Facial muscles and massage lines. Mimic muscles of the face

14.10.2019

The visceral muscles of the head, which were previously related to the viscera located in the head and neck area, gradually turned in part into the cutaneous muscles of the neck, and from it, through differentiation into separate thin bundles, into the facial muscles of the face. This explains the close relationship between the facial muscles and the skin, which they set in motion. This also explains other features of the structure and function of these muscles.

So, facial muscles unlike skeletal ones, they do not have a double attachment to the bones, but are necessarily woven into the skin or mucous membrane with two or one end. As a result, they do not have fascia and, when contracting, move the skin. When their skin relaxes, due to its elasticity, it returns to its previous state, so the role of antagonists here is much less than that of skeletal muscles.

Facial muscles represent thin and small muscle bundles that are grouped around natural openings: the mouth, nose, palpebral fissure and ear, taking part in one way or another in closing or, conversely, expanding these openings.

Contactors (sphincters) are usually located around the holes in a ring shape, and expanders (dilators) are located radially. By changing the shape of the holes and moving the skin to form different folds, the facial muscles give the face a certain expression corresponding to a particular experience. These kinds of facial changes are called facial expressions, which is where the name of the muscles comes from. In addition to the main function of expressing sensations, facial muscles take part in speech, chewing, etc.

The shortening of the jaw apparatus and the participation of the lips in articulate speech led to a special development of facial muscles around the mouth, and, conversely, the ear muscles, well developed in animals, in humans were reduced and preserved only in the form of rudimentary muscles.

Facial muscles or facial muscles. Muscles of the eye circumference

2. M. procerus, proud muscle, starts from the bony dorsum of the nose and aponeurosis m. nasalis and ends in the skin of the glabellae area, connecting with the frontal muscle. By lowering the skin of the named area downwards, it causes the formation of transverse folds above the bridge of the nose.

3. M. orbicularis oculi, circular muscle of the eye, surrounds the palpebral fissure, located with its peripheral part, pars orbitalis, on the bony edge of the orbit, and its internal part, pars palpebralis, on the eyelids. There is also a third small part, pars lacrimals, which arises from the wall of the lacrimal sac and, expanding it, affects the absorption of tears through the lacrimal canaliculi.
Pars palpebralis closes the eyelids. orbital part, pars orbitalis, with a strong contraction produces squinting of the eye.

In m. orbicularis oculi isolate another small part lying under pars orbitalis and called m. corrugator supercilii, eyebrow wrinkler. This part of the orbicularis oculi muscle brings the eyebrows together and causes the formation of vertical wrinkles in the space between the eyebrows above the bridge of the nose. Often, in addition to vertical folds, short transverse wrinkles form above the bridge of the nose in the middle third of the forehead, caused by the simultaneous action venter frontalis. This position of the eyebrows occurs during suffering, pain and is characteristic of difficult emotional experiences.

Facial muscles or facial muscles. Muscles of the mouth circumference

4. M. levator labii superioris, muscle that lifts the upper lip, starts from the infraorbital edge of the upper jaw and ends mainly in the skin of the nasolabial fold. A bundle splits off from it, going to the wing of the nose and therefore receiving independent name- m. levator labii superioris alaeque nasi. When contracting, it raises the upper lip, deepening the sulcus nasolabialis; pulls the wing of the nose upward, widening the nostrils.

5. M. zygomaticus minor, zygomatic minor muscle, It starts from the zygomatic bone and is woven into the nasolabial fold, which it deepens during contraction.

6. M. zygomaticus major, zygomaticus major muscle, goes from the facies lateralis of the zygomatic bone to the corner of the mouth and partly to the upper lip. Pulls the corner of the mouth upward and laterally, and the nasolabial fold deepens greatly. With this action of the muscle, the face becomes laughing, so m. The zygomaticus is primarily the muscle of laughter.

7. M. risorius, muscle of laughter, a small transverse tuft going to the corner of the mouth is often absent. Stretches the mouth when laughing; In some people, due to the attachment of the muscle to the skin of the cheek, when it contracts, a small dimple is formed on the side of the corner of the mouth.

8. M. depressor anguli oris, muscle depressor anguli oris, begins on the lower edge of the lower jaw lateral to the tuberculum mentale and attaches to the skin of the corner of the mouth and upper lip. Pulls the corner of the mouth downwards and makes the nasolabial fold straight. Lowering the corners of the mouth gives the face an expression of sadness.

9. M. levator anguli oris, the levator anguli oris muscle, lies under the m. levator labii superioris and m. zygomaticus major - originates from fossa canina (which is why it was previously called m. caninus) below the foramen infraorbitale and attaches to the corner of the mouth. Pulls the corner of the mouth upward.

10. M. depressor labii inferioris, muscle that lowers the lower lip. It begins at the edge of the lower jaw and attaches to the skin of the entire lower lip. Pulls the lower lip down and somewhat laterally, as, by the way, is observed during facial expressions of disgust.

11. M. mentalis, the mentalis muscle arises from the juga alveolaria of the lower incisors and canines, and is attached to the skin of the chin. Raises the skin of the chin upward, and small dimples form on it, and moves the lower lip upward, pressing it towards the upper.

12. M. buccinator, buccal muscle, forms the lateral wall of the oral cavity. At the level of the second upper molar, the duct of the parotid gland, ductus parotideus, passes through the muscle. Outer surface m. buccinator is covered with fascia buccopharyngea, on top of which lies a fatty lump of the cheek. Its beginning is the alveolar process of the upper jaw, the buccal ridge and the alveolar part of the lower jaw, the pterygomandibular suture. Attachment - to the skin and mucous membrane of the corner of the mouth, where it passes into the orbicularis oris muscle. Pulls the corners of the mouth to the sides, presses the cheeks to the teeth, compresses the cheeks, and protects the oral mucosa from biting when chewing.

13. M. orbicularis oris, orbicularis oris muscle, lying in the thickness of the lips around the oral fissure. With contraction of the peripheral part of m. orbicularis oris the lips tighten and move forward, as when kissing; when the part lying under the red border of the lips contracts, the lips, tightly approaching each other, are wrapped inward, as a result of which the red border is hidden.
M. orbicularis oris, located around the mouth, performs the function of a sphincter (sphincter), i.e., a muscle that closes the opening of the mouth. In this regard, it is an antagonist to the radiar muscles of the mouth, i.e., the muscles that radiate from it and open the mouth (mm. levatores lab. sup. et anguli oris, depressores lab. infer, et anguli oris, etc.).

Facial muscles or facial muscles. Muscles of the nasal circumference

14. M. nasalis, the nasal muscle itself, poorly developed, partially covered by the levator labii muscle, compresses the cartilaginous part of the nose. Her pars alaris lowers her wing. nose, and the so-called depressor septi (nasi) lowers the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum.

Additionally, we recommend: Table of facial muscles innervated by the branches of the facial nerve.

Video of the anatomy of facial muscles

Anatomy of facial muscles on a cadaveric specimen from Professor V.A. Izranova understands

Facial muscles are a kind of framework for supporting the skin, which is responsible for its tone and elasticity.

All cosmetic procedures are carried out strictly in a certain direction. Massage lines are the areas of least stretch in the skin. If you perform a massage movement on them, you can tighten the oval of the face, create an expressive contour, improve the color of the skin and get rid of acne and fine wrinkles.

The massage lines provide not only massage, but also the application of a variety of cosmetics. Performing procedures along these lines will help preserve the youth of the skin for a long time. Since the skin does not stretch.

The anatomy of the facial muscles is special knowledge that will help determine the correct vectors of movement. These lines coincide with the direction of lymph flow. Applying cosmetics over them is a lymphatic drainage massage for the face.

If you take into account where the muscles of the face and neck are located when caring for your skin, you can get the following results:

When pressing with your fingers, the skin will not stretch.
The pores are cleared and the rash goes away over time.
New wrinkles do not appear.
Collagen fibers are not damaged.
The forehead area is toned, which prevents the appearance of horizontal wrinkles.
There is no sagging of the corners of the mouth
The laughter muscle becomes less deep.
Swelling and dark circles under the eyes are reduced.
Stiffness in the occipital region disappears.
The double chin gradually decreases.
Prevents the appearance of facial wrinkles.

Proper impact on the facial muscles will delay the onset of old age and preserve the beauty of the skin. Regardless of the chosen cosmetic product, a lymphatic drainage effect will be produced thanks to massage movements.

Massage guides were discovered by the German scientist Karl Langer in 1861. Cosmetologists and massage therapists call them Langer's lines.

Where are the massage lines located?

The following massage lines are distinguished:

In the forehead area - the movement is performed from the middle of the forehead to the temporal region.
Area around the eyes: upper eyelid – a line stretches from the inner corner to the outer; lower eyelid - the vector runs from the outer corner to the inner.
Lips: the line runs from the middle of the upper lip to the earlobe; the line extends from the chin to the earlobe.
Nose: movement is from the bridge of the nose to the end of the nose; from the nasal wings to the ear.
Neck area: from the décolleté to the chin; from the area of the lymph nodes the lines extend to the collarbones.

How does knowledge of the location of the main lines affect the work of a cosmetologist?

In cosmetology, knowledge of human physiology is of great importance. Every cosmetologist knows how the facial muscles work.

The structure of the skin determines its type: oily, normal or dry. Studying the deep layers helps specialists select products that protect the skin from early aging.

There are some aspects of the structure of the facial muscles that a cosmetologist evaluates before work:

The work of facial muscles: location of the masticatory and oral muscles and the number of muscle fibers.
Using needles requires knowledge of the location of blood vessels and how to pinch the skin in an emergency.
Knowledge of the characteristics of the branches of the nerves helps to determine the causes of deformation of a person’s face.

Facial muscles, when contracted, are able to move the skin depending on the emotional state of a person.

Age-related changes depend on the individual behavior of the masticatory and facial muscles during sleep, stress, conversation or work.

This table will help you find out how many major muscles there are on the face.

Kinds	Description	Functions	Beneficial effects
Muscles of the cranial vault	The skull is covered with the supracranial muscle, which is divided into tendon and muscle parts. The latter consists of the frontal, lateral and occipital belly.	The main function is to raise the eyebrows to the top.	Massage and special exercises of the frontal area will protect against the occurrence of horizontal wrinkles.
Muscles of the eye circumference	The orbicularis muscle surrounds the eye. The corrugator brow is located on the frontal bone above the lacrimal tissue and skin of the eyebrows.	The main functions include: closing the eyes, bringing the eyebrows closer together and the appearance of vertical wrinkles.	Massage movements and special gymnastics eliminate bags under the eyes and swelling, and also prevent the appearance of vertical wrinkles.
Muscles of the nasal circumference	The proud muscle crosses the bridge of the nose. Affects the appearance of transverse folds. Nasal affects the compression of the nostrils.	The contraction causes the wings of the nose and the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum to droop.	Proper care prevents the formation of acne and wrinkles.
Muscles of the mouth circumference.	The orbicularis muscle is located around the oral fissure. The zygomatic muscles connect to the orbicularis muscle. The laughter muscle is responsible for pulling back the corners of the mouth when smiling. There are also muscles that raise and lower the corners of the mouth and lips.	The main functions include closing and opening the mouth, stretching the lips. The laughter muscle is used when smiling.	Correct exposure will prevent the appearance of facial wrinkles and drooping corners of the mouth.
Chewing muscles.	They begin on the bones of the skull and lead to a point on the lower jaw.	Perform the act of chewing.	Care and exercises for this area will help to form the correct oval of the face.

Properly targeting the facial muscles listed in the table will help create firm, clear skin.

How can using knowledge about massage lines help prolong youth?

After 35 years, the skin of all women begins to wilt, and the facial muscles lose tone. At the same time, the intensity of aging is different for everyone and depends on lifestyle, proper care and hereditary factors.

The following processes occur during aging:

The skin loses moisture.
The secretion of the sebaceous glands decreases.
Blood flow in tissues is disrupted.
Muscle tone decreases. In this case, sagging of the cheeks appears and nasolabial folds appear.
Metabolism slows down and the production of elastin and collagen fibers decreases, which leads to loss of elasticity and the appearance of wrinkles.

To prolong the youth of the skin, daily care is required, which consists of procedures such as moisturizing, cleansing and nutrition. Knowledge of physiology will allow you to properly care for your face.

Carrying out cosmetic procedures in compliance with massage lines will help delay the occurrence of deep wrinkles.

Use your palms to stroke each line, securing it with your fingers at the end.
The face and neck are warmed up. In this case, the palms are pressed against the soft tissues, and pressure is applied to the bones.
Circular movements are made.
Lightly tap your face with the tips of your bent fingers.
The procedure is performed with straight fingers.
The face should be stroked, as at the beginning of the procedure.
Finally, several circular rotations of the head are performed in each direction.

A few minutes of massage a day and masks made from natural ingredients will help maintain skin elasticity. long years without the use of expensive procedures and products.

Facial care should be performed in a comprehensive manner, that is, you need to healthy image life, do gymnastics in the morning and eat right.

The face and neck, like the rest of the body, are formed by muscles. Outlines and appearance facial expression directly depends on the tone of the facial muscles. What are causes of facial aging from a physiological point of view? With age muscles of the face and neck shorten, decrease in volume and become deformed, and their tone weakens. As a result, facial features begin to gradually descend. For example, sagging eye muscles lead to the appearance of bags under the eyes, and when the muscles and tissues located around the nose weaken, the nose appears to “spread” and become larger. And the appearance of a double chin is a weakness of the neck muscles, and not just excess weight.

Gymnastics for the face trains facial muscles using special exercises. Regular training tightens the facial muscles, tones the facial muscles, and allows you to achieve significant changes in appearance without surgical intervention.

Cosmetic surgery already treats the effects of aging, while facial exercises are aimed at causes of facial aging and give long-term, sustainable results comparable to surgical lifting.

Anatomy of human facial muscles

Since almost all types of facial gymnastics (face building, face forming, facial aerobics, facial bodyflex and others) work with the muscles of the face and neck, let’s look at the factual material that is the basis for developing exercises, that is, the anatomical structure of the facial muscles .

Muscles on the head and neck more than 100 and divide them into several groups:

- facial muscles
- oculomotor muscles
- chewing muscles and muscles of the oral cavity, tongue
- muscles of the neck and surrounding areas

The division of muscles into groups is quite arbitrary, and sometimes some of them can be classified into both one and another group.

Age-related changes on the face largely depend on the specific daily behavior of the facial and masticatory muscles during conversation, work or sleep, and in moments of stress.
The facial muscles, unlike the masticatory muscles, are attached at one end to the bones, and at the other end to the skin of the face or neighboring muscles. The chewing muscles, like the muscles of the body, are attached to the bones at two ends.

1 - supracranial muscles and tendon helmet;

2 - temporal muscles;

3 - orbicularis oculi muscle;

4 - muscle that lifts the angle of the mouth;

5 - buccal muscle;

6 - muscle that lowers the lower lip;

7 - subcutaneous muscle of the neck;

8 - mental muscle;

9 - muscle that lowers the angle of the mouth;

10 - orbicularis oris muscle;

11 - chewing muscle;

12 - zygomaticus major muscle;

13 - nasal muscle;

14 - muscle of the auricle.

We will not rewrite the anatomical atlas of the human body and describe the purpose of all facial muscles. There is enough such information on specialized resources.

You can look in more detail at each muscle separately, how they move, and how they are related to facial expressions using the interactive anatomical atlas of human muscles. Visual, the best on the Internet, INTERACTIVE ATLAS OF FACIAL MUSCLES given

Muscles of the face and neck - Video

On this page you can watch an interesting video about work online facial muscles with normal facial movements: frowning, anger, smiling, sadness, etc. A virtual 3D model acts as a demonstrator.

Read in detail facial anatomy, physiology of aging, understand the causes of aging and its external manifestations on the face, learn recommendations for eliminating the visible manifestations of aging of the face and neck, and also evaluate excellent procedures and exercises to get rid of jowls, You can by reading book by Natalia Osminina « Anatomy of facial aging or myths in cosmetology " Everything is presented in very detail and clearly; this information will be useful to take into account in the fight against premature aging.

Miracles, of course, do not happen... But even the most incredulous skeptics cannot deny that with regular practice: gymnastics for the face gives visible results. The number of its supporters around the world is steadily increasing. And if you add to it proper facial skin care (cleansing, moisturizing and nourishing the skin), face massage, balanced diet, active lifestyle and sports, then your youth will delight others and delight you for many years.

Realistic 3D video of human facial and neck muscles

Warning: Not recommended for impressionable people and people under 18 years of age!

Anatomical atlases and books on the physiology of aging

For those who prefer traditional books:

"Atlas of Human Anatomy"in the deluxe edition with high-quality detailed illustrations and precise text explanations you can find

Beautiful, well-organized Russian-Latin reference book on human anatomy For wide range readers.

The book "The Resurrection of the Face or An ordinary miracle. Theory and practice of restoring youth" is the most popular book by Natalia Osminina, the author of the Revitonics rejuvenation system, about the physiology of aging of the skin, facial muscles, and restoring the youth of the face.

Natalia Osminina: Resurrection of the face, or Ordinary Miracle. Theory and practice of restoring youth

Natalia Osminina: Fitness for the face. Revitonica system

Natalia Osminina's new book is not just a collection of exercises, it is a textbook that can create a holistic view of the body, teach how to work with the causes of aging, and not just with external manifestations in the form of wrinkled skin.

In addition, the book contains a lot useful information: what types of aging are there, how wrinkles form, how to correct posture and static neck, what are the dangers of creams based on petrochemical products, how does man-made radiation affect health, what are birth injuries and how do they affect appearance, how can you work with the biofield, with quantum structures.

Baltic State Academy of Fishing Fleet

in human physiology

on the topic: Facial muscles

Performed:

Krupnova A.S.

1 Facial muscles

2 Description and functions of muscles

3 The work of facial muscles

4 Deep facial muscles

1. Facial muscles

The facial muscles are located mainly in the facial area and, together with the chewing muscles, belong to the group of muscles of the head. In many cases, the facial and masticatory muscles function together: during swallowing, chewing, yawning and, most importantly, articulate speech. But the main purpose of facial muscles is reflected in the name - the formation of facial expressions. Located directly under the skin, facial muscles, when contracting, move the skin, which leads to the formation of various folds and wrinkles on it, giving the face a particular expression.

With complex sensations (emotions), such as joy, shame, pain, grief, nerve impulses are sent from the cerebral cortex along the facial nerve to the facial muscles. Numerous combinations of contractions of these muscles determine the richest variety of facial expressions. It is in the example of facial muscles that the close connection is clearly visible nervous system with skeletal muscles. The thin structure, great mobility, as well as proximity to the most important sensory organs were the basis on which the role of facial muscles arose and developed as expressors of human mental experiences.

Facial muscles are thin muscle bundles that are attached to the bones of the skull at one end and woven into the skin at the other. Therefore, their reduction causes displacement of skin areas and determines facial expressions. When the facial muscles relax, the skin, due to its elasticity, returns to its original state. Withering of the skin and increased dryness lead to a decrease in its elastic properties and the formation of wrinkles.

Located in groups around the natural openings of the face - the eye sockets, mouth, nose - the facial muscles are involved in closing or expanding these openings and providing mobility to the cheeks, lips and nostrils. Muscle bundles have a circular or radial direction. The circular muscles are the closures of the holes, the radial muscles are the dilators.

2 Description and functions of muscles

Each muscle or muscle group performs its own functions.

The occipitofrontalis muscle (m. occipitofrontalis) is divided into two parts: the occipital belly (venter occipitalis) and the frontal belly (venter frontalis). Contracting, the occipital belly moves the scalp along with the tendon helmet (galea aponeurotica), which is a dense plate of tendons located under the scalp, back to the back of the head, and the frontal belly forms transverse folds on the forehead, simultaneously raising the eyebrows and widening the palpebral fissures. The occipital belly has its origin at the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone, and is attached in the posterior part of the tendon helmet. The frontal belly begins in the area of the tendon helmet and is attached to the skin of the eyebrows.

The muscle that wrinkles the eyebrow (m. corrugator supercili), when contracted, moves the eyebrows down and slightly inward, towards the bridge of the nose. In this case, two deep longitudinal folds are formed above the bridge of the nose, running from the eyebrows upward. The origin of the muscle is located on the frontal bone above the lacrimal bone, and the attachment point is in the skin of the eyebrows.

The circular muscle of the eye (m. orbicularis oculi) consists of three parts: the orbital (pars orbitalis), lacrimal (pars lacrimalis) and age-old (pars palpebralis). When the orbital part of the muscle contracts, the transverse folds of the forehead are smoothed, the eyebrows are lowered and the palpebral fissure narrows. When the eyelid part of the muscle contracts, the palpebral fissure closes completely. The lacrimal part, contracting, expands the lacrimal sac. When united, all three parts of the muscle are arranged in an ellipse. The starting point of all parts is on the bones in the area of the medial corner of the eye. The orbital part forms a muscular ring, located along the lower and upper edges of the orbit, the lacrimal part goes around the lacrimal sac, covering it in front and behind, and the age-old part lies in the skin of the eyelids.

The ear muscles include three muscles: the anterior (m. auricullares anterior), the posterior (m. auricullares posterior) and the superior (m. auricullares superior). The anterior and superior muscles are covered by the temporal fascia. These muscles are practically not developed in humans. When they contract, the auricle moves slightly forward, backward and upward. The point of origin of the ear muscles is the tendon helmet, and the attachment point is the skin of the auricle.

The nasal muscle (m. nasalis) is divided into two parts: alar (pars transversa) and transverse (pars alaris). This muscle is also poorly developed. When the alar part contracts, the wing of the nose lowers; when the transverse part contracts, the nasal opening narrows. The origin of the muscle lies on the upper jaw in the area of the alveoli of the incisor and canine. The attachment point of the alar part of the muscle is located on the skin of the wing of the nose, and the transverse part is on the back of the nose, where it connects to the opposite muscle.

In the area of the cheekbones, the zygomatic muscle minor (m. zygomaticus minor) and the zygomaticus major muscle (m. zygomaticus major) are distinguished. Both muscles move the corners of the mouth up and to the sides. The point of origin of the muscles is located on the lateral and temporal surface of the zygomatic bone; at the point of attachment, the muscles intertwine with the orbicularis oris muscle and grow into the skin of the corner of the mouth.

When contracted, the buccal muscle (m. buccinator) pulls the corners of the mouth back and also presses the lips and cheeks to the teeth. This muscle is the basis of the cheeks. The muscle starts at outer surface the upper and lower jaws in the area of the alveoli, at the pterygomandibular suture, and is attached to the skin of the lips and corners of the mouth, intertwined with the muscles of the upper and lower lips.

The laughter muscle (m. risorius) is unstable; its task is to stretch the corners of the mouth to the sides. The point of origin is located in the skin near the nasolabial fold and chewing fascia, and the point of attachment is in the skin of the corners of the mouth.

The circular muscle of the mouth (m. orbicularis oris) is a muscle bundle located in circles in the thickness of the lips. When the orbicularis muscle contracts, the mouth closes and the lips extend forward. The origin point is located in the skin of the corner of the mouth, and the attachment point is in the skin in the midline area.

The muscle that lifts the upper lip (m. levator labii superioris), contracting, lifts the upper lip and makes the nasolabial fold deeper. The muscle begins at the infraorbital margin of the upper jaw and is attached to the skin of the nasolabial fold.

The muscle that lifts the corner of the mouth (m. levator anguli oris), together with the zygomatic muscles, moves the corners of the lips upward and to the sides. The starting point is in the canine fossa of the upper jaw, and the attachment point is in the skin of the corner of the mouth.

The muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth (m. depressor anguli oris), when contracted, moves the corners of the mouth down and to the sides. The origin of the muscle is located on the anterior surface of the lower jaw under the mental foramen. The place of attachment of individual bundles is located in the thickness of the upper lip, the rest are woven into the skin of the corner of the mouth.

The muscle that lowers the lower lip (m. depressor labii inferioris) pulls the lower lip down. This muscle is covered by the depressor anguli oris muscle; the starting point is the anterior surface of the lower jaw in front of the mental foramen, and the attachment point is the skin of the chin and lower lip.

When contracted, the chin muscle (m. mentalis) pulls the skin of the chin upward, forming dimples. The muscle is partially covered by the depressor labii labii muscle; begins on the alveolar elevations of the incisors of the lower jaw and is attached to the skin of the chin.

Facial and chewing muscles:

1 - tendon helmet;

2 - temporal fascia;

3 - temporal muscle;

4 - occipitofrontal muscle: a) frontal belly, b) occipital belly;

5 - muscle that wrinkles the eyebrow;

6 - orbicularis oculi muscle;

7 - posterior ear muscle;

8 - nasal muscle: a) alar part, b) transverse part;

9 - muscles of the cheekbones: a) zygomaticus minor, b) zygomaticus major;

10 - muscle that lifts the upper lip;

11 - muscle that lifts the angle of the mouth;

12 - buccal muscle;

13 - orbicularis oris muscle;

14 - chewing muscle;

15 - muscle that lowers the angle of the mouth;

16 - mental muscle;

17 - muscle that lowers the lower lip

3 The work of facial muscles

Scheme of work of facial muscles

1 - face in a calm state;

2 - muscle that wrinkles the eyebrows;

3 - abductor muscle;

4 - muscle that lowers the eyebrows;

5 - frontal muscle;

6 - orbicularis oculi muscle (upper portion);

7 - orbicularis oculi muscle (lower portion);

8 - orbicularis oculi muscle (upper and lower portions);

9 - muscle that lifts the wing of the nose;

10 - muscle that expands the wing of the nose;

11 - large and small zygomatic muscles and laughter muscles;

12 - quadratus muscle of the upper lip;

13 - canine muscle;

14 - orbicularis oris muscle;

15-triangular muscle.

4. Deep facial muscles

1. Canine muscle. Located under the central head of the quadratus muscle. From the lower orbital margin (hard attachment) it extends in fibers to the outer end of the upper lip and partially descends to the outer edge of the lower lip (soft attachment). The canine muscle helps lift the outer corners of the mouth upward.

2. The muscle that pulls the upper lip inward and upward. It has a solid attachment point on the alveolar eminence of the external incisor, and soft ending woven into the tissue of the upper lip. Increases lip tightness.

3. Muscles that lower the wings of the nose. The wings of the nose tense when air is strongly drawn into the nasal cavity. They have a hard attachment point - the alveolar prominence of the external incisors; with a soft ending they are attached to the lower outer ends of the wings of the nose.

4. Muscle surrounding the nasal septum. Attached to the alveolar eminence of the central incisors, and with a soft ending - to the lower transverse septum of the nose. Precipitates the nasal septum when smelling.

Muscles of the cranial vault. Epicranial (occipitofrontal) muscle(m. epicranius s. m. occipitofrontalis) has an occipital belly located in the occipital region and a frontal belly in the forehead area, connected to each other by a wide tendon (tendon helmet, supracranial aponeurosis), which occupies most of the cranial vault. Occipital abdomen (venter occipitalis) flat, located on the surface of the occipital bone scales and divided into right and left parts by a thin fibrous plate. The abdomen begins with tendon bundles on the highest nuchal line and on the posterior surface of the base of the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The muscle bundles follow from bottom to top and pass into the tendon helmet. Frontal abdomen (venter frontalis) flat, also divided in the middle by a narrow fibrous plate into two quadrangular parts, located in the frontal region. The muscle bundles of the frontal abdomen begin on the tendon helmet at the level of the border of the scalp (anterior to the coronal suture), follow down and are woven into the skin of the eyebrows.

Tendon helmet, or supracranial aponeurosis (galea aponeurotica, s. aponeurosis epicranialis) It is a flat fibrous plate firmly fused with the skin of the scalp through connective tissue bundles. The tendon helmet is thicker in the occipital region, thinner in the frontal and temporal parts. In the temporal region, the tendon helmet on the right and left is fused with the fascia of the temporal muscle.

Under the tendon helmet, between it and the periosteum of the bones of the cranial vault, lies a layer of loose fibrous connective tissue. As a result, when the occipitofrontal muscle contracts, the tendon helmet, together with the skin of the scalp, easily moves above the cranial vault (and is scalped in case of injury).

Rice. 144. Facial muscles, right view: 1 - tendon helmet (supracranial aponeurosis); 2 - frontal belly of the occipitofrontal muscle; 3 - orbicularis oculi muscle; 4 - muscle that lifts the upper lip; 5 - muscle that lifts the angle of the mouth; 6 - orbicularis oris muscle; 7 - zygomaticus major muscle; 8 - muscle that lowers the lower lip; 9 - muscle that lowers the angle of the mouth; 10 - muscle of laughter; 11 - subcutaneous muscle of the neck; 12 - sternocleidomastoid muscle; 13 - trapezius muscle; 14 - posterior ear muscle; 15 - occipital belly of the occipitofrontal muscle; 16 - superior auricular muscle

Rice. 145. Facial muscles (facial muscles), front view: 1 - tendon helmet; 2 - frontal belly of the occipitofrontal muscle; 3 - muscle that wrinkles the eyebrow; 4 - muscle that lifts the upper lip; 5 - muscle that lifts the angle of the mouth; 6 - buccal muscle; 7 - chewing muscle; 8 - mental muscle; 9 - muscle that lowers the lower lip; 10 - muscle that lowers the angle of the mouth; 11 - orbicularis oris muscle; 12 - muscle of laughter; 13 - zygomaticus major muscle; 14 - zygomatic minor muscle; 15 - orbicularis oculi muscle; 16 - muscle of the proud

Table 40. Facial muscles

End of table 40

Function: the frontal abdomen, contracting, raises the eyebrow upward. In this case, transverse folds of skin on the forehead are formed. As a result, the face is given an expression of attention and surprise. When the occipital abdomen contracts, it pulls the tendon helmet and the skin of the scalp posteriorly, and the transverse folds of the skin on the forehead are smoothed out. Thus, the frontal and occipital bellies are antagonists in function.

Blood supply: occipital, posterior auricular, superficial temporal, supraorbital arteries.

Muscle of the proud(m. procerus), or muscle that depresses the glabella The steam room is narrow, elongated, located in the area of the root of the nose. It starts on the outer surface of the nasal bone and goes upward. Some of the bundles of this muscle are intertwined with the muscle bundles of the frontal belly of the occipitofrontal muscle and are woven into the skin of the forehead between the eyebrows.

Function: When the procerus muscle contracts, it forms transverse wrinkles above the bridge of the nose. The proud muscle is an antagonist of the frontal belly of the occipitofrontal muscle and helps straighten the transverse folds on the forehead.

Blood supply: angular, supratrochlear branch of the frontal artery.

Corrugator muscle(m. corrugator supercilii), paired, thin, lying in the thickness of the eyebrow, begins on the medial part of the superciliary arch, follows upward and laterally and is woven into the skin of the eyebrow. Some of the bundles of this muscle are intertwined with the bundles of the orbicularis oculi muscle.

Function: brings the eyebrows closer together, resulting in the formation of vertical folds above the bridge of the nose.

Blood supply: frontal, supraorbital, superficial temporal arteries.

Muscles of the auricle. The muscles of the auricle in humans are poorly developed and practically do not contract voluntarily. It is extremely rare to find people who are able to move the pinna (while simultaneously contracting the occipitofrontal muscle). There are 3 ear muscles: superior (temporoparietal), anterior and posterior.

Temporoparietal muscle(m. temporoparietalis), the largest of the muscles of the auricle, located on the lateral surface of the skull above the auricle. It begins with several muscle bundles on the lateral side of the tendon helmet, goes down and attaches to the inner surface of the cartilage of the auricle. The muscle pulls the pinna upward. The temporoparietal muscle is known as superior auricular muscle(m. auricularis superior).

Anterior auricularis(m. auricularis anterior) does not always happen, it is a thin muscle bundle located in the temporal region. It begins on the temporal fascia, goes posteriorly and inferiorly and is attached to the cartilage of the auricle and to the cartilage of the external auditory canal.

Function: pulls the auricle forward.

Posterior auricular muscle(m. auriculdris posterior) located in the mastoid region, begins in two bundles on the mastoid process, goes forward and attaches to the posterior convex surface of the infundibulum of the auricle.

Function: pulls the auricle posteriorly.

Blood supply all auricular muscles: superficial temporal (anterior and superior muscles), posterior auricular (posterior muscle) arteries.

Muscles surrounding the palpebral fissure. Orbicularis oculi muscle(m. orbicularis oculi) has the shape of a flat, wide ring, located around the palpebral fissure and orbit. The muscle has three parts: orbital, secular and lacrimal.

Orbital part (pars orbitalis) It is a wide plate that surrounds the entrance to the orbit, located on its bony edge. The orbital part begins on the nasal part of the frontal bone, on the frontal process of the maxillary bone and on the medial ligament of the eyelid. The bundles of this muscle go up, down and laterally around the orbit. At the lateral edge of the orbit, the superior and inferior bundles pass into each other, forming a flat, closed muscle ring. From above, the muscle fibers of the frontal belly of the occipitofrontal muscle and the corrugator muscle are woven into the deep bundles of the orbital part. The orbital part closes the eyes, forms fan-shaped wrinkles on the skin of the orbital area, more at the lateral corner of the eye, moves the eyebrow down, and at the same time pulls the skin of the cheek up.

Century part (pars palpebralis)- a thin, flat plate that lies under the skin of the upper and lower eyelids. The eyelid part begins on the medial ligament of the eyelids and adjacent areas of the medial part of the orbit. The muscle fibers run along the anterior surface of the cartilages of the upper and lower eyelids to the lateral corner of the eye, where they end in the lateral suture of the eyelid, which has the structure of a tendon strip. Some muscle fibers are attached to the periosteum of the lateral wall of the orbit. The eyelid part of the muscle closes the eyelids.

Lacrimal part (pars lacrimalis) are deeply located thin muscle bundles that begin on the posterior crest of the lacrimal bone and are directed laterally behind the lacrimal sac.

Having circled the lacrimal sac from behind, the fibers of this part of the muscle are woven into the secular part and into the walls of the lacrimal sac. The lacrimal part expands the lacrimal sac, facilitating the outflow of tear fluid into the nasal cavity through the nasolacrimal duct.

Function: The orbicularis oculi muscle as a whole is a constrictor of the palpebral fissure.

Blood supply: facial, superficial temporal, infraorbital, supraorbital arteries.

Muscles surrounding the nasal openings. Nasalis muscle(m. nasalis)- a poorly developed plate, which consists of two parts: transverse and alar, and also includes the muscle that lowers the nasal septum. Transverse part (pars transversa), or muscle that compresses the nostrils (m. depressor nasium), located in the area of the wing and the cartilaginous part of the dorsum of the nose, it begins on the anterior surface of the maxillary bone, lateral and slightly above the upper incisors. The muscle bundles are directed upward and medially, passing into a thin aponeurosis, which spreads across the cartilaginous part of the dorsum of the nose and continues into the muscle of the same name on the opposite side.

Function: The transverse part of the right and left nasal muscles narrows the openings of the nostrils, pressing them against the nasal septum.

Wing part (pars alaris), or the muscle that lifts the wing of the nose (m. levator alae nasi), partially covered by the orbicularis oris muscle and the levator labii superioris muscle. The alar part begins on the maxillary bone, slightly below and medial to the transverse part, then the muscle follows upward and medially and is woven into the skin of the wing of the nose.

Function: the alar part of the nasal muscle pulls the wing of the nose down and laterally, widening the nostril.

Blood supply: superior labial, angular arteries.

M muscle that lowers the nasal septum(m. depressor septi nasi), is usually part of the alar part of the nasal muscle. Its bundles begin on the maxillary bone above the medial incisor and go upward. The muscle is attached to the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum.

Function: lowers the nasal septum.

Blood supply: superior labial artery.

Muscles surrounding the oral cavity. There are several muscles around the mouth. These include the orbicularis oris muscle, which is a compressor, and several muscles that have a radial direction and are dilators of the oral fissure. Orbicularis oris muscle(m. orbicularis oris) lies in the thickness of the lips. It is formed circularly

oriented muscle bundles, as well as fibers approaching the oral opening of neighboring facial muscles: buccal, levator upper lip, levator corners of the mouth, lowering the lower lip, depressing the corners of the mouth, etc. Muscle bundles of radially located facial muscles are also woven into the skin and mucous membrane of the upper and lower lips. Some of the muscle bundles of the orbicularis oris muscle pass from one lip to the other. In accordance with the location of the muscle bundles, the orbicularis oris muscle has two parts: marginal and labial.

Marginal part (pars marginalis) located in the peripheral parts of the muscle. It is formed both by circularly oriented muscle bundles and by bundles that originate from nearby facial muscles (cheeks and others - see above), especially those located near the corners of the mouth. In this regard, in the marginal part there are muscle bundles running radially in relation to the oral fissure and in the anteroposterior direction.

Labial part (pars labialis) lies in the thickness of the lips, its muscle bundles pass from one corner of the mouth to the other, woven into the skin and mucous membrane of the upper and lower lips. The muscle bundles of the labial part are oriented predominantly circularly around the oral fissure.

Function: The orbicularis oris muscle closes the oral opening and is involved in the acts of sucking and chewing.

Blood supply: superior and inferior labial, mental arteries.

M depressor anguli oris muscle(m. depressor anguli oris), It is a triangular plate that begins with a wide base on the lower edge of the anterior third of the body of the lower jaw. The muscle bundles, tapering upward, are woven into the skin at the corner of the mouth and into the orbicularis oris muscle.

Function: the muscle pulls the corner of the mouth downward and laterally.

Blood supply:

M muscle that lowers the lower lip(m. depressor labii inferioris), has the appearance of a wide thin quadrangular plate, which begins on the lower edge of the anterior part of the lower jaw, below the mental foramen. The muscle bundles follow upward and medially and are attached to the skin and mucous membrane of the lower lip, and are also woven into the orbicularis oris muscle. The lateral part of the depressor labii inferioris muscle is covered by bundles of the depressor anguli oris muscle.

Function: the muscle lowers the lower lip and pulls it somewhat laterally. With bilateral contraction, it inverts the lip and gives the face an expression of irony, sadness, and disgust.

Blood supply: inferior labial, mental arteries.

Mentalis muscle(m. mentalis) short, cone-shaped, located in the chin area. It begins on the alveolar eminences of the lower incisors, then follows down and medially. The muscle fibers of both sides are connected to each other and woven into the skin of the chin.

Function: The mentalis muscle lifts the skin of the chin upward, so that a dimple appears on it. Promotes protrusion of the lower lip forward.

Blood supply: inferior labial, mental arteries.

Levator anguli oris muscle(m. levator anguli oris), is a triangular plate that begins on the anterior surface of the maxillary bone, in the area of the canine fossa, for which reason this muscle also has the name canine muscle (m. caninus). The muscle bundles are directed from top to bottom and forward, attach to the skin of the corner of the mouth and are woven into the orbicularis oris muscle.

Function: the muscle lifts the corner of the mouth upward and laterally.

Blood supply: infraorbital artery.

M levator labii muscle(m. levator labii superioris), ribbon-shaped, begins on the infraorbital edge of the maxillary bone. The muscle bundles descend downwards and medially, intertwining together with the levator anguli oris muscle into the muscle of the upper lip and into the skin of the wing of the nose.

Function: the muscle raises the upper lip, participates in the formation of the nasolabial groove located between the lateral side of the nose and the upper lip, and pulls the wing of the nose upward.

Blood supply: infraorbital, superior labial arteries.

Zygomatic minor muscle(m. zygomaticus minor) ribbon-shaped, located in the zygomatic and buccal areas. The muscle begins on the zygomatic bone at the lateral edge of the levator labii superioris muscle. Its bundles are directed from top to bottom and medially, woven into the skin of the corner of the mouth and into the muscle of the upper lip.

Function: The zygomatic minor muscle raises the corner of the mouth.

Blood supply: infraorbital, buccal arteries.

Zygomatic major muscle(m. zygomaticus major) ribbon-shaped, located in the zygomatic and buccal areas, somewhat lateral to the zygomatic minor muscle. It starts on the cheekbone, goes from top to bottom and forward and is woven into the skin of the corner of the mouth and into the muscle of the upper lip.

Function: The zygomaticus major muscle pulls the corner of the mouth upward and laterally and is the main muscle of laughter.

Blood supply: infraorbital and buccal arteries.

Buccal muscle(m. buccinator)- a flat, wide, thin quadrangular plate, lies in the thickness of the cheek between the upper and lower jaws, forms the muscular basis of the cheek. WITH inside covered with mucous membrane, together with which it limits the vestibule of the mouth. The muscle begins on an oblique line on the branch of the mandibular bone, on the outer surface of the alveolar arch of the maxillary bone above the large molars, on the anterior edge of the pterygomandibular suture connecting the lower jaw with the pterygoid hook of the sphenoid bone. The muscle bundles are directed forward and medially to the corner of the mouth, partially cross and continue into the orbicularis oris muscle. The posterior and lateral parts of the buccal muscle are covered by the masticatory muscle. At the level of the upper molar, the duct of the parotid salivary gland passes through the muscle.

Function: strains the cheek (“trumpet muscle”), pulls the corner of the mouth backward, presses the cheek to the teeth.

Blood supply: buccal artery.

Laughter muscle(m. risorius) a thin triangular unstable plate located in the anterior sections of the buccal region. Begins on the masticatory fascia. The bundles of this muscle converge anteriorly and attach to the skin of the corner of the mouth and are woven into the orbicularis oris muscle.

Function: The laughter muscle pulls the corner of the mouth to the lateral side, forming a dimple on the cheek.

Blood supply: facial artery, transverse artery of the face.