The history of the origin of a surname is always a lot of mystery. This is what leads people to want to know how this integral element of our personality came about.
Surnames with suffixes -ov and -ev
According to statistics, about 60% of the Russian population have surnames with the suffixes -ov and -ev. Such surnames are considered originally Russian, suggesting that they are of ancestral origin. Initially, Russian surnames came from patronymics. For example, Ivan, who was the son of Peter, was called Ivan Petrov. After surnames came into use in the 13th century, they began to be given based on the oldest man in the family. So, not only the sons, but also the grandchildren and great-grandsons of Peter became Petrovs.
To diversify surnames, they began to be given based on nicknames. Thus, the descendants of Beloborodov also received the surname Beloborodov, passing it on to their descendants from generation to generation. They began to give surnames depending on the person’s occupation. Therefore, the Goncharovs, Kuznetsovs, Plotnikovs, Popovs and other sonorous names appeared. You can be sure that Kuznetsov’s great-grandfather had a forge, and Popov had priests in his family.
Surnames with the suffix -ev were given to those people whose names, nicknames or the name of the specialization of their ancestors ended in a soft consonant. This is how the Ignatievs, Bondarevs and others appeared.
Surnames with the suffixes -in and -yn
About 30% of the Russian population have surnames ending with the suffixes -in and -yn. These surnames could come from the names, nicknames and professions of ancestors, as well as from words that end in -a and -ya.
So, the surname Minin means “son of Mina.” By the way, Mina is popular in Rus' female name. For example, the surname Semin comes from the name Semyon. Interestingly, the name Semyon comes from Simeon, which in ancient times meant “heard by God.” That's pretty much how they formed popular surnames- Nikitin, Ilyin, Fomin and many others.
Also, some surnames indicate that a person’s ancestors belonged to a particular profession. For example, the surname Rogozhin indicates that a person’s ancestors traded matting or were engaged in its production. It cannot be stated with absolute certainty, because even now many disputes continue, but it is assumed that the surnames Pushkin, Gagarin, Zimin, Korovin, Ovechkin, Borodin also came from the names of things, phenomena, animals or professions.
Still, experts say that you first need to find out what word underlies the surname, and only then can you talk about professional occupations or nicknames of distant ancestors from which the surname came.
Based on materials:
Many Russians have a firm and unfounded belief that surnames in -skiy are certainly Polish. From history textbooks, the names of several Polish magnates are known, derived from the names of their estates: Potocki and Zapotocki, Zablocki, Krasinski. But from the same textbooks the surnames of many Russians with the same suffixes are known: Konstantin Grigorievich Zabolotsky, okolnichy of Tsar John III, late 15th - early 16th centuries; clerk Semyon Zaborovsky, early 16th century; boyars Shuisky and Belsky, close associates of Ivan the Terrible. Famous Russian artists are Levitsky, Borovikovsky, Makovsky, Kramskoy.
An analysis of modern Russian surnames shows that forms in -sky (-tskiy) exist in parallel with variants in -ov (-ev, -in), but there are fewer of them. For example, in Moscow in the 70s of the twentieth century, for every 330 people with the surname Krasnov/Krasnova, there were only 30 with the surname Krasnovsky/Krasnovskaya. But enough rare surnames Kuchkov and Kuchkovsky, Makov and Makovsky are represented almost equally.
A significant proportion of surnames ending in -sky/-skaya, -tsky/-tskaya, derived from geographical and ethnic names. In letters from our readers who want to know about the origin of their surnames, the following surnames are mentioned: -sky / -tsky.
Brynsky. The author of this letter, Evgeniy Sergeevich Brynsky, himself sent the history of his surname. We present only a small fragment from the letter, since it is not possible to publish it in its entirety. Bryn- river Kaluga region, flows into the Oka Zhizdra tributary. In the old days, large dense Bryn forests stretched along it, in which the Old Believers took refuge. According to the epic about Ilya Muromets, it was in the Bryn forests that the Nightingale the Robber lived. Let us add that there are several settlements of Bryn in the Kaluga and Ivano-Frankivsk regions. Surname found in Poland Brynski/Brynska formed from the name of two settlements Brynsk in different parts country and also, apparently, goes back to the names of the rivers Bryn and Brynitsa. There is no uniform interpretation of the names of these rivers in science. If a suffix is added to the name of a populated place -ets, then such a word means a person from this place. In Crimea in the 60s - 70s of the 20th century, the winegrower was well known Maria Bryntseva. Her surname is derived from the word brynets, that is, a native of the city or village of Bryn.
Garbavitsky. This Belarusian surname corresponds to the Russian one Gorbovitsky(V Belarusian language in place of the unstressed O letter is written A). The surname is derived from the name of a settlement Gorbovitsy. In the materials available to us there is only Gorbov, Gorbovo And Gorbovtsy. All these names come from the designations of the terrain: hump- a hillock, a sloping hill.
Dubovskaya. The surname is derived from the name of one of the many settlements: Dubovka, Dubovo, Dubovoe, Dubovskaya, Dubovsky, Dubovskoe, Dubovtsy located in all parts of the country. It is possible to find out from which one exactly, only from the information preserved in the family, where the ancestors who received this surname lived, or where they came from to their future place of residence. The emphasis in the surname is on "O": Dubovsky/Dubovskaya.
Steblivsky. Ukrainian surname corresponding to Russian - Steblevsky; derived from the names of populated places Steblevka Transcarpathian region or Steblev- Cherkasy. In Ukrainian spelling, in place of the second e is written i.
Tersky. The surname comes from the name of the river Terek and indicates that one of the distant ancestors of this person lived there. Were Terek region And Terek Cossacks. So the bearers of the surname Tersky may also be descendants of the Cossacks.
Uriansky. The surname, apparently, is derived from the name of the locality Urya. In our materials, this name is recorded in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Perhaps there are similar names in other places, since the name of the populated place is associated with the name of the river and with the designation ethnic group ur, as well as with the name of the medieval Turkic people Urianka. Similar names could be found in different places, since medieval peoples led a nomadic lifestyle and assigned the name of their ethnic group to those places where they stayed for a long time.
Chiglinsky. The surname comes from the name of the settlement Chigla Voronezh region, which appears to be related to the designation of a union of medieval Turkic tribes Chigili.
Shabansky. The surname is derived from the names of the settlements Shabanovo, Shabanovskoye, Shabanskoye located in different parts of the country. These names come from the Turkic name Shaban Arabic origin. IN Arabic sha"ban- name of the eighth month lunar calendar. The name Shaban is also attested in Russian peasant families in the 15th-17th centuries. In parallel with this, an orthographic variant was noted in the Russian language Shiban- obviously, by analogy with Russian knock, knock. In the records of 1570-1578, Prince Ivan Andreevich is mentioned Shiban Dolgoruky; in 1584 - stirrup grooms for Tsar Theodore Ioannovich Osip Shiban and Danilo Shikhman Ermolaevich Kasatkin. The servant of Prince Kurbsky was called Vasily Shibanov- executed by Ivan the Terrible in 1564.
In addition, the name of the ethnic group of Siberian Tatars is known Xibans and family name Crimean Tatars Shibanskie Murza. IN Perm region there is a settlement Shibanovo, and in Ivanovskaya - Shibanikha.
So closely related to each other different types proper names: personal names, geographical and ethnic names, as well as surnames.
Their surnames end in -ovich, -evich, which corresponds to our patronymics (for example, Serbian. Re: Surnames ending in -ih, -yh, Aslan, 01/08/08 18:30 if you don’t know, don’t write. Re : Surnames ending in -ih, -yh, Whichever is, 11/14/06 22:56 My friend has the surname VISITORS.
What is your nationality if your last name ends in -ih-, -yh-??
My last name ends in -ikh. And I'm Russian. I will add that in the same areas, given names also received the ending in -i/-y, for example, my surname Semenov came from these places in the form “Semyonovs”. And here is another very common surname - Sedykh. Something comes to mind that people in some district in Russia also have such surnames. Eg. There are two musicians, husband and wife, and their last name is Glukhikh.
Almost all surnames are either pure nicknames, once given to an ancestor (Czechs have many such surnames) or from the father, or from the locality (but this is also a variant of the nickname).
Those. Initially, almost any surname was a kind of clarification to the name. At the same time, for example, there was another Ivan in that village. But Sergei's son.
If in the central part of Rus' surnames mostly ended in -ov, -ev, -in, then in Siberia surnames with the same roots ended in -ih, -yh: White, Black, Polish.
The famous linguist B.O. Unbegaun believes that surnames with -ikh and surnames with -ikh can be classified as typically Siberian surnames....,” read more, it’s useful!
Surnames with -ikh and surnames with -ih were brought to Siberia by colonists even before they fell out of use in the northern part of Russia.
My father, for example, had a surname ending in -ov, and his children were recorded under surnames ending in -skikh. This is how the scribes recorded them.
Moreover, interestingly, in these censuses father and son could have surnames with different endings.
In my area there are few of them, but when they exist it can be funny. And to get that very peasant ending. So the presenter announced them like this: “You are performing... Probably depends on the region. I had such an assumption, but then, according to the idea, there should be many similar endings of surnames. Me too: after all, we have Chernov... Because he was a tailor.
Those. the nationality could be any - I have a friend with the surname Litovskikh, who claims that he descends from a Lithuanian who was exiled to Siberia before 1917 for some sins. There was a count, but he became a “type” of serfdom and Soviet power, and there was nothing to find fault with. The situation is the same with “Whites” and “Blacks”.
I quote the version of the owner of the Maryinsky surname: “Some Polish nobleman was exiled to the Urals and he was allowed to settle in a lonely farmstead in the forest. He was a descendant of the disgraced Polish Count Potocki, who, after the defeat of the Confederate uprising, was exiled to Kazan. Petrovich and Russian patronymic Petrovich). For example, the father could be Kozlov, and the son was recorded as Kozlovsky.
In addition, the name of the ethnic group of the Siberian Tatars is known, the Shibans and the generic name of the Crimean Tatars, the Shiban Murzas. In the Perm region there is a settlement called Shibanovo, and in the Ivanovo region there is Shibanikha.
Records from 1570-1578 mention Prince Ivan Andreevich Shiban Dolgoruky; in 1584 - the grooms of Tsar Feodor Ioannovich Osip Shiban and Danilo Shikhman Ermolaevich Kasatkin.
Shabansky. The surname is derived from the names of the settlements Shabanovo, Shabanovskoye, Shabanskoye, located in different parts of the country.
Identical to Russian, most Cossack surnames end in: ov, ev, in. For many, this suggestsand even claim that the ancestors of bearers of such surnames were Russians (Great Russians). An exception is made from this that the ancestors of the bearers of such surnames as: Persiyanov, Gruzinov, Mordvintsev, Grekov, Turkin, etc. were not Russians, but representatives of nationalities, according to the indication of the surname itself. But in reality, the question of Cossack surnames is far from exhausted by this provision.
Surnames ending in― ov, ev, in more ancient origin than the Russian (Great Russian) nationality itself, the formation of which, as is known, began with just XIII V. according to R. Chr. Yes, in the 2nd agreement Prince of Kyiv Igor with the Greeks (912) in the list of his (nicknames): Fastov, Kari(th), Tudkov, Karshev, Tudorov, Svirkov, Voikov, Bernov, Gunarev, Koloklekov, Gudov, Tuadov, Kutsi(th), Vuzlev, Utin , Sinko, Borich.
Such surnames and similar ones, found in later historical documents, establish that the above endings in surnames were not only common among the population Kievan Rus, the ancestors of the Ukrainians, but also the surnames from foreign, non-Slavic words (Bern, Tuad, Tudor, Fast), took endings ov and thus they became glorified.
These data and the fact that surnames with the above endings are common to this day in Ukraine give grounds to assert that they are not the work of the Great Russians, but were borrowed, like most of the cultural foundations, from Kievan Rus; Great Russians have surnames ending in ov, ev, in reached only greatest development, ― these endings easily replace others (ii, ey, oy) or are easily added to any non-Russian words.
Bulgarians have surnames with the ending ov And ev are common now, as they were common in ancient times.
And if this is so, then we have the right to assume that such endings in surnames were also common among the Slavic-Turkic population of Cossackia (after the Tmutarakan principality, from where the Cossack nation was formed). They existed later, and only from the time of the rule of the Russians (Great Russians), i.e. over the past 2 centuries, have achieved their greatest development.
Cossacks have surnames Ouch, th, to her change in― ov, ev; other endings change to in, and by the end co the sound is increasing V: Sulatsk(y)ov, Kadatsk(y)ov, Nagib(a)in, Rynd(a)in, Zhuchenko + v, Semenchenko + v, Pozd(ey)eev, Shulg(a)in.
Poles usually have surname endings –- th, ich, ek; They are also characteristic of Ukrainians.
Cossack surnames that have retained such endings (or replaced) indicate that the ancestors of the bearers of such surnames were either Ukrainians or Poles: Kalinovsky, Bukovsky, Levitsky, Kokhanovsky, Shchetkovsky Khreshchatitsky, Kadatskov, Kurganinsky.
Ending surnames (nicknames) with co, as can be seen from the document of 912 and others, of very ancient origin. Ending co(the Great Russians borrowed it and turned it into ka– Ivashka, Fomka, etc.) in the Russian (Kiev) state (later in its successor - Ukraine) denoted a junior degree, subordination, a smaller part of the subject.
So, in Kievan Rus the end co sometimes added to the names of princes (Volodimirko, Vasilko, Yurko) who did not have inheritances (outcasts), i.e. subordinates; but was never added to the names of the Kyiv capital princes.
In Ukraine, the son or grandson of Taras, Shevchuk, Bulba, Ostap was called Tarasenok, Shevchenok, Bulbenok, Ostapenok, and from here the surnames were formed - Tarasenko, Shevchenko, etc.
Such formations can be assumedat first they were characteristic mainly of the western regions of Ukraine; in the Dnieper part, where there was a more intensive settlement of Turkic peoples, the ending prevailed th, Ouch, to her, A, ac; and all of them are of Turkic origin.
Ending to her(Kunduvdey, Paley, Kochubey, Berendey, etc.) very often changed to the ending eev.
Thus, from the many documents establishing entry into the ranks Don Cossacks at the end XVI V. and in the first half XVII V. individual representatives of the Ukrainian people, from the Dniester part of it, in Cossack and Moscow documents called Cherkasy, surnames on co almost never occurs. So in the list of such Cherkassy from 1647, who joined the ranks of the Cossacks. Of the more than 200 surnames, there are not even a dozen ending with co, but mainly on ov, ev. (Kupreyanov, Kharitonov, Nagib(a)in, etc.).
Development of surnames on co in Ukraine in the second half XVII Art. obliged, one might assume, to the colonization of its western regions.
It would be absurd to believe that the ancestors of those with surnames - Ovanesov, Chebukchiev, Big(ai)ev, etc. or even they themselves are Russian. Conversely, if we added endings ov, ev or in to the surnames - Grimm, Wrangel, Struve, etc., then they still would not have hidden that the ancestors of the bearers of such surnames were Swedes, Germans, or a representative of some other nationality, but not Russian.
Back, lasting existence ending ov And ev even the apparent Russification of the surname cannot hide the fact that the ancestors of the bearers of the surnames - Milyukov, Chuvild(ey)eev, Turgen(b)ev, as the words themselves establish and historical documents establish, were Tatars. This is often confirmed by the very appearance and character of the bearer of such a surname. In this case, the only question that can arise is when or which ancestor or the owner of such a surname himself became a Russian (Great Russian).
Many Cossack surnames (in some villages they are predominant) are based on the word not Slavic origin; let's giveas an example: Merzhan-ov, Katason-ov, Mishustov, Koloman-ov, Kulgach-ev, Dukmas-ov, Mendeleev, Gald(a)-in, Kaklyug(a)in, Malyug(a)in, Arakantsev, Sekret-ev, Turover-ov, Boldyr-ov, Kundelek-ov, Biryuk-ov, Kudin-ov.
By determining which nationality a word was borrowed from, or brought in as a surname, the nationality of the ancestor of the bearer of such a surname is very often established; this is sometimes confirmed by historical documents. Thus, Merzhan (probably the ancestor of the bearers of this surname) was an Arab by birth, who came out of Turkish captivity together with the Don Cossacks in 1640; he converted to Christianity and became a Don Cossack.
Misustov is the surname of a Circassian princely family that existed in the middle of the last century.
Mendeleev comes from the Kalmyk word - mendele (hello).
The Kundelekovs, as established by documents, descend from the Kalmyk Murza, who converted to Christianity and became a Cossack in the first half XVIII century
Galda is a Kalmyk name; the origin from the Kalmyk is confirmed by the facial features of the bearers of this surname family legend.
The surname Turoverov was formed from 2 words: Turkic and Slavic: tur (dur) - incorrect, incorrect; a tourover in the literal sense is a person of the wrong faith, a foreigner. And, as I heard from one of the representatives of the Turoverov family, family tradition says that their ancestor was a Persian.
The surname Arakan comes from the word Arak(s) - Arakan - a native of Arak, maybe from Araks.
Sometimes Turkic and other words that served as the basis for the formation of a surname seem Slavic. Based on such similarities, it would be erroneous to say that the ancestors of the bearers of the surnames - Kharlamov, Bokov, Vedeneev were Russians (Great Russians). So, if the surname Kharlamov was formed from the name Kharlampiy, then it would be Kharlampiev; in Kalmyk: har - black, lam (e) priest, literally translated kharlam - monk. The Bokovs come from the Kalmyk Murza - Boka, whose existence and transition to the Cossacks after the adoption of Christianity is established by documents of the first half XVIII century
Vedeneev was formed from the word - vedene, which is what the Mordovians call themselves in their language.
Appearance and character very often are confirmation; sometimes, regardless of the above, the nationality of the Cossack’s ancestors is established.
The Cossack people were formed from the Slavic (Russians) and the Turkic (Cherkasy Cossacks) living on the territory of Cossackia, later within the Tmutarakan principality that was formed from it. (Italics are mine. - Ed.)
If we take into account that in Kievan Rus, part of its population - the Black Klobuks (Dnieper Cherkasy, a people of Turkic origin), as can be seen from the chronicles, the surnames of the leaders were based on Turkic words (Lavor, Tudor, Kunduvdey, Arkashara, etc. .), then we have the right to assume that among the ancestors of the Don and other Cossacks, surnames and nicknames based on Turkic words were common, along with surnames that had Slavic roots.
During the rule of the Mongols, during the stay of the Don Cossacks as part of the Golden Horde ( XIII - XIV c.) the Turkic-Tatar language was the state language for the entire East of Europe, and among the Don Cossacks, who lived in close proximity to the Tatars, closely associated with their capital - the city of Saray, it was, along with their own, Slavic, and spoken.
Before the emergence of the Free Cossacks (moving into the Wild Field and beyond it) and the formation of independent republics (troops) in XV Art. the Don Cossacks, who lived along the borders of the Moscow and Ryazan principalities and served as a military border force, were in communication with their neighbors - the Turkic-Tatar peoples and did not forget their language. For the Don Cossacks who survived on the territory of Cossackia - according to the river. Khopru and Medveditsa (Salavaska) with its tributaries and in the lower reaches of the Don (among the Azov Cossacks), along with their own, the Turkic-Tatar language was also in use.
It is known that the Moscow state was given to the Volga Cossacks (a branch of the Don) at the beginning XVII Art. wrote letters in the Tatar language. Replenishment of the Kazakhs in XVI - XVII i.v. came much more from the Turkic-Tatar peoples than from the Great Russians, not to mention the Ukrainians (Cherkasy). Finally, speak Tatar to the Don foreman of the end XVIII century and the beginning of the XIX V. was a sign good manners, like the Russian aristocracy of that time - speak in- French.
Based on the above, we can assert that surnames, the basis of which are Turkic-Tatar words, could have been formed by the Cossacks themselves and are not necessarily brought in (i.e., that their ancestors came from the Don); but they are all, of course, of ancient origin.
Such characteristic surnames as Kolimanov (changed Kolomanov), Arkasharin (which existed among the Don Cossacks in the first half XVIII c.) and Kaledin indicate the continuity of surnames among the Cossacks since ancient times.
Koloman and Arkashara are one of the leaders of the Black Klobuks (Dnieper Cherkassy) XIII V. The name Koloman appears even earlier. Kaleda - one of the leaders of the Dnieper Cherkassy beginning XV Art. As is known, the Ukrainian people - especially from the Dnieper region (Cherkasy) were a significant element that supplemented the Don Cossacks during the emergence of the Free Cossacks, and after that they were the main source of its replenishment.
Surnames derived from Slavic words sometimes make it possible to establish the origin of the ancestors of their bearers.
Thus, the ancestors of the owners of the surnames: Kravtsov, Shvetsov, Limarev, Kovalev, Chebotarev, Miroshnikov, Osipov, Ostapov, Astakhov, Guselshchikov, Gretsykhin were, of course, Cherkasy.
But there is no evidence to assert that the ancestors of those bearing the surnames Kuznetsov, Sapozhnikov, Vedernikov, Melnikov were certainly Great Russians; these surnames could also have formed on the Don.
Cossacks have surnames that come from words that sometimes define nationality, more often social status, occupation, etc.: Voevodin, Boyarinov, Budarshchikov, Pushkarev, Drummers, Ryndin (rynda - princely or royal bodyguard - page). But it would be a mistake to assume that the surnames Voevodin and Boyarinov originated from the fugitive boyar and governor of Moscow (this would have been hidden to the fugitive). It can be assumed with sufficient reason that they are of Novgorod origin, when at the end XV and in the first half XVI c., after the Moscow defeat of Novgorod and Vyatka, representatives of the upper classes of V. Novgorod fled (emigrated) to the Cossacks - boyars, governors, merchants, and clergy, saving their heads from the Moscow chopping block.
A surname like Barabanshchikov does not establish the Great Russian origin of its owner - in the Moscow state in the second half XVII c., when the troops of the “foreign system” were raised, they were precisely the Germans.
There are many Cossack surnames derived from Mohammedan names: Alimov, Seimov (Usein, Seim), Kireev (Gireev), Izmailov, Temirev, etc. The ancestors of those bearing such surnames were, of course, persons who professed Islam - either Tatars or Turks , or Circassians, or, finally, Persians; but it is impossible to decide which nationality exactly.
Almost the majority of Cossack surnames in currently, As in XVII - XVIII Art. in comparison with others, if divided into groups, it comes from Orthodox names.
As is known, the Don Cossacks (like other Cossacks) were Orthodox from ancient times; among the Don Cossacks from 1261 to the end XIV V. there was its own special Podonsk (or Saransk) diocese with a bishop in the capital of the Golden Horde, Saray. The Novgorodians and Cherkasy, who greatly expanded the ranks of the Cossacks, were also Orthodox. Finally, the ancestors of the Don Cossacks were Slavs (Russians) and Kazakhs (Cossacks), who lived in Cossackia and the Tmutarakan principality since IX c., were Orthodox.
Thus, the formation of surnames from Orthodox names was, of course, common among the Cossacks themselves and was very ancient.
Many Cossack surnames known from documents of the second half XVI c., have survived to this day; many are no longer found, but this does not mean that there are no descendants of such Cossacks left.
Very often one surname was replaced by another. If there were two families or several of the same surname, then the new one received the surname after the name of the senior representative - or his personal nickname, a characteristic feature.
When there were no written documents, surnames were lost, and nicknames or names of family elders were assigned as surnames. This is how the surnames were formed - Kosorotov, Ryabov, Dolgov, Kurnosov, Shkur(a)in, Zheltonozhkin, Vostrov, Kultyshkin, etc. In themselves they are not characteristic, but initially they were an addition to the surname. Such “street” surnames, which could no longer gain a foothold due to the existence of written documents, were formed among the Cossacks until recently.
But surnames from Orthodox names can hide ancestors of any national origin.
When a non-Cossack and non-Christian, especially a minor, joined the ranks of the Cossacks, he sometimes acquired the surname of a godfather.
Thus, the descendants of a cross-Gypsy who became a Cossack did not necessarily turn into the Tsygankovs, they could also turn into the Vasilyevs, Polikarpovs, Petrovs, if they bore such a name Godfather ancestor.
Sometimes Greeks who joined the ranks of the Cossacks received surnames by name, which was not uncommon. Thus, the Greek merchants who shared the burden of the “Azov Seat” with the Don Cossacks in 1641 were all accepted into the Cossacks. The Yanov surname came from the Greek Yan (it is a mistake to consider it to be of Polish origin); from Maxim the Grek - the Grekovs and from one of them - the Korolevs (“korolyok” - a silver coin of that time, used by the Cossacks and Turks, foreign coinage, with the image of a young king - “korolev”). All other Greeks received surnames based on their given names (fathers, grandfathers); This is how they appear in the document.
It would seem that extensive material should have been provided by the lists of Cossacks of the Zimov villages (embassies from the Don to Moscow), preserved in the files of the Moscow Ambassadorial Order, but in reality there are no names in them.
In o in the relationship between the Don and the Moscow state, it was accepted: the Moscow Tsar in the letter did not usually name the surname of the Don Ataman, but only his first and patronymic (Osip Petrov); this was a special honor; back, and the Don Army did not put the ataman’s surname in the replies to the Moscow Tsar, but only the first and patronymic.
These letters and signatures are the main material for history, and we still do not know the surnames of such Don atamans as Ermak Timofeev, Osip Petrov, Naum Vasiliev, Yakovlev, etc. Timofeev, Petrov, etc. are patronymics, and not by last name; the descendants of these atamans do not live under these surnames, but those that these atamans actually had.
In the lists of the composition of the Zimov villages XVII Art. last names are also not shown (the importance of the composition of the village), but only first names and patronymics.
Cossacks have surnames from female names and female names (Sidorkins, Gapkins, Sidorins, Dyachikhins, Yasyrkins, etc.).
These surnames were formed in this order - if a captive or native married a natural Cossack woman, then the offspring received a surname after the mother’s name; a child could also take a surname based on the mother’s name or a characteristic feature of her, if his father was unknown.
Cossacks have a lot of surnames from the name of one or another clergy (Dyachkins, Popovs, etc.). The surname Popov is especially common among the Don Cossacks. To mention the name Popov on the Don is to say absolutely nothing.
In the Don Cadet Corps, such surnames were also accompanied by No.; Preparatory students or first-graders at the Popovs had numbers, usually exceeding 2 tens.
There is a well-known anecdote that has a historical basis. After class allied forces Paris in 1813. Don Ataman gr. Platov represented the Emperor at the review. Alexandru I Cossack regiments.
The latter at that time did not bear a number, but were called by the names of the regiment commanders. During the passage of regiments on horseback, ataman gr. Platov, among others, allegedly named: “Dyachkin’s regiment...Dyachikhin, Dyakov...Dyakonov...Popov 8...Popov 12, Popov 13, Protopopov...Apostolov’s regiment.”
When the last regiment was named, Alexander I , allegedly asked: “Where is the Jesus regiment?” To which Donskoy ataman replied: “We didn’t have time to form: the war is over.”
Some of the indicated surnames were actually borne by the commanders of the Cossack regiments, others are found among the officer surnames of 1812-13, as established by documents.
Such surnames could have been formed during the entry of the Novgorodians and Vyatchans into the ranks of the Cossacks, but personally, I don’t see any of the historical documents until the middle of the 10th century. VII Art. I have never met a surname that comes from a clergyman. They probably formed on the Don after the emigration of the Great Russians after the spiritual split, the only period when their entry into the ranks of the Cossacks was more or less noticeable.
It is possible that the ancestors of those bearing these surnames were Great Russians, although I met Cossacks bearing the surname Popov, in whose entire family the Turkic-Tatar type was clearly expressed.
An exception and addition must be made from this. The surname Apostolov (rare in the Don - one family) is certainly of Ukrainian origin.
The clerk is only in last century denoted only spiritual rank, in XVII Art. a clerk is a clerk, a clerk, etc. The (very high) rank of “military clerk” in the Zaporozhye army in Donskoy corresponded to “military clerk”. It is more likely that the surname Dyakov comes from here, and not from the clergy. The surname Rastrygin should also be included in the above category.
Cossack surnames, originating from geographical names, mainly cities, towns and villages (Bogaevsky, Bukanovsky, Kargalsk(iy)ov, Kundryutskov, Ternovskov, Khopersky, Kumshatskov, Bogucharskov, Samarin, Korochentsov, etc.), provide little data for determining the nationality of ancestors - especially if the names of the villages served as the basis for surnames.
The surname Bukanovsky only says that the ancestor of the person bearing this surname came from the Bukanovsky town of the Don Army. Bogaevsky is a migrant from Bogaevskaya village or town to another - which says very little.
The very appearance of the late M. P. Bogaevsky said more that his ancestor was, of course, a Kalmyk, and the facial features of his brothers confirm this.
Karochenets - a native of the city of Karochi - was probably a Cherkasy (Ukrainian).
The Bogucharskovs, Samarins, and Kaluzhenins came from their respective cities; immigrants from outlying cities - from the children of boyars, archers, and city Cossacks; in the ranks of the latter there were Cherkassy and Tatars.
So in this case, the affiliation of those bearing such surnames with the ancestors of the Great Russians is not established.
Thus, Cossack surnames do not indicate any significant entry of Great Russians (Russians) into the ranks of the Cossacks; Of course, they cannot provide any material to prove the origin of the Don and other Cossacks from the Great Russians, since the Cossacks actually do not originate from the Great Russians (Russians).
The above applies to all Cossacks, except the Kuban-Black Sea residents. Their surnames are identical to Ukrainian ones; endings prevail th, Ouch, th, A, ac. They are based on Slavic (Ukrainian) words and Turkic ones, some borrowed from their ancestors - the Black Klobuks (Cherkasy).
But this question requires special research.
Is. Bykadorov
From the editor.
I was happy to find this article in issues 38-39 of the magazine “Free Cossacks” (In iflax Kozatstvo") - published on June 25 and July 10, 1929 in Prague (the second year of publication). Its author is Isaac Fedorovich Bykadorov.
Born in 1882 into the family of a Don colonel in the village of Nizhne-Kundryuchevskaya. Major General, historian, comrade of the chairman of the Don Circle, member of the Supreme Circle of the Don, Kuban and Terek. He received a good systematic education at a classical gymnasium in Rostov-on-Don, at the Novocherkassk Engineering School. In 1907, he was accepted into the Academy of the General Staff, completed the full course, but in 1910, shortly before graduation, he returned to duty (due to a family tragedy).
During the First World War he was awarded many military orders (he lost one eye).
In the spring of 1918, the Cossacks, who rebelled against Soviet power, elected Colonel Bykadorov as their commander.
Since 1920 - in exile.
“Being an ardent Cossack patriot, he always diligently collected materials on Cossack history and used them for his books “The History of the Cossacks” and “The Don Cossacks’ Struggle for Access to the Sea,” which were published already in exile... His books, as well as individual articles in the Cossack press, gave a theoretical justification for the Cossack national idea and set some milestones for the Cossacks in their historical quest.” (A.I. Skrylov, G.V. Gubarev.)
...This article does not, of course, put an end to the answer to the most difficult question and about the origin of Cossack surnames, and the Cossacks themselves. But it is necessary to know the opinion of one of the most educated Cossack leaders on this matter.
Cossack general-from-philology Isaac Bykadorov... Amazing people were in our history!
Y. MAKARENKO