For what?
Stages
Main events
Worlds
What was added/lost
XVI V.
1558-1583
Livonian War
(Poland, Sweden)
access to the Baltic
1
1558-1563- capture of a number of Polish cities, victories of the Russian army.
1561- collapse of the Livonian Order
1563- capture of Polotsk.
1582– Yam-Zapolsky truce for 10 years
1583 G.– Plyussky peace with Sweden
ExchangeLivonia to captured Russian cities (exceptPolotsk ). Behind Sweden -Baltic coast, Korely, Yam, Narva, Koporye.
2
1563-1583- the protracted nature of the war.
1569– Union of Lublin, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
1581– Pskov seat
1590-1595
Return of territories
1595– Tyaazinsky world
Return: Yam, Koporye, Ivangorod. Korely
XVII V.
1605-1617
Intervention and war with Poland and Sweden
fight against foreign invaders
1
1605-1608 gg.– hidden intervention of Poland
1605- 1609– Sweden's hidden intervention
1605-1606 gg.- False Dmitry I
1606-1610- Vasily Shuisky
1608-1609– False Dmtriy II
VS agreement with Sweden on the destruction of LDII in exchange for renunciation of claims to the Baltic
2
1609-1611– liberation of Russia from the yoke of interventionists
Summer 1610- defense of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery
1611, spring, autumn- militias
3
1613-1617- expulsion of Swedish troops.
1617 – Truce of Deulino
Sweden returns Novgorod lands, but leaves the Baltic
1613-1618– expulsion of Polish troops
1617-1618- Vladislav’s campaign against Moscow
1618– Stolbovsky world
For the Republic of Poland - Smolensk and Chernigov lands. Exchange of prisoners. Vladislav did not renounce the throne
1632-1634
Smolensk War
return of Smolensk (Zemsk Sobor)
Siege of Smolensk for 8 months (voivode B. Shein )
1634- Polyanovsky world.
Russia's refusal Smolensk, Chernigov And Novgorodskiy lands. Vladislav - renunciation of the throne, MF - king.
1637-1642
Capture of Azov (Crimea, Osm. imp.)
holding of Azov by Cossacks
Cossacks by own initiative Azov was captured. Appeal to the king.
1642- Zemsky Sobor. There is no unity of opinion.
The Cossacks are forced to leave Azov.
1 648-1654 gg.
War of Liberation by Bohdan Khmelnytsky (Poland)
liberation of Ukraine and Belarus from Polish oppression
1
1648-1649- independent actions of the BH; victories, capture of Kyiv
December 1648– entry of BH troops into Kyiv.
Summer 1649– BH finally defeated the Poles.
1649– Zborovsky world
Khmelnitsky - Hetman of Ukraine. 3 voivodeships. Metropolitan of Kyiv - in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Polish landowners return to their lands
2
1650-1652 gg.– resumption of war (peasant discontent)
1651– Berestechko (“misfire near Berestechko”).
Spring 1652 - battle on the river South Bug. The Poles are defeated.
1651– Belotserkovsky Peace
3 voivodeships;
peasants - into the yoke, nobles - return.
3
1653-1654– reunification of Ukraine with Russia
1653-ZS: assistance to the hetman.
Ukraine became part of Russia.
1654-1667
Russian-Polish War
Poland is against unification.
Russian victories. Poland is on the verge of destruction. Poland vs Sweden.
Success of Russian troops. They took: Smolensk, Belarus, Lithuania. Khmelnitsky - victories.
1656- armistice with Poland. War with Sweden.
The new hetman of the Left Bank is I. Bryukhovetsky. He sought separation from Russia. Killed by Cossacks in 1668
Hetman of the Right Bank - P. Doroshenko: ready to submit to the Turkish Sultan, just to get rid of both Russia and Poland.
1667- Andrusovsky world.
Russia: - Belarus, but + Smolensk, Left Bank and Kyiv.
Zaporozhye– under the joint control of Ukraine and Poland.
1656-1658
Russo-Swedish War
Fight for lost territories
Dorpat (Tartu), Dinaburg (Riga), Gdov were taken.BUT he will betray/ Hetman I. Vygov- skiy (secret agreement with Poland)
1658 – Truce of Kardis
1661- World of Kardis.
All occupied lands are returned. Baltika remains with Sweden.
1667-1681 gg.
Türkiye claims part of Ukrainian territories
Chigirin campaigns (1677 And1681 ), Russians and Ukrainian Cossacks
1681 G.– Bakhchisarai world
Recognize ed. Levober. Ukr. with Russia.
Dnieper = border. River. (Russia<->Crimea)
1695-1696
Azov campaigns of Peter I (Türkiye)
capture the Azov fortress.
1695- siege of Azov, not taken (no fleet).
Beginning of fleet construction.
1696 – Azov is blocked from the sea and taken
Capture of Azov end of the war with Turkey.
XVIII V.
1700-1721
Great Northern War
(Sweden, later - Sweden + Türkiye)
exit to the Baltic
1701-1709– Russia vs Sweden
1702- Russian offensive, captured the Oreshek fortress
1704– we took Narva ( Dorpat Tartu)
Charles XII and Mazepa fled to Turkey.
1710- 1711 – Prut campaign
1710- Türkiye (where Charles XII and Mazepa fled) - into the war.
1711- on the river Prut 130,000-strong Turkish army surrounded the Russians. They paid off.
Shafirov bought the army, but had to tear down the military fortifications in Taganrog and return Azov
1711-1721 – battles at sea
1714- M. Gangut (“The Russian eagle doesn’t catch flies!”)
1720- M. Grengam
1721– Nystadt Peace
From Vyborg to Riga, Karelia, Estland.
Finland is returned to Sweden.
1722-1723
gg.
Caspian (Persian) campaign of Peter I (Iran, Tur.)
1722- trips to the Caucasus and Iran.
1723- Türkiye entered the war.
1724– Peace of Constantinople.
Mutual territorial recognitions
1733-1735 gg.
Russian-Polish War
control of power in Poland
Capture of Gdansk. Leshchinsky escapes on a French ship
The King is a Russian protege Augustus III
1735-1739
Russo-Turkish War
Azov, access to the sea, etc.
1736- Bakhchisarai and Azov were taken.
1737- capture of Ochakov
1739- The Ottomans are defeated at Stavuchany..
1739– Belgrade Peace
Russia - Azov (b/ukr) + a small territory between the Northern Donets and the Bug.
1741-1743
Russo-Swedish War
confirmation of the results of the Northern War
1743– Peace of Abos (Turku)
Sweden: + Northern War.
Russia: S to the Kyumen River.
France
Spain
Austria
Sweden
Saxony
Russia
1756-1763 gg.Seven years old
1757–d. Gross-Jägersdorf.
1758 –Koenigsberg.
1758–d. Zorndorf.
1759–d. Kunersdorf.
1760-Berlin
1762- Russia makes peace with Prussia.
All conquered lands are returned. Prussia weakened.. The authority of Russia was strengthened. England's victory over France in the struggle for colonies.
1768-1774
Russo-Turkish War
safety,
rich southern lands, access to the sea
1770-Larga and Cahul.
1770- Chesme Bay. 1771 G.- Crimea.
1774– Kozludzhi village;
1774– Kuchuk-Kainardzhiysky world.
R: access to the World Cup, the Black Sea steppes - Novorossiya, the right to have your own fleet at the World Cup,
Right of passage through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles
Azov, Kerch, Kuban, Kabarda – Russia
protection of Christian rights Ottoman Empire
Crimea: undeclared from Turkey
T: Contribution of 4 million rubles.
1787-1791
Russo-Turkish War
Turkey's attempt to return Crimea.
1783– Treaty of Georgievsk
1788- capture of Ochakov
1789– Focsani and Rymniki
1790– Ishmael
1791– Kaliakaria
1791 – Yassy world.
T: Crimea to Russia. Protectorate over Georgia; border – Dniester
R: territory between the Bug and the Dniester
1788-1790
gg.
Russo-Swedish War
1790 - Verel Peace
The old borders remain.
1798-1799
2nd anti-French coalition
1799- Ushakov - Naples and Rome
1799 – Suvorov’s crossing of the Alps
Russia withdrew from the anti-French coalition and made peace.
XIX V.
1805-1807
3rd and 4th anti-French coalitions
November 1805- Austerlitz, def.
1806– 4th antifr. to the coalition. Russia, Prussia, England, Sweden.
June 1807–Friedland, def.
1807– Tilsit world
Duchy of Warsaw under Napoleon's protectorate.
Cont. Blockade of England
1806-1812
Russo-Turkish War
1812– Bakhchisarai world
confirmation of conquests + Bessarabia.
1804-1813
1813 G.– Gulistan Peace
+ < Transcaucasia, east Black Sea region, westCaspian Sea, Dagestan,north Azerbaijan
1806-1809
Russo-Swedish War
1809 – Peace of Friedrichsgam
Finland and Åland Islands
1812
Patriotic War(France)
National Liberation War
Two periodization option: before/after Borodino or Tarutin
Aug. 1812 - siege of Smolensk
September 1815
– Holy Alliance
Russia is the winner and liberator.
Russia has long become one of the most influential states in Europe.
1
Jun b
1812 –
October 1812. – offensive
French
2
October 1812 – December 1812 – expulsion of the French from Russia
3
1813-1814- foreign campaign of the Russian army
July 1815– Waterloo
1826-1827
Russian-Iranian War
1827 G.- Turkmanchay world
confirmed Russia's conquests in Transcaucasia
1828-1829
Russo-Turkish War
Russia+Greece after the Ypsilanti uprising
October 1827 -
Navarrene naval battle
1829 – Andrianopol Peace
1833. – Unkyar-Isklessi Treaty
Russia+ Turkeyi =all mil. conflicts support
The straits are closed to everyone except Russia
1853-1856
Crimean War(Türkiye; England; France)
1
October 1853 – Apr. 1854 gg.– rus Turkish-Turkish campaign
February 1856 –
Paris Peace Congress
March 1856 –
Parisian world.
-
Part Bessarabia,
- protectorate of Serbia, Danube principalities Black Sea = neutral
Sevastopol - to Kars
2
Spring 1854 – 1856 AEnglish-Fran. Intervention in Crimea, Caucasus.
1877-1878
Russo-Turkish War
Help to Serbia and other Christian peoples; add. territories
July-December 1877– taking and holding Shipka
December 1877– crossing the Balkans; Sheinovo.
January 1878-Andrianopol
Winter 1878
–
Treaty of San Stefano
Sovereignty of the Balkan peoples.
Southern Bessarabia, Batum, Kars, Ardahan, Bayazet
1878 – Berlin Congress
Amendment of the C-C agreement. The beginning of the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire. Reduction of autonomous territories
Virtual exhibition
400th anniversary of the House of Romanov
In 2013, the 400th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty is celebrated. The celebration is timed to coincide with the accession of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the Moscow throne on June 11, 1613 (in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin by decision of the Zemsky Sobor). The accession of Mikhail Fedorovich marked the beginning of a new ruling dynasty of the Romanovs.
In the extensive literature devoted to the history of the House of Romanov and individual reigns, there is no unambiguous interpretation of the role of autocrats - extreme, often polar points of view prevail. However, no matter how you treat the Romanov dynasty and its representatives, objectively assessing our historical path, it should be recognized that it was under the Romanovs that Russia became one of the great powers of the world; its victories and defeats, ups and downs, achievements and political and economic failures, largely due to the growing incompatibility of the social system with the challenges of the time, are associated with them. The House of Romanov is not the history of a private family, but in fact is the history of Russia.
The Romanovs are a Russian boyar family that has had this surname since the end of the 16th century; from 1613 - the dynasty of Russian Tsars and from 1721 - the Emperors of All Russia, and subsequently - the Tsars of Poland, the Grand Dukes of Lithuania and Finland, the Dukes of Oldenburg and Holstein-Gottorp and the Grand Masters of the Order of Malta. The direct branch of the Romanov family on the All-Russian throne was cut short after the death of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna; from January 5, 1762, the imperial throne passed to the Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov dynasty, the son of Anna Petrovna and Duke Karl-Friedrich of Holstein-Gottorp, according to a dynastic agreement, their son Karl Peter Ulrich of Holstein-Gottorp ( future emperor All-Russian Peter III) was recognized as a member of the Imperial House of Romanov. Thus, according to genealogical rules, the imperial family (dynasty) is called the Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov dynasty (Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov dynasty), and the imperial house is called the Romanovs.
Start
End of the 16th century brought to our Motherland severe shock, which became the first step towards the Troubles. With the death of Tsar Theodore Ioannovich (1598), the Rurik Dynasty came to an end. Even earlier, in 1591, the youngest representative of the Dynasty, St., died in Uglich. Tsarevich Dimitri. However, his rights to inherit the Throne were very controversial, because he was born from the fifth married (and actually from the seventh) marriage of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, and was considered illegitimate.
For over 700 years the Rurikovichs ruled Russia. And now they are gone. It is difficult to describe the impression that the end of the Dynasty made. The Russian people were faced with an unprecedented case and it was necessary to resolve an issue on which the fate of the state depended. The House of Moscow Grand Dukes and Tsars was to be inherited by the Family, which had the full legal right to do so. Of the descendants of Rurik, after the death of the Staritsky Princes, there was no one left who would have such rights. The closest relatives of the Moscow House were the Shuisky princes, but their relationship was of the 12th (!) degree. In addition, in accordance with the norms of Byzantine law accepted in Rus' at that time, close kinship (i.e., kinship through a wife) was preferred to distant blood kinship.
Based on this (husband and wife constitute “one flesh”) the brother of Irina Godunova, the wife of Tsar Theodore Ioannovich, Boris Godunov, was considered at the same time His brother. It was Godunov who was then called to the Kingdom with the blessing of Patriarch Job. A ruling on this matter was made by the Zemsky Sobor in 1598.
And Tsar Boris took the Throne not by “right” of election, but by right of inheritance. The next clan in this order of succession were the Romanovs, descendants of the first brother-in-law of Ivan the Terrible - Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin-Yuryev.
Boris Godunov reigned relatively serenely until the first rumors about the Pretender arose in 1603. The appearance of "Tsarevich Dimitri" made the people doubt the legality of Godunov's accession to the throne. Paradoxical as it may seem, the phenomenon of impostor testifies to the spontaneous legitimism of the Russian people. In order to occupy the Throne, it was necessary to have legal rights to do so or to pass oneself off as having such rights. Otherwise, you can “elect”, “appoint” and “proclaim” the Tsar as much as you want - this could not receive any support. But “Tsarevich Dimitri” - the supposedly miraculously saved son of Ivan the Terrible - could not help but find a response in Russian hearts. And so death takes away Tsar Boris, his son Theodore is killed, and the triumphant Pretender enters Moscow, accompanied by the Poles.
Sobering up did not come immediately. Perhaps the process dragged on even longer if it were not for the reckless behavior of False Demetrius in relation to the Orthodox Church. The impostor dared to crown his wife Marina Mnishek in the Assumption Cathedral, without baptizing her, but limiting herself to anointing. The son of Ivan the Terrible, according to popular belief, would never have acted in such a way. Less than two weeks after the blasphemous wedding, the Pretender was killed. But the foundations of the Russian Kingdom were so shaken that it was no longer possible to stop the Troubles by simply eliminating False Demetrius.
Tsar Vasily Shuisky, in his own way, sought to benefit the Fatherland. But the throne of this only elected Tsar in the history of Russia could not be durable. “Shouted out” on Red Square by a random crowd, having bound himself with obligations to the boyars, Tsar Vasily never felt like a confident Autocrat. Therefore, he could not effectively resist either external or internal enemies, and the story of his - ridiculously easy - overthrow tells us about the futility of introducing alien traditions and laws. There was no end in sight for the Troubles.
It was the II Militia that was destined to save Russia, whose leaders were able to learn some lessons from previous mistakes and create a unified popular movement. Inspired by the messages of Patriarch Hermogenes, Nizhny Novgorod citizen K. Minin and Prince. D. Pozharsky united the Russian people under the banner of the struggle for the liberation and restoration of the Orthodox Kingdom. Later the prince joined them. D. Trubetskoy with the remnants of the First Militia. In October 1612, the Cossacks took Kitay-gorod by storm, and soon the Poles besieged in the Kremlin capitulated. In the liberated capital, conditions appeared for the establishment of state life.
At the beginning of 1613, envoys from “the whole earth” came to Moscow for the Great Zemsky and Church Council, the main task of which was to determine the Legitimate Heir to the Throne.
When once again a dispute about a candidacy flared up at the Council, a certain Galician nobleman submitted a note substantiating the rights of Mikhail Feodorovich on his relationship with Tsar Theodore Ioannovich (Mikhail’s father, Metropolitan Philaret, was a cousin of Tsar Theodore and would have succeeded himself if not for the monastic tonsure performed over him during the reign of Boris Godunov), with reference to the authority of the martyred Patriarch Hermogenes. By his act, he aroused the anger of the boyars, who threateningly asked who dared to bring such a scripture. Then the Cossack ataman spoke and also made a written statement. To the question of the book. Pozharsky, what is being discussed, the ataman replied: “About the natural (emphasis added by me - A.Z.) Tsar Mikhail Feodorovich.” "The Tale of the Zemsky Sobor of 1613" cites the ataman’s speech, in which he definitely pointed out the illegality of the “elections” of the Tsar and justified the rights to the Throne young Mikhail Romanova.
The final decision on the issue of succession to the throne was made on February 21, 1613. A letter sent to all corners of the Russian Land proclaimed that “the philanthropic God, according to His vision, put in the hearts of all the people of the Moscow state, from young to old and even to mere infants, unanimity in order to turn to Vladimir, both to Moscow and to all states of the Russian Kingdom by the Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke of All Russia Mikhail Feodorovich Romanov-Yuryev." The approved charter of the Council assigned the Throne to the Dynasty “for generations and generations” and anathematized any violator of the sacred oath of allegiance to the House of Romanov. The accession of the House of Romanov was a victory of order over unrest, and at the beginning of the 17th century. A new dynasty established itself in Russia, with which the state functioned for more than three hundred years, experiencing ups and downs.
The last Russian Tsar Nicholas II, executed with his family in Yekaterinburg in 1918, is still one of the most controversial figures national history. Despite almost a century that has passed since those tragic events, the attitude towards him in society is sharply polarized. On the one hand, Russian Orthodox Church she canonized him and his family as saints, on the other hand, “the master of the Russian land” (his own definition) public opinion is perceived as an incompetent head of state who could not save not only the country, but even his own family from destruction.
It should be noted that legally, members of the royal, and then imperial, family did not bear any surnames at all (“Tsarevich Ivan Alekseevich”, “Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich”, etc.). In addition, since 1761, Russia was ruled by the descendants of the son of Anna Petrovna and the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, Karl-Friedrich, who in the male line were no longer descended from the Romanovs, but from the Holstein-Gottorp family (the younger branch of the Oldenburg dynasty, known since the 12th century). In genealogical literature, representatives of the dynasty, starting with Peter III, are called Holstein-Gottorp-Romanovs. Despite this, the names “Romanovs” and “House of Romanov” were almost generally used to unofficially designate the Russian Imperial House, and the coat of arms of the Romanov boyars was included in official legislation.
After 1917, almost all members of the reigning house officially began to bear the Romanov surname (according to the laws of the Provisional Government, and then in exile). The exception is the descendants of Grand Duke Dmitry Pavlovich. He was one of the Romanovs who recognized Kirill Vladimirovich as emperor in exile. The marriage of Dmitry Pavlovich to Audrey Emery was recognized by Kirill as a morganatic marriage of a member of the reigning house, and the wife and children received the title of Princes Romanovsky-Ilyinsky (now it is borne by two of Dmitry Pavlovich’s grandchildren - Dmitry and Michael/Mikhail, as well as their wives and daughters). The rest of the Romanovs also entered into morganatic (from the point of view of the Russian law on succession to the throne) marriages, but did not consider it necessary to change their surname. After the creation of the Association of Princes of the House of Romanov in the late 1970s, the Ilyinskys became its members on a general basis.
Family tree Romanovs
Genealogical roots of the Romanov family (XII-XIV centuries)
EXHIBITION MATERIALS:
Romanovs.
There are two main versions of the origin of the Romanov family. According to one, they come from Prussia, according to the other, from Novgorod. Under Ivan IV (the Terrible), the family was close to the royal throne and had a certain political influence. The surname Romanov was first adopted by Patriarch Filaret (Fedor Nikitich).
Tsars and emperors of the Romanov dynasty.
Mikhail Fedorovich (1596-1645).
Years of reign - 1613-1645.
Son of Patriarch Filaret and Ksenia Ivanovna Shestova (after tonsure, nun Martha). On February 21, 1613, sixteen-year-old Mikhail Romanov was elected tsar by the Zemsky Sobor, and on July 11 of the same year he was crowned king. Was married twice. He had three daughters and a son - the heir to the throne, Alexei Mikhailovich.
The reign of Mikhail Fedorovich was marked by rapid construction in major cities, the development of Siberia and the development of technological progress.
Alexey Mikhailovich (Quiet) (1629-1676)
Years of reign – 1645-1676
The reign of Alexei Mikhailovich was noted:
- church reform (in other words, a split in the church)
- peasant war led by Stepan Razin
- reunification of Russia and Ukraine
- a number of riots: “Solyany”, “Medny”
Was married twice. His first wife, Maria Miloslavskaya, bore him 13 children, including the future Tsars Fyodor and Ivan, and Princess Sophia. Second wife Natalya Naryshkina - 3 children, including the future Emperor Peter I.
Before his death, Alexei Mikhailovich blessed his son from his first marriage, Fedor, to the kingdom.
Feodor III (Fedor Alekseevich) (1661-1682)
Years of reign – 1676-1682
Under Feodor III, a population census was carried out and the cutting off of hands for theft was abolished. Orphanages began to be built. A Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy was established, with representatives of all classes allowed to study there.
Was married twice. There were no children. He did not appoint heirs before his death.
Ivan V (Ivan Alekseevich) (1666-1696)
Years of reign – 1682-1696
He took over the reigns after the death of his brother Fedor by right of seniority.
He was very sick and incapable of governing the country. The boyars and the patriarch decided to remove Ivan V and declare the young Peter Alekseevich (the future Peter I) tsar. Relatives from both heirs fought desperately for power. The result was the bloody Streletsky riot. As a result, it was decided to crown both of them, which happened on June 25, 1682. Ivan V was a nominal tsar and was never involved in state affairs. In reality, the country was ruled first by Princess Sophia, and then by Peter I.
He was married to Praskovya Saltykova. They had five daughters, including the future Empress Anna Ioannovna.
Princess Sophia (Sofya Alekseevna) (1657-1704)
Years of reign – 1682-1689
Under Sophia, the persecution of Old Believers was intensified. Her favorite, Prince Golits, made two unsuccessful campaigns against the Crimea. As a result of the coup of 1689, Peter I came to power. Sophia was forcibly tonsured a nun and died in the Novodevichy Convent.
Peter I (Peter Alekseevich) (1672-1725)
Years of reign – 1682-1725
He was the first to take the title of emperor. There were many global changes in the state:
- the capital was moved to the newly built city of St. Petersburg.
- the Russian navy was founded
- a lot of successful military campaigns were carried out, including the defeat of the Swedes near Poltava
- the next one was held church reform, the Holy Synod was established, the institution of the patriarch was abolished, the church was deprived of its own funds
- the Senate was established
The emperor was married twice. The first wife is Evdokia Lopukhina. The second is Marta Skavronskaya.
Three of Peter's children lived to adulthood: Tsarevich Alesei and daughters Elizabeth and Anna.
Tsarevich Alexei was considered the heir, but was accused of treason and died under torture. According to one version, he was tortured to death by his own father.
Catherine I (Martha Skavronskaya) (1684-1727)
Years of reign – 1725-1727
After the death of her crowned husband, she took his throne. The most significant event her reign is a discovery Russian Academy Sci.
Peter II (Peter Alekseevich) (1715-1730)
Years of reign – 1727-1730
Grandson of Peter I, son of Tsarevich Alexei.
He ascended the throne very young and was not involved in government affairs. He was passionate about hunting.
Anna Ioannovna (1693-1740)
Years of reign – 1730-1740
Daughter of Tsar Ivan V, niece of Peter I.
Since there were no heirs left after Peter II, the issue of the throne was decided by members of the Privy Council. They chose Anna Ioannovna, forcing her to sign a document limiting the royal power. Subsequently, she tore up the document, and the members of the Privy Council were either executed or sent into exile.
Anna Ioannovna declared her niece Anna Leopoldovna's son, Ivan Antonovich, as her heir.
Ivan VI (Ivan Antonovich) (1740-1764)
Years of reign - 1740-1741
Great-grandson of Tsar Ivan V, nephew of Anna Ioannovna.
First, under the young emperor, Anna Ioannovna's favorite Biron was regent, then his mother Anna Leopoldovna. After the accession of Elizabeth Petrovna to the throne, the emperor and his family spent the rest of their days in captivity.
Elizaveta Petrovna (1709-1761)
Years of reign - 1741-1761
Daughter of Peter I and Catherine I. The last ruler of the state, who is a direct descendant of the Romanovs. She ascended the throne as a result of a coup d'etat. All her life she patronized the arts and science.
She declared her nephew Peter as her heir.
Peter III (1728-1762)
Years of reign - 1761-1762
Grandson of Peter I, son of his eldest daughter Anna and Duke of Holstein-Gottorp Karl Friedrich.
During his short reign, he managed to sign a decree on equality of religions and the Manifesto of Freedom of the Nobility. He was killed by a group of conspirators.
He was married to Princess Sophia Augusta Frederica (future Empress Catherine II). He had a son, Paul, who would later take the Russian throne.
Catherine II (née Princess Sophia Augusta Frederica) (1729-1796)
Years of reign - 1762-1796
She became empress after the coup d'etat and the assassination of Peter III.
The reign of Catherine is called the Golden Age. Russia conducted a lot of successful military campaigns and gained new territories. Science and art developed.
Paul I (1754-1801)
Years of reign – 1796-1801
Son of Peter III and Catherine II.
He was married to Princess of Hesse-Darmstadt, at baptism Natalya Alekseevna. They had ten children. Two of whom later became emperors.
Killed by conspirators.
Alexander I (Alexander Pavlovich) (1777-1825)
Reign 1801-1825
Son of Emperor Paul I.
After the coup and the murder of his father, he ascended the throne.
Defeated Napoleon.
He had no heirs.
There is a legend associated with him that he did not die in 1825, but became a wandering monk and ended his days in one of the monasteries.
Nicholas I (Nikolai Pavlovich) (1796-1855)
Years of reign – 1825-1855
Son of Emperor Paul I, brother of Emperor Alexander I
Under him, the Decembrist Uprising took place.
He was married to the Prussian princess Friederike Louise Charlotte Wilhelmina. The couple had 7 children.
Alexander II the Liberator (Alexander Nikolaevich) (1818-1881)
Years of reign – 1855-1881
Son of Emperor Nicholas I.
Canceled in Russia serfdom.
Was married twice. The first time was on Maria, Princess of Hesse. The second marriage was considered morganatic and was concluded with Princess Ekaterina Dolgoruka.
The emperor died at the hands of terrorists.
Alexander III the Peacemaker (Alexander Alexandrovich) (1845-1894)
Years of reign – 1881-1894
Son of Emperor Alexander II.
Under him, Russia was very stable and rapid economic growth began.
Married the Danish princess Dagmar. The marriage produced 4 sons and two daughters.
Nicholas II (Nikolai Alexandrovich) (1868-1918)
Years of reign – 1894-1917
Son of Emperor Alexander III.
Last Russian Emperor.
His reign was quite difficult, marked by riots, revolutions, unsuccessful wars and a fading economy.
He was greatly influenced by his wife Alexandra Feodorovna (nee Princess Alice of Hesse). The couple had 4 daughters and a son, Alexey.
In 1917, the emperor abdicated the throne.
In 1918, together with his entire family, he was shot by the Bolsheviks.
Canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church as a Saint.
Russian history is stable with a succession of ruling dynasties. In the entire history of the development of the state, only two dynasties have replaced the throne: and the Romanovs. And it is the Romanov dynasty that is connected with the largest historical events, which shaped the appearance of the modern state. The chronology of their presence in power goes back about 300 years.
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Where did the Romanov family tree begin?
Russian history is bizarre. In theory, it is known quite well, but if you delve into ancient periods, it turns out to be quite contradictory and confusing. The history of the Romanov family can be considered one of the confirmations of this opinion. Let's start with the fact that even the exact data from where he came to Moscow, so that later on take the throne for three centuries, not known for certain:
- According to representatives of the dynasty itself, the origins of the clan are hidden in Prussia, from where the founder of the clan arrived in Rus' in the 14th century.
- Professional historians, including academician and archaeographer Stepan Borisovich Veselovsky, are confident that the origins of the royal family are in Veliky Novgorod.
Chronicles and ancient manuscripts name the first reliable name of the founder of the dynasty. He became boyar Andrei Kobyla.
He belonged to the retinue of the Moscow prince Simeon the Proud (1317-1353). The boyar gave rise to the Koshkin surname, the first representative of which was Andrei Kobyla’s son Fyodor Koshka.
The zigzags of history led the Zakharyins during their reign to the very foundation of the royal throne. The legendary last representative of the Rurikovich family was the husband of Anastasia Zakharyina. Ivan the Terrible left no male heirs, and his wife’s nephews became real contenders for a place on the throne.
And it was occupied by a representative of the new ruling family - Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. He was the grandson of Ivan the Terrible’s wife’s brother, Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina, and the son of her nephew Fyodor Nikitovich. Later, having converted to monasticism, he took the name Patriarch Filaret. By the way, it was he turned the Zakharyins' surname into the Romanovs, taking as his surname the name of his grandfather, boyar Roman Zakharyin.
Important! The most surprising thing is that, in fact, such a surname for the royal family did not officially exist at all until 1917. Representatives royal dynasty bore the names: Tsarevich Ivan Alekseevich, Grand Duke Nikolai Alexandrovich. Adopt the surname officially, royal family should have been after the decree of the Provisional Government in 1917.
Reasons for inviting the Romanovs to the throne
By the time of the death of Ivan Rurikovich the Terrible, the Rurikovich family had ceased. At that moment, Russia was once again going through a difficult period, which was called “ Time of Troubles" During the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the state went through a series of lost wars, mass executions, . This weakened the state, and famine reigned in many areas. The population was exhausted by the ever-increasing tax burden.
During this period, serfdom of peasants began. Foreign representatives began to lay claim to the empty throne of the weakened country. Among them is the English king James the First.
Against this background, the Great Russian Cossacks decided to intervene in the distribution of space on the throne of the sovereign. Patriarch Filaret, with his help, elevated his 16-year-old son Mikhail to the throne.
This event marked the coming to power of the dynasty. To this day, most historians are confident that Filaret was the real ruler of the state. Moreover, Mikhail was in poor health and died at the age of only 49 years. But the Romanov family had already ascended to the throne. It is not difficult to trace how many years the legendary dynasty then ruled.
When the first representative of the dynasty died, he was replaced by Alexey Mikhailovich Romanov, who bore the nickname “The Quietest.” In the first years of his reign, the tsar was strongly influenced by the boyar Boris Morozov. Moreover, as a result of intrigues, the head of the Russian state became the husband of Boris Morozov’s protege, Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya. Boyarin Morozov became a husband sister Empress Anna Ilyinichna.
Then he began to exert pressure on the sovereign significant influence Patriarch Nikon. The head of the church government became so influential that after the convening of the Church Council he would propose to the tsar to share power. The years of Nikon's rise ended with the gathering of the Great Moscow Cathedral in 1666. It was after the year-long Council and the removal of the disgraced patriarch that the Orthodox Church was divided, and the Old Believers emerged from it.
Important! Despite the nickname, the years of Alexei Mikhailovich’s reign can hardly be called calm. In addition to the church schism, it was during the reign of this representative of the clan that the military reform, the result of which was the creation of foreign regiments in Russia. After the Zemsky Sobor, the Zaporozhye centurion Bogdan Khmelnitsky transferred to Russian citizenship, and Stepan Razin rebelled.
A significant moment in the reign of the Quiet Tsar was the implementation of the Monetary Reform, which gave rise to the circulation of the ruble in Rus'. He's the one became the initiator of the development of the Council Code, which became the code of laws of the country. Historians recognize that an enlightened and intelligent sovereign, prone to contemplation and reflection, was able to lead the state out of a severe economic crisis. Historians rarely give such reviews about the Romanov family.
Alexei Mikhailovich was replaced on the throne after his death by his brother Fyodor II Alekseevich, whose reign was at 1676-1682. Apart from poor health, this representative of the Romanov family was not remembered for major deeds. Instead, various boyar families tried to rule the state, with varying degrees of success. Fyodor Alekseevich did not leave a decree on succession to the throne after his death. The throne passed to the first oldest son of Alexei Mikhailovich, Ivan I, whose sister, Princess Sophia, became regent, and his younger brother became co-ruler.
The transition from king to sovereign
During these years of the reign of the Romanov family, the royal dynasty of the Russian state was finally formed.
Ivan Alekseevich was another of its representatives, who was distinguished by poor health. He died when he was only 30 years old. The throne passed to his co-ruler and brother, whom history today calls Peter the Great.
Peter Alekseevich assumed the rank of sovereign. At the same time, he became the last official Tsar of Rus'.
This is where the rulers of the Romanov Tsars ended. They were replaced by a dynasty of sovereigns.
Dynasty of the Romanov sovereigns
Complicated story ruling house the name change did not end. On the contrary, it has entered a new stage. Indeed, in fact, Emperor Peter the Great became the only representative of the clan in this status. His male line on him ceased. Pyotr Alekseevich was married twice. The first wife of the ruler was Evdokia Lopukhina. The same one who gave birth to the head of state’s son Alexei, who was killed by his father. Alexei had a son, Peter II. He even managed to visit the throne in 1727. The boy was only 11 years old. Three years later, the last representative of the family in the male line died of smallpox.
This would be the end of the clan's reign. But at a new stage in history, women began to rule the state. Moreover, to manage successfully, giving rise to the real Golden Age of state development. The first of them, but far from the most glorious, was the daughter of Ivan V Alekseevich, Anna Ioanovna, who was quickly elevated to the throne.
These years became the period of reign of the empress's favorite E.I. Birona. According to the will, the grandson of Ivan V, Ivan VI, ascended to the throne after the death of Anna Ioanovna, but he short reign ended tragically. The infant sovereign was quickly overthrown and spent most of his short life in prison. Historical tradition attributes his death to Catherine I.
The first of the beautiful rulers was the second wife of Peter the Great, Martha Skavronskaya, who took the name Catherine I during her reign. The legendary rulers of Russia in the 18th century also included Catherine’s daughter Elizaveta Petrovna and the wife of her grandson, who at birth bore the name Sophia Frederica of Anhalt-Zerbst. For just a year, the grandson of Catherine I from her daughter Anna, Peter III, “wedged itself” into the list of beautiful rulers. The dates of his reign are 1761 - 1762.
Quiet 19th century for the Romanov dynasty
The period of female rule, which became an enlightened century in the development of the country, ended with accession to the throne in 1796, the son of Catherine II, Paul I. His reign was short.
As a result of a palace coup, the unloved grandson of Catherine the Great was overthrown. There is a legend in history that his own son Alexander could have been directly involved in his death. The same one who became Alexander I after the murder of his father in his sleep in his own bed.
Then, with various upheavals, but not as global as in past centuries, rulers with the names Nicholas and Alexander replaced the throne. Under Nicholas the First, the Decembrist uprising was suppressed in 1825. Under Alexander the Second, serfdom was abolished. The death of this representative of the Romanov family came as a shock to the country. He died from his wounds after an assassination attempt by Narodnaya Volya member Ignatius Grinevitsky, who threw a bomb at the ruler’s feet.
At the same time, the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th outwardly seemed quite calm for the ruling Romanov dynasty. Until the pattern of generations of rulers was stopped during two revolutions at once in 1917. After the coup of 1917, the history of the dynasty ceased. Nicholas II, who ruled during the coup, officially abdicated the throne in favor of his brother Mikhail. This last of the Romanovs also renounced his rights to rule. The history of this royal dynasty of Europe came to a tragic end. Nikolay Romanov was executed along with his entire family. His brother, Mikhail Romanov, abdication did not help. He was killed in the forest near Perm on the night of June 12-13, 1918.
Brief chronology of the reign of Russian dynasties
Chart of government of the House of Romanov
Conclusion
They say that upon the accession of the first Romanov to the throne, the royal family was cursed, and had to begin with Mikhail and end with Mikhail. In theory, at the moment, representatives of the dynasty may come to power. On this planet in different countries There are many distant relatives of the dynasty that has ruled for three centuries, but their rights are for the most part rather dubious.
Last 300 s extra years Russian autocracy (1613-1917) are historically associated with the Romanov dynasty, which gained a foothold on the Russian throne during the period known as the Time of Troubles. The emergence of a new dynasty on the throne is always a major political event and is often associated with a revolution or coup, that is, the violent removal of the old dynasty. In Russia, the change of dynasties was caused by the suppression of the ruling branch of the Rurikovichs in the descendants of Ivan the Terrible. Problems of succession to the throne gave rise to a deep socio-political crisis, accompanied by the intervention of foreigners. Never in Russia have the supreme rulers changed so often, each time bringing a new dynasty to the throne. Among the contenders for the throne were representatives from different social strata, there were also foreign candidates from among the “natural” dynasties. The kings became either the descendants of the Rurikovichs (Vasily Shuisky, 1606-1610), or those from among the untitled boyars (Boris Godunov, 1598-1605), or impostors (False Dmitry I, 1605-1606; False Dmitry II, 1607-1610 .). No one managed to gain a foothold on the Russian throne until 1613, when Mikhail Romanov was elected to the throne, and in his person a new ruling dynasty was finally established. Why historical choice fell to the Romanov family? Where did they come from and what were they like by the time they came to power?
The genealogical past of the Romanovs was quite clear already in mid-16th century century., when the rise of their family began. In accordance with the political tradition of that time, the genealogies contained a legend about the “departure.” Having become related to the Rurikovichs (see table), the boyar family of the Romanovs borrowed and general direction legends: Rurik in the 14th “tribe” was bred from the legendary Pruss, and the ancestor of the Romanovs was recognized as a native of Prussia. The Sheremetevs, Kolychevs, Yakovlevs, Sukhovo-Kobylins and other families known in Russian history are traditionally considered to be of the same origin as the Romanovs (from the legendary Kambila).
An original interpretation of the origin of all clans that have a legend about leaving “from Prussia” (with a primary interest in ruling house Romanov) gave in the 19th century. Petrov P. N., whose work has been republished in large quantities even today. (Petrov P. N. History of the families of the Russian nobility. Vol. 1–2, St. Petersburg, - 1886. Republished: M. - 1991. - 420 pp. ; 318 pp.). He considers the ancestors of these families to be Novgorodians who broke with their homeland for political reasons at the turn of the 13th-14th centuries. and went to serve the Moscow prince. The assumption is based on the fact that at the Zagorodsky end of Novgorod there was Prusskaya Street, from which the road to Pskov began. Its inhabitants traditionally supported the opposition against the Novgorod aristocracy and were called “Prussians.” “Why should we look for foreign Prussians?...” asks P.N. Petrov, calling to “dispel the darkness of fairy tales, which have hitherto been accepted as truth and who wanted to impose non-Russian origins on the Romanov family at all costs.”
Table 1.
The genealogical roots of the Romanov family (XII – XIV centuries) are given in the interpretation of P.N. Petrov. (Petrov P.N. History of the clans of the Russian nobility. T. 1–2, - St. Petersburg, - 1886. Republished: M. - 1991. - 420 pp.; 318 pp.).
1 Ratsha (Radsha, Christian name Stefan) - the legendary founder of many noble families Russia: Sheremetevs, Kolychevs, Neplyuevs, Kobylins, etc. A native of “Prussian descent,” according to Petrov P.N., Novgorodian, servant of Vsevolod Olgovich, and maybe Mstislav the Great; according to another version of Serbian origin
2 Yakun (Christian name Mikhail), mayor of Novgorod, died as a monk with the name Mitrofan in 1206
3 Alexa (Christian name Gorislav), monastically St. Varlaam. Khutynsky, died in 1215 or 1243.
4 Gabriel, hero of the Battle of the Neva in 1240, died in 1241
5 Ivan is a Christian name, in the Pushkin family tree it is Ivan Morkhinya. According to Petrov P.N. before baptism his name was Gland Kambila Divonovich, he came “from Prussia” in the 13th century, and is the generally accepted ancestor of the Romanovs.;
6 Petrov P.N. considers this Andrei to be Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla, whose five sons became the founders of 17 families of the Russian nobility, including the Romanovs.
7 Grigory Alexandrovich Pushka - the founder of the Pushkin family, mentioned in 1380. From him the branch was called Pushkin.
8 Anastasia Romanova is the first wife of Ivan IV, the mother of the last Tsar Rurikovich - Fyodor Ivanovich, through her the genealogical relationship of the Rurikovich dynasties with the Romanovs and Pushkins is established.
9 Fyodor Nikitich Romanov (born between 1554-1560, d. 1663) from 1587 - boyar, from 1601 - tonsured a monk with the name Filaret, patriarch from 1619. Father of the first king of the new dynasty.
10 Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov - the founder of the new dynasty, elected to the throne in 1613 by the Zemsky Sobor. The Romanov dynasty occupied the Russian throne until the 1917 revolution.
11 Alexei Mikhailovich - Tsar (1645-1676).
12 Maria Alekseevna Pushkina married Osip (Abram) Petrovich Hannibal, their daughter Nadezhda Osipovna is the mother of the great Russian poet. Through it is the intersection of the Pushkin and Hannibal families.
Without discarding the traditionally recognized ancestor of the Romanovs in the person of Andrei Ivanovich, but developing the idea of the Novgorod origin of “those who left Prussia”, P.N. Petrov. believes that Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla is the grandson of the Novgorodian Iakinthos the Great and is related to the Ratsha family (Ratsha is a diminutive of Ratislav. (see Table 2).
In the chronicle he is mentioned in 1146 along with other Novgorodians on the side of Vsevolod Olgovich (son-in-law of Mstislav, Grand Duke of Kyiv 1125-32). At the same time, Gland Kambila Divonovich, the traditional ancestor, “a native of Prussia,” disappears from the scheme, and before mid-XII V. the Novgorod roots of Andrei Kobyla are traced, who, as mentioned above, is considered the first documented ancestor of the Romanovs.
The formation of the reigning since the beginning of the 17th century. clan and the allocation of the ruling branch is presented in the form of a chain of Kobylina – Koshkina – Zakharyina – Yuryevs – Romanovs (see Table 3), reflecting the transformation of the clan nickname into a surname. The rise of the family dates back to the second third of the 16th century. and is associated with the marriage of Ivan IV to the daughter of Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin, Anastasia. (see Table 4. At that time, this was the only untitled surname that remained in the forefront of the Old Moscow boyars in the stream of new titled servants who surged to the sovereign’s Court in the second half of the 15th century - the beginning of the 16th century (princes Shuisky, Vorotynsky, Mstislavsky , Trubetskoys).
The ancestor of the Romanov branch was the third son of Roman Yuryevich Zakharin - Nikita Romanovich (d. 1586), the brother of Queen Anastasia. His descendants were already called Romanovs. Nikita Romanovich was a Moscow boyar from 1562, an active participant in the Livonian War and diplomatic negotiations, after the death of Ivan IV he headed the regency council (until the end of 1584). One of the few Moscow boyars of the 16th century who left a good memory among the people: name saved folk epic, depicting him as a good-natured mediator between the people and the formidable Tsar Ivan.
Of the six sons of Nikita Romanovich, the eldest was especially outstanding - Fyodor Nikitich (later Patriarch Filaret, the unofficial co-ruler of the first Russian Tsar of the Romanov family) and Ivan Nikitich, who was part of the Seven Boyars. The popularity of the Romanovs, acquired by their personal qualities, intensified from the persecution to which they were subjected by Boris Godunov, who saw in them potential rivals in the struggle for the royal throne.
Table 2 and 3.
Election of Mikhail Romanov to the throne. The rise to power of a new dynasty
In October 1612, as a result of the successful actions of the second militia under the command of Prince Pozharsky and the merchant Minin, Moscow was liberated from the Poles. A Provisional Government was created and elections to the Zemsky Sobor were announced, the convening of which was planned for the beginning of 1613. There was one, but extremely pressing issue on the agenda - the election of a new dynasty. They unanimously decided not to choose from foreign royal houses, but there was no unity regarding domestic candidates. Among the noble candidates for the throne (princes Golitsyn, Mstislavsky, Pozharsky, Trubetskoy) was 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov from a long-standing boyar, but untitled family. On his own, he had little chance of winning, but the interests of the nobility and the Cossacks, who played a certain role during the Time of Troubles, converged on his candidacy. The boyars hoped for his inexperience and intended to preserve their political positions, strengthened during the years of the Seven Boyars. The political past of the Romanov family also played into its favor, as discussed above. They wanted to choose not the most capable, but the most convenient. There was active campaigning among the people in favor of Mikhail, which also played a role last role in his confirmation to the throne. The final decision was made on February 21, 1613. Michael was chosen by the Council and approved by “the whole earth.” The outcome of the case was decided by a note from an unknown chieftain, who stated that Mikhail Romanov was the closest relative to the previous dynasty and could be considered a “natural” Russian tsar.
Thus, autocracy of a legitimate nature (by right of birth) was restored in his person. The opportunities for alternative political development of Russia, laid down during the Time of Troubles, or rather, in the then established tradition of electing (and therefore replacing) monarchs, were lost.
Behind Tsar Mikhail for 14 years stood his father, Fyodor Nikitich, better known as Philaret, patriarch of the Russian Church (officially since 1619). The case is unique not only in Russian history: the son occupies the highest government position, the father the highest church position. This is hardly a coincidence. Some people suggest thinking about the role of the Romanov family during the Time of Troubles Interesting Facts. For example, it is known that Grigory Otrepiev, who appeared on the Russian throne under the name of False Dmitry I, was a slave of the Romanovs before being exiled to a monastery, and he, having become a self-proclaimed tsar, returned Filaret from exile and elevated him to the rank of metropolitan. False Dmitry II, in whose Tushino headquarters Filaret was, promoted him to patriarch. But be that as it may, at the beginning of the 17th century. A new dynasty established itself in Russia, with which the state functioned for more than three hundred years, experiencing ups and downs.
Tables 4 and 5.
Dynastic marriages of the Romanovs, their role in Russian history
During the 18th century. Genealogical connections of the House of Romanov with other dynasties were intensively established, which expanded to such an extent that, figuratively speaking, the Romanovs themselves disappeared into them. These connections were formed mainly through the system of dynastic marriages that had been established in Russia since the time of Peter I (see Tables 7-9). The tradition of equal marriages in the conditions of dynastic crises, so characteristic of Russia in the 20-60s of the 18th century, led to the transfer of the Russian throne into the hands of another dynasty, the representative of which acted on behalf of the extinct Romanov dynasty (in male offspring - after death in 1730 Peter II).
During the 18th century. the transition from one dynasty to another was carried out both through the line of Ivan V - to representatives of the Mecklenburg and Brunswick dynasties (see table 6), and through the line of Peter I - to members of the Holstein-Gottorp dynasty (see table 6), whose descendants occupied the Russian throne on behalf of the Romanovs from Peter III to Nicholas II (see Table 5). The Holstein-Gottorp dynasty, in turn, was a junior branch of the Danish Oldenburg dynasty. In the 19th century the tradition of dynastic marriages continued, genealogical connections multiplied (see Table 9), giving rise to the desire to “hide” the foreign roots of the first Romanovs, so traditional for Russian centralized state and burdensome for the second half of the XVIII– XIX centuries The political need to emphasize the Slavic roots of the ruling dynasty was reflected in the interpretation of P.N. Petrov.
Table 6.
Table 7.
Ivan V was on the Russian throne for 14 years (1682-96) together with Peter I (1682-1726), initially under the regency of his elder sister Sophia (1682-89). He did not take an active part in governing the country; his descendants male did not have, his two daughters (Anna and Ekaterina) were married off, based on the state interests of Russia at the beginning of the 18th century (see table 6). In the conditions of the dynastic crisis of 1730, when the male descendants of the line of Peter I were cut off, the descendants of Ivan V established themselves on the Russian throne: daughter Anna Ioannovna (1730-40), great-grandson Ivan VI (1740-41) under the regency of mother Anna Leopoldovna , in whose person the representatives of the Brunswick dynasty actually ended up on the Russian throne. The coup of 1741 returned the throne into the hands of the descendants of Peter I. However, having no direct heirs, Elizaveta Petrovna transferred the Russian throne to her nephew Peter III, whose father belonged to the Holstein-Gottorp dynasty. The Oldenburg dynasty (via the Holstein-Gottorp branch) is united with the House of Romanov in the person of Peter III and his descendants.
Table 8.
1 Peter II is the grandson of Peter I, the last male representative of the Romanov family (on his mother’s side, a representative of the Blankenburg-Wolfenbüttel dynasty).
2 Paul I and his descendants, who ruled Russia until 1917, in terms of origin, did not belong to the Romanov family (Paul I was a representative of the Holstein-Gottorp dynasty on his father’s side, and an Anhalt-Zerbt dynasty on his mother’s side).
Table 9.
1 Paul I had seven children, of whom: Anna - the wife of Prince William, later King of the Netherlands (1840-49); Catherine - since 1809 the prince's wife
George of Oldenburg, married from 1816 to Prince William of Württemburg, who later became king; Alexandra’s first marriage was with Gustav IV of Sweden (before 1796), her second marriage was with Archduke Joseph, Hungarian stole, in 1799.
2 Daughters of Nicholas I: Maria - since 1839 the wife of Maximilian, Duke of Leitenberg; Olga has been the wife of the Württemberg Crown Prince since 1846, then of King Charles I.
3 Other children of Alexander II: Maria - since 1874, married to Alfred Albert, Duke of Edinburgh, later Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha; Sergei - married to Elizaveta Feodorovna, daughter of the Duke of Hesse; Pavel has been married to the Greek royal Alexandra Georgievna since 1889.
On February 27, 1917, a revolution took place in Russia, during which the autocracy was overthrown. On March 3, 1917, the last Russian Emperor Nicholas II signed his abdication in a military trailer near Mogilev, where Headquarters was located at that time. This was the end of the history of monarchical Russia, which was declared a republic on September 1, 1917. The family of the overthrown emperor was arrested and exiled to Yekaterinburg, and in the summer of 1918, when there was a threat of the city being captured by the army of A.V. Kolchak, they were shot on the orders of the Bolsheviks. Together with the emperor, his heir, his minor son Alexei, was liquidated. The younger brother Mikhail Alexandrovich, the heir of the second circle, in whose favor Nicholas II abdicated the throne, was killed a few days earlier near Perm. This is where the story of the Romanov family should end. However, excluding any legends and versions, we can reliably say that this family has not died out. The lateral branch, in relation to the last emperors, survived - the descendants of Alexander II (see table 9, continued). Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich (1876 - 1938) was next in line of succession to the throne after Mikhail Alexandrovich, the younger brother of the last emperor. In 1922, after completion civil war in Russia and the final confirmation of information about the death of the entire imperial family, Kirill Vladimirovich declared himself Guardian of the Throne, and in 1924 accepted the title of Emperor of All Russia, Head of the Russian Imperial House abroad. His seven-year-old son Vladimir Kirillovich was proclaimed heir to the throne with the title Grand Duke Heir Tsesarevich. He succeeded his father in 1938 and was the Head of the Russian Imperial House abroad until his death in 1992 (see Table 9, continued.) He was buried on May 29, 1992 under the arches of the Cathedral of the Peter and Paul Fortress of St. Petersburg. The head of the Russian Imperial House (abroad) was his daughter Maria Vladimirovna.
Milevich S.V. - Toolkit to study a genealogy course. Odessa, 2000.