The history of the origin of surnames is interesting and fascinating. Once you think about this question, you immediately feel the desire to take your last name apart, highlight the stem of the word, prefixes, suffixes and, completely confused, look for the answer on the Internet.
The easiest way to understand the origin of a surname is if it is formed from a personal name: son of Ivan - Ivanov, son of Peter - Petrov, son of Alexei - Alekseev, son of Nikifor - Nikiforov, son of Frol - Frolov, son of Murat - Muratov, son of Ibrahim - Ibragimov, son of Gyurjan - Gyurjanov...
Many names are not familiar to our generation, for example, Nesyay, Nogay, Pilyay, Shiryai and others, therefore, in the surnames formed from them, we “don’t see”, we don’t notice the name: Nesyaev, Nogayev, Nagaev, Pilyayev, Shiryaev and other surnames.
As it turned out, there are a lot of “registered surnames”!
What if the surname is not formed from the given name? Just about now, you say, from here on in more detail.
I do not plan to divide surnames based on nationality. This is not the point of my little etymological study. I want to find true values words underlying a particular surname. Let's say there is a surname Kurakov, but no such name. What does the word "kurak" mean? Today my assistant will be a dictionary of Turkic words and meanings.
I repeat: the Turkic word at the heart of the surname in no way means belonging this person to this or that people. You and I will not study the history of the settlement of peoples across the territory of the earth; we also do not care about the place of birth, city or country.
If we do not know the meaning of the word underlying the surname, then there is some degree of probability that it is Turkic. Let's try to check?
Let's start with the surname Kurakov. Does such a word exist – “kurak”? Perhaps there was a sound transformation like “fool-knuckle-fist”? Ah, no! Three independent words live in the Turkish language:
Durak (fool), Turkic. – 1) “stop” from Turkic. dur – “stop” 2) “ male name among the Turkic peoples"
Kurak (kurak), Turkic. – “arid”, “dry”
Kulak (fist), Turkic. - "ear"
Thus, it can be assumed that the surnames Kurakov, Fools, Durov, Kulakov came from Turkic words?!!
I think that among surnames formed from Turkic words, several groups can be distinguished, just like among surnames formed from any language of the Indo-European group.
Surnames formed from personal names.
Surnames derived from the names of animals and birds:
Aslanov, Turkic. Aslan (Aslan) - “lion”
Kaplanov, Kaplan, Turk. Kaplan (kaplan) - “tiger”
Kurtov, Turkic. Kurt (kurt) – “wolf”
Kurbagin, Kurbygin, Turkic. Kurbağa (kurbaga) - “frog”
Kush, Kushnir, Turkic. Kuş (kush) - “bird”
Khayvanov, Turkic. Hayvan (haivan) – “animal”
and other names.
Surnames formed from words related to the world of plants and nature:
Biberov, Turkic. Biber (biber) - “pepper”
Buzov, Turkic. Buz (buz) – “ice”
Doga, Dogaev, Turkic. Doğa (doga) – “nature”
Mantarov, Turkic. Mantar – “mushroom”
Marulin, Turkic. Marul (marul) - “lettuce”
Sakseltsev, Turkic. Saksı (Saxons) – “flower pot”
and other names.
Surnames formed from numerals:
“Zero” - Sıfır (syfyr), Turkic: Tsiferov, Tsyfirov, Antsiferov, Zifirov, Zefirov
“One” - Bir (bir), Turkic: Birin, Birkin
“Two” - Iki (iki), Turkic: Ikinin, Akinin, Akinshin, Ikinshin
“Three” - üç (uch), Turkic: Uchin, Yuchin
“Four” - Dört (dirt), Turkic: Dortman, Dorot, Chertov, Chertok, Chertkov
“Five” - Beş (besh), Turkic: Beshtov, Peshtov, Peshkov
“Six” - Altı (Alts), Turkic: Altynin, Altunin, Altov
“Seven” - Yedi (eat), Turkic: Edikov, Gedik, Gedike
“Eight” – Sekiz (sekiz), Turkic: Sekizov, Serkizov, Cherkizov
“Nine” - Dokuz (dokuz), Turkic. Dokuzov
“Ten” - On (he), Turkic: Onin, Onkin, Chonkin
“Eleven” - On bir (he is bir), Turkic: Onbirov, Anbirov, Avbirov, Onbir, Anbir, Avbir
“Twelve” - Oniki (onics), Turkic: Onikin, Anikin
and other names.
Ugh! How many surnames can be interpreted in the Turkish-Russian dictionary! Is this really possible? I was puzzled by this question for several years in a row.
It is especially difficult to deal with seemingly simple surnames. There is such a surname: Salov. Fifty percent is because it comes from the word “fat”, the remaining fifty is from a Turkic word. In this regard, I have identified another group of surnames.
Surnames derived from the names of the days of the week:
Salov – from Salı (saly), Turkic. - "Tuesday"
Pershin - from Perşembe (pershembe), Turkic. - "Thursday"
Juma, Dzhema, Jima - from Cuma (juma), Turkic. - "Friday"
Dzhumartov - from Cumartesi (jumartesi), Turkic. - "Saturday"
Pazarov, Bazarov - from Pazar (pazar), Turkic. - "Sunday"
and other names.
Surnames formed from the names of months, seasons and concepts of place and time:
Ekimov, Akimov, Akishin - “October”: Ekim (ekim), Turkic.
Kasymov, Kasimov, Kosinov - “November”: Kasım (kasym), Turkic.
Shubatov, Chubatov, Shubarin - “February”: Şubat (shubat), Turkic.
Vakitov, Vagitov - “time”: Vakit (vakit), Turkic.
Saatov, Satov, Satinov – “watch”: Saat (watch), Turkic.
Akshamov, Akshamkin – “evening”: Akşam (aksham), Turkic.
Bugyunov, Bugunov, Chugunov – “today”: Bugün (bugyun), Turkic.
Burda, Turk. Burada (burada) – “here”
Bakharov, Bukharov, Bukharin - “spring”: Bahar (bahar), Turkic.
Kysh, Kyshov – “winter”: Kış (kysh), Turkic.
Yazov – “summer”: Yaz (language), Turkic.
Yarynkin, Yarinkin - “tomorrow”: Yarın (yaryn), Turkic.
and other names.
Sometimes it seemed to me that I was “playing too hard” with the dictionary of Turkic words, it’s time to stop. You can’t try to explain the inexplicable, because you can get into such etymological jungle!
I took a break, thought, compared, contrasted, and talked with the bearers of surnames. In the meantime, I have identified two more groups of surnames.
Surnames formed from adjectives:
Adzhiev, Turkic. Acı (adzhi) – “bitter”
Gerek, Turk. Gerek (gerek) – “necessary”
Zavalny, Zavalov, Turk. Zavallı (zavalli) – “poor thing”
Ievlev, Turkic. İyi (iii) – “good”
Karmazin, Karamzin, Turkic. Kırmızı (Kyrmyz) – “red”
Lazymov, Laza, Loza, Lazikov, Turk. Lazım (lazym) – “necessary”
Sarov, Sarykin, Saprykin, Tsarev, Tsarikov, Turkic. Sarı (sary) – “yellow”
Hangi, Khangurov, Hanga, Turkic. Hangi (hangi) - “which”
Khastanov, Kastanov, Kestanov, Turkic. Hasta (hasta) – “sick”
Chirkin, Turkic. Çirkin (chirkin) – “ugly”
and other names.
Surnames formed from verbs:
Bulmakov - from the verb “to find”: Bulmak (bulmak), Turkic.
Bakhsetov, Bakhmetov, Bakhmetyev - from the verb “to mention”: Bahsetmek (bakhsetmek), Turkic.
Kalmakov, Kalmykov - from the verb “to remain”: Kalmak (Kalmak), Turkic.
Kumakov, Chumakov, Okumak, Ochumak, Chumak - from the verb “to read”: Okumak (okumak), Turkic.
and other names.
Discovering the Turkic root at the heart of a surname is not so easy: we are accustomed to our surnames, we find similar surnames in other people, many Turkic words have already changed their phonetic structure, acquired a new sound, and are not recognizable by ear. I think that the most difficult thing is “recognizing” a Turkic word. Professional skills, knowledge of the Russian language, as well as in-depth study of the Turkish literary language help me.
Look, there is a Turkish word ağabey (agabey), it is translated into Russian by the phrase “elder brother”. This word could form such surnames as Agabeyev, Agapov, Agupov and others, right?
The most commonly used version of the phrase “big brother” is abbreviated in Turkish colloquial speech to "abi". Presumably, this word could form the surnames Abiev, Abasov and even Alyabyev and others.
Once upon a time, the endings –ov, -ev were added to some Turkic stems, and the surnames became “Russianized.” Could this happen, do you think? Then we will understand the meanings of the words that gave life to surnames:
Bayramov, Turkic. Bayram (bayram) - “holiday”
Casanov, Khazanov, Turk. Kazan (kazan) - “win”
Kokunov, Khokunov, Turk. Koku (koku) - “smell”
Konukov, Konakov, Kunakov, Turkic. Konuk (konuk) – “guest”
Kuturov, Kutafiev, Turk. Kutu (kutu) – “box”
Parmakov, Turk. Parmak (parmak) - “finger”
Sabirov, Turkic. Sabir (sabir) – “saber”
Salikov, Turk. Sağlık (saalyk) – “health”
Selyamov, Selimov, Salyamov, Turkic. Selam (selyam) - “hello”
Chorbakov, Turkic. Çorba (chorba) – “soup”
Sharapov, Turkic. Şarap (sharap) – “wine”
and other names.
It should be noted that many surnames are also found with the Turkic word for “head” - baş (bash) and the phrase “there is a head” - baş var (bash var):
Bashin, Bashvar, Bashverov, Barabash and other names.
In fact, there are a great many surnames derived from Turkic words! I hope that my attempt to make a modest contribution to solving etymological problems will help you find answers to your “family questions” or awaken the desire to independently study the history of the origin of words. In all other cases, I propose to classify my non-scientific research as funny stories.
Our site provides a unique opportunity to find out the origin of your Jewish surname for free.
Since in Russian Empire lived about half of all the Jews in the world and among Russian-speaking Jews there is a huge variety of surnames (most of which are of Jewish origin), it must be clarified that the presence of a Jewish surname in a person is not direct evidence of Jewishness.
It should also be noted that there are many surnames whose bearers are both Jews and non-Jews. In that brief overview we will try to talk only about the main types of Jewish surnames of Russian-speaking Jews. For more information on the topic of Russian-speaking Jewish surnames, we recommend looking at the book by Alexander Bader “Dictionary of Jewish surnames of the Russian Empire” (http://www.avotaynu.com/books/DJSRE2.htm).
Early Jewish surnames. Assignment of Jewish surnames
Jews, in principle, did not use surnames in their permanent lives. Both at birth, and when concluding a marriage contract, and when writing a letter of divorce, and when calling to the Torah, and in the inscription on a gravestone, it is customary to indicate the name of the person himself and the name of his father (when praying for health or recovery - the name of the mother). But already in the Middle Ages we find in Europe several noble Jewish families - mainly rabbinical ones, such as Kalonymus, Lurie, Schiff and others - owners of surnames “in pure form", i.e. passed from generation to generation over many centuries. For example, these are the descendants of the Rappoport (Rapaport, Ropoport) clan of many thousands. Despite the fact that the bulk of Jews (as well as non-Jews) in European countries did not have surnames, nevertheless, by the 18th century (early 19th), in almost all European countries, the mass assignment of surnames to both Jews and others began citizens. This was caused by the need of Russia, Austria-Hungary, the German principalities and other countries for a complete census of the population for collecting taxes and recruiting services.
Surnames were chosen either by the bearers themselves or could have been given by local officials, which is why we find unusually euphonious surnames, such as Muterperel (sea pearl), or Rosenzweig (rose branch), or Rubinstein (ruby stone). We also find, for example, in Austria-Hungary, the assignment of offensive surnames to Jews.
As a rule, surnames were given by the names of the parents: Aizikson (son of Aizik), Gitis (son of Gita), (son of Minka), Malis (son of Mali); by the name of the locality where the person was from: Eisenstadt (a native of the German city of the same name), Brisk (a native of the city of Brest-Litovsk, which was called Brisk in Yiddish), Vileikin (a native of the town of Vileika on the border between Belarus and Lithuania) quite often surnames arose on the basis of nicknames: Orphan, Babin, Deaf; by profession: Hayat (Tailor), Sandlyar (Shoemaker); by occupation: Reznik, Kantor, Soifer; by origin: Katz, Kagan, Levin, Levinsky, etc.
In addition to Jewish surnames formed in Russian, we find great amount German and Yiddish surnames. Obviously, the ancestors of the bearers of these surnames came to Russia with them.
National-linguistic features of Russian-speaking Jewish surnames
Among Russian-speaking Jewish surnames, several types can be distinguished according to their national-linguistic origin. For example:
German-Yiddish surnames
German-Yiddish surnames, as a rule, came to Russia from Germany and Austria-Hungary and are German words or phrases, such as: Klein (small), Groys (big), Miller (Melnik), Berman (literally - bear man, in Russian - Medvedev), Nuremberg (a city in Germany), etc. They often end with the endings “-man”, “-berg”, “-kind”, etc., and the suffix “-er”. It can be assumed with great confidence that, since surname formation in Russia occurred later than in Central Europe, then the ancestors of bearers of such surnames came from German-speaking countries: Zalkind.
Russian Jewish surnames
Russian Jewish surnames, as a rule, have the ending “-in”, sometimes “-ov”, “-ovsky”, such as: Pyatigorsky (from Pyatigorsk), Sverdlov (from the town of Sverdly). The assignment of Jews to the Russian Empire began at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries with the goal of enumerating the entire population and especially in the recently annexed Eastern regions of the Kingdom of Poland. It is important to note that Ashkenazi Jews in Russia have surnames formed by the name father or mother with the addition of the suffix “-ov” are extremely rare, with the exception of Mountain and Bukharian Jews.
Polish Jewish surnames
Polish Jewish surnames are formed by Polish words, such as Zholondz (acorn) or, as a rule, are based on the name of the locality or parents with the addition of the ending “-owicz”, “-ivich” or “-ski”, such as , Grzhibovsky.
Ukrainian Jewish surnames
As a rule, they reflect the occupation of the person himself, without ending, such as Weaver, Tailor.
Baltic Jewish surnames
Sephardic surnames
Their origins begin with the Jews of Spain and Portugal, who, through Holland and Italy, Byzantium and Turkey, spread throughout the world, including Eastern Europe, for example, Tsiyuni (from Zion), Luria, Toledano (from Toledo).
Bukhara surnames
Bukharan Jews began to be given surnames Russian authorities after joining Central Asia to the Russian Empire. It was a rather long process - from the mid-19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. As a rule, with rare exceptions, Bukharan Jews can be recognized by their surname, composed of the name of the father or mother (in Sephardic-Russian pronunciation, as Russian officials heard it) with the addition of the Russian ending “-ov” or “-ev”, for example, Yakubov , Pinkhasov, Gulkarov, Abramov, Moshaev, Leviev, Gavriilov.
Mountain surnames
Surnames for Mountain Jews were given by Russian officials in the second half - late 19th century after the annexation of the Caucasus to the Russian Empire. As a rule, with rare exceptions, she composed the name of the father or mother with the addition of the Russian ending “-ov”, for example, Ashurov (son of Asher), Sadykov (on behalf of Tzadok), Shaulov (son of Shaul), Nisimov (son of Nissim).
Georgian Jewish surnames
Georgian Jewish surnames are formed by adding the suffix “-shvili”, like Georgians, for example, Isakoshvili. Formation using the suffix “-dze” is not found among Jews.
The names of rabbis and the titles of their books
As a rule, the names of outstanding Jewish sages, for greater ease of use, especially in books, are written as abbreviations, such as: Rambam, Ramban, - or they are called by the name of those famous books and the Torah commentaries they wrote. Like, for example: Chafetz Chaim (Thirsting for Life, the title of the book by Rav Yisroel-Meir HaKohen of Radzin), Chazon Ish. In rare cases, these names are passed on to descendants, such as the famous Russian Jewish children's writer Samuil Marshak, a descendant of Moraine ve-Rabbeinu Shmuel (MaRSHAK).
Surnames associated with Jewish religious activities
Since religious life is inseparable from the Jewish way of life, among Jews the proportion of such surnames is very high, such as: Avrekh (married yeshiva student), Parnis (Parnas is the rich leader of the community who supports it), Rabinovich (son of a rabbi, as well as others like that). formations of this surname: Rabin, Raber, Rabiner), Melamed (Jewish teacher of small children), Shames (synagogue servant), Reznik (cattle cutter, and the same thing in Hebrew - Shoichet), Menaker (carcass skinner), Liner, Kantorovich ( son of a cantor or with a Hebrew root - Khazankin), Lerner (Yiddish teacher), Gabai - Gabbe (synagogue elder).
Surnames associated with the qualities of their first owner
This includes surnames that reflect the external qualities of a person, such as Schwartz (Black), Weiss (White), Yaffe, Joffe (handsome), Weisburd (white beard), Kosoburd (oblique beard), Nosik, Superfin (very handsome), or with the inner qualities of a person, such as Hasid, etc.
Surnames derived from professions
As you know, many Jews were engaged in crafts, and therefore Jewish surnames often indicate the type of activity of our ancestors: for example, Shoemaker or Shoemaker (Sandlyar in Hebrew, Sandler in Yiddish, Shuster or Shusterman in German), Skornyak (, Kushner, Kushnerov, Kushnerenko ), Zlotnik (jeweler), Shleifman (scabbard maker), Sklyar (glazier).
As a rule, the ending of the surname clearly indicates geographical origin, for example: surnames with the ending “-man” are of German or Austrian origin, such as Furman, Schneiderman, Zuckerman; Ukrainian with the endings “-ovich”, “-uvich”, Baltic with the ending “-on”, “-en”, Moldavian with the endings “-esku”, “-usku”, etc.
Surnames associated with origin
As you know, Jews attach great importance to their origin, therefore, for example, the descendants of the tribe of Levi or a special family in the tribe of Levi - the Cohens - add Ha-Levi or Ha-Kohen to their name, i.e. an indication of its origin. Therefore, some of the most common Jewish surnames - not only in the Russian Empire, but throughout the world - are: Kagan, Kogan, Kaganovich, Katz, Kaan, Kaganov, Barkat, Kazhdan, Levi, Levit, Levitan, Levinsky, Levinson, Levitansky, Segal, etc.
Surnames formed from the name of the father or mother
As a rule, census takers did not think long and gave surnames after the name of the father or mother, such as, for example, on behalf of the father: Abramovich, Pinkhasovich, Yakobzon, Davidzon.
A huge number of surnames of Russian Jews are formed from the name of the mother. For example, Malkin, Raikin, Gitlin, Sorkin, Vitkin.
Abbreviations
As you know, Hebrew often uses abbreviations, which we also find in the surnames: Katz, Shub, Shatz, Albats, Shah, Patlas, Tsatskis.
Toponymic surnames
Perhaps the largest group of Jewish surnames is associated with the area of residence. Either these are surnames without any suffixes, such as Mints, Landau, Berlin, Auerbach, or with the Russian suffix “-iy”, such as Zarudinsky, Varshavsky with the Russian suffix “-ov”, like Sverdlov (from the town of Sverdly), or with the Yiddish ending “-er”: Mirer (from Mir), Logovier (from Logovoy). Sometimes - according to the country of previous residence, such as: Pollak (Polyakov), Deutsch (Nemtsov), etc.
Surnames - names of animals
Already in the Torah we find comparisons of Jews with various animals. So, for example, Yaakov compares his children: Judah - with a lion, Issachar - with a powerful donkey, Dan - with a serpent, Naphtali - with a doe, etc. We especially see this comparison of Jews with animals in personal names: Zeev (wolf), Zvi (deer), Aryeh (lion), Yael (capricorn), Rachel (sheep), Dov (bear), Ber (bear - Yiddish), etc. .d.
Apparently, this is the reason for the frequent use in Jewish surnames names of animals, for example: Nightingale, Bull, Cancer, Bear, Crow, Magpie, Hare, Bunny and derivatives from them, such as Solovyov, Rakov, Medvedev.
Artificially formed surnames
They are, as a rule, of German-Austrian origin and arose during the mass assignment of surnames to the Jews of these countries without fail. As a rule, they have two roots conjugated into one word, such as: Rosenzweig, and have roots: Gold (gold), Berg (mountain), Mann (man, man), Baum (tree), Boym (tree - Yiddish ), Stein (stone), Stern (star), Stadt (city), Zweig (branch), Blum (flower), etc. It is interesting that these roots can also be separate Jewish surnames.
Russian surnames among Jews
Sometimes we meet pure Jews with purely Russian surnames. We can only guess at the reason why they received such surnames, but, for example, we know that the majority of Jews who were forcibly conscripted into the cantonist service were forcibly given Russian surnames or were sold into the recruiting service instead of some other people whose surname they received. For example: Romanov, Slizenev, Chesakov.
Newly formed surnames in modern Israel
After the start new wave settlement of Eretz Israel, around the end of the 19th century, many repatriates changed their surnames to Hebrew. This movement was started by the revivalist of modern Hebrew, Ben-Yehuda (Perelman), who actively fought for the revival of the spoken language of the Jews against the spoken language of the vast majority of Jews of that time - Yiddish. After the formation of the state, its “founding fathers” changed the “Galut” surnames to Hebrew ones.
Therefore, for example, Shifman became Ben-Sira, Golda Meerovich became Golda Meir, Utesov became Bar-Sela, Mirsky - Bar-Shalom, Brook - Barak, Yakobzon - Jacobi, Zilberberg - Ar-Kesef. The leader of the labor movement, Shneur-Zalman Rubashov (whose name was given in honor of the first Lubavitcher Rebbe), especially stood out. He took it for himself new surname, which was an abbreviation for Shazar. The surname of Ariel Sharon's parents, for example, was Sheinerman, and the surname of the first Israeli president Ben-Gurion was Green.
Jewish surnames and genealogy
Many modern Jews are actively interested in their genealogy, compiling family trees, looking for the graves of their ancestors, their distant relatives, and thanks to this, some of them are returning to their roots and to their Tradition. There are very large sites dedicated to Jewish genealogy, such as Avoteinu and Jewishgen.
But it should be noted that due to the fact that in the tsarist empire from the beginning of the 19th century, Jews were forcibly taken into the army, except for those who had an only son in the family, therefore many Jewish families enrolled many of their children under different surnames. There are also numerous cases of surname changes during emigration to America, Israel, and other countries. For example, Rav Yitzchak Zilber's father, Rav Benzion Tsiyuni, changed his surname to Zilber in 1916 when moving from Latvia to Russia.
Therefore, unfortunately, the surname is not an accurate proof of either kinship or origin, for example, from the tribe of Levi or from the Cohens, or even Jewishness. You can ask our consultant for more information about the origin of your surname.
Surnames associated with geographical names
Princely and boyar surnames were often derived from the names of family estates, and in this case they had the ending - English: princes Vyazemsky (after the name of the ancestral town of Vyazma), princes Obolensky (after the ancestral town of Obolensk), princes Trubetskoy (after the town of Trubetskoy, now Trubchevsk), etc. Surnames with the ending were very common -skiy among the Polish gentry.
In noble families, branching and formation of new surnames took place, which were given after the names of family estates. For example, one of the branches of the Rurik dynasty, which came from the descendants of Prince Mikhail of Chernigov, received a surname from the name of the family estate - the village of Boryatina. From the 14th century they began to call themselves the princes of Boryatinsky, and then the Baryatinsky. A representative of this family, Prince Baryatinsky Alexander Ivanovich, commanded Russian troops during the war in the Caucasus in 1856–1862. He was a gifted commander; in 1859 he managed to break the resistance of the troops of the legendary Shamil and capture him. Prince Pozharsky Dmitry Mikhailovich, who headed Civil uprising in the war with Polish troops in 1611, he came from a branch of the family of the Starodub princes and received his surname from the name of the family village of Pozhar.
The illegitimate son of Catherine II and Grigory Orlov, Alexey Grigorievich, received the surname Bobrinsky according to the same principle. He became the ancestor of the Bobrinsky counts, who owned vast estates in many provinces and who later became the founders of the largest sugar factories in Europe. The beaver has always been considered a symbol of wealth, efficiency and thriftiness, and this archetype was realized in the dynasty of Counts Bobrinsky.
Count Razumovsky Alexey Kirillovich granted his illegitimate sons and daughters the surname Perovsky, after the name of his property in the village of Perovo near Moscow. Later, three of his illegitimate sons received the titles of Counts of Perovsky.
Among the nobility, since the 18th century, there was also a widespread custom of transferring the surname to illegitimate children in a modified or truncated form: the surname Golitsyn was transformed into Litsyn, and Repnin into Pnin. Thus, the artist Alexander Alexandrovich Agin, an illustrator of Gogol’s works, received his last name as the illegitimate son of the nobleman Elagin. The famous Russian physicist N.A. Umov bore the surname of his father, a military doctor who was illegitimate son nobleman Naumov. However, for Nikolai Alexandrovich the surname Umov was no longer artificial, but a full-fledged surname, and he fully realized its meaning and became famous thanks to his intelligence and discoveries in physics. Sometimes syllables were rearranged in the father’s surname and given to an “illegitimate” child. The surname Lunacharsky came from noble family Czarnaluski. The son of a serf peasant woman received this surname, and then passed it on to his son, the first People's Commissar of Education Soviet republic Anatoly Vasilyevich Lunacharsky.
After the abolition of serfdom, when the main population was able to move around the country, surnames with the ending -skiy they also began to give to people who came from some place. Such a surname meant that the person came from a city or settlement with that name. The surname Vysotsky could be formed from the village of Vysokoye or the town of Vysotsk, Ostrovsky - from the name of the settlement Ostrov, which used to be very common.
The surname of Fyodor Dostoevsky comes from the name of the Belarusian town of Dostoev, where the writer’s ancestors were from. The artist Orest Adamovich Kiprensky was the illegitimate son of a serf peasant woman and received his surname from the village of Koporye in which he was born. Later he changed the name Koporsky to Kiprensky, since in Koporye they prepared and sold Koporye tea from fireweed (fireweed herb).
Visitors from other places were given surnames not only with the ending -sky, but also with endings - ov, - in. In the 15th–16th centuries, immigrants formed surnames based on the names of cities in the form Moskvitin, Tveritin, Permitin. Such surnames did not denote a resident of any city, but indicated where the person came from. This is how the surname of Pushkin’s contemporary poet Dmitry Vladimirovich Venevitinov came about (after the name of the town of Venev in the Tula region). Then other forms of forming surnames based on the name of the area appeared: Permyakov, Tverskoy, Moskvin, Vyatkin, Ryazantsev.
In addition to the names of cities, surnames began to be formed from the names of villages, rivers, and the landscape of the area: Pisemsky (from the Pisma River, near which the ancestral estate of the ancestors of the famous Russian writer was located), Ushinsky (after the name of the Usha River), Soloukhin (after the name of the Soloukha River), Volzhsky, Ladogin, Palekhov, Ozerov, Dubravin, Bolotnikov, Zabolotsky, Borovoy, Polevoy, Polyansky, Roshchin, Pushchin, Lugovoi, Luzhkov, etc.
There was also the formation of new surnames based on the names of the nationalities and the nationality of the visiting residents: Tatarins, Bashkirs, Lyakhovs, Ordyntsevs, Chudinovs (from the Chud tribe), Mordvinovs, Zyryanovs (from the Finno-Ugric Zyryans tribe, which is now called the Komi people), etc. The common surname Litvinov comes from the word litvin, which was used to call all residents of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and later the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
The surnames Nemtsov, Nemchinov are derived from the names German, Nemchin, which applied not only to the Germans, but also to all foreigners who came from Western European countries. Sometimes a visiting person was simply called Novik, Novosel, from these nicknames came the common surnames Novikov, Novoselov, Novoseltsev, Novozhilov.
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