Islamic theologian Sheikh Muhammad Saleh al-Munajjid, after analyzing religious texts, compiled a detailed list of names that should not be given to Muslim children.
1. In particular, it is undesirable if a person’s name does not correspond to his nationality and the social environment in which he lives. This can create problems for the person himself.
2. Dissonant names often cause ridicule, which can negatively affect the worldview of their bearers.
3. Girls' names should not have an erotic meaning, otherwise they may develop false stereotypes in behavior. The undesirable ones include: Mignaj (playful, flirtatious), Faten (charming, seductive), Gada (attractive gait), Visal (sexy) and some others.
The name Asia (rebellious, wayward) is also not suitable, since it can affect the girl’s behavior: “Since my parents named me that, they want me to be like that.”
4. Muslim theologians do not approve of the custom of giving children names in honor of famous actors, singers, musicians. They consider it unworthy to worship someone like an idol. It is especially bad if the idol leads an “unrighteous” lifestyle, because the child can take an example from such a person.
5. You should not name children after political figures who have tarnished their reputation, as well as the pharaohs of Ancient Egypt and rulers of the past who were guilty of crimes against entire nations.
6. Names indicating any sin or crime are also undesirable. For example, Sarrak (thief) or Zalim (tyrant, despot).
7. If the name is common among representatives of peoples, the majority of whom do not profess Islam, then it is also not suitable. Like John, Ivan, Jean, Juan, Johan or Giovanni.
8. Some people may name their child after an animal or bird. This is acceptable if we are talking about underlining positive qualities certain representatives of the fauna: courage, strength, wisdom, nobility. But you should not use animal names that could be perceived as an insult. For example, Teis (goat) or Khimar (donkey), etc.
9. Male names that end in “al-Islam” or “ad-din” (religion) are considered by Muslim theologians to be too boastful and immodest. They do not recommend that people exalt their sons: after all, men themselves must show their best qualities, then others will respect them.
For example, the following names are undesirable: Ziyauddin (shine of religion), Nuruddin (light of religion), Zahabuddin (gold of religion), Nurulislam (light of Islam), Saifulislam (sword of Islam), Naseruddin (helper of religion), Masuddin (diamond of religion) Muhyiddin (revitalizing religion), etc.
10. Names with other endings can also be immodest. Thus, Barra (the pious), Abid (the worshiper) or Taqi (the God-fearing) sometimes do not correspond to their bearers, as do Hakim al-Hukkam (the ruler of rulers), Sittunnisa (the mistress of all women), Shahinshah (the Shah of all Shahs).
11. According to some theologians, children should not be named after angels: Jabrail, Israfil, Mikail and others. The Iranian name Fereshta (angel) is also undesirable, as is Malyak, which means “angel” in Arabic.
11. Naming children after famous surahs of the Koran (Yasin, Taha, Hamim) is also not correct, according to theologians.
MUNICIPAL BUDGETARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION "BASIC EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL S. UST-UKHTA"
MUNICIPAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE “OPENING”
First names, last names and patronymics
/Research/
Completed 8th grade students
MBOU "OOSH" s. Ust-Ukhta
Lobanova Daria and Filippova Tatyana
Supervisor:
teacher of Russian language and literature
Kravchenko Tamara Romanovna
2016
Contents page
1. Introduction. 3
2.Chapter 1.History of the origin of names among different peoples.
1.1. When did the name appear? 4-5
1.2. Origin of Russian names. 6-10
1.3. Features of the formation of names among the Komi people. 10-13
3.Chapter 2. History of the origin of surnames.
2.1. When did the surname appear? 13-14
2.2. The form of the surname as the main sign of nationality
Bibliography:
Alexandra Vasilievna Superanskaya, Doctor of Philology
"What is your name?"
V.I.Dal “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language”
S. Ozhegov “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language”
T.F. Efremova “The most complete modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language”, 2015
School etymological dictionary
6. Internet resources:
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- http://ru.wikipedia.org/wikiBE - cite_note-Unbegaun-0#cite_note-Unbegaun
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APPLICATIONS
Annex 1
Results of a survey of school students. Ust-Ukhta
Questionnaire-survey
Do you know what your name means? If yes, then write
Do you know how your last name was formed? If yes, please explain.
Do you know how Komi names and patronymics are formed? If yes, please explain.
What famous surnames do you know in world history? Name 4-5 names.
Do you know peoples who do not have patronymics and surnames? If yes, then write.
Appendix 2.
Dictionary
meanings of school students' names. Ust-Ukhta
A
Alexander and Alexandra : “courageous, protector”, “help, hope” (Greek origin)
Albina – (Latin origin) – “white”
Alyona - has different versions of origin. According to the first version, the name Alena (Alena) is a folk, non-church version of the name Elena. The name Alena began to be more actively used separately from the name Elena in last decades twentieth century, and recently it has become a completely independent name. Also, a colloquial version of the name Elena was the name Olena. According to the second version, the name Alena has Ancient Greek origin and means “sunny”, “shining”. There are some other translation options - “exciting”, “spiritualizing”, “attracting”, “bewitching”.
Alina -V Slavic countries the name is associated with the word “scarlet” and the artistic images of Scarlet Sails and the Scarlet Flower, that is, with the expectation of happiness and hope. In Christian baptism, Alina is given the name Angelina, less often - Alla. Also given the name Elena. There are also other versions of the interpretation of the name Alina. There is a possibility that Alina is a form of the Latin name Albina and in translation “albus” means “white, fair, fair-haired”. In Scotland, the name Alina is interpreted as “honest” and used as pair name to the name Alistair, and in Greece - “ray of sunshine” (as one of the affectionate addresses to Elena). The diminutive term Lina is also an independent name.
Alfia – (Arabic origin) – “sublime”
Anastasia – female form of the male name Anastasy. Translated from Greek language means “return to life,” “resurrection,” “resurrected,” “reborn,” “immortal.” Russian folk form - Nastasya
Anfisa - translated this name means “flower, blooming or colorful.” Like many other names, this name appeared in Rus' brought from Ancient Greece.
Artyom - translated from Greek means “unharmed, in perfect health.” According to another version - “dedicated to Artemis.” Comes from the Greek name Artemis, from the name of the goddess Artemis. In modern times it has become an independent name, but is also used as a diminutive address to Artemy.
Antonina (Latin) means “extensive, acquisition, comparison and opponent”, (Greek) – “acquiring in return”
Ahliddin - scientists believe that the name comes from the ancient Greek name “Akhlidin” (with emphasis on the second syllable), meaning vitality and spiritual peace.
Ahmadali - a combination of the names Ahmad and Ali. The male name Ahmad in Arabic means “one who thanks God.” The name Ali comes from the ancient Arabic "ali", which means "high, superior, high-ranking, powerful, superior to all." This name is one of the epithets of Allah, taking in this context the meaning of “superior to all.” It gained popularity among Muslims thanks to the fourth Arab caliph Ali, who was the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad. He is especially revered by adherents of the Shiite movement in Islam. Today the name is very common in the Muslim world.
B
Bogdan - it's SlavicName,means“given by God”, “given by God”, “God’s gift”.
IN
Vadim - from the Slavic “bully”.
Valeria (Latin) - “rich, strong, strong, healthy”
Basil (Greek) -means “royal”, “royal”, also translated as “king”
Vasilisa - (Greek) – “queen”; colloquial Vasyon; old Vasilisa
Faith - it's original Russian name and literally translated from Greek means “faith”, “service to God”. Faith, hope, love are the three main virtues in Christianity. Among Christians, the martyrs Vera, Nadezhda, Lyubov and their mother Sophia, who lived in the 2nd century, are revered. Despite the existence of corresponding Greek names, in Europe the names of the three sisters were translated literally.
Victor – (Latin origin) “winner”
Victoria - from the Latin word "Victoria", meaning "victory".
Vilen - this is the name of the Soviet period, and it was formed on behalf of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. This name, in essence, is an abbreviation that was formed from the initials and pseudonym of the leader of the Russian Revolution of 1917, V.I. Lenin.
Vladislav - has pagan Slavic origin. It means "possessing glory." There is another version of the origin of the name Vladislav - from Polish the name is translated as “good ruler”.
G
Galina – (translated from Greek) calm, serene
Gennady – (Greek origin) “noble, noble birth”
D
Danila (Daniil) – from Hebrew “divine judgment”
Daria - has several variants of origin. According to the first version, the name Daria is the female version of the male ancient Persian name Darius, which comes from the Greek Dareios. In Greek, this name became a transcription of the Persian male name Darayavausha, meaning “owner of the good,” sometimes translated as “winner.” According to the second version, the name Daria has Slavic roots, is a modern form of the Slavic names Daryon, Darina, a related name for the names Daroluba and Daromila, therefore the meaning is close to the concept of “dar” - “gift given”. Among the descendants of the Slavs, a variant of this name is also used - Daryana.
Dmitriy (Dimitri) - comes from the ancient Greek word "demetris", translated as - "belonging to Demeter"
E
Evgeniy (Evgeniya) - translated from Greek means “noble”, literally this name can be translated as “with good genes”. From the male name a female name was formed - Evgenia. In Russia, the names Evgeniy and Evgeniya began to be widely used in the 19th century. This is how the nobles began to call their children, but they used the name Eugene mainly in the French manner - Eugene (later the modern diminutive Zhenya appeared from it) or in the English version - Eugene.
Egor (Egory, Georgy) - from the Greek “farmer”
Catherine – (Greek origin) “honest, immaculate.”
Elena – (Greek origin) “chosen, bright”
Z
Zoya - translated from ancient Greek means “life”.
AND
Ivan - from the ancient Hebrew John and translated means “merciful of God.” The name Ivan is the most Russian name. During the Great Patriotic War, the Germans called all Russians this way. In Latin, the name Ivan is read as Ivan. In the second half of the twentieth century, the fashion for Slavic names spread to Spanish-speaking and Portuguese-speaking countries; in these countries, in addition to their native names Juan and Jean, the names Ivan and Evan appeared.
Igor – (glory) - early borrowing from Old Scandinavian Ingvarr (Ing - god of fertility, warr-prudent, careful); in Old Russian In(b)gvar (to protect the name of God), which is interpreted as “strong, warlike”
Ilya – Russian version of HebrewnameEliyahu, meaning "My God is the Lord", can also be translated as "believer"
Irina - translated from ancient Greek means “peace, tranquility.” The name comes from ancient greek goddess Eirene, goddess of peace and tranquility.
TO
Karina - has several versions of origin. According to one version, the name Karina is of Latin origin and is derived from the Roman cognomen (personal or generic nickname) Carinus, derived from another cognomen - Carus, derived from the Latin carus, which translates as “dear”, “dear”. This version of origin can be confirmed by the modern meaning of the Italian word “cara”, meaning “beautiful, sweet.” In Russian culture, the name Karina could appear from various sources. According to the first version, the name Karina is a Slavic name. A related name is Karislava. Karina is a Slavic mourning goddess who accompanies funeral rites, hovers over battlefields, and grieves in places of rest for the dead together with Zhelya, her sister. This goddess is mentioned in the “Tale of Igor’s Host”, and is found in the list of various pagan rituals in the 17th century list of the Old Russian “Words of a certain Christ-lover...” From the Old Russian language, “to punish for one’s sister” meant “to mourn.” According to the second version, the name Karina is of Greek origin. Derived from the Greek name Corinna (Korina), meaning "girl". Related names - Cora, Corin. According to the next version, the name Karina was given to a girl born on a ship during wintering in the Kara Sea. Karina – “born on the Kara Sea.” In the USSR, this version of the origin had some revolutionary overtones.
Kirill - translated from ancient Greek means “lord”, “lord”. In Persian, the name Kirill means "sun".
Konstantin – (Latin origin) “constant, persistent”
Ksenia (Oksana, Aksinya) - has different versions of origin. According to the first version, the name Ksenia translated from Greek “xenos” means “hospitable”, also translated as “wanderer”, “foreigner”, “guest”, “stranger”. The name Ksenia is one of the epithets of Aphrodite.
L
Love – (old Slavic origin) "Love"
Lyudmila – (Slavic origin) “nice to people”
M
Maksim - is of Latin origin and translated means “greatest.” It is often believed that the name Maxim is a form of the name Maximilian
Marcel (Markell) - derived from the Roman cognomen (personal or clan nickname) Marcellus, derived from the personal name Marcus. The name Marcus may be derived from the name of the god Mars, the Roman god of war, and therefore means “warlike,” “sacred to Mars.” In ancient Rome, the cognomen Marcellus, in particular, was the generic nickname of the plebeian branch of the Claudian family. In late Latin transcription, the name Marcellus began to sound like Marcellus or Marcellus. According to the next version, the name Marseille comes from the name of the French port city of Marseille. The city of Marseille was founded around 600 BC. Phocians - Greeks from Asia Minor - and was then called “Massalia”
Matvey - has Jewish origin, translated means “gifted by God”, interpretation options are “man of God”, “gift of God”. Matvey is the modern sound of the name Matthew (Matthew).
Michael (from ancient Hebrew) translated means “equal, like God,” sometimes the meaning of the name is interpreted as “asked from God.”
N
Hope - in literal translationmeansliterally "hope". Into Russian originallyNamecame from the Greek language, in which it sounded like Elpis (which in translation is alsomeans"hope")
Nazar - has several versions of origin. According to the first version, the name Nazar is derived from the Late Latin name Nazarius, which means “one who comes from Nazareth”, “Nazarene”. According to the second version, the name Nazar is a Jewish name. Translated from Hebrew it means “vow (promised)” or “devoted oneself to the Lord.” According to the third version, the name Nazar with Arabic can be translated as “far-sighted”, as well as “look”; "looking on the bright side of things." And in Turkish this name is interpreted as “gaze.” Among Muslims, you can more often hear an analogue of this name - Nasser.
Natalia - translated from Latin - “native”
Nikita - translated from Greek means “winner”. In Western Europe you can also hear the female version of this name, it is identical to the male one, but with an emphasis on the last syllable - Nikita′ .
Nikolay - translated from Greek means “conqueror of nations.”
ABOUT
Olga - comes from the Old Norse "Helga" - "saint"
P
Paul - translated from Latin (“Paulus”) means “small”, “insignificant”, “baby”. There is an opinion that this name is interpreted as “junior”, which was relevant when the names of father and son coincided.
Pauline - has several versions of origin. The first of them is the most common - the name Polina comes from the name of the ancient Greek sun god Apollo and means “solar” or “dedicated to Apollo.” There are translation options - “liberated” or “liberating”. In this case, Polina is one of the forms of the name Apollinaria, which has become most widespread among the Russian people, compared to the full name, due to its more beautiful and laconic sound, as well as because of the ease of pronunciation for Russian people. The second version is the name Polina of French origin, from the male name Paul, which is translated from Latin as “small”, “baby”. In Russian, the analogue of the name Paul is the male name Pavel
R
Rimma – has several versions of origin. According to the first version, the name Rimma was originally a masculine name, which came from the name of the city of Rome, so the name is interpreted as “Roman”. The Orthodox calendar mentions the martyr Rimma Novodunsky, a Slav. According to legend, the natives of Scythia Minor Inna, Rimma and Pinna were disciples of the Apostle Andrew. But among Catholics the name is not used. According to the second version, the name is of Hebrew origin and means “apple.”Rose - came to us from Byzantium and comes from the name of the flower of the same name, translated from Greek as “rose flower”, “red flower”. According to another opinion, the name has Latin roots and means “flower,” “rose,” or even “queen of flowers.”
WITH
Svetlana - Slavic origin, from the word “light”
Sergey - has different versions of origin. According to the first, most common version, the name Sergei comes from the Roman generic name Sergius, which is a Roman generic name that comes from Sergius. The Sergii are an ancient Roman patrician family, which, according to legend, traces its ancestry to the Trojans. Translated from Latin it means “high”, “noble”. According to the next version, the name Sergei is a modern form of the obsolete name Sergius, which comes from the Latin “servidei”, translated meaning “servant of God”. As one of the variants of this version, the name Sergei comes from the Latin “Servus”, which translates as “servant”.
Semyon – (ancient Hebrew origin) “listening, heard by God”
Sophia(Sofia ) - translated from ancient Greek means “wisdom”, “wisdom”, “wise”. There is a translation option for “reasonableness”, “science”.
Stepan translated from ancient Greek "stephanos" means "wreath", "crown", "crown"
T
Tamara – (Hebrew origin) comes from the word “Tamar”, which means “date palm”Tatiana – (from Greek) “organizer”; (according to another version from Latinnamed after the Sabine king Tatius, women of this clan bore the title “Tatyanos”)
F
Fedul – (Greek origin) “God’s servant, servant”
YU
Yuliana (Julia) - is the Latin form of the male name Julian (Julianus). According to historical data, this name spread throughout Europe largely due to the fact that Juliana of Lüttich was especially revered in Germany.
I
Yaroslav (slav.) - means“bright”, “strong”, “glorious for its vitality”.
Appendix 3
Dictionary of the formation of surnames of different nations
Surnames of residents of European countries
English - the following surnames are common: formed from the names of the place of residence (Scott, Wales); denoting profession (Clerk - civil servant, Hoggart - shepherd, Smith - blacksmith); indicating character traits and appearance (Armstrong - strong, Sweet - sweet, Bragg - boastful);Belarusians - typical Belarusian surnames end in -ich, -chik, -ka, -ko, -onak, -yonak (Radkevich, Dubrovka, Parshonok, Kuharchik, Kastsyushka); many names in Soviet years were Russified and Polished (Dubrovsky, Kosciuszko);Bulgarians - almost all Bulgarian surnames are formed from personal names using the suffixes -ov, -ev (Konstantinov, Georgiev);Greeks - Greek surnames cannot be confused with any other surnames, only they have the endings -idis, -kos, -poulos (Angelopoulos, Nikolaidis);Spaniards and Portuguese - have surnames ending in -ez, -es, -az, -iz, -oz (Gomez, Lopez), surnames indicating a person’s character are also common (Alegre - joyful, Bravo - gallant, Malo - bad);Italians - surnames are characterized by the suffixes -ini, -ino, -ello, -illo, -etti, -etto, -ito (Benedetto, Moretti, Esposito), and can also end in -o, -a, -i (Conti, Giordano, Costa ); the prefixes di- and da- indicate, respectively, that a person belongs to his clan and geographical position(Di Moretti is the son of Moretti, Da Vinci is from Vinci);Latvians - to belong to masculine denotes a surname ending in -s, -is, and for a feminine ending - in -a, -e (Verbitskis - Verbitska, Shurins - Shurin)Lithuanians - male surnames end in -onis, -unas, -utis, -aitis, -enas (Pyatrenas, Norvydaitis), female surnames are formed from the husband's surname using the suffixes -en, -yuven, -uven and the ending -e (Grinius - Grinyuvene), the surnames unmarried girls contain the basis of the father's surname with the addition of the suffixes -ut, -yut, -ayt and endings -e (Orbakas - Orbakaite)Germans - surnames formed from personal names (Werner, Peters); surnames that characterize a person (Krause - curly, Klein - small); surnames indicating the type of activity (Müller - miller, Lehmann - landowner);Norse - formed from personal names using the suffix -en (Larsen, Hansen), surnames without suffixes and endings can also be found (Per, Morten); Norwegian surnames can denote the names of animals and trees and natural phenomena (Blizzard - blizzard, Svane - swan, Furu - pine);Poles - most surnames have the suffix -sk, -tsk, and the ending -й (-я), indicating masculine and feminine gender (Sushitsky, Kovalskaya, Khodetsky, Volnitskaya); There are also double surnames, in case a woman, when getting married, wants to keep her surname too (Mazur-Komorowska); In addition to these surnames, surnames with an unchanged form are also common among Poles (Nowak, Sienkiewicz, Wujcik, Wozniak)Russians - use surnames with the suffixes -in, -yn -ov, -ev, -skoy, -tskoy, -ikh, -yh (Snegirev, Ivanov, Voronin, Sinitsyn, Donskoy, Moskovskikh, Sedykh);Turks - most often surnames have the endings -oglu, -ji, -zade (Mustafaoglu, Ekindzhi, Kuindzhi, Mamedzade), also when forming surnames they often used Turkish names or everyday words (Ali, Abaza - fool, Kolpakchi - hat);Ukrainians - the first group of surnames of a given nationality is formed using the suffixes -enko, -ko, -uk, -yuk (Kreshchenko, Grishko, Vasilyuk, Kovalchuk); the second group denotes the type of craft or occupation (Potter, Koval, Kulish); the third group of surnames consists of individual Ukrainian words(Gorobets, Ukrainian, Parubok), as well as a merger of words (Vernigora, Nepiyvoda, Bilous, Kozedub);French people - many surnames are preceded by the prefix Le or De (D′ ) (Le Pen, De Pompadour, D′ Esten); Basically, various nicknames and personal names were used to form surnames (Robert, Jolie, Cauchon - pig);Czechs - the main difference from other surnames is the obligatory ending -ova in female surnames, even where it would seem inappropriate (Valdrova, Ivanovova, Andersonova).Swedes - most surnames end in -sson, -berg, -sted, -strom (Andersson, Olsson, Forsberg, Bostrom);Estonians - masculine and feminine genders are not distinguished using surnames. All foreign surnames (mostly German) were at one time Estonianized (Rosenberg - Roosimäe), this process continues to this day, so, for example, in order to be able to play for the Estonian national team, football players Sergei Khokhlov and Konstantin Kolbasenko had to change their surnames to Simson and Nahk;
Surnames of residents of Asian countries
Azerbaijanis - formed their surnames, taking Azerbaijani names as a basis and attaching Russian suffixes -ov, -ev (Mamedov, Aliyev, Gasanov, Abdullaev) to them.Armenians - most surnames of residents of Armenia have the suffix -yan (Hakopyan, Galustyan)Georgians - surnames ending in -shvili, -dze, -uri, -ava, -a, -ua, -ia, -ni, -li, -si are common (Baratashvili, Mikadze, Adamia, Karchava, Gvishiani, Tsereteli);Jews - the main group consists of surnames with roots Levi and Cohen (Levin, Levitan, Kagan, Koganovich, Katz); the second group came from male and female Hebrew names with the addition of various suffixes (Yakobson, Yakubovich, Davidson, Godelson, Tsivyan, Beilis, Abramovich, Rubinchik, Vigdorchik, Mandelstam); the third group of surnames reflects the character of a person, his appearance or profession (Kaplan - chaplain, Rabinovich - rabbi, Melamed - teacher, Schwartzbard - black-bearded, Stiller - quiet, Shtarkman - strong).Chinese and Koreans - usually these are surnames consisting of one, less often two syllables (Tan, Liu, Duan, Qiao, Tsoi, Kogai)Japanese - modern Japanese surnames are formed by merging two full-valued words (Wada - harmony and rice field, Igarashi - 50 storms, Katayama - piece and mountain, Kitamura - north and village); The most common Japanese surnames are: Takahashi, Kobayashi, Kato, Suzuki,
Appendix No. 4
Determination of nationality
according to the form of the surname
(based on the example of the names of students, teachers and school employees of the MBOU "OOSH" in the village of Ust-Ukhta)
Of them:
Russian
Komi
Ukraine
skies
Paul
skies
Belarusian
Tajik
Dagest.
Moldavsk
105 people
100%
55%
25%
Basova Elena, Mitina Tatyana
Who should name the child? What a question, of course, parents. It’s good if the parents agree on the choice of name, but what if they don’t? And it happens that grandparents also join the dispute and offer their own options. This is how a whole family drama, and the child remains unnamed for some time. There is an opinion that a name cannot be invented before birth, or it is kept secret even from close relatives. Are there any traditions of naming? We often hear congratulations on name days and happy birthdays. Are there differences in the concepts of “birthday” and “name day”?
Thus, it turns out that not everything is so simple, so this topic fascinated us, and we decided to carry out this research.
Download:
Preview:
MKOU "Khoroshkovskaya Secondary School"
Pavlograd municipal district of Omsk region
Naming traditions in folk culture
The work was completed:
Elena Basova, Tatyana Mitina,
4th grade students
Supervisor:
E.B. Shumik,
primary school teacher
2012
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………...3
Names, name days, birthday...………………………………………………………4
Naming traditions among different peoples……………………………………..5
From the history of Russian names………………………………………………………7
We are called Tatyana and Elena ……………………………………………………9
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………11
Sources of information………………………………………………………..12
Introduction
Choosing a name for a newborn is a serious and responsible matter.
Who should name the child? What a question, of course, parents. It’s good if the parents agree on the choice of name, but what if they don’t? And it happens that grandparents also join the dispute and offer their own options. This is how a whole family drama can play out, and the child remains unnamed for some time. There is an opinion that a name cannot be invented before birth, or it is kept secret even from close relatives. Are there any traditions of naming? We often hear congratulations on name days and happy birthdays. Are there differences in the concepts of “birthday” and “name day”?
Thus, it turns out that not everything is so simple, so this topic fascinated us, and we decided to carry out this research.
Target : Show the traditions of naming in folk culture.
Tasks :
- select literature on this issue;
- compare the meaning of the words “name”, “name day”, “birthday”;
- determine the traditions of choosing a name among the Russian people from antiquity to the present day;
- find out how our names were chosen;
Hypothesis : Modern names– these are long-forgotten old names.
Research methods: literature search, description, comparison, conversation.
Names, name days, birthdays...
Meaning of the concept birthday we understand - this is the day on which a person was born.In order to find out the meaning of an unclear word or confirm your guesses, you can consult a dictionary. An encyclopedia is also an excellent help. This is how we found the meaning of the words name and name day. In the electronic encyclopedia it is said that "A name is a part of speech that gives a name to a person (in this case it would be personal name ), usually used to distinguish it from others."
"Name - the personal name of a person given at birth, often in general the personal name of a living being.”This definition is from the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov.
"Name (name, denomination) – the word by which a name is given means an individual, a person. Name of the item, title; animal name, nickname; person's name. in fact, the name, according to the saint, is angelic, godfather, which in old times was not announced; nickname, family name, surname; a nickname given in the family.” This is how V.I. Dal describes this word.
Name day - a calendar day associated with one or more names. It has religious origin, name day is the day of remembrance of some saint , a holiday for a person who baptism named after this saint.
Name day – among Orthodox and Catholics: a personal holiday on the day when the church celebrates the memory of the saint or angel of the same name.
Comparing the definitions, we found general meaning. Name – the name of the person. Name day is the day of remembrance of a saint; name day coincides with the birthday of the person named after the saint.
Naming traditions among different peoples
Have all nations always followed the tradition of choosing a name in accordance with name days? Having studied the literature, we learned that since ancient times, different naming traditions have existed in the cultures of different peoples. We offer the most interesting ones in our opinion.
For example, the names of the Papuans, given to them at birth, it was customary to change them to others when the child grew up and turned into a girl or boy.
Representatives northern peoplesbelieved that the child must be named during the first three days after birth, otherwise the name cannot bring happiness. Other peoples were allowed to name a child only after a cradle had been made for him. Without a name, a child was not allowed into his first home.
In African The tribal naming system is even more interesting. It was believed that the soul of a deceased relative moved into a newborn, so it was important to determine whose soul wished to be born a second time in order to give its name to the child. This is what shamans did. In some tribes, the entire village chose the name of the child.
Tribes inhabiting Australia, They gave the child the name he sneezed on. Here's how it happened: first, the father lists the qualities that he wants to see in his child, then he accompanies his words with a song in which he names names, one of which the newborn must choose for himself. The child receives the name, when pronounced, he sneezes. Interestingly, sometimes they waited for about a day for this sneezing. But what if this is the custom?
An unusual tradition is followed Indians – if a representative of their tribe borrows money from someone, then he must leave his name as collateral. Until he repays the debt, he has no right to bear his name. They do not address him in any way or use gestures and sounds as an address.
In Spain every rich person had the right to 6 names, some could have 12 names, and the highest-ranking persons had an unlimited number of names. Each name was the name of a heavenly protector than more people had a name, that more defenders he had. But for each name the church that gave these names had to be paid. Therefore, the poor could not afford such luxury and used only one or two names.
In many cultures, a person has several names. One of them accompanies the child in childhood, the other during adolescence, and the third is the final, adult name given to a person upon the onset of adulthood. This was the custom among the Indian tribes, as well as in China, where there is a milk name, a school name, a marriage name and even a work name. In the Russian tradition, we also observe that in childhood a child’s, diminutive name is used, then a full name, then a person is called by his first name and patronymic.
Now there is no question of who will name the child. This is usually done by parents. They choose a name according to their taste, sometimes giving a name in honor of a grandmother, grandfather or some other respected and beloved relative. But in the history of the name one can find evidence of who chose the name from different peoples, and it was not always the parents. People often thought that best name Only a stranger, a stranger, can give it to a child. The stranger who named the child was treated with honor, treated very generously, and rewarded with gifts. He played the role of godfather, who every year on his birthday had to give gifts to the child, and on his wedding day he had to give a gun or a horse, which were considered very valuable gifts.
From the history of Russian names
There are three periods in the history of Russian personal names:
- Pre-Christian , when Old Russian names were used.
- Period after Baptism of Rus'when they appeared religious names given in honor of saints;
- Modern the period began after the October Revolution, abolished restrictions on giving religious names. At this time, foreign names appeared in Russia.
Old Russian namesrich in composition. Among the Old Russian names, the following groups stand out:
- Numeric names. First and First, Secondary, Tretiak, Chetvertak, Fifth And Pyatak, Shestak, Semoy and Semak, Osmoy and Osmak, Nine, Tenth. They reflect the order of birth of children in the family.
- Names based on external features, hair and skin color. The names were very commonChernysh, Chernyai, Chernyava, Bel, Belyai, Belyak, Belukha. There were also names associated with body features:Small, Malyuta, Small, Long, Sukhoi, Tolstoy, Golovach, Loban.
- Names associated with character traits, habits and behavior. There were namesFun, Scream, Silent, Unsmiling, Smeyana and Nesmeyana.
- Names that reflected the parents' attitude towards the child: Bogdan and Bogdana, Golub, Lyubava, Zhdan and Nezhdan.
- Names associated with the seasons, in which the child was born:Veshnjak, Winter, Frost.
The adoption of Christianity by Russia (in 988) led to the appearance of completely new names on Russian soil,related to the baptism ceremony: According to Christian tradition, baptism is accompanied by the naming of a person with a Christian name. The child was named after the saint whose name was listed in the Saints on the day of the child’s christening. Saints, or months - this is church calendar indicating holidays and days of remembrance of saints.If these names were not liked, the parents could not go against the will of the church.
- The majority of these names are Greek:Alexander, Gerasim, Anastasia, Varvara, Elena, Tatyana.
- A group of names of Latin origin stands out:Valery, Roman, Valentina.
Third, modern periodin the history of the development of Russian names began afterOctober revolution. Appeared and exchange of Soviet origin.Every citizen had the right to choose any name for himself or his child. Also, any word could become a name. Women most often refused namesMatryona, Evdokia; men - from the names Kuzma, Foma. Names were chosen insteadGalina, Valentina, Nina, and Vladimir, Nikolai, Alexander.Among the new names appeared names derived from the names of plants: Lily, or from geographical names: Irtysh.
Recently, some Old Russian names have returned. This is how names appeared in our villageMatthew, Daniel, Ephraim. It turns out that the new is the long-forgotten old.
We are called Tatyana and Elena
My name is Tatyana . That's what my dad called me. I was born on January 22, close to January 25 - Tatiana's Day, so they gave me that name. I have known about this story for a long time from the stories of my parents. But I didn’t know what the name Tatyana meant until I became interested in this topic. I found information about the name Tatyana in the encyclopedia and learned that Tatyana is one of the most common female names among Russians. According to one version, the name is of Roman origin, according to another, it is Greek. Saint Tatiana is revered in Orthodox Church. The name became widespread in Russia, and from there it appeared in European countries. The name presumably means in Latin “belonging to Tatius,” the legendary king. There is another meaning - “organizer”.
The name Tatyana is very popular in our family. My grandmothers : Dynnik Tatyana Gavrilovna (born March 10), Mitina Tatyana Ivanovna (October 20), Mother Mitina Tatyana Grigorievna (June 14),my cousins: Chernysh Tatyana Yuryevna (June 5), Proskurnya Tatyana Aleksandrovna (September 15), Nestrelya Tatyana Nikolaevna (July 6). I really like the name Tatyana! And in our Khoroshkovo school there are six Tatyanas: three students and three teachers. It becomes clear that the name Tatyana is used at all times: 70, 30, and 10 years ago.
My name Elena is a name of Greek origin. I'm glad to wear it. IN early childhood I liked the name Anna. But I was Elena. I decided that I was named after my mother’s sister and my godmother – Elena Zhukova. I asked my mother the question “Why am I Elena?” It turned out that my dad chose this name for me. And there were several reasons. First of all, dad liked the name. Secondly, dad read the names close to the birthday in the name day book. My birthday on June 5 was close to Elena’s name day - June 3. That's how the little girl became Elena. I learned the meaning of the name in 1st grade during a lesson with Elena Borisovna Shumik. She told all the children the meaning of their names. I also liked that we both have such a beautiful name. There are only two Elenas in our school now. This name means “chosen one, bright one,” the name of a Greek mythical heroine famous for her beauty. There is a meaning of “torch”.
Among my close relatives there are two Elenas. These are my aunts. Elena Zhukova is my mother’s sister. Elena Dzyuba is my dad's sister. I realized that the name Elena is in demand in different periods stories.
On the website “Goroskop.ru” I read about Elena’s character traits and found similarities with myself. “Little Elena loves fairy tales. He keeps himself a little withdrawn, keeps himself apart among children, lives in his own inner world. Very trusting, kind. She can pick up a stray puppy on the street and bring it home. Easily gets carried away by something. Tries to knit, sew, embroider. She likes beauty in things. He has a good memory and does well in all subjects."
We compared our stories and realized that there were a lot of similarities in what we were called. Our dads chose our names. Our birthdays are close to name days. We also found out that our names are popular at all times. And, in our opinion, Elena and Tatyana are the most beautiful names!
Conclusion
It was very interesting for us to learn the traditions of naming in folk culture. We found out that different peoples showed ingenuity in their own way when choosing names for their children. Having studied dictionaries and the electronic encyclopedia, we found definitions of the concepts “name” and “name day”. The study allowed us to compare and understand the differences between these words. Now we know that birthdays do not always coincide with name days. But there are cases when the birthday is close to the name day, and this is the reason for choosing a name for the child. This is how we got our names.
It was fascinating during the conversation to ask relatives about the distribution of the names Elena and Tatyana in our families. It is also important to note that our hypothesis was confirmed; it turned out that the traditions of choosing a name are repeated. Nowadays, names appear that were popular many years ago. But some names have always been popular. These names include our names - Elena and Tatyana.
The word "surname" in Latin means "family". In the general understanding, it is a generic name that indicates the origin of a person from a certain family, which traces its history back to a common ancestor.
In ancient Rome, the word “family” meant a collective of people, consisting of a family of masters and their slaves. Long enough use of this word had a similar meaning in Russia and European countries. Even in the 19th century, some serfs were given the surname of their lord. A little later, the word surname acquired the basic meaning, which is official today.
Each surname consists of a main part, which has a lexical reflection of the past, and is supplemented for euphony with suffixes, prefixes and endings.
The endings usually form adjectival forms, indicating masculine or feminine gender.
Often the ending of a surname is perceived as a stereotype to determine the ethnicity of its owner. It is worth noting that the ending is an unstable part of the word, which may undergo changes over time.
In turn, prefixes in some surnames are an integral part of them. They usually indicate the aristocratic origin of their wearer. They can be written either together or separately with the main part of the family word.
A short list of the use of prefixes in various countries:
- Ter(Armenia) – translated as “lord” or “owner”. This title is placed before the family name and shows the relationship of its owner to the highest Armenian aristocracy or the family of a clergyman.
- Background And Tsu– used in Germany.
- Wang(used in the Netherlands) - is considered a sign of noble origin and shows a geographical relationship to a particular area.
- De, Du And Dez(France) - indicate noble origin.
- ABOUT", Poppy, Le– used in Ireland.
- La And De- used in Italy.
- Du, Yes, Shower– used in Brazil and Portugal.
In a number of Slavic languages, due to morphological features, male and female surnames differ from each other in their form. In Lithuanian, the surname form is different for men, unmarried and married women. In turn, in the Irish language patronymics are used as surnames, which are formed differently for women and men.
The modern understanding of surnames appeared quite late. It was associated with the emergence of the need to regulate inheritance. First it was introduced in Italy, then the process of formation spread to France, England, Germany and Sweden.
In Russia, the emergence of surnames began with nicknames that existed in the Novgorod lands since the 14th century. They were not in general use and became legal only in the 16th century. At first, only boyars and princes had surnames, then they appeared among merchants and nobles. Among the peasants, surnames were established only after the abolition of serfdom.
Most Russian surnames are formed from given names and nicknames. So, for example, Fedor - Fedorov's son - Fedorov or Sidor - Sidorov's son - Sidorov. Less commonly, the origin of the surname was associated with the name of the area (Priozersky from Priozersk). Some surnames originated from the person’s occupation (for example, Rybakov from fisherman). So each surname has its own meaning and history.
According to Russian tradition, when getting married, a woman usually takes the surname of her chosen one. If necessary, she has the right to keep her maiden name or take a double surname (her own and her husband’s), which will be written with a hyphen. Children are usually given their father's last name. If a woman is not married, then her child can be registered under her last name.
In Spain, double surnames are often used, consisting of the father's surname and the mother's surname. In Portugal, in a double surname, the first is the mother's surname, and the second is the father's.
With the advent of Soviet power, the Azerbaijani surnames of many people underwent changes. The endings "ogle", "zade" or "li" were changed to "ov" and "ev" (for example, Mamedli - Mamedov). After Azerbaijan became independent, many decided to return the original historical form of their surnames.
In Germany, surnames appeared in the Middle Ages. One of the components of the surname was the title of nobility, the name of the estate or possession.
In Sweden, until almost the twentieth century, almost all citizens did not have surnames that would be passed on from generation to generation. At birth, the child received the father's patronymic, to which the corresponding prefix was added. The law requiring a permanent surname was adopted in this country only in 1901.
As for Jewish surnames, they are very diverse. A significant part of them reflects the migration path of this people. Many Jews, after their expulsion in 1492 from Portugal and Spain, retained the traditional ending of the country where they lived. Some have surnames that reflect their life in Germany. Among Jews living in the Caucasus or Central Asia, the origin of surnames is associated with the peculiarities of the local dialect or Hebrew roots. There are also a number of surnames associated with the Hebrew language.
In Armenian, the word surname means family name. Despite this, the name of the genus did not immediately appear in the existing perception. Residents of this state lived for a long time in small isolated groups and there was no need to officially assign a surname. If in one settlement there were several people with the same name, then they were distinguished from each other by whose grandchildren they were. Another identification option was nicknames, which reflected some feature of a particular person. Most of the surnames were formed with the arrival of Christianity in Armenia, which was adopted in the 4th century. Some Armenian surnames have inherited Turkish, Armenian and Persian elements. The need for surnames appeared with the development of Armenia and the emergence of cities on its territory. First names appeared among the representatives high society, and then among the peasants.
China has its own system of naming people, which is typical for all East Asian countries. Although there are about seven hundred Chinese surnames, most people in China use only twenty of them. Almost all Chinese surnames are written with one character, and only a few with two. The most common Chinese surnames are Wang, Jang and Li. Women in this country, when getting married, most often leave their last name, and their children are given their husband's last name.
When writing a Chinese first and last name in Russian, a space is usually placed between them. The Chinese naming system also operates in Korea and Vietnam. There are fairly small lists of surname options, such as Baijiaxing, which means “Hundred Surnames.”
In some countries, the surname is not considered a necessary part of a person's full name. For example, in Iceland the surname is actually the patronymic. A similar system was previously popular in other Scandinavian countries.
It is worth noting that Burmese, Tibetans, Amharas and some other nationalities traditionally do not have surnames.
Abkhazia has been influenced by various cultures since ancient times. Representatives of many nationalities lived on its territory. This influenced the formation of Abkhaz names. And yet, Abkhazians remain faithful to their national names to this day.
There are still many controversial issues in the history of the Albanian people; even the meaning of a certain part of the ancient names remains unknown. However, Albanians remain true to their names, receiving a powerful charge of positive energy from them.
How American names different from the names of other English-speaking countries? Why is it so difficult for a foreigner to understand who, a man or a woman, we are talking about? How can we explain so many female names associated with flowers? What else do the names of America say?
Thanks to widespread in English throughout the world, the wealth of English literature - english names quite familiar to our ears. Moreover, there is some similarity between them and Russian names - the melody of pronunciation and the formation of diminutive forms. As in many other languages, the history of the origin of English names became a reflection of historical processes that took place in England.
Traditional Arabic names are very complex. Each element of such a name has a strictly designated purpose. A classic Arabic name can tell a lot of interesting things about its bearer. What is the meaning of modern Arabic names?
National Armenian names, of course, are the symbol that allows representatives of this ancient people to maintain their national unity.
Ancient Armenian names.Some ancient Armenian names that have survived to this day appeared in the pre-Christian era. These are the names of pagan gods (Haik, Anahit, Vahagn), the names of Armenian kings and military leaders (Tigran, Ashot, Gevorg). Many names, both male and female, were formed from the names of various objects, abstract concepts, plants and animals. They call positive emotions– Arevik (sun), Vard (rose), Gohar (diamond), Mkhitar (consolation), Makrui (clean). A special group of names is associated with religion - Arakel (apostle), Sbrui (saint), Mktich (baptist).
Borrowed names.Among the foreign names in the Armenian name book, the most are Persian and biblical borrowings - Suren, Gurgen, Movses (Moses), Soghomon (Solomon). During the Soviet period, Armenians willingly called children Russian names, reinterpreting them in their own way - Valod, Volodik (Vladimir), Serozh, Serzhik (Sergei). This is how they are written in official documents. In the last century, Armenians became fashionable for Western European names. Henry, Edward, Hamlet and Juliet can still be found among Armenians today.
Talking briefly about African names is not an easy task. After all, Africa is a huge continent inhabited different peoples. Nowadays, there are more than three thousand tribal and clan groups that have different traditions, religions, languages, morals, and customs.
African Americans, descendants of slaves taken from Africa several centuries ago, for a long time did not have the opportunity to choose a name for a child “by the call of blood.” They were called by biblical names from the Old Testament. Now they are returning their native national names.
The Aztec culture lasted only 300 years and was swept away by the Spanish conquerors. But thanks to his bright personality and tragic story, it still excites the imagination. The mysterious names of the Aztecs contribute to this to a large extent.
The Bible is the most read and most quoted book in the world. Therefore, each of us is familiar with the names mentioned in it. But few people thought about the meaning of these ancient names. But all the biblical male and female names have a deep meaning and contain a fairly complete description of their first bearers. First of all, this concerns Hebrew names. In classical Hebrew, words have hidden content and are associated with the essence of objects and phenomena. The similarity between the essence of a person and the name he bears distinguishes many biblical names.
Perhaps no Slavic people has preserved as many ancient names as in Bulgaria. The history of the origin of most Bulgarian names has Slavic roots - Zhivko (living), Iveylo (wolf), Lyuben (love), Iskra, Rositsa (dew), Snezhana (snow woman). Two-part names are still very popular - Krasimir, Lyubomir, Vladimir, Borislava, Desislava. Favorite national names are found in the most different options, many new names are formed from the same root. For example, “zora” (zorya, star) – Zoran, Zorana, Zorina, Zorka, Zoritsa. And how many “joyful” names are there - Radan, Radana, Radko, Radka, Radoy, Radoil, Radostin and simply Radost.
When we talk about Holland, we invariably remember tulips, mills, cheese and, of course, Dutch surnames, which are easily recognizable all over the world by the prefixes -van, -van der, -de. And few people know that names in the Netherlands not only appeared much earlier than surnames, but are still more important for the Dutch.
Irina, Alexey, Tamara, Kirill, Alexander, Polina and many other names have become so familiar, “ours”, that it’s hard to believe in their “overseas” origin. Meanwhile, these are names born before our era and imbued with the spirit ancient Hellas. We can say with complete confidence that Greek names are the soul of the people. For example, many male Greek names reflect the idea of the inevitability of fate, and their male bearers in our time not only see the “hand of providence” in all events, but are also ready to fight circumstances and are not afraid of the intensity of passions.
Why are Greek names popular?The mystical power and enormous popularity of Greek names lies in their origin story. Some of them originate from ancient mythology– Aphrodite, Odysseas, Pinelopi. Others are associated with Christian values - Georgios, Vasilios. Hebrew and Latin names easily adapted to Greek pronunciation - Ioannis, Konstantinos. Most male and female ancient Greek names had an analogue of the opposite sex, some forms have survived to this day - Eugene-Eugene, Vasily-Vasilisa.
Greek names are surprisingly melodic and characterized by positive energy - Eleni (bright), Partheonis (chaste), Chryseis (golden). In the rich nomenclature of the Greeks, there was also a place for foreign borrowings, which had to slightly change their sound, for example, Robertos. And each official name has a colloquial form (Ioannis-Yannis, Emmanuel-Manolis).
The meaning of a large group of ancient Georgian names is associated with the languages of numerous ethnographic groups of Georgians - Khevsurs, Pshavs, Imeretians, Mingrelians, Svans, Gurians. Folk names formed from various concepts and common nouns.
Dagestan is a country of mountains. This small territory is inhabited by Avars, Dargins, Kumyks, Lezgins, Chechens and other mountain peoples who speak more than thirty languages. But, despite such a number of languages, the system of names of all Dagestan peoples is largely the same.
In Jewish names special story, and it is connected with difficult fate of this ancient people.
Most of the ancient Jewish names have survived to this day thanks to their mention in the Old Testament. There are more than two thousand of them in the Bible. Many male names were formed from various names of God - Michael, Tsurishaddai, Yohanan. Sometimes theophoric names mean entire concepts - Israel (God-fighter), Elnatan (God gave).
Not all biblical names have religious connotations. Like many other peoples, a separate group of Jewish names highlights some attribute of a person - Yedida (sweet), Barzilai (hard as iron) or correlates with plants and animals - Rachel (sheep), Tamar (palm tree), Deborah (bee) ).
Even in Old Testament times, Jews had names borrowed from the languages of neighboring peoples. The Chaldeans “gave” Bebai and Atlay to the Jews, and the Babylonians - Mordechai. In Jewish families one could find Greek and Roman names - Antigonus, Julius. And Alexander, popular in many countries, became Sender among the Jews.
As Jews became scattered throughout the world, some Hebrew names were forced to adapt to the indigenous languages. In Arab countries, Abraham turned into Ibrahim, David into Daud. In Georgia, Yosef became Joseph, in Western Europe, Moshe became Moises. In Russia, many Jews used Russian names, which were close in pronunciation to traditional Jewish names - Boris-Berl, Grigory-Gersh, Lev-Leib. And such ancient Jewish names as Sarah, Dina, Solomon, Anna, Tamara, Elizabeth, Zakhar have long become international.
Many Indians name their children with names or epithets of gods. This is how they invoke divine mercy on their child. But in addition to the personal name, there is also a collective name. How can one determine the caste affiliation of a resident of India using this name?
At the end of the last century, Spanish names literally poured into our lives from television screens. The craze for Mexican and Brazilian TV series has led to Russia having its own Luis Alberto, Dolores and, of course, “just Maria.” It’s no wonder that some Russian parents liked the exotic names, as if filled with the hot sun. Another question is how such a Luis Alberto lives among the Pets and Fedorovs.
It remains a mystery whether it is the life-loving Italians who make their names so attractive, or whether the Italian name endows its bearers with positive energy. One way or another, but Italian names have a special charm and warmth. Perhaps the secret is that almost all Italian names end with a vowel. This gives them melodiousness and melody.
Meaning of Latin names.Most Italian names have ancient origins. Latin names were a distinctive sign of a person - Flavio (blond), Luca (who came from Lucania). Commoners received names derived from the titles of their owners - Tessa (countess), Regina (queen). Names such as Elena and Ippolito were borrowed from the myths of Ancient Greece, and Western European peoples enriched the Italian naming book with their names, rearranged in the Italian way - Arduino, Theobaldo.
Traditions of Italian naming.Christianity not only brought some Hebrew and Arabic names to the Italians, but also forbade calling children “barbarian” names. The name for the newborn could only be chosen from the Catholic calendar, and the same names in the same family were repeated from generation to generation. This was due to the fact that children were traditionally named after their maternal and paternal ancestors. This custom has survived to this day. It led to the appearance of many derivative names in the Italian nomenclature. For example, Antonio - Antonello, Antonino, Giovanna - Giovanella, Ianella, Janella.
In any Kazakh family, the birth of a child is a big holiday. Therefore, the choice of a name for a newborn has always been treated with responsibility. Traditionally, the name was chosen by the grandfather or a respected person so that the baby would grow up to be a worthy person.
Modern Azerbaijani names are diverse in their origin and meaning. In religious families, children are most often called Muslim names. According to folk tradition, children are given the names of respected people, prominent figures, and literary heroes.
Chinese names are called personal characteristics a person, distinguish him from the numerous members of the collective name. Traditionally, male Chinese names celebrate masculine character traits, military prowess, and intelligence. What do women's names emphasize?
Classic male Roman names were a reflection of the way of life and traditions of Ancient Rome. All of them consisted of at least two parts - a personal and family name. Sometimes personal nicknames or names of branches of the main genus were added to them.
The name for Lithuanians at all times was keyword to determine a person's identity. In ancient times, each of the Lithuanian names had its own individual meaning. If the name given at birth did not fit with the character or behavior of its bearer, then a nickname was chosen for him, reflecting internal and external qualities - Juodgalvis (black-headed), Majulis (small), Kupryus (humpbacked), Vilkas (wolf), Jaunutis (young).
Muslim names are a special layer of names that are permitted by Sharia law. Most of them are of Arabic origin, but there are names with Turkic and Persian roots.
Male Muslim names.In Muslim countries, there are certain rules that are strictly observed when choosing a name for a child. Allah has 99 names, but man cannot bear the name of God. Therefore, the prefix “abd” (slave) is added to the names - Abdullah (slave of Allah). The names of prophets and their companions are traditionally popular among Muslims - Muhammad, Isa, Musa. At the same time, Shiites do not recognize the names of the caliphs who came to power after the Prophet Muhammad (Umar), and Sunnis do not name children after the names of Shiite imams (Jawad, Kazim). Naturally, everything said concerns male Muslim names.
Female Muslim names.Women's Muslim names captivate with their melody. According to custom, names for girls should delight the ear with a harmonious sound and emphasize the beauty and virtues of the fair sex. Women are compared to flowers (Yasmine-jasmine), the moon (Ayla-lunar-like), they are distinguished visual appeal(Alsu is beautiful). But the most popular Muslim female names remain the names of the mother of the Prophet Isa - Maryam, the wives and daughters of the Prophet Muhammad - Aisha, Fatima, Zeinab.
In German families, when choosing a name for a newborn, they strictly observe simple rules. The name must indicate gender and cannot be fictitious. Indeed, why invent non-existent names when there is already a large selection. Moreover, the law does not limit the number of registered names, and some parents give up to ten of them to their beloved child. Moreover, short forms of the name, for example, Katya, can be considered official.
Ancient German names.The oldest German names appeared before our era. As in other languages, they described virtues and character traits people - Adolf (noble wolf), Karl (brave), Ludwig (famous in battle). In modern German There are only a few such names left, about two hundred. From the second half of the 8th century, Christian names gradually began to gain more and more popularity. Children are increasingly called by biblical names of Hebrew, Greek or Roman origin. At the same time, the actual German names associated with religion appeared - Gotthold (power of God).
Borrowings.The close ties of the Germans with other peoples brought borrowings from languages into German culture Western Europe and even the Russian language. German parents give their children the names of famous actors and show business stars. Nowadays in Germany, original foreign names often become popular, which do not always comply with the laws of German spelling. So, Gertrude is next to Natasha, and Hans is next to Lucas. But traditional German names have always “won” over extravagant inclusions.
The history of the origin of Polish names, like others Slavic peoples, has its roots in the pre-Christian era. Early Polish names arose from common nouns, which were essentially nicknames for people - Wilk (wolf), Kowal (blacksmith), Goly (naked). A child was often named in honor of a deceased relative, so some names were passed down from generation to generation and became entrenched in the popular name book. The division of society into classes singled out the nobility. In this environment popular names, formed from two components (Vladislav, Casimir), which are still found in our time.
In Ancient Rome, the attitude towards names was more than serious. There was even a saying: “Names are not to be made public.” Therefore, the Roman priests avoided pronouncing the names of the patron gods of Rome - enemies would recognize these names and lure the gods to themselves. And slaves did not have the right to tell the name of their master to a stranger.
The vast majority of Russian names, so familiar to our ears, actually do not have Slavic roots. They appeared in Russian names during the period of the establishment of Christianity in Rus'. And, oddly enough, the original Slavic names were almost completely forced out of use. What did our distant ancestors call each other?
Ancient pagan names.The pagan Slavs lived in harmony with nature, believed in the existence of souls in plants and animals, and endowed mystical power natural phenomena. The name served not only to distinguish people. These were personal amulet, and human characteristics. To discourage " evil spirits", the child was often given an unsightly name - Kriv, Zloba. The affectionate name that the parents called the child was kept secret so that no one could use it to spoil the baby. As a teenager, when some of his personal qualities, a new name was assigned. Children were called names from the plant and animal world (Wolf, Nut). IN large families the name indicated the order of birth - Pervak, Nine. The names assessed the personality and appearance of their bearers - Durak, Krasava, Malusha. Old Slavonic names and nicknames have long disappeared from use, but at one time they became the basis for the formation of surnames - Volkov, Durakov, Karasin.
Russian names with Slavic roots.Ancient names, consisting of two bases, which were originally the privilege of princely families, continue to live in the modern world - Yaroslav, Svyatoslav, Miroslava. Already in Christian Rus', the female names Vera, Nadezhda and Lyubov, popular at all times, were born. This is a direct translation of the Greek words pistis, elpis and agape (faith, hope, love). The Slavic names Olga, Oleg, Igor were included in the calendar, their use was legalized by the church.
Serbs are a South Slavic people who, despite the centuries-old domination of the Ottoman Empire, were able to maintain national culture and language. Serbian names testify to this. The history of the origin of most Serbian names has Slavic roots.
The warlike nature of the numerous tribes that inhabited the lands of Scandinavia in ancient times left its mark on the origin and meaning of most Scandinavian names. Even the custom of naming itself was quite harsh - the father had every right to recognize the newborn as a member of the family and give him a name in honor of his ancestors or abandon the baby.
Many ancient Scandinavian names are derived from common nouns that name distinctive features of a person, the names of animals, objects, or abstract concepts. Such nicknames could change as a new individual characteristic appeared.
The rich mythology of the Scandinavians also could not remain aloof from the peculiar “fashion” for names - children were willingly named after mythical heroes. Even women's names often had a menacing connotation - Hilda (battle), Ragnhild (battle of the defenders). Most of these names have two stems, which makes them similar to the ancient ones Slavic names– Vigmarr (glorious war), Alfhild (battle of the elves).
The adherence of the Scandinavian peoples to their national names, which came from time immemorial, is worthy of respect. Even the spread of Christianity and the power of the church could not supplant patriarchal names. In the Middle Ages, a child could generally be baptized under any pagan name. Even later, the baptismal name remained secret, and in everyday life people used familiar old names. And representatives of the military elite even called only illegitimate children by Christian names.
Soviet names that have become fashionable among residents Soviet Union in the first half of the twentieth century, they amaze with their “originality”. It is impossible to imagine that now anyone would want to name their son Uryuvkos or Jarek. What do these names mean?
It so happened that the Tatar people “responded” to almost every historical event by forming or borrowing new names.
Pagan names were common to everyone Turkic peoples roots. Usually they indicated belonging to one or another clan and social status people - Ilbuga (homeland of the bull), Arslan (lion), Altynbike (golden princess).
In the 10th century, Islam began to spread among the ancestors of today’s Tatars, and Arabic and Persian names became stronger in the Tatar name book. Some of them undergo changes to adapt to Tatar language- Gabdulla, Gali. Women's ones are still especially popular today. Tatar names Arabic origin. They are filled with positive energy and have a melodic sound - Latifa (beautiful), Valiya (saint).
In Soviet times, there was no longer a need to name children only with Muslim names; ancient names of Turkic-Bulgar origin - Aidar, Chulpan, Bulat - reappeared in everyday life. And outdated names (Chanysh, Bikmulla) were replaced by new ones - Leysan, Azat. In many Tatar families, children began to be called by European and Slavic names - Svetlana, Marat, Rosa, Eduard.
Tatar names great amount. Their diversity is associated not only with extensive borrowing, but with creative imagination Tatar people. This manifested itself in the formation of new names with components from different languages– Zhantimer (Persian-Turkic-Tatar), Shahnazar (Arabic-Persian). Female analogues of male names appeared - Ilhamiya, Farida. Despite the fact that the meanings of many Tatar names are difficult to determine, they are remembered for their beauty and originality.
In the Turkish naming book, names of various origins and meanings occupy a worthy place. Muslim families try to name their children by the names mentioned in the Koran. Folk names have beautiful sound and interesting meaning.
Turkic names are an ancient mirror that reflects the Turkic ideas about the world, their way of life, and relations in society. Names tell about the warlike character of their bearers, who the Turks worshiped, and what character traits they valued.
Uzbek names amaze with their diversity, bizarre construction patterns and multifaceted meanings. To some, these names may seem exotic and unusual. Their true meaning becomes clear if we consider the history of the origin of Uzbek names as a reflection of the way of life, traditions and customs of the people.
Ukrainian names differ little from Russian and Belarusian names and have a similar history of origin. This is explained by the historical community of the East Slavic peoples, close traditions and a common faith.
The history of the origin of ancient Finnish names is closely connected with the Finns’ subtle perception of nature. In the old days, names were formed from the names of objects and phenomena of the surrounding world - Ilma (air), Kuura (frost), Villa (grain), Suvi (summer). Until the 16th century, the Finns did not have their own written language, and the Finnish language was considered the language of the common people until the middle of the 19th century. Folk names were passed on from mouth to mouth, forgotten over time, and were replaced by new names borrowed from other peoples.
Oh, these luxurious ones French names! How they fascinated Russian society in the 19th century. All you had to do was change the name a little and put the emphasis on the last syllable, and the rustic Masha turned into the sophisticated Marie, and the bumpkin Vasya into the aristocrat Basil. At the same time, few people knew that French names, in fact, are “foreigners” in their homeland. Their origin is related to historical events, which led to numerous borrowings from the name books of various ancient tribes and peoples.
Historical borrowings of French names.Since ancient times, on the territory of France, the population has used Celtic (Bridget, Alain-Alain), Greek and Hebrew names (Dion, Eva). The Romans left their family names (Marc, Valerie) as a “legacy” to the French. And after the German invasion, German names appeared in the name book (Alphonse, Gilbert). In the 18th century, the Catholic Church prohibited naming children with names not included in the Catholic naming calendar. The choice of names for French newborns has become limited, and borrowing has ceased.
In modern France, these restrictions have been lifted, and parents are free to choose any name they like for their child. Foreign names have become popular again - Tom, Lucas, Sarah. The French are quite warm towards Russian names, using them in a short form. Calling a little French girl Tanya or Sonya is especially chic. How to pronounce a Russian name with a “French pronunciation” in Russia.
Gypsies living in different countries not only preserve their traditions, but also have to adapt to different cultures and languages. This determines the complex system of gypsy names and the history of their origin. In the modern world, every Roma has an official first and last name, registered in their passport in full accordance with the laws and customs of the country of residence. But along with the official name, it is customary for Gypsies to have their own, Gypsy, “internal” or “secular” name. “Secular” names can be divided into proper Gypsy names, foreign names adapted to Gypsy culture, and directly borrowed names from other languages.
Nowadays, the vast majority of Chechens try to adhere to established traditions when choosing a name for a child. 90% of modern Chechen names are of Arabic origin. At the same time, borrowed Russian and Western names, mostly female, sometimes “penetrate” the Chechen name book. Some of them are even short form names - Lisa, Sasha, Zhenya, Raisa, Tamara, Rosa, Louise, Zhanna.
The history of the origin of Scottish names is like a mosaic. Each period of the difficult, eventful life of the Scottish people left its mark on the names. The most ancient population of Scotland - the legendary Picts, representatives of the Celtic tribes (Scotts and Gaels), Roman conquerors - all of them influenced the composition and meaning of Scottish names.
The Yakuts have always been very responsible when choosing a name for a child. Their names became the parents' wish to see their children strong, healthy and happy. If the name did not match the character or appearance, the person received a new name.
The choice of names for newborns is unlimited. Parents can create any name for their child. The main thing is that you can only use permitted hieroglyphs, of which there are about two thousand. How did the ancient samurai clan influence the formation of new names?