In any music, in any song, besides the melody, it is very important rhythm.
Rhythm translated from Greek means "dimensionality"- this is a uniform alternation of any elements, in our case sounds.
The combination of long and short sounds in a certain order is called rhythmic pattern.
The rhythm is well understood different dances. Everyone understands what rhythm we are talking about when they say: in the rhythm of a waltz, march, tango.
We can find rhythm not only in music, but also in Everyday life.
For example, look at the ornament, its elements are repeated, which means it is rhythmic.
These are the ornaments my children made, and which ones will you make?
We can see ornaments on clothes, dishes, in architecture (for example, latticework and fences of parks)
Everything in the world has a rhythm. Our heart - heartbeat; There are brain rhythms, there is a circadian rhythm of sleep and wakefulness, or morning, afternoon, evening and night. The change of seasons is the rhythm of the planet. The world is filled with different rhythms, think about what other examples of rhythms you could give.
Today we are interested in musical rhythm.
To record the rhythm on paper, use the so-called time signature . With its help, musicians understand with what rhythm and tempo they need to play music. Musical time signatures come in different sizes and are written in fractions: two quarters, three quarters, etc. In order to accurately follow the rhythm, a musician, when learning a new melody, must count: one and, two and... and so on, depending on the size. But we'll talk about musical time signatures a little later, but now let's get back to the rhythm.
For training sense of rhythm and while learning melodies, in order not to count all the time and not be distracted from the notes, musicians and singers often use metronome - this is a device with which you can set a rhythm, and it will tap it out like a “loud clock”. He helps the musician keep a certain rhythm for a long time. A clear rhythm gives the music additional beauty, and if the musician does not fall into the rhythm, then the listener has a feeling of discomfort. Music without rhythm is perceived as a collection of sounds rather than a melody. Musicians who play together at the same time - for example, in an ensemble - must be especially accurate in the rhythm.
I found this online metronome for you.
The metronome scale indicates the musical signatures. Move the slider along the arrow (up or down) and start the metronome (click on the handle on the side). You will hear how clearly it knocks. The real one looks almost the same.
Although modern metronomes can be not only mechanical, but also electronic, there are pocket metronomes, and children's metronomes in the form of some kind of animal.
The human step is also quite rhythmic. Especially if at this time you are singing something rhythmic, or reading a poem to yourself, then the steps will be clear and rhythmic.
Practical part:
1. Start the metronome at a slow speed (at random). For each click of the metronome, play a sound from your instrument. If you don't have an instrument, tap the table with your hand, or shake a matchbox, or something else (clap your hands...). Your task is to ensure that your sounds, beats or shakes accurately coincide with the beats of the metronome. Did you manage? Great! Turn the metronome faster, and then even faster. Practice getting into the rhythm exactly.
2. Find and read any rhythmic children's poems to your taste. Slam them. March, tap....Fantasize!
3. Listen to rhythmic children's music, drawing the child's attention to the rhythm (march, waltz, polka)
4. Come up with your own rhythmic pattern, draw it and photograph it. Share with us .
Later, you and I will train our sense of rhythm using various exercises.
EXPRESSIVE MEANS OF MUSIC: RHYTHM
In the beginning there was rhythm
There is something magical about rhythm;
he makes us believe that the sublime belongs to us.
J. W. Goethe
Melody is one of the main means musical expressiveness. Maybe the most important thing. True, Nikolai Andreevich Rimsky-Korsakov believed that the most important means of expression is rhythm. You can disagree with him, but it is very easy to prove that he is right.
People pronounce words in time, sometimes speeding up their speech, sometimes slowing it down. After all, it is difficult to imagine a person speaking with extreme precision and measuredness. Such speech will quickly tire the listener, and he will poorly perceive the meaning of what was said.
You, of course, have noticed that in music sounds last differently. Some of them are short, others are longer. Let's remember the song that many of you sang: “Cockerel, cockerel, golden comb.”
You see, in it two short sounds are replaced by one long one (alternating long and short sounds).
The alternation of durations, which is always repeated in music, is called rhythm. Academician Asafiev called rhythm the pulse piece of music. This is a very apt comparison.
Rhythm brings order to music, builds and coordinates sounds in time, that is, according to their duration. That is, rhythm is the consistency of sounds in duration. They may be different. The number of rhythmic options is infinitely large; everything here depends on the composer’s imagination. In general, no melody is possible without rhythm. No matter how perfect and simple the melody is, it cannot even be imagined without rhythm.
If there were no rhythm, there would be no melody, but only a set of sounds of different pitches would remain. Although rhythm without melody exists. Many peoples of the East have dances that are performed only to the rhythm of percussion instruments.
The rhythm is the strongest expressive means. The character of the music largely depends on it. An even rhythm makes the melody smooth and soft, an intermittent rhythm gives the melody excitement and tension; it is often used in decisive, marching music. Thanks to rhythm, we can immediately determine, even in an unfamiliar work: this is a waltz, this is a polka, this is a march, etc. Each of these genres is characterized by certain rhythmic figures that are repeated throughout the entire work.
The Greek word "rythmos" means measured flow. This term is not only musical. In our life, everything is subject to a certain rhythm.
Rhythm reveals itself everywhere in the world around us. Seasons, months, weeks, days and nights alternate rhythmically. Human breathing and heartbeat are rhythmic. Rhythmic architectural structures, palaces and houses with their symmetrically arranged windows, columns and stucco decorations.
Cathedral of Christ the Savior. Moscow, Russia
All this suggests that rhythm is one of the fundamental principles of life: it is present in living and inanimate nature, we hear and see it - in the sound of the sea surf, in the pattern on the wings of a butterfly, in the cut of any tree, any knot.
The sense of rhythm is very highly developed among the people. Rhythm is characteristic of work when a person performs a series of monotonous movements. The songs with which people accompanied monotonous, tedious work, such as the famous “Dubinushka,” emphasize the rhythmic beginning of labor.
I. Repin. Barge Haulers on the Volga
Have you ever wondered why little children fall asleep so quickly and easily to the sounds of a lullaby? Why do they immediately start dancing if you sing them some kind of musical joke? After all, the child has not yet learned anything and does not know that one should react to music in some way - move, dance, etc.
This probably happens because musical rhythm is closest to human nature and, by influencing it, is capable of causing a response. And any response is already a dialogue, communication between a person and outside world, the first feeling of unity with him. After all, it is so important to feel not like a lonely grain of sand lost in infinity, but a full-fledged part of the world, living and feeling the same way as you do.
That is why they sometimes say that rhythm is the original form of a person’s connection with life, with people, with his time. Rhythm reflects the connection between nature, man and his activities with the universe. The word rhythm means "measurement".
People have long sought to understand the nature of musical rhythm. The dominance of rhythm in all spheres of existence was the reason that the first and most significant ancient theory of understanding the world brought music to the forefront in the structure of the Universe. The ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras imagined the world as a kind of universal musical instrument, controlled by the “music of the spheres” - sounds generated by the endless movement of the celestial spheres. At the heart of this grandiose picture of the world were four initial divine numbers (1-2-3-4), bringing order and harmony to the universe. Order, that is, truth, beauty and symmetry, was endowed and moral qualities. The Pythagorean Philolaus wrote: “The nature of number and harmony does not accept lies... Order and symmetry are beautiful and useful, but disorder and asymmetry are ugly and harmful.”
Order and symmetry are the fundamental properties of rhythm. It is no coincidence that we find them in a wide variety of musical works - from a simple children's song to a complex instrumental theme.
Here is the well-known song “Christmas Tree” by M. Krasev. Sing it, and you will immediately feel lightness, naturalness, proportionality of RHYTHM and melody. Probably, this song is so popular because even small children easily remember and sing it.
Here's a completely different example. It is taken from the finale of L. Beethoven's piano sonata No. 17. Why do we put this example on a par with a simple children's song? After all, many people know that Beethoven’s sonatas are the most complex world with its joys, doubts, philosophical thoughts, that it contains a vast range of all conceivable means of musical expression.
1770 - 1827
German composer, conductor and pianist
However, despite all its complexity, Beethoven's music is precisely proof that the natural laws of rhythm operate equally in a children's song and in a piano sonata, that these laws are not subject to either the intellectual complexity or the musical courage of even such a composer as he was. Beethoven. Is this why, when listening to Beethoven, we never remain indifferent, we invariably succumb to the charm, the living thrill of the music of this greatest of musicians, who managed to combine in his work extraordinary personal will and deep reverence for the fundamental, natural properties of musical art?
Questions and tasks:
1. What is rhythm, what is its meaning in musical language?
2. Why is rhythm the basis of music? Could music exist without rhythm?
3. How can rhythm affect the character of a piece of music?
4. How can you explain the words: “Order, symmetry are the fundamental properties of rhythm.”
Presentation
Included:
1. Presentation: 13 slides, ppsx;
2. Sounds of music:
Beethoven Sonata No. 17, III movement Allegretto, mp3;
The little Christmas tree is cold in winter (minus soundtrack), mp3;
Hey, let's whoop (performed by male choir St. Petersburg Metochion of Optina Pustyn), mp3;
3. Article, docx.
Although professional musicians are able to memorize music by ear, most beginners need to learn how to read music. Understanding the principles of reading music is also important for dancers and can captivate the heart of the casual listener. First you need to learn how to count the rhythm of music, or know how long to hold or play each note. It is also important to know the definition of time signature. This article describes standard principles for reading music using a 4/4 time signature.
Steps
Part 1
Rhythm counting- Quarter notes take up 1/4 of a bar.
- Eighth notes take up 1/8 of a bar.
- Sixteenth notes take up 1/16 of a bar.
- Notes can be combined to create one whole note, for example, one half note and two quarter notes last one full measure.
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Try to keep the rhythm. If the rhythm is monotonous, try beating it with your heel and counting to four several times: 1-2-3-4, 1-2-3-4. Speed is not as important here as maintaining the same amount of space between each strike. A metronome can be helpful in maintaining a steady rhythm.
- Each complete cycle of counting 1-2-3-4 is equal to one beat.
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Try counting the length of the base notes. Say or sing “la” while continuing to count the rhythm to yourself. A whole note will take up the entire measure, so start singing the note "A" on the first beat and hold it until you reach the fourth. You just sang a whole note.
- Two half notes make up a full measure. Sing an "A" note for beats 1-2, then a new "A" note for beats 3-4.
- Four quarter notes make up a full measure. Sing an "A" note for each beat you beat.
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For smaller notes, add syllables. For eighth notes, you need to divide the bar into eight equal sections, although you will still only be hitting four beats per bar. Add the word “and” between each beat: “1 and 2 and 3 and 4 and.” Practice until you get it right. Each word represents 1/8 of a note.
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Point value. Sometimes in music there is a small dot right after the notes. This means that the length of the note should be increased by 50%.
- A half note usually takes up two beats, but with a dot it increases to three beats.
- A quarter note without a dot takes up one beat, while a quarter note with a dot takes up 1 1/2 beats.
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Practice playing triplets. Triplet refers to a group of three notes that lasts one beat. Their execution is quite problematic, since all the previously studied notes had equal parts. Pronunciation of syllables can help you master triplets.
- Try hitting triplets, saying “1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th.”
- Remember to keep the number beats consistent by using a metronome or foot taps.
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Do it your way. Fermata is a musical notation that looks like a dot with an arc above the note. According to this symbol, you have the right to stretch the note as much as you like, regardless of musical rules.
- If you are part of an ensemble, then the duration of the note is determined by the conductor.
- If you are performing alone, determine the most appropriate length in advance.
- Listen to a recording of yourself playing if you're not sure how long to hold a note. This will give you insight into other artists' solutions, which will help you choose the best sound.
Part 2
Studying the Time Signature-
Determine the time signature. In the top left corner of the sheet music you will see some musical notation. The first symbol is called the "clef", which usually depends on the instrument on which the piece is played. Then there may be sharps or flats. But after them you should see two numbers arranged in a column. This is the time signature.
- In the first part of this article we used the 4/4 time signature, which is indicated by two fours standing on top of each other.
The concept of tact. Music is divided into measures, indicated by vertical bars. Notes in music are named according to how much time they occupy in a bar. Think of the beat as a pie that can be cut into quarters, halves, eighths, or a combination of different notes.
Learning basic musical notation. Note names contain information about what part of the bar they occupy. To fully understand, you must know the basic meaning of “shares.” A whole note will take up the entire measure. Half notes take up half a bar.
Rhytmos - consistency, regularity. Rhythm in general means a regular and measured alternation of any elements: sounds, movements, etc. Examples: breathing, heartbeat, pendulum swings, change of seasons, day and night. The concept of rhythm is closely related to the concept of cycle, cyclicity, i.e. repetitions.
Usually the word "rhythm" is primarily associated with music and dance. Musical rhythm- this is the alternation of short and long sounds in a certain order. In other words, it is the alternation of note durations in their sequence (or rhythmic). When learning pieces, musicians often use a metronome (a special device) to track the rhythm. Different musical traditions have their own rhythms. In the sound of the drums, rhythm comes to the fore. There is a rhythm section, an ensemble that includes drums, rhythm guitar and bass guitar, which set the main rhythm.
The concept of rhythm is also important in poetry; it is the basis of versification. It is its presence that distinguishes poetry from prose. In poetry, rhythmic units are distinguished: a syllable (based on the alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables) and a line (phrase). In rhyming lines, the number of syllables must be the same, and the stresses must be consistent, otherwise the rhythm will fail. There are different poetic meters, which are characterized by an individual rhythm: trochee, iambic, dactyl, amphibrachium and anapest.
Another common one is “natural rhythms.” Everything is cyclical: day follows night, and spring follows summer. In nature, there are pulsations of the geomagnetic field, the frequency of ionospheric radiation, and solar cycles. Biorhythms are closely related to natural rhythms. For example, most people are most active during daytime, and passivity - at night. Everyone's biorhythms are individual, but for everyone they are associated with physiological processes in the body and affect endurance, activity, etc.
Size and are two criteria that are inextricably linked. The reader perceives them as a charming feeling of harmony, meaning and style, inseparable from poetry.
What is rhythm and rhyme in a poem? These are the main factors that distinguish poetry itself from prose. High-quality classical poetry is always characterized by a correctly constructed rhythm. Without it, even perfectly rhymed lines sound clumsy.
The influence of harmony on the perception of a work
What is rhythm, the sound formed by the orderly repetition of syllables? The alternation of stressed and unstressed elements in stanzas is the core of the entire system of composition of Russian syllabic-tonic verse.
Of course, there are free verses, blank verses, in which the rhythmic pattern is not as important as the figurative narrative. But this can be called an exception to the rule. There is also such a variety as ancient verse. This method of versification was introduced into poetry by Asclepiades of Samos more than three hundred years BC. In simple (short) ancient verse, dactyl, spondee and trochae are used. Now these stanzas are little used, since free verse is more popular. But Horace’s famous verse “Monument” was written in ancient verse with a unique rhythm.
When a novice poet makes his first attempts at writing, he needs to focus on rhythm. To better understand whether it is consistent or not, you need to read your essay out loud (to yourself). This makes it more obvious if there are glitches in the lines or if everything is written well.
We will look at how rhythm is formed, what levels are distinguished in literary criticism. We will also give some examples of poetic works.
Determining rhythm in a poem
But let's start from the very beginning, that is, with the definition. Rhythm is the harmonious alternation of sound elements in phrases. What is this concept in versification? Sound phrases are not sentences, they are all those letter elements that are spoken from one pause to another. Phrases are combined into stanzas; and the stanzas are in feet.
How to determine the rhythm of a poem? To do this, an auxiliary scheme is written out with stressed and unstressed syllables, between which separators are placed. Thanks to rhythm, we separate the disyllabic iambic from the trochee. And even when some unstressed syllables are omitted, the meter can still be clearly determined. Determining the rhythm in a poem gives an understanding of the laws of harmony in the art of poetry.
You can study literature and its theory for years, but still not understand inner beauty harmonious stanzas. What is rhythm in a poem? This is a kind of music in a syllable. The phenomenon that is called tact in music is called meter in poetry. Mastery of the meter defines a professional word artist.
Variety of alternations of sound elements
How does rhythm help the perception of a poem? The alternation of sounds in stanzas can be variable so that euphony is felt. After all, constant monophonic sound has a depressing effect on a person.
For a verse to be pleasant to the ear, the rhythm must obey the laws of harmony. Poems, in order to distinguish them from an army march, must be supplemented with dissonances or assonances.
Meters and rhythms in one verse can be different. It all depends on the author’s intention, genre and chosen For example, avant-garde verse will have its own sound, corresponding to the theme of the figurative narrative. And the odic stanza has its own special rhythm, since there are 6 stanzas, and male and female rhymes alternate in a special way.
In large works, especially in children's fairy tales written in verse, freely rhymed lines are allowed. This gives the author more freedom in shaping the plot. But the main rule of free rhyme is euphony.
Words should be combined soundly, not visually. In complex stanzas you need to select the rhyme by ear. Just as a conductor determines the quality of a fugue by its sound, so a poet selects words for a poem so that they support the rhythm and do not disrupt it.
Pendulum image
What is rhythm in a poem in your own words? The most suitable image, on the basis of which it is convenient to imagine its essence, is a pendulum, measuredly dividing time into certain segments.
The formative elements of rhythm are meter, rhyme and the presence of an ordered structure. All of them are very important for composing an easy to read poem.
What are the different levels of rhythm? Classification by level is necessary for those who have devoted their lives to the study and development of literature. But this knowledge will also be of interest to those who are just beginning to be interested in this area of humanitarian knowledge.
The first level is, as already mentioned, the simplest syllables. The second is tropes, the third is poetic lines, the fourth level is stanzas. At first glance this seems difficult. But once you figure it out, everything falls into place.
Complex stanzas and rhythm
Let's try to explain it differently, in a poem, in our own words. For the average reader and for students high school It is not at all necessary to know rhythmic patterns. It is also not necessary to determine the meter of each verse read. Let's just say that rhythm is the alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables. In some works, the authors place them somewhat unusually. For example, there are 2 stressed syllables in a row or 2 unstressed ones. This somewhat disrupts the rhythm, but is also an acceptable technique in literature.
Complex dimensions, where a lot of nuances are taken into account, are a special level of sound harmony. If the rhythm in them is not maintained, then all efforts are in vain. New types of stanzas need to be mastered gradually.
Rhythm and rhyme
Let's consider two main criteria, without which it is impossible to write poetic work. What is rhythm and rhyme in a poem? These are two concepts that are closely related. The entire stanza is united by a common rhythm. The size is determined after analyzing the stanza. They come in three-foot, four-foot, pentameter, and so on.
There are five main rhyme sizes. These are the dimensions that are obtained if the alternation of syllables is strictly maintained. Among them, two two-syllable and three three-syllable ones are distinguished. Iambic and trochee differ from each other in that in the first case the stress falls on syllable number 1, in the second case - on number 2. Without dividing the couplet into lines, it would not be clear which syllable is first and which is second. Rhythm delineates the elements of the stanza.
Among the trisyllabic sizes, bacchius, antibacchius and amphimacra are also distinguished. Their presence in poetry is justified if you need to emotionally highlight some plot in a long poem. What rhythm is in a poem can be determined by analyzing the work and identifying its size.
What are the rhythms?
Literature has its own history and established traditions, but it is constantly evolving and absorbing new trends. Therefore, rhythm is not limited by any norms. The poet develops his own style over the course of creative life.
For clarity, to determine the rhythm, here are several poems in different sizes:
This morning, this morning,
The fields are sad, covered with snow,
Reluctantly you remember the past time,
You will also remember faces long forgotten. (I.S. Turgenev)
This is a tetrameter dactyl. Thanks to the markings, you can determine its rhythm. Trisyllabic meters are characterized by two unstressed syllables and one stressed syllable. Dactyl, amphibrachium and anapest are three meters that acquire euphony in most 4- and 5-foot verses of the syllabic-tonic structure.
A. Blok, written in anapest. When analyzing the stanzas, the patterns of stress that form the rhythm are clearly visible.
There are also purely tonic poems in the Russian language, in which the poet arranges only stressed syllables, and unstressed ones are used inconsistently. This style of writing was used quite often by V. Mayakovsky.
Our god is running,
The heart is our drum
The rhythm in such a poem is very peculiar. Of course, V. Mayakovsky could express himself like that. But a beginning poet must first master the syllabic-tonic system.
Assonance and dissonance in poetry as a way of creating rhythm
Let us explain these basic concepts. Assonance is a trope in which the same vowels are used in a verse. This technique enhances the emotionality of what the author says. Lines with such frequently repeated sounds are easy to read and quick to learn.
Very often, assonance can be found in the poems of S. Marshak; M. Lermontov also has these paths. This trope is similar to alliteration, but with its use there are an order of magnitude more such repeated sound combinations.
What is dissonance? This trope is characterized by the fact that in the last syllables of the lines, it is the consonant sounds that coincide, but the stressed vowels are completely different. This gives a peculiar flavor to the poems. The author benefits from the interest experienced by the reader, who is trying to understand why the verse sounds harmonious, although the standard rhyme cannot be heard by ear.
Alliteration, dissonance, and assonance make the rhythm more interesting and add variety to big picture, created by a word artist. But the use of these tropes requires good theoretical knowledge and experience in poetry.
Conclusion
Analyzing poems step by step and determining the size is the school program. Anyone who loved literature lessons knows a little about style and rhyme, remembers what rhythm is in a poem; 4th grade already knows that there is a cross and ring form of rhyme. And older schoolchildren are already studying sizes.
But aspiring poets should already be more interested complex issues theories of poetry. Rhythm, meter and rhyme, as we see, are interrelated concepts. The poet must have not only a significant vocabulary, but also knowledge of the laws of rhythm.