Why do we need spelling dictionaries?
Every person at one time or another encounters difficulties in pronouncing one word or another. For example, he cannot place the emphasis correctly, as a result of which he gets into trouble or simply frantically strives to replace this word with a synonym, which is not always well chosen.
It is logical to assume that the orthoepic dictionary is directly related to such a science of language as orthoepy. What is she like?
Orthoepy regulates pronunciation standards. In addition, it explains their establishment and justifies them.
Why is a spelling dictionary needed?
The dictionary is intended to be used as a book that contains information divided into articles, which, in turn, are sorted by topic or title.
The main purpose of the spelling dictionary is to provide the person applying with information regarding the pronunciation, formation and stress of a word with which difficulties have arisen.
The history of spelling dictionaries dates back to the 17th century, when the long process of the formation of a native language began. Undoubtedly, linguistic normalization elements were known in previous eras, however, they did not affect oral speech in any way. Along with the formation of the national language, the importance of unity in the pronunciation of words began to grow. The very first orthoepic mark that appeared in dictionaries of the 17th century was stress. It is reflected in the “Slovenian Russian Lexicon and Interpretation of Names.” Further, in the Dictionary of the Russian Academy, in addition to stress, information was also provided on the pronunciation of various words. It is important to note that phonetics standards had not yet been formed at that time. Thus, every year more and more new dictionaries appeared with new notes and additions. This is how Russian orthoepy and its norms were formed. With each new dictionary, people gained more and more knowledge about their native language.
Why is it important to place stress correctly?
Stresses in words are necessary so that you can pronounce the word correctly without distorting its original meaning and meaning. We all know how rich our language is and how many norms and rules it contains. All these rules should be mastered and applied by a native speaker in their conversational speech.
With the help of stress, we highlight one of the syllables in a word using our own voice. In Russian linguistics, stress plays a very important role. With its help, the emphasis is placed on the main and secondary, in addition, it can completely change the meaning of the spoken word. For example, castle - castle.
This shows that stress is very important, especially in a situation where words are spelled exactly the same, but have different meanings. Thus, without observing spelling norms, we make use of oral speech impossible. The interlocutors will not be able to correctly understand the idea that they want to convey to them. Without observing the norms of orthoepy, speech becomes incomprehensible, slurred and inaccessible to other people.
Orthoepic knowledge. Are they needed?
When a person has extensive spelling knowledge, his sociability increases greatly. This is explained as follows:
Firstly, such a person does not run the risk of being misunderstood or not understood at all;
Secondly, he is not embarrassed to pronounce certain words, because he knows how to correctly place emphasis in them and does not frantically try to find a word that could replace what he wants to say;
And thirdly, a well-read and literate person’s speech will be the same. And it, in turn, is extremely pleasant to the ear and does not cause irritation as a response from others.
Thus, it turns out that literacy is the best evidence that a person is well-read, literate and educated. And even if there were no good teachers at school or any difficulties arose in your studies, you should always remember that self-education has no boundaries. In addition, we live in a time when the World Wide Web allows us to use various educational materials for free. Many dictionaries, books, and workbooks are now available to users completely free of charge. Therefore, you should not refuse this opportunity to improve your own speech. In any case, this will only bring a beneficial effect.
Extremely popular in Lately began the use of online dictionaries. Pronouncing dictionary was no exception. Welcome!
As one movie heroine said: “Two circumstances give a person away: if he puts the emphasis on words incorrectly... And asks stupid questions.” Unlike the false daughters of Professor Tikhomirov, ordinary people there is no point in pretending to be someone else, but the advice is not stupid. If it is not difficult to ask all sorts of stupid things, then pronouncing words correctly even in your native language can often be very difficult. This is where an orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language can come to the rescue.
and why is it so important to install it correctly
Before learning more about the spelling dictionary, it is worth brushing up your knowledge about such a simple thing as stress. So, stress is the emphasis of a certain syllable in a word using the voice.
Despite the seemingly insignificant role of stress, it is often the meaning of a word that depends on it.
Features of stress in Russian
In Russian, stress can fall on absolutely any part of a word.
Moreover, when declension of the same word according to cases, the stress may fall on different syllables, which increases the chance of making mistakes in pronunciation not only for foreigners, but also for native speakers. In this regard, the main assistant of any person who wants to speak correctly is a spelling dictionary. He will tell you how to put the accent correctly. For example, even Russians themselves very often incorrectly pronounce widely famous names certain foods, items of clothing or abstract concepts. But in fact, the emphasis in them is placed as shown in the figure.
The science of orthoepy and orthoepic dictionary - what is it?
The science of orthoepy is the study of stress in words (the name is translated from Greek as “ correct speech"). In addition to emphasis, this science is engaged in the study, regulation and establishment of orthoepic norms literary speech.
All data on the correct pronunciation of words and word forms are entered into the special dictionaries, which are called orthoepic.
Each language has its own spelling dictionary. This helps foreigners learning a language to develop and native speakers to improve their own speech.
History of spelling dictionaries
Despite the fact that the science of orthoepy came from Ancient Greece, Humanity should be grateful to the Roman Empire for the first spelling dictionary. The fact is that, having conquered another country and turning it into their province, the Romans declared it official, and the conquered people, willy-nilly, had to teach it. Over time, in the provinces, Latin began to differ from the official one, as words were added to it local language conquered territory, and pronunciation Latin phrases was very distorted. In order to somehow streamline speech and reduce it to one standard, special reference books began to be published, in which the correct pronunciation of the most complex Latin words and phrases was recorded. These reference books are considered the first spelling dictionaries in history.
With the collapse of the Roman Empire, the time came for orthoepy Hard times. Only in the 16th-17th centuries in France did they begin to gradually fight for However, at that time, information about the correct pronunciation of words was provided in the form of additions to the grammar.
Later, by analogy with Roman reference books, orthoepic phrasebooks began to be published, which gradually turned into dictionaries.
IN Russian Empire formed by the beginning of the 20th century. By that time, many linguists began to publish their own spelling dictionaries in order to streamline the Russian language.
With the development of radio and television, special dictionaries began to be published for announcers and presenters, so that their speech would be an example for listeners.
With the development of computer programs, spelling dictionaries are gradually becoming relics of the past. Because today, to find out where to put the stress in a particular word, you just need to enter it into an online translator - and you can not only see where the stress is placed in it, but also listen to the correct pronunciation recorded by a native speaker.
Types of spelling dictionaries
As you know, all dictionaries are divided into two types:
- Encyclopedic - contain information about various countries, phenomena, historical events both personalities and friends.
- Linguistic - specialized dictionaries containing information about a word (its meaning, spelling, origin, translation, pronunciation, etc.). An orthoepic dictionary is a linguistic type.
Today, all spelling dictionaries are divided into two categories: paper and electronic.
Two more can be identified individual species- according to what norm this spelling dictionary describes. The pronunciation of dialect words of different regions is carried out by orthoepic dialect dictionaries. But how to correctly place emphasis according to the norms of literary speech will be suggested by dictionaries of the second type, which everyone uses when they strive to speak correctly.
Sometimes dictionaries of accents are divided into parts of speech. For example, a spelling dictionary of verbs, a spelling dictionary of nouns, etc.
Paper spelling dictionaries
Everyone imagines what a paper spelling dictionary is. This is an ordinary book in which words are placed in alphabetical order and indicate where the emphasis is placed in them.
Before the advent of computers, this was the only type of dictionary. However, now it has a serious competitor - electronic.
Electronic spelling dictionaries
Often paper editions of spelling dictionaries are scanned and digitized. Thus, anyone can download the electronic version of the necessary spelling dictionary and use it, since paper editions are quite expensive, especially rare ones. But such scans are not electronic dictionaries.
The electronic spelling dictionary is a specialized program with an automated word search. To find out information about the required word, you need to launch the program and enter in the search engine window the right word, and then the system itself will find it.
Such spelling dictionaries can be offline (all data is on the installation disk and the Internet is not required to work) and online (they do not work without the Internet).
Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language: History
One of the most famous first Orthoepic dictionaries of the Russian language were the work of the famous Ukrainian linguist Ivan (Ilarion) Ogienko. In 1911, he published “A Dictionary of Stress in the Russian Language and the Rules of Russian Stress.”
According to the traditional version, the history of orthoepic dictionaries of the Russian language begins in 1955, when the work of Ruben Avanesov and Sergei Ozhegov “Russian literary pronunciation and stress: a dictionary-reference book” was published. A little less than 30 years later, Avanesov’s well-known “Orthoepic Dictionary” was published, which became a reference manual for many.
In 1960, F. Ageenko and M. Zarva released a specialized spelling dictionary for announcers and presenters on radio and television. The same authors published a spelling dictionary with 76 thousand words in 1993.
In the mid-80s, the “Dictionary of Stresses of the Russian Language” by R. Khryslova was published in Minsk. During the same period, S. Borunova published her own spelling dictionary. This edition contained approximately 63.5 thousand words.
Since the beginning of the 2000s, spelling publications began to be actively published again. Thus, in 2000, the dictionary of Avanesov and Ozhegov was republished. In the same year, M. Studiner published an orthoepic dictionary with 82.5 thousand words. In addition, the authors T. Ivanova and T. Cherkasova published a specialized spelling reference book for speakers.
Today, specialized brochures or publications containing complex cases stress in new words than in spelling dictionaries. In addition, many people prefer to create online spelling services because they cost less than publishing a book and are easier to maintain and edit.
If the wise Romans had not invented an orthoepic dictionary in their time, it is unknown whether they would exist today different languages at all. After all, without having a standard of correct pronunciation of words specific language, after a few decades the inhabitants different parts one country would cease to understand each other. Just as 2000 years ago, the orthoepic dictionary plays an important role today, being the standard of pure and beautiful speech.
Pronouncing dictionary
Explanatory translation dictionary. - 3rd edition, revised. - M.: Flinta: Science. L.L. Nelyubin. 2003.
See what a “spelling dictionary” is in other dictionaries:
pronouncing dictionary- A language dictionary that gives the standard pronunciation of words. [GOST 7.60 2003] Publication topics, main types and elements EN pronouncing dictionary DE orphoepisches Wörterbuch ... Technical Translator's Guide
pronouncing dictionary- spelling dictionary: A language dictionary that gives the standard pronunciation of words. Source: GOST 7.60 2003: System of standards for information, library and publisher... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
Pronouncing dictionary- Orthoepic dictionary is a dictionary reflecting the orthoepic norm, that is, contemporary literary pronunciation and stress. Differs from explanatory dictionary by the way of describing the word, since it reveals the word only in orthoepic ... Wikipedia
pronouncing dictionary- Rus: orthoepic dictionary Deu: orphoepisches Wörterbuch Eng: pronouncing dictionary A language dictionary that gives the standard pronunciation of words. GOST 7.60 ... Dictionary of Information, Librarianship and Publishing
pronouncing dictionary- see linguistic dictionary...
pronouncing dictionary- Lexicographic publication reflecting the norms of pronunciation and stress of words. It may contain grammatical information, as well as information about semantic and word-formation features... Dictionary linguistic terms T.V. Foal
linguistic dictionary- A dictionary that provides an explanation of the meaning and use of words (as opposed to an encyclopedic dictionary, which provides information about relevant realities of objects, phenomena, events). Dialect (regional) dictionary. Dictionary containing... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
Dictionary- Dictionary 1) vocabulary, vocabulary of a language, dialect, any social group, an individual writer, etc. 2) A reference book that contains words (or morphemes, phrases, idioms, etc.) arranged in a certain order... ... Linguistic encyclopedic Dictionary
Dictionary of accents for radio and television workers- ... Wikipedia
Dictionary of exemplary Russian accent- Check neutrality. There should be details on the talk page... Wikipedia
Books
- , Borunova S.N., Vorontsova V.L., Eskova N.A.. The dictionary contains about 65 thousand words of the modern Russian language. It gives information about the pronunciation, stress and formation of grammatical forms of the words included in it. It has a widely developed... Buy for 1400 RUR
- Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms, Borunova S.N., Vorontsova V.L., Eskova N.A.. The dictionary contains about 63,500 words of the modern Russian language. It gives information about the pronunciation, stress and formation of grammatical forms of the words included in it. It has extensively developed…
A language dictionary that gives the standard pronunciation of words. [GOST 7.60 2003] Publication topics, main types and elements EN pronouncing dictionary DE orphoepisches Wörterbuch ... Technical Translator's Guide
pronouncing dictionary- spelling dictionary: A language dictionary that gives the standard pronunciation of words. Source: GOST 7.60 2003: System of standards for information, library and publisher... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
pronouncing dictionary- Rus: orthoepic dictionary Deu: orphoepisches Wörterbuch Eng: pronouncing dictionary A language dictionary that gives the standard pronunciation of words. GOST 7.60 ... Dictionary of Information, Librarianship and Publishing
pronouncing dictionary- a dictionary containing words in their correct standard literary pronunciation... Explanatory translation dictionary
See linguistic dictionary...
pronouncing dictionary- Lexicographic publication reflecting the norms of pronunciation and stress of words. It may contain grammatical information, as well as information about semantic and word-formation features... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
A dictionary that provides an explanation of the meaning and use of words (as opposed to an encyclopedic dictionary, which provides information about relevant objects, phenomena, and events). Dialect (regional) dictionary. Dictionary containing... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
Dictionary- Dictionary 1) vocabulary, vocabulary of a language, dialect, any social group, individual writer, etc. 2) A reference book that contains words (or morphemes, phrases, idioms, etc.) arranged in a certain order … … Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary
- ... Wikipedia
Check neutrality. There should be details on the talk page... Wikipedia
Books
- , Borunova S.N., Vorontsova V.L., Eskova N.A.. The dictionary contains about 65 thousand words of the modern Russian language. It gives information about the pronunciation, stress and formation of grammatical forms of the words included in it. It has extensively developed…
- Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms, Borunova S.N., Vorontsova V.L., Eskova N.A.. The dictionary contains about 63,500 words of the modern Russian language. It gives information about the pronunciation, stress and formation of grammatical forms of the words included in it. It has extensively developed…
- Orthoepic dictionary / Dictionary of synonyms and antonyms of the Russian language for schoolchildren (upside-down book), Mikhailova O.A. , students of lyceums, colleges, everyone...