OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION
Modern methods oil extraction was preceded by primitive methods:
Collection of oil from the surface of reservoirs;
Treatment of sandstone or limestone impregnated with oil;
Extracting oil from pits and wells.
Collection of oil from the surface of open water bodies - this is apparently one of the oldest methods of extracting it. It was used in Media, Assyro-Babylonia and Syria BC, in Sicily in the 1st century AD, etc. In Russia, oil production by collecting it from the surface of the Ukhta River was organized in 1745 by F.S. Pryadunov. In 1858 on the island. Cheleken and in 1868 in the Kokand Khanate, oil was collected in ditches by constructing a dam from boards. American Indians, when they discovered oil on the surface of lakes and streams, placed a blanket on the water to absorb the oil, and then squeezed it into a container.
Processing of sandstone or limestone impregnated with oil, for the purpose of its extraction, they were first described by the Italian scientist F. Ariosto in the 15th century: near Modena in Italy, oil-containing soils were crushed and heated in boilers; they were then placed in bags and pressed using a press. In 1819, in France, oil-bearing layers of limestone and sandstone were developed by mining. The mined rock was placed in a vat filled with hot water. When stirred, oil floated to the surface of the water and was collected with a bailer. In 1833...1845 On the shores of the Sea of Azov, sand soaked in oil was mined. Then it was placed in pits with a sloping bottom and watered. Oil washed out of the sand was collected from the surface of the water with tufts of grass.
Oil extraction from pits and wells also known since ancient times. In Kissia - the ancient region between Assyria and Media - in the 5th century. BC Oil was extracted using leather buckets - waterskins.
In Ukraine, the first mentions of oil production date back to the beginning of the 17th century. To do this, they dug pits 1.5...2 m deep, into which oil leaked along with water. Then the mixture was collected in barrels, sealed at the bottom with stoppers. When lighter oil floated, the plugs were removed and the settled water was drained. By 1840, the depth of the digging holes reached 6 m, and later oil began to be extracted from wells about 30 m deep.
On the Kerch and Taman peninsulas, oil production since ancient times was carried out using a pole to which felt or a bun made of horse tail hair was tied. They were lowered into the well, and then the oil was squeezed out into the prepared container.
On the Absheron Peninsula, oil production from wells has been known since the 8th century. AD During their construction, a hole was first torn off like an inverted (inverted) cone all the way to the oil reservoir. Then ledges were made on the sides of the pit: with an average depth of immersion of the cone of 9.5 m - at least seven. The average amount of earth removed when digging such a well was about 3100 m3. Next, the walls of the wells from the very bottom to the surface were secured with a wooden frame or boards. Holes were made in the lower crowns for the flow of oil. It was drawn from wells using wineskins, which were raised with a hand winch or with the help of a horse.
In his report on a trip to the Absheron Peninsula in 1735, Dr. I. Lerche wrote: “... in Balakhany there were 52 oil deposits with a depth of 20 fathoms (1 fathom = 2.1 m), some of which hit hard, and every year deliver 500 batmans of oil..." (1 batman = 8.5 kg). According to academician S.G. Amelina (1771) the depth of oil wells in Balakhany reached 40...50 m, and the diameter or side of the square section of the well was 0.7...! m.
In 1803, the Baku merchant Kasymbek built two oil wells in the sea at a distance of 18 and 30 m from the shore of Bibi-Heybat. The wells were protected from water by a box made of tightly knit boards. Oil has been extracted from them for many years. In 1825, during a storm, the wells were broken and flooded by the waters of the Caspian Sea.
By the time of the signing of the Gulistan Peace Treaty between Russia and Persia (December 1813), when the Baku and Derbent khanates joined our country, on the Absheron Peninsula there were 116 wells with black oil and one with “white” oil, annually yielding about 2,400 tons of this valuable product. In 1825, 4,126 tons of oil were already extracted from wells in the Baku region.
With the well method, the technology for extracting oil has not changed for centuries. But already in 1835, an official of the Fallendorf mining department in Taman first used a pump to pump oil through a lowered wooden pipe. A number of technical improvements are associated with the name of mining engineer N.I. Voskoboynikova. To reduce the volume of excavation work, he proposed constructing oil wells in the form of a mine shaft, and in 1836...1837. carried out the reconstruction of the entire oil storage and distribution system in Baku and Balakhani. But one of the main affairs of his life was the drilling of the world's first oil well in 1848.
For a long time, oil extraction through well drilling in our country was treated with prejudice. It was believed that since the cross-section of the well is smaller than that of an oil well, then the flow of oil to the wells is significantly less. At the same time, it was not taken into account that the depth of the wells is much greater, and the labor intensity of their construction is less.
My negative role played by the statement of academician G.V., who visited Baku in 1864. Abiha that oil drilling here does not live up to expectations, and that “... both theory and experience equally confirm the opinion about the need to increase the number of wells...”
A similar opinion existed regarding drilling in the United States for some time. Thus, in the area where E. Drake drilled his first oil well, it was believed that “oil is a liquid flowing in drops from the coal lying in the nearby hills, that it is useless to drill the earth to extract it, and that the only way to collect it is to dig trenches.” , where it would accumulate.”
Nevertheless practical results well drilling gradually changed this opinion. In addition, statistical data on the influence of well depth on oil production indicated the need to develop drilling: in 1872, the average daily oil production from one well with a depth of 10...11 m was 816 kg, in 14...16 m - 3081 kg, and with a depth of over 20 m - already 11,200 kg.
When operating wells, oil producers sought to transfer them to flowing mode, because this was the easiest way to get it. The first powerful oil gusher in Balakhany occurred in 1873 at the Khalafi site. In 1878, a large oil gusher was produced by a well drilled in the Z.A. Tagiyev in Bibi-Heybat. In 1887, 42% of the oil in Baku was produced by the flowing method.
The forced extraction of oil from wells led to the rapid depletion of oil-bearing layers adjacent to their trunk, and the rest (most) of it remained in the depths. In addition, due to the lack of a sufficient number of storage facilities, significant oil losses occurred already on the surface of the earth. Thus, in 1887, 1,088 thousand tons of oil were thrown out by fountains, and only 608 thousand tons were collected. Vast oil lakes formed in the areas around the fountains, where the most valuable fractions were lost as a result of evaporation. The weathered oil itself became unsuitable for processing and was burned. Stagnant oil lakes burned for many days in a row.
Oil was extracted from wells in which the pressure was insufficient to flow out, using cylindrical buckets up to 6 m long. A valve was installed in their bottom that opened when the bucket moved down and closed under the weight of the extracted liquid when the bucket pressed upward. The method of extracting oil using bailers was called Tartan
First experiments on application of deep-well pumps for oil production were carried out in the USA in 1865. In Russia, this method began to be used in 1876. However, the pumps quickly became clogged with sand and oil industrialists continued to give preference to the bailer. Of all the known methods of oil extraction, tartar remained the main one: in 1913, 95% of all oil was extracted with its help.
Nevertheless, engineering thought did not stand still. In the 70s of the XIX century. V.G. Shukhov suggested compressor method of oil production by supplying compressed air into the well (air lift). This technology was tested in Baku only in 1897. Another method of oil production - gas lift - was proposed by M.M. Tikhvinsky in 1914
Natural gas outlets from natural sources have been used by man since time immemorial. Later, natural gas obtained from wells and boreholes found application. In 1902, the first well was drilled in Sura-Khany near Baku, producing industrial gas from a depth of 207 m.
Modern methods of oil extraction were preceded by primitive methods:
collection of oil from the surface of reservoirs;
processing of sandstone or limestone impregnated with oil;
extraction of oil from pits and wells.
Collecting oil from the surface of open water bodies is apparently one of the oldest methods of its extraction. It was used in Media, Assyro-Babylonia and Syria BC, in Sicily in the 1st century AD, etc. In Russia, oil was extracted by collecting it from the surface of the Ukhta River in 1745. organized by F.S. Pryadunov. In 1868, in the Kokand Khanate, oil was collected in ditches by creating a dam from boards. American Indians, when they discovered oil on the surface of lakes and streams, placed a blanket on the water to absorb the oil, and then squeezed it into a container.
Treatment of oil-impregnated sandstone or limestone, for the purpose of its extraction, were first described by the Italian scientist F. Ariosto in the 15th century: near Modena in Italy, oil-containing soils were crushed and heated in boilers; they were then placed in bags and pressed using a press. In 1819, in France, oil-bearing layers of limestone and sandstone were developed by mining. The mined rock was placed in a vat filled with hot water. When stirred, oil floated to the surface of the water and was collected with a bailer. In 1833-1845. On the shores of the Sea of Azov, sand soaked in oil was mined. Then it was placed in pits with a sloping bottom and watered. Oil washed out of the sand was collected from the surface of the water with tufts of grass.
Oil extraction from pits and wells also known since ancient times. In Kissia - the ancient region between Assyria and Media - in the 5th century. BC Oil was extracted using leather buckets called waterskins.
In Ukraine, the first mentions of oil production date back to the beginning of the 15th century. To do this, they dug pits 1.5-2 m deep, into which oil leaked along with water. Then the mixture was collected in barrels, sealed at the bottom with stoppers. When lighter oil floated, the plugs were removed and the settled water was drained. By 1840, the depth of the digging holes reached 6 m, and later oil began to be extracted from wells about 30 m deep.
On the Kerch and Taman peninsulas, oil production since ancient times was carried out using a pole to which felt or a bun made of horse tail hair was tied. They were lowered into the well, and then the oil was squeezed out into the prepared container.
On the Absheron Peninsula, oil production from wells has been known since the 13th century. AD During their construction, a hole was first torn off like an inverted (inverted) cone all the way to the oil reservoir. Then ledges were made on the sides of the pit: with an average depth of immersion of the cone of 9.5 m, at least seven. The average amount of earth removed when digging such a well was about 3100 m 3; then the walls of the wells from the very bottom to the surface were secured with a wooden frame or boards. Holes were made in the lower crowns for the influx of oil. It was drawn from wells using wineskins, which were raised with a hand winch or with the help of a horse.
In his report on a trip to the Absheron Peninsula in 1735, Dr. I. Lerche wrote: “... In Balakhany there were 52 oil deposits with a depth of 20 fathoms (1 fathom - 2.1 m), of which some hit hard, and are delivered annually 500 batmans of oil...” (1 batman 8.5 kg). According to academician S.G. Amelina (1771) the depth of oil wells in Balakhany reached 40-50 m, and the diameter or side of the square section of the well was 0.7-1 m.
In 1803, the Baku merchant Kasymbek built two oil wells in the sea at a distance of 18 and 30 m from the shore of Bibi-Heybat. The wells were protected from water by a box made of tightly knit boards. Oil has been extracted from them for many years. In 1825, during a storm, the wells were broken and flooded by the waters of the Caspian Sea.
With the well method, the technology for extracting oil has not changed for centuries. But already in 1835, an official of the Fallendorf mining department in Taman first used a pump to pump oil through a lowered wooden pipe. A number of technical improvements are associated with the name of mining engineer N.I. Voskoboynikova. To reduce the volume of excavation work, he proposed constructing oil wells in the form of a mine shaft, and in 1836-1837. carried out the reconstruction of the entire oil storage and supply system in Baku and Balakhani. But one of the main affairs of his life was the drilling of the world's first oil well in 1848.
For a long time, oil extraction through well drilling in our country was treated with prejudice. It was believed that since the cross-section of the well is smaller than that of an oil well, then the flow of oil to the wells is significantly less. At the same time, it was not taken into account that the depth of the wells is much greater, and the labor intensity of their construction is less.
When operating wells, oil producers sought to transfer them to flowing mode, because this was the easiest way to get it. The first powerful oil gusher in Balakhany occurred in 1873 at the Khalafi site. In 1887, 42% of the oil in Baku was produced by the flowing method.
The forced extraction of oil from wells led to the rapid depletion of oil-bearing layers adjacent to their trunk, and the rest (most) of it remained in the depths. In addition, due to the lack of a sufficient number of storage facilities, significant oil losses occurred already on the surface of the earth. Thus, in 1887, 1,088 thousand tons of oil were thrown out by fountains, and only 608 thousand tons were collected. Vast oil lakes formed in the areas around the fountains, where the most valuable fractions were lost as a result of evaporation. The weathered oil itself became unsuitable for processing and was burned. Stagnant oil lakes burned for many days in a row.
Oil was extracted from wells in which the pressure was insufficient to flow out, using cylindrical buckets up to 6 m long. A valve was installed in their bottom that opened when the bucket moved down and closed under the weight of the extracted liquid when the bucket pressed upward. The method of extracting oil using bailers was called tartan,V 1913, 95% of all oil was extracted with its help.
However, engineering thought did not stand still. In the 70s of the 19th century. V.G. Shukhov suggested compressor method of oil production by supplying compressed air into the well (air lift). This technology was tested in Baku only in 1897. Another method of oil production - gas lift - was proposed by M.M. Tikhvinsky in 1914
Natural gas outlets from natural sources have been used by man since time immemorial. Later, natural gas obtained from wells and boreholes found application. In 1902, the first well was drilled in Surakhani near Baku, producing industrial gas from a depth of 207 m.
In the development of the oil industry Five main stages can be distinguished:
Stage I (before 1917) – pre-revolutionary period;
Stage II (from 1917 to 1941) period before the Great Patriotic War;
Stage III (from 1941 to 1945) – the period of the Great Patriotic War;
Stage IV (from 1945 to 1991) – the period before the collapse of the USSR;
Stage V (since 1991) – modern period.
Pre-revolutionary period. Oil has been known in Russia for a long time. Back in the 16th century. Russian merchants traded Baku oil. Under Boris Godunov (16th century), the first oil produced on the Ukhta River was delivered to Moscow. Since the word “oil” entered the Russian language only at the end of the 18th century, it was then called “thick burning water.”
In 1813, the Baku and Derbent khanates with their richest oil resources were annexed to Russia. This event had a great influence on the development of the Russian oil industry over the next 150 years.
Another large oil production area in pre-revolutionary Russia was Turkmenistan. It has been established that black gold was mined in the Nebit-Dag area about 800 years ago. In 1765 on the island. Cheleken had 20 oil wells with a total annual production of about 64 tons per year. According to the Russian explorer of the Caspian Sea N. Muravyov, in 1821 the Turkmens sent about 640 tons of oil to Persia by boat. In 1835 she was taken from the island. Cheleken more than from Baku, although it was the Absheron Peninsula that was the object of increased attention from oil industrialists.
The development of the oil industry in Russia began in 1848.
In 1957, the Russian Federation accounted for more than 70% of the oil produced, and Tatarstan took first place in the country in oil production.
The main event of this period was the discovery and start of development of the richest oil fields in Western Siberia. Back in 1932, Academician I.M. Gubkin expressed the idea of the need to begin systematic searches for oil on the eastern slope of the Urals. First, information was collected on observations of natural oil seeps (the Bolshoy Yugan, Belaya, etc. rivers). In 1935 Geological exploration parties began working here, which confirmed the presence of oil-like substances. However, there was no Big Oil. Exploration work continued until 1943, and then was resumed in 1948. Only in 1960 was the Shaimskoye oil field discovered, followed by the Megionskoye, Ust-Balykskoye, Surgutskoye, Samotlorskoye, Varieganskoye, Lyantorskoye, Kholmogorskoye, and others. The beginning of industrial oil production in Western Siberia is considered to be 1965, when about 1 million tons were produced. Already in 1970, oil production here amounted to 28 million tons, and in 1981 - 329.2 million tons. Western Siberia became the main oil-producing region of the country, and the USSR came out on top in the world in oil production.
In 1961, the first oil fountains were produced at the Uzen and Zhetybai fields in Western Kazakhstan (Mangyshlak Peninsula). Their industrial development began in 1965. Only in these two fields, recoverable oil reserves amounted to several hundred million tons. The problem was that Mangyshlak oils were highly paraffinic and had a pour point of +30...33 °C. Nevertheless, in 1970, oil production on the peninsula was increased to several million tons.
The systematic growth of oil production in the country continued until 1984. In 1984-85. There was a drop in oil production. In 1986-87 it grew again, reaching its maximum. However, starting in 1989, oil production began to decline.
Modern period. After the collapse of the USSR, the decline in oil production in Russia continued. In 1992 it amounted to 399 million tons, in 1993 - 354 million tons, in 1994 - 317 million tons, in 1995 - 307 million tons.
The continued decline in oil production is due to the fact that the influence of a number of objective and subjective negative factors has not been eliminated.
Firstly, the raw material base of the industry has deteriorated. The degree of involvement in the development and depletion of deposits by region is very high. In the North Caucasus, 91.0% of proven oil reserves are involved in development, and the depletion of fields is 81.5%. In the Ural-Volga region these figures are 88.0% and 69.1%, respectively, in the Komi Republic - 69.0% and 48.6%, in Western Siberia - 76.8% and 33.6%.
Secondly, the increase in oil reserves due to newly discovered fields has decreased. Due to a sharp decrease in funding, geological exploration organizations have reduced the volume of geophysical work and prospecting drilling. This led to a decrease in the number of newly discovered fields. So, if in 1986-90. oil reserves in newly discovered fields amounted to 10.8 million tons, then in 1991-95. - only 3.8 million tons.
Thirdly, the water cut of the produced oil is high. This means that with the same costs and volumes of formation fluid production, less and less oil is produced.
Fourthly, the costs of restructuring affect. As a result of the breakdown of the old economic mechanism, rigid centralized management of the industry was eliminated, and a new one is still being created. The resulting imbalance in prices for oil, on the one hand, and for equipment and materials, on the other, complicated the technical equipment of the fields. But this is necessary right now, when most of the equipment has expired, and many fields require a transition from the flowing method of production to the pumping method.
Finally, numerous miscalculations made in past years are taking their toll. Thus, in the 70s it was believed that oil reserves in our country were inexhaustible. In accordance with this, the emphasis was placed not on the development of their own types of industrial production, but on the purchase of finished industrial goods abroad using the currency received from the sale of oil. Huge amounts of money were spent on maintaining the appearance of prosperity in Soviet society. The oil industry received minimal funding.
On the Sakhalin shelf back in the 70-80s. Large deposits were discovered, which have not yet been put into operation. Meanwhile, they are guaranteed a huge market in the countries of the Asia-Pacific region.
What are the future prospects for the development of the domestic oil industry?
There is no unambiguous assessment of oil reserves in Russia. Various experts give figures for the volume of recoverable reserves from 7 to 27 billion tons, which is from 5 to 20% of the world. The distribution of oil reserves across Russia is as follows: Western Siberia - 72.2%; Ural-Volga region - 15.2%; Timan-Pechora province - 7.2%; Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk Region, shelf Sea of Okhotsk- about 3.5%.
In 1992, the structural restructuring of the Russian oil industry began: following the example Western countries began to create vertically integrated oil companies that control the production and refining of oil, as well as the distribution of petroleum products obtained from it.
Promising resources (category C3) are located mainly in the northern oil and gas regions: 80% of them are concentrated in the Nadym-Pur, Sredneobskaya, Pur-Tazovskaya and Frolovskaya oil and gas fields. Stratigraphically, the largest volumes of promising oil resources are associated with the Neocomian (35%), Tyumen (31%), Achimov (19%) and Vasyugan (15%) complexes, with the more active and reliable part confined to the Neocomian and Vasyugan complexes. A distinctive feature of C3 category oil resources is their low concentration in many structures. Therefore, field discoveries in structures assessed under category C3 will be mostly small in terms of reserves, mainly 3-10 million tons.
Promising oil resources, due to the fact that a significant part of them are confined to low-productivity reservoirs, have unfavorable productivity characteristics. Thus, resources with a well flow rate of less than 10 tons/day account for 50%.
The state of C3 category oil resources is negatively affected by their low confirmability when converted to proven and preliminarily estimated reserves. The reliability coefficient of promising resources varies widely over time and across individual oil-producing areas. According to IGiRGI and SibNIINP, its value in the last decade was 0.4.
The data presented indicate a tense situation in the region with the selection of the most promising structures for their introduction into deep drilling.
The vast majority of undiscovered oil resources (about 80%) in Western Siberia are predicted resources. At the same time, in connection with high degree Based on the study of the province's oil content at the regional level, almost all resources are classified as category D1. About 30% of the forecast oil resources are estimated in the hard-to-reach northern regions of Western Siberia - Nadym-Pur, Pur-Taz, Yamal and Gydan oil and gas fields.
Forecast oil resources are characterized by a significant reduction (compared to accumulated production and proven oil reserves) of their share in the highly productive Neocomian rock complex (Fig. 1). If 86% of oil was extracted from the sediments of the Neocomian complex, and the share of proven reserves in these sediments is about 55%, then the share of undiscovered oil resources (category D1+ D2 + C3) is only 39%. The share of resources in clayey polymict reservoirs of the Tyumen formation is increasing (24.0%), which generally have low filtration and reservoir properties. The oil resources associated with them are largely difficult to recover. There is a large proportion of hard-to-recover resources in the deposits of the Achimov and even Neocomian complexes. In the latter, almost one third of the oil resources are associated with oil and gas deposits.
Geological exploration experience recent years in Western Siberia indicates a gradual increase in the number of non-arch traps involved in exploration. Therefore, a significant part of the predicted oil resources is associated with deposits of more complex geological structure than proven reserves. If the latter are mainly confined to relatively simple anticlinal uplifts that are reliably detected by geophysical methods, then a significant increase in the proportion of traps of various non-anticlinal types is expected for forecast resources. According to the latest forecast, the share of oil resources in non-anticlinal traps in Western Siberia is 67%. Identification and preparation for drilling of such traps requires more advanced methods of geological prospecting, primarily seismic exploration, and the preparation of reserves for them requires a larger volume of deep drilling.
The most important characteristic of the quality of reserves and undiscovered oil resources is the size of the deposits' reserves. A retrospective analysis of discoveries and extrapolation of emerging relationships into the future showed that the most significant average-sized reserves were discovered in 1965-1971. (more than 300 million tons). By now medium size reserves of discovered oil fields decreased to 20 million tons. In the future, there will be a further decrease in the average size of reserves and the size of the largest fields (Fig. 2)
Figure 2. Dynamics of average oil reserves in open fields
Among the oil and oil and gas fields discovered in Western Siberia, 50% are classified as small with a maximum in the reserves range of 3-10 million tons. However, 37% of the initial explored reserves are accounted for by seven unique fields.
The graph of the distribution of discovered deposits by size class has a symmetrical appearance, where the number of deposits decreases for the largest and smallest deposits. An assessment of the structure of undiscovered resources based on the mathematical Pareto distribution showed a significant difference between the predicted distribution and the actual one in the area of small and medium-sized deposits. In general, the smaller the deposits' reserves, the greater their number. It is predicted that most of the undiscovered oil resources are represented by several thousand small (less than 10 million tons) and 250-300 medium-sized deposits. Among the large ones, oil fields with reserves of 30-100 million tons will predominate. Several large fields with reserves of 100-200 million tons are predicted to be discovered. A special issue is assessing the likelihood of the discovery of fields with unique oil reserves. In Western Siberia, in accordance with the quantitative assessment of forecast oil resources and the distribution law used, the discovery of one or two unique fields is possible. However, a comparison of the areal sizes of unique fields (300 km2 or more) indicates a low probability of discovering fields unique in terms of the size of oil reserves in Western Siberia. By the way, deposits with unique reserves have not been discovered in Western Siberia since 1983.
So, the West Siberian province, the largest in terms of oil resources of all categories, has been characterized in recent years by a serious decline in production, the most important geological reason for which is the deterioration in the quality of reserves, including the high degree of depletion of developed fields and the consistent accumulation of reserves of lower quality on the balance sheet , including hard-to-recover ones, the share of which in the total volume of current proven reserves exceeded half. The large undiscovered oil resources of Western Siberia are qualitatively inferior to industrial category reserves both in terms of concentration (field reserves) and productivity.
1.3 Origin and development of the gas complex of Western Siberia
For the first time in Western Siberia, on the outskirts of the village of Berezovo, on September 21, 1953, one of the exploration wells produced a powerful gas fountain. This discovery gave impetus for further expansion of geological exploration work. Soon a period of a number of discoveries of oil and gas fields in Western Siberia began. On June 21, 1960, the first in Western Siberia, Trehozernoe, was opened, on March 24, 1961 - Megionskoye, on October 15, 1961 - Ust-Balykskoye, in August 1962 - Sovetskoye, on November 15, 1962 - Zapadno-Surgutskoye, on December 1, 1964 - Pravdinskoye , April 3, 1965 - Mamontovskoye, May 29, 1965 - Samotlor oil fields.
About 30 years ago, the West Siberian oil and gas region came out on top in terms of oil and gas production in our country. Currently, 66% of Russian oil and gas condensate and 92% of natural gas are produced here. The world's annual consumption of fuel and energy resources amounts to more than 14 billion tons of standard fuel, of which 35% is oil and over 25% is natural gas. The total reserves of oil and gas in the north of Western Siberia account for more than a quarter of the world reserves of these types of fuel and energy resources and will allow the West Siberian oil and gas province to remain not only a leading region in the Russian oil and gas industry, but also in the overall economy of the entire country for several decades. The revenue base of the Russian federal budget receives more than 40% of tax payments from the fuel and energy complex of Western Siberia.
The largest oil field in our country is the Samotlor oil and gas condensate field - initial recoverable reserves are 3.3 billion tons. 2.2 billion tons have already been extracted from the bowels of this field. Next comes the Priobskoye oil field with initial recoverable reserves of over 0.7 billion tons. , Fedorovskoye oil and gas condensate - 0.7 billion tons, Mamontovskoye oil - 0.6 billion tons, Russian gas-oil - 0.4 billion tons, etc. The largest natural gas fields with initial recoverable gas reserves, respectively: Urengoyskoye - 10.2 trillion. m3, Yamburgskoe – 6.1 trillion. m3, Bovanenkovskoe – 4.4 trillion. m3, Zapolyarnoye – 3.5 trillion. m3, Medvezhye – 2.3 trillion. m3.
The oil and gas production complex of Western Siberia is provided with resources for many decades. The development of the oil industry, according to the energy strategy of the Russian Federation, should be ensured by increasing oil production in Western Siberia to 255 - 270 million tons, including in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - up to 200-220 million tons, in Yamalo- in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug up to 40–50 million tons, in the south of the Tyumen region up to 1.5–2.0 million tons, etc. Oil and condensate production in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug can be increased to 235 million tons in 2010, with subsequent maintenance of the achieved level due to the commissioning of new fields.
2. DEVELOPMENT DYNAMICS OF THE OIL REFINING INDUSTRY IN THE WEST SIBERIAN REGION
The creation of the oil and gas industry in Western Siberia occupies a special place in the development of the oil and gas industry and the entire economy of the country.
Due to the specific natural and climatic conditions of the region, a simplified petroleum gas processing scheme was adopted with a minimum range of products: dry gas, stable gasoline and a wide fraction of light hydrocarbons processed at gas processing complexes in the Western Siberian region.
In Western Siberia, 8 gas processing plants (GPPs) with a processing volume of 26.2 billion m3 per year, 12 compressor stations with a total capacity of 12 billion m3 per year and all the necessary infrastructure (commodity depots, loading railway overpasses, etc.) were built for the processing of petroleum gas. .d.).
Gas processing enterprises, along with production enterprises, perform environmental functions aimed at preventing gas flaring during oil production, and, therefore, at eliminating the release of harmful substances into the environment.
2.1 Nizhnevartovsk Gas Processing Plant
Consists of four factories located on one site. Gas processing at gas processing plants No. 1, 2, 3 is provided according to the low-temperature absorption scheme using domestic equipment. Gas processing at GPP No. 4 is provided according to a low-temperature condensation scheme with a turboexpander using complete imported equipment (Fig. 2).
The design capacity of all four plants is 2 billion m3 per year of raw gas. The plants were put into operation in 1974–1978.
The plant processes petroleum gases from the eastern part of the Middle Ob region, Samotlor, Varyoganskoye, Sovetskoye, Aganskoye and other fields in Western Siberia.
Suppliers of raw materials to the gas processing plant are oil companies TNK, SIDANKO - Varyoganneft, VNK - Tomskneft, etc.
The plant's commercial products are: dry gas, a wide fraction of light hydrocarbons, stable gasoline.
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of gas processing at the Nizhnevartovsk gas processing plant.
2.2 Yuzhno-Balyksky Gas Processing Plant
Put into operation in 1976. Gas processing is provided according to the following schemes:
Low-temperature absorption (design capacity 0.4 billion m3 per year).
Low-temperature condensation (design capacity 0.6 billion m3 per year).
Low-temperature condensation with a turboexpander (design capacity 1.0 billion m3 per year).
The total design capacity for raw gas is 2.0 billion m3 per year, including 1.5 billion m3 per year for raw gas compression. The plant receives oil gases from the Mamontovskoye, Yuzhno-Balykskoye, Teplovskoye and other fields of Western Siberia. The gas supplier to the plant is the oil company YUKOS (Yuganneftegaz). The main commercial products of the enterprise are dry gas and natural gas liquids
2.3 Belozerny GPP
Gas processing is provided according to the low-temperature condensation scheme with a turboexpander using two technological lines (each with a capacity of 2000 million m3 of raw gas per year) using complete imported equipment. Put into operation in 1980.
Type of processed raw materials – petroleum gases of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd stages of oil separation in the northern part of the Samotlor, Varyoganskoye and North-Varyoganskoye oil fields of Western Siberia.
Suppliers of raw materials to the gas processing plant are oil and gas production enterprises of the oil companies TNK and SIDANCO.
The plant's commercial products are: dry gas supplied to the main gas pipeline of RAO Gazprom and partly to local gas pipelines, a wide fraction of light hydrocarbons via the product pipeline to the South Balyk overpass and to the Tobolsk Petrochemical Plant, stable gasoline via the product pipeline, as well as by motor transport
2.4 Gubkinsky GPK
In 1988, two stages for receiving, compressing and drying associated petroleum gas were built and put into operation. Gas processing is provided according to the low-temperature condensation scheme with a turboexpander using four technological lines. The plant's capacity is 2.0 billion m3 of gas per year.
- Modern methods of oil extraction were preceded by primitive methods:
- — collection of oil from the surface of reservoirs;
- — processing of sandstone or limestone impregnated with oil;
- — extraction of oil from pits and wells.
Collection of oil from the surface of open water bodies- these are apparently one of the oldest methods of extracting it. It was used in Media, Assyro-Babylonia and Sirin BC, in Sicily in the 1st century AD, etc. In Russia, oil production by collecting it from the surface of the Ukhta River was organized in 1745 by F.S. Pryadunov. In 1858 on the island. Cheleken and in 1868 in the Kokand Khanate, oil was collected in ditches by constructing a dam from boards. American Indians, when they discovered oil on the surface of lakes and streams, placed a blanket on the water to absorb the oil, and then squeezed it into a container.
Treatment of oil-impregnated sandstone or limestone, for the purpose of extraction, were first described by the Italian scientist F. Ariosto in the 15th century: near Modena in Italy, oil-containing soils were crushed and heated in boilers; they were then placed in bags and pressed using a press. In 1819, in France, oil-bearing layers of limestone and sandstone were developed by mining. The mined rock was placed in a vat filled with hot water. When stirred, oil floated to the surface of the water and was collected with a bailer. In 1833...1845 On the shores of the Sea of Azov, sand soaked in oil was mined. Then it was placed in pits with a sloping bottom and watered. Oil washed out of the sand was collected from the surface of the water with tufts of grass.
Oil extraction from pits and wells also known since ancient times. In Kissia - the ancient region between Assyria and Media - in the 5th century. BC Oil was extracted using leather buckets - waterskins.
In Ukraine, the first mentions of oil production date back to the beginning of the 17th century. To do this, they dug pits 1.5...2 m deep, into which oil leaked along with water. Then the mixture was collected in barrels, sealed at the bottom with stoppers. When lighter oil floated, the plugs were removed and the settled water was drained. By 1840, the depth of the digging holes reached 6 m, and later oil began to be extracted from wells about 30 m deep.
On the Kerch and Taman peninsulas, oil production since ancient times was carried out using a pole to which felt or a bun made of horse tail hair was tied. They were lowered into the well, and then the oil was squeezed out into the prepared container.
On the Absheron Peninsula, oil production from wells has been known since the 8th century. AD During their construction, a hole was first torn off like an inverted (inverted) cone all the way to the oil reservoir. Then ledges were made on the sides of the pit: with an average depth of immersion of the cone of 9.5 m - at least seven. The average amount of earth removed when digging such a well was about 3100 m3. Next, the walls of the wells from the very bottom to the surface were secured with a wooden frame or boards. Holes were made in the lower crowns for the flow of oil. It was drawn from wells using wineskins, which were raised with a hand winch or with the help of a horse.
In his report on a trip to the Absheron Peninsula in 1735, Dr. I. Lerche wrote: “... in Balakhany there were 52 oil deposits with a depth of 20 fathoms (1 fathom - 2.1 m), of which some hit hard, and annually deliver 500 batmans of oil..." (1 batman - 8.5 kg). According to academician S.G. Amelina (1771) the depth of oil wells in Balakhany reached 40...50 m, and the diameter or side of the square section of the well was 0.7...1 m.
In 1803, the Baku merchant Kasymbek built two oil wells in the sea at a distance of 18 and 30 m from the shore of Bibi-Heybat. The wells were protected from water by a box made of tightly knit boards. Oil has been extracted from them for many years. In 1825, during a storm, the wells were broken and flooded by the waters of the Caspian Sea.
By the time of the signing of the Gulistan Peace Treaty between Russia and Persia (December 1813), when the Baku and Derbent Khanates joined our country, on the Absheron Peninsula there were 116 wells with black oil and one with “white” oil, which annually produced about 2,400 tons of this valuable product. In 1825, 4,126 tons of oil were already extracted from wells in the Baku region.
With the well method, the technology for extracting oil has not changed for centuries. But already in 1835, an official of the Fallendorf mining department in Taman first used a pump to pump oil through a lowered wooden pipe. A number of technical improvements are associated with the name of mining engineer N.I. Voskoboynikova. To reduce the volume of excavation work, he proposed constructing oil wells in the form of a mine shaft, and in 1836... 1837. carried out the reconstruction of the entire oil storage and distribution system in Baku and Balakhani. But one of the main affairs of his life was the drilling of the world's first oil well in 1848.
For a long time, oil extraction through well drilling in our country was treated with prejudice. It was believed that since the cross-section of the well is smaller than that of an oil well, then the flow of oil to the wells is significantly less. At the same time, it was not taken into account that the depth of the wells is much greater, and the labor intensity of their construction is less.
The statement of academician G.V., who visited Baku in 1864, played a negative role. Abiha that oil drilling here does not live up to expectations, and that “... both theory and experience equally confirm the opinion about the need to increase the number of wells...”
A similar opinion existed regarding drilling in the United States for some time. Thus, in the area where E. Drake drilled his first oil well, it was believed that “oil is a liquid flowing in drops from coal lying in the nearby hills, that it is useless to drill the earth to extract it, and that the only way to collect it is to dig trenches.” , where it would accumulate.”
However, the practical results of well drilling gradually changed this opinion. In addition, statistical data on the influence of well depth on oil production indicated the need to develop drilling: in 1872, the average daily oil production from one well with a depth of 10...11 m was 816 kg, in 14...16 m - 3081 kg, and with a depth of over 20 m - already 11200 kg.
When operating wells, oil producers sought to transfer them to flowing mode, because this was the easiest way to get it. The first powerful oil gusher in Balakhany occurred in 1873 in the Khalafi area. In 1878, a large oil gusher was produced by a well drilled in the Z.L. Tagiyev in Bibi-Heybat. In 1887, 42% of the oil in Baku was produced by the flowing method.
The forced extraction of oil from wells led to the rapid depletion of oil-bearing layers adjacent to their trunk, and the rest (most) of it remained in the depths. In addition, due to the lack of a sufficient number of storage facilities, significant oil losses occurred already on the surface of the earth. Thus, in 1887, 1,088 thousand tons of oil were thrown out by fountains, and only 608 thousand tons were collected. Vast oil lakes formed in the areas around the fountains, where the most valuable fractions were lost as a result of evaporation. The weathered oil itself became unsuitable for processing and was burned. Stagnant oil lakes burned for many days in a row.
Oil was extracted from wells in which the pressure was insufficient to flow out, using cylindrical buckets up to 6 m long. A valve was installed in their bottom that opened when the bucket moved down and closed under the weight of the extracted liquid when the bucket pressed upward. The method of extracting oil using bailers was called tartan.
First experiments on application of deep-well pumps for oil production were carried out in the USA in 1865. In Russia, this method began to be used in 1876. However, the pumps quickly became clogged with sand and oil industrialists continued to give preference to the bailer. Of all the known methods of oil production, tartaglia remained the main one: in 1913, 95% of all oil was extracted with its help.
Nevertheless, engineering thought did not stand still. In the 70s of the XIX century. V.G. Shukhov proposed a compressor method of oil production by supplying compressed air into the well (air lift). This technology was tested in Baku only in 1897. Another method of oil production - gas lift - was proposed by M.M. Tikhvinsky in 1914
Natural gas outlets from natural sources have been used by man since time immemorial. Later, natural gas obtained from wells and boreholes found application. In 1902, the first well was drilled in Surakhani near Baku, producing industrial gas from a depth of 207 m. [Korshak A.A., Shammazov A.M. Fundamentals of oil and gas business.]
Video film. General scheme of oil production
Suffice it to say that of all types of energy resources (water, coal, oil shale, nuclear energy, etc.), about two-thirds of the needs are met by hydrocarbons. It is impossible to imagine modern transport today and all the variety of propulsion technology without fuels and lubricants, the basis of which is oil and gas. These riches of the earth's interior are mined and consumed in huge quantities(Fig. 1.1).
Rice. 1.1.
Free gas and gas produced as a by-product with oil are raw materials for chemical industry. By chemical processing of gases, products are also obtained, the production of which requires a significant amount of food raw materials.
Until the beginning of the 18th century. Oil was mainly extracted from diggings, which were lined with wattle fence. As it accumulated, the oil was scooped out and transported to consumers in leather bags.
The wells were secured with a wooden frame, the final diameter of the cased well was usually from 0.6 to 0.9 m with some increase towards the bottom to improve the flow of oil to its bottom hole.
Oil was lifted from the well using a hand winch (later horse-drawn) and a rope to which a wineskin (a leather bucket) was tied.
By the 70s of the XIX century. The bulk of oil in Russia and in the world is extracted from oil wells. Thus, in 1878 there were 301 of them in Baku, the flow rate of which was many times higher than the flow rate from wells. Oil was extracted from wells using a bailer - a metal vessel (pipe) up to 6 m high, in the bottom of which a check valve was installed, which opened when the bailer was immersed in the liquid and closed when it moved upward. The lifting of the bailer (tartan) was carried out manually, then by horse traction (early 70s of the 19th century) and with the help of a steam engine (80s).
The first deep-well pumps were used in Baku in 1876, and the first deep-rod pump was used in Grozny in 1895. However, the tartar method long time remained in charge. For example, in 1913 in Russia, 95% of oil was produced by gelling.
Displacing oil from a well with compressed air or gas was proposed at the end of the 18th century, but the imperfection of compressor technology delayed the development of this method, which was much less labor-intensive compared to the tartar method, for more than a century.
By the beginning of our century, the fountain method of production had not yet been formed. From numerous fountains in the Baku region, oil spilled into ravines and rivers, created entire lakes, burned, was irretrievably lost, and polluted the soil, aquifers, and the sea.
Currently, the main method of oil production is pumping using electric centrifugal pump (ESP) and sucker rod pumps (SSP).
In table Table 1.1 shows the distribution of oil production methods in Russia.
| Method of operation | Number of wells, % | Average flow rate, | Extraction, % of total |
||
| oil | liquids | oil | liquids | ||
| Fountain | 8,8 | 31,1 | 51,9 | 19,5 | 9,3 |
| Gas lift | 4,3 | 35,4 | 154,7 | 11,6 | 14,6 |
| ESP | 27,4 | 28,5 | 118,4 | 52,8 | 63,0 |
| ShSN | 59,4 | 3,9 | 11,0 | 16,1 | 13,1 |
| Others | 0,1 | - | - | - | - |
The gas industry developed only during the Great Patriotic War with the discovery and commissioning of gas fields in the Saratov region and in the western regions of Ukraine, and the construction of the Saratov-Moscow and Dashava-Kyiv-Bryansk-Moscow gas pipeline.
Simultaneously with the commissioning and development of new gas fields, a network of main gas pipelines and branches from them was created to supply gas to local consumers.
The development of the gas industry has made it possible to gasify many cities and towns, as well as enterprises in various industries.
Some indicators and information on oil and gas production in the world and Russia. Tomsk region.
300 million tons per year is a safe oil production line for Russia;
10-11 million tons per year – oil production in the Tomsk region (last decade);
9-11 t/day. – oil production (on average) from one well in the Tomsk region;
3.2 billion tons of oil are produced in the world annually;
3.9 billion tons/year – expected world oil production by 2005;
22 trillion m3 of gas is produced in the world annually;
139.57 billion tons of oil are proven reserves in the bowels of the earth (as of 1996);
398 trillion m 3 of gas constitute world resources, taking into account probable and possible reserves (annual production is about 22,000 billion m 3 /year);
105 billion tons of oil produced in the world;
63 and 32% – proven oil and gas reserves in the Middle East (of the world);
7 and 38% – proven oil and gas reserves in Russia (from the world);
624 million tons per year – maximum oil production in the USSR (1988);
303.4 million tons per year – minimum oil production in Russia (1998);
350 million tons per year – oil production forecasts in Russia (for 2010);
58.07 million tons of oil were produced by Yukos in 2001;
29 million tons of oil were processed by Yukos in 2001;
250 million tons of oil were produced by Strezhevsky oil and gas production department over 35 years (December 2001);
11.7 million tons of oil were produced in the Tomsk region by NK Yukos in 2001;
14.6 million tons - in 2002;
25 thousand years ago primitive man used silicon drilling (drilling) in the manufacture of tools;
in 221–263 AD in Sichuan (China), gas was extracted from wells about 240 m deep, which was used to evaporate salt;
in 1594 in the village. Balakhny (Baku) a well 35 m deep was built for oil production;
in 1825, 4126 tons of oil were produced from 120 wells in Baku;
in 1847, an oil well was drilled in Bibi-Heybat (Azerbaijan);
in 1896 V.K. Zelenitsky created an offshore drilling project to extract oil from the bottom of the Caspian Sea;
in 1901, 11.987 million tons of oil were produced in Russia;
in 1955, American companies controlled 60% of oil production in the Near and Middle East;
9583 m – depth of the US record well (1974);
5005 m is the maximum well depth in the Tomsk region.
| Region, country | Proven reserves | Oil production in 2000 | Inventory ratio, years | ||
| billion tons | % of world | billion tons | % of world | ||
| Asia and Oceania, total including: |
6,02 | 4,3 | 368,1 | 11,0 | 16,4 |
| China | 3,29 | 2,3 | 162,7 | 4,9 | 20,2 |
| Indonesia | 0,68 | 0,5 | 64,9 | 1,9 | 10,5 |
| India | 0,65 | 0,5 | 32,0 | 1,0 | 20,3 |
| including: |
20,53 | 14,6 | 859,8 | 25,6 | 23,9 |
| Venezuela | 10,53 | 7,5 | 151,8 | 4,5 | 69,4 |
| Mexico | 3,87 | 2,8 | 152,5 | 4,6 | 25,4 |
| USA | 2,98 | 2,1 | 291,2 | 8,7 | 10,2 |
| Africa, total including: |
10,26 | 7,3 | 335,3 | 10,0 | 30,6 |
| Libya | 4,04 | 2,9 | 70,4 | 2,1 | 57,4 |
| Nigeria | 3,08 | 2,2 | 99,5 | 3,0 | 31,0 |
| Algeria | 1,26 | 0,9 | 40,0 | 1,2 | 31,5 |
| including: |
93,63 | 66,5 | 1078,4 | 32,2 | 86,8 |
| Saudi Arabia | 35,51 | 25,2 | 403,2 | 12,0 | 88,1 |
| Iraq | 15,41 | 10,9 | 134,1 | 4,0 | 114,9 |
| Kuwait | 12,88 | 9,1 | 88,7 | 2,6 | 145,2 |
| UAE | 12,63 | 9,0 | 92,5 | 2,8 | 136,5 |
| Iran | 12,15 | 8,6 | 178,4 | 5,3 | 68,1 |
| including: |
8,09 | 5,8 | 364,1 | 11,5 | 22,3 |
| Russia | 6,65 | 5,6 | 352,2 | 11,1 | 22,2 |
| Kazakhstan | 0,74 | 0,5 | 31,4 | 0,9 | 23,6 |
| Romania | 0,2 | 0,1 | 6,1 | 0,2 | 32,8 |
| Western Europe, total including: |
2,35 | 1,7 | 321,5 | 9,6 | 7,3 |
| Norway | 1,29 | 0,9 | 160,8 | 4,8 | 8,0 |
| United Kingdom | 0,69 | 0,5 | 126,8 | 3,8 | 5,4 |
| Denmark | 0,15 | 0,1 | 17,9 | 0,5 | 8,4 |
| Total in the world | 140,88 | 100,0 | 3360,8 | 100,0 | 42,0 |
Discrepancies in totals are due to rounding.
| Region, country | Proven reserves | Gas production in 2000 | Inventory ratio, years | ||
| billion tons | % of world | billion tons | % of world | ||
| Asia and Oceania, total including: |
10,34 | 6,7 | 259,0 | 10,6 | 39,9 |
| Malaysia | 2,31 | 1,5 | 41,2 | 1,7 | 56,1 |
| Indonesia | 2,05 | 1,3 | 68,5 | 2,8 | 29,9 |
| China | 1,37 | 0,9 | 27,0 | 1,1 | 50,7 |
| Northern and Latin America total including: |
19,71 | 12,7 | 844,2 | 34,5 | 23,4 |
| USA | 4,74 | 3,1 | 530,1 | 21,7 | 8,9 |
| Venezuela | 4,16 | 2,7 | 32,7 | 1,3 | 127,2 |
| Canada | 1,73 | 1,1 | 178,8 | 7,3 | 9,7 |
| Africa, total including: |
11,16 | 7,2 | 121,3 | 5,0 | 92,0 |
| Algeria | 4,52 | 2,9 | 85,3 | 3,5 | 53,0 |
| Nigeria | 3,51 | 2,3 | 8,1 | 0,3 | 433,3 |
| Libya | 1,31 | 0,9 | 7,6 | 0,3 | 172,4 |
| Near and Middle East, total including: |
52,52 | 33,9 | 205,1 | 8,4 | 256,1 |
| Iran | 23,0 | 14,9 | 57,1 | 2,3 | 402,8 |
| Qatar | 11,15 | 7,2 | 25,6 | 1,1 | 435,6 |
| Saudi Arabia | 6,04 | 3,9 | 52,4 | 2,1 | 115,3 |
| Eastern Europe and CIS, total including: |
56,7 | 36,6 | 740,0 | 30,3 | 76,6 |
| Russia | 48,14 | 31,1 | 595,0 | 24,3 | 80,9 |
| Turkmenistan | 2,86 | 1,9 | 34,0 | 1,4 | 84,1 |
| Uzbekistan | 1,88 | 1,2 | 50,5 | 2,1 | 37,2 |
| Western Europe, total | |||||