for research"; the direct nominative meaning of the verb - "put up a pillar to designate something: a border, a site, the beginning of some work"), defend "defend a dissertation", settle down "receive an academic degree", sign "register, formalize marriage", etc.

Colloquial vocabulary is stylistically reduced words that, unlike colloquial vocabulary, are outside the strictly standardized literary language.

Colloquial vocabulary is used for a reduced, rude assessment of the denoted. Such words are characterized by a pronounced expression of negative evaluation: big, ugly, dismissive, “go a long distance.”

Colloquial and colloquial vocabulary, as already noted, is distinguished by varying degrees of stylistic decline. There is no sharp boundary between them. Colloquial and colloquial vocabulary serves as an important constructive element in organizing everyday conversational style.

General characteristics of colloquial speech

Colloquial speech is used in cases where there is unpreparedness of the speech act, ease of the speech act and direct participation of the speakers in the speech act. The spontaneity of communication excludes the written form of speech, and ease is typical only for informal communication, therefore colloquial speech is oral informal speech.

Philologists discuss the question of which factor in colloquial speech determines its essence, about the boundaries of colloquial speech. But what remains undoubted is that the features of colloquial speech are most clearly expressed when communicating with relatives, friends, close acquaintances and less clearly when communicating with strangers who meet by chance. This property of colloquial speech can be called personal communication (a person addresses personally Ivan or Peter, whose interests, understanding capabilities, etc. are well known to him). The features of colloquial speech also appear more clearly in cases where the speakers not only hear, but also see each other, the objects being discussed, and less clearly in conversations on the phone. This property of colloquial speech can be called the situational nature of communication ( relying on the situation, using not only words and intonation, but also facial expressions and gestures to convey information).

In cases where the conversation takes place between little or no acquaintances strangers or the use of facial expressions and gestures is excluded (talking on the phone), colloquial speech loses a number of its characteristic features. This is like the periphery of colloquial speech.

Peripheral spoken language and non-spoken spoken language are often difficult to distinguish. Colloquial speech has much in common with non-literary speech (dialectal speech, various jargons), since they are united by oral form, unpreparedness, informality and spontaneity of communication. But dialects and jargons (as well as vernacular) are outside the boundaries of the literary language, and colloquial speech is one of its functional varieties.

Colloquial speech, unlike other varieties of literary language, is uncodified speech, therefore, when using colloquial speech, the question of the admissibility or impermissibility of using a particular grammatical form, construction, etc. does not arise. The speaker is free to invent new formations (Poems cannot be read in a whisper; Is there something on TV today?), to use inaccurate designations: We arrived with these. spacesuits or something (instead of gas masks), “Seda” (the second dish made from chicken with onions and tomatoes according to the recipe of a woman named Seda). He can sometimes use a non-literary word because of its expressiveness (mura) and rearrange the phrase on the fly (He had nothing to do with linguistics; Bagrin had nothing to do with linguistics).

However, all this does not mean complete freedom. Colloquial speech is an uncodified but standardized variety of literary language. The norms of colloquial speech are based on those features that are widespread in the speech of cultural native speakers of the Russian language and do not cause condemnation in conversational conditions. The use of jargon (Where are you going?), expressions unacceptable in a literary language (expletive), illiterate phrases like I didn’t hold you back a bit violates the norms of colloquial speech; She's skinny all the way. Of course, outside the norms of colloquial speech there are dialectal errors in pronunciation (s "astra), word usage (chapelnik instead of frying pan), etc. These are the norms of colloquial speech as a type of literary language.

But there are certain norms inherent in colloquial speech that distinguish it from other varieties of literary language. Thus, incomplete answers are normative for colloquial speech, and complete answers are non-normative (although they can occur); a normatively collectively closed designation of objects, institutions, city districts, etc. He lives behind Sharik, i.e. further than where the ball bearing factory is located). II the official expanded designations (universal steam juice cooker, stationery glue, casein glue) and names (Saratov Order of the Red Banner of Labor State University named after N.G. Chernyshevsky) are non-standard. Let us consider sequentially the phonetic norms of colloquial speech, as well as the lexical, morphological and syntactic features inherent in it.

In contrast to the phonetic norms of official literary speech, colloquial speech is characterized by significantly less clarity of pronunciation. Due to the fact that, as a rule, facts that are familiar and known to the interlocutor are reported, the speaker does not strain his speech organs. Every teacher knows very well from his own experience that if he has a sore throat or cough, it is much more difficult for him to speak in class than at home. Formal speech for a whole class causes a sore throat and cough, as it requires greater clarity of pronunciation, i.e. tension of the corresponding muscles. The same is observed when talking on the phone (the lack of visual perception of the interlocutor also requires greater clarity of pronunciation). In an informal home environment, when the interlocutors understand each other literally, there is no need for special strain on the speech organs. Sounds are pronounced unclearly, the ends of words and especially phrases are swallowed, the pronunciation of many words is so simplified that entire syllables are dropped out (tery instead of now, gar"t instead of says). Such unclear pronunciation can lead to mishearings and incompleteness: What salary did they give her? ( was heard as “How much sugar should I put”), I have an apron here (was heard as “I’m having a heart attack”), etc. Such facts of incorrect perception of what was said are rare, not because the clarity of pronunciation is usually sufficient (when listening to tape recordings of spoken language). mishearings occur constantly), and not because there are few similar words in the language (tape recordings are deciphered), but because the interlocutors know what is being said.

The rhythm of spoken speech arises not only due to the unstressed nature of those words that are not important or informative for the interlocutor (in the given phrase today they were), but also due to words that are superfluous from the point of view of written speech. These are the endless, well, this, this, in general, there, the use of the same introductory words in the speech of some people (that means, so to speak, you know, you understand, etc.).

The intonation of phrases in colloquial speech differs sharply from formal speech. Usually, being in the next room without seeing those who are talking and without understanding the words, only by intonation can one determine with whom the conversation is taking place: with loved ones, relatives or with a guest (especially if the relationship with him is official). Official speech is less rhythmic and contains fewer unstressed words.

In colloquial speech, intonation is rhythmic, but of different types: the stressed word occupies either the initial, then the middle, or the final position: Now vaccinations will begin. There will be a temperature. I do not know. Children are flowers. I don't know what to do with him anymore. Then this is such a problem, the same gas and no.

Colloquial speech differs from all other varieties of literary language in its relative lexical poverty. In conditions of direct communication, on the one hand, there is no possibility of “sorting through thousands of tons of verbal ore,” and on the other hand, there is no need for this. The fact is that gestures, facial expressions, and the objects themselves that are in the speaker’s field of vision will help to understand what is being expressed if the expression is inaccurate. And most importantly, the speaker does not care about the form of expression of thoughts, since he is confident that there will be no misunderstanding: if they do not understand, they will ask again.

This lack of concern for the form of expression can develop into linguistic and spiritual laziness, leading to tongue-tiedness. But even in the recordings of conversations of cultured people, known for their excellent oral official speech, there are frequent repetitions of the same words, “extra” words, and very inaccurate expressions.

As we have already noted, only an insignificant part of the vocabulary wealth of the Russian language is used in colloquial speech. A person often uses words that are quite unintelligible to an outsider, but quite understandable to the interlocutor, albeit insignificant.

Usually, the synonymous capabilities of the Russian language are hardly used in conversation. Often, not only book synonyms are missing, but also “colloquial” synonyms: many appeared 90 times, and quite a few, beyond counting, never even once; stupid was recorded 5 times, and stupid, narrow-minded, headless, empty-headed, brainless - not once.

Colloquial speech is characterized by the use of the most common, most common words. The fact that these words are too general in meaning, and sometimes do not even accurately reveal the essence of what is being communicated, is explained by the fact that speakers use additional means: intonation, gestures, facial expressions, pointing to the objects in question.

The vocabulary poverty of spoken language is, of course, its disadvantage. In Russian language lessons, it is necessary to expand the active vocabulary of schoolchildren and help them master the synonymous richness of the Russian language. Of course, colloquial speech can never achieve the variety and accuracy of word use of prepared speech. But expanding a person's vocabulary is very important.

So, forced by the conditions of use of colloquial speech and acceptable under these conditions, vocabulary poverty and inaccuracy of colloquial speech beyond its limits interfere with the understanding of what is said.

The second feature of the use of vocabulary in colloquial speech is the potential freedom of word use. We have already talked about the possibilities of using words with imprecise, approximate momentary meaning. But in colloquial speech it is also possible to use words created for given occasions (cunningly wise), words whose meaning changes as the conversation progresses.

The conditions of colloquial speech give rise to designations (nominations) of objects that are unusual for official speech. In official speech, subject nominations must include a noun, for example house: red house; the house that stands on the corner; house on the corner. In colloquial speech, designations without nouns are also used.

The bulk of words in colloquial speech are the most ordinary, general literary neutral ones, and not at all special “colloquial” words. The abuse of book vocabulary is also a violation of the norms of spoken language. Although modern colloquial speech is last decades has been significantly replenished with book words (objects, details, perspective, food, inform, contact, personnel, etc.), many of which are no longer perceived as something alien to colloquial speech; nevertheless, if it is possible to choose a book or colloquial, book or neutral option, one should prefer non-book options.

One of characteristic features colloquial speech - active use of pronouns. On average, for every 1000 words in spoken language there are 475 pronouns (130 nouns, and only 35 adjectives). Wed. in scientific speech: 62 pronouns with 369 nouns and 164 adjectives.

Pronouns in colloquial speech not only replace already used nouns and adjectives, but are often used without reference to context. This is especially true for the pronoun such. Thanks to intonation, this pronoun acquires a special heightened emotionality and either simply serves as an amplifier. The generality of the meaning of the pronoun, as can be seen from the examples, is preserved. But colloquial speech is characterized by situational, rather than contextual, specification of this generality. The decrease in the proportion of nouns and adjectives in spoken language is not only due to the widespread use of pronouns. The fact is that in colloquial speech, as already mentioned, it is used great amount insignificant words, various kinds of particles. On the one hand, due to their unstressed nature, they are a means of creating a colloquial wave-like rhythm of speech. On the other hand, they are forced pause fillers. Conversational speech is relaxed speech, but since a person is forced to think and speak at the same time, he pauses, looking for the necessary word.

In addition to obvious pause fillers, insignificant or insignificant words that signal inaccuracy of expression and approximation are widely used in colloquial speech. Approximateness in conveying the meaning of what is being discussed, an attempt to find the right word is signaled with the help of pronouns this, this is the same. In conversational speech, all these signals of approximation, inaccuracy and simple pause fillers are necessary. It is no coincidence that they also appear in the speech of characters in films, television and radio shows. The fight against clogging speech with “unnecessary” words must be carried out carefully.

Colloquial speech knows almost no participles and gerunds. Their use in Russian is limited by a number of conditions, which are almost impossible to observe in conversation. Even in the speech of highly cultured people, the use of gerunds in oral speech, as a rule, leads to a violation of grammatical norms. Colloquial speech is also not characterized by the use of short forms of adjectives. The use in colloquial speech of not full, but short forms of adjectives of this type is explained by their proximity to the verb (they do not form degrees of comparison, qualitative adverbs with o, and do not have antonyms with the particle not).

In addition to differences in frequency of use different parts speech, colloquial speech is characterized by a peculiar use of case forms. This is manifested, for example, in the fact that written speech is characterized by the predominant use of forms genitive case, and for colloquial - nominative and accusative. These features of colloquial speech are a consequence of the conditions of its existence: forms that are difficult to perceive in oral communication (gerunds, participles, chains of the genitive case) are not used in colloquial speech; nouns and especially adjectives are used relatively little in oral speech, since objects and their signs are more often are generally visible or known to the interlocutors, pronouns and particles are widely used, which is due to the direct contacts of the speakers and the spontaneity of their speech.

The syntactic originality of colloquial speech is especially great. First of all, it is due to the fact that colloquial speech is often used in conditions where the subject of speech is in front of the eyes.

The inability to think through phrases before pronouncing them prevents the widespread use of detailed and complex sentences in conversation. As a rule, speech consists of a chain of short messages, as if strung on top of each other. In conditions of direct personal communication, such speech is natural and normal. On the contrary, complexly organized sentences violate the norms of colloquial speech, making it bookish, clerical, and somewhat artificial.

The use of colloquial style in a literary work

IN literary works the use of a colloquial style of speech has become widespread. Writers and poets introduce colloquial vocabulary into the text of a work of art with a variety of tasks: a more capacious creation of an image, the ability to more accurately describe a character using his speech characteristics, convey the national flavor of speech, everyday life, etc.

In the process of development of the Russian nationality, and then the nation, everything vital, typical, and necessary for language as a means of communication was selected from the dialect vocabulary.

Thus, the literary language includes the words balka, taiga, foliage, roadside, fishing, ushanka, very, annoying, roach, particulate (type of fish), dokha, strawberry, strawberry, spider, plowman, plowing, upper reaches, smile, etc. In agricultural terminology, the use of dialect words as terms continues in our time: stubble, stubble, harvested field, tug, collect, pull out flax by the roots, etc.

The meanings of many words found in the Russian literary language can only be explained with the help of dialect words. For example, the word careless “stupid, disorderly” becomes understandable if it is compared with the dialect Kalinin alabor “order, arrangement” and the dialect word alaborit “to move things around, turn over, redo, puts in order in one’s own way.”

Dialect words are introduced by writers into the language of literary works for various stylistic purposes. We find them in the works of N.A. Nekrasova, I.S. Turgeneva, I.A. Bunina, L.N. Tolstoy, S. Yesenin, M.A. Sholokhova, V.M. Shukshina and others. Northern Russian dialect vocabulary is used by N.A. Nekrasov in the poem "Who Lives Well in Rus'." Dialecticisms are introduced by the author not only into the speech of the characters, but also into the author’s speech. They perform a nominative-stylistic function and are used to describe the morals and customs of the people, to reproduce local color: at ease, strained, from there, pokudova, voster, picuga, ochep, vesmo, blizzard, muzhik (in the meanings of “husband” and “peasant”) and others. South Russian dialect vocabulary is widely represented, for example, in “Notes of a Hunter” by I.S. Turgenev. The writer knew the Kursk, Oryol and Tula dialects well, and from there he drew material for his artistic works. Using lexical dialectisms, I.S. Turgenev often gave them explanations, for example: He was built awkwardly, “sbitem,” as we say (“Singers”). They immediately brought us riding horses; we went to the forest or, as we say, to the “order” (“Burmist”). The author's speech is dominated by words that name things, objects, phenomena characteristic of the life of the characters depicted, i.e. ethnographic vocabulary: He was wearing a rather neat cloth tunic, worn on one sleeve (“Singers”) (chuika - “long cloth caftan”); Women in checkered coats threw wood chips at slow-witted or overzealous dogs (“Burmistr”). In the language of the characters I.S. Turgenev dialect elements serve as a means of socio-linguistic characteristics. “Let him sleep,” my faithful servant remarked indifferently (“Yermolai and the Miller’s Wife”). Jargons are expressive, so they are sometimes used in fiction as a means of creating an image, mostly negative (see the works of L.N. Tolstoy, N.G. Pomyalovsky, V. Shukshin, D. Granin, Yu. Nagibin, V. Aksenov, etc. .).

Conclusion

Colloquial speech serves a sphere of communication that is characterized by informality of relations between participants and ease of communication. It is used in everyday situations, family settings, at informal meetings, meetings, informal anniversaries, celebrations, friendly feasts, meetings, during confidential conversations between colleagues, a boss and a subordinate, etc., that is, in non-production situations.

The topics of conversation are determined by the needs of communication. They can vary from narrow everyday ones to professional, industrial, moral and ethical, philosophical, etc.

Conversational style is a style of speech that has the following characteristics: used in conversations with familiar people in a relaxed atmosphere; the statement is usually relaxed, lively, free in the choice of words and expressions, it usually reveals the author’s attitude to the subject of speech and the interlocutor; characteristic linguistic means include: colloquial words and expressions, emotional - evaluative means, addresses; is opposed to book styles in general, it has an inherent function of communication, it forms a system that has its own characteristics in phonetics, phraseology, vocabulary, syntax

Conversational style is widely used in literary works.

List of used literature

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