They are created from carving, modeling or chasing - depending on the material, which can be clay, stone or wood. The difference between bas-relief, high relief, counter-relief and coyanaglyph lies in the ratio of the volume of the image and the background.
Bas-relief
Bas-relief in “low relief”. On such a relief, the convex image protrudes above the background by half its own volume or less. If we imagine that the image is a collection of full-fledged sculptural figures, and the background is sand in which they are partially immersed, then on the bas-relief they turn out to be “immersed” half or even deeper, while their smaller size remains “on the surface”.
The very first bas-reliefs appeared in the Stone Age - these were images carved on rocks. Bas-reliefs are found in almost all cultures Ancient world: Egypt, Mesopotamia, Assyria, Persia, India. IN Ancient Greece And Ancient Rome bas-reliefs were most often placed on the pediments of temples, becoming, as it were, “ business card» religious building. The art of bas-relief existed both in the Middle Ages and in modern times.
Bas-reliefs were and continue to be used to decorate coins, medals, buildings, monument pedestals, and memorial plaques.
High relief
In contrast to bas-relief, high relief is called “high relief.” The image here protrudes above the plane by more than half of its volume. Individual figures can even be completely separated from the background. High relief in to a greater extent than bas-relief, it is suitable for depicting landscapes, as well as scenes that include many figures.
Examples of high relief can be found in ancient art. One of the most famous examples is the Pergamon altar, dating back to the 2nd century. BC The high relief depicts the plot of an ancient Greek myth - the battle olympian gods with the titans.
In ancient Rome, triumphal arches were often decorated with high reliefs. This tradition was resurrected in modern times - on Arc de Triomphe There are also high reliefs in Paris.
Other types of relief
The counter-relief is something like a “negative” of the bas-relief, its imprint recessed into the background. Counter-relief is used in matrices and seals. A different understanding of counter-relief can be observed in avant-garde art of the 20th century, in particular, in the works of V. Tatlin. Here counter-relief is interpreted as a “hypertrophied” relief that has completely gotten rid of the background - exposing real objects.Koyanaglyph is an image carved on a plane. It does not protrude from the background and does not go deeper into it - only the contours of the figures deepen. Such an image compares favorably with bas-relief and high relief in that it is not in danger of chipping, therefore, it is better preserved. Koyanaglyphs are found in the art of Ancient Egypt and other civilizations of the Ancient East.
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Meaning of the word high relief
high relief in the crossword dictionary
high relief
Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, Dal Vladimir
high relief
m. French a sculpture on a plane, on a board, higher, thicker than a bas-relief; sculpture or carving in full flesh, in full flesh, in real flesh, etc. Statue, round sculpture; high relief, thick sculpture.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov
high relief
high relief, m. (French haut-relief, lit. high relief) (art.). Sculptural images, in which figures associated with a flat background protrude significantly from it (cf. bas-relief).
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova.
high relief
A, m. (special). A sculptural image on a plane, in which the figures protrude by more than half of their volume.
adj. high relief, -aya, -oe.
New explanatory and word-formative dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.
high relief
m. A type of relief sculpture in which the convex part of the image protrudes above the background plane by more than half of its volume.
Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998
high relief
HIGH RELIEF (French haut-relief) is a high relief in which the image protrudes above the background plane by more than half its volume. Monumental and decorative high reliefs were often used in architecture.
High relief
(French haut-rélief, from haut ≈ high and relief ≈ relief, convexity), a type of sculpture, high relief, in which the convex image protrudes strongly above the background plane (by more than half of its volume); sometimes it only touches the background, sometimes it is separated from it in detail. Monumental and decorative stones were often used in architecture.
Wikipedia
High relief
High relief- a type of sculptural convex relief in which the image protrudes above the background plane by more than half the volume of the depicted parts. Some elements may be completely separated from the plane. Common type of decoration architectural structures; allows you to display multi-figure scenes and landscapes.
High reliefs made of stone, bronze and other materials are often used as decorative elements in architecture or independent artistic compositions. Some details of the image on the high relief are sometimes only in contact with the background, and sometimes completely separated from it. Sometimes the figures in high relief look like round statues placed against the plane of the wall.
Fine famous example high reliefs - scenes on the Pergamon altar.
Examples of the use of the word high relief in literature.
Bronze opened high relief the work of State Prize laureate Fuad Abdurakhmanov - the courageous face of a heroic officer.
Once a sculptor complained that he could not get Yuri Gagarin into his studio, and without this it was impossible to complete high relief, which depicts an astronaut.
Off to the side, not far from this high relief, a narrow tetrahedral obelisk made of stainless steel soared into the sky to a hundred-meter height - like the protruding bayonet of a gigantic three-line rifle hidden in the depths of this blood-soaked earth.
I have a small piece of plaster on my shelf. high relief- a woman with an antique face and broken hands, like those of the Venus of Milo.
And on high relief, depicting a group of scientists, one of them was given the features of Korolev.
Shalyga leaves, returns with oxygen, shares her impressions of visiting an Armenian house: a gilded staircase, Japanese equipment, silver goblets and gilded cutlery at the table high reliefs on the walls and the like.
I came closer - on four sides the marble cube stood out high reliefs, depicting my fellow tribesmen destroyed in this place.
Low gray clouds, mixing with thin smoke slowly flowing from a square chimney, quickly moved over the low brick wall of the columbarium with photographic portraits of the deceased, resembling a plaque of honor, towards the old part of the monastery with a dilapidated cathedral, debris high reliefs from the blown-up Cathedral of Christ the Savior, the family crypts of the Lanskys and Golitsyns, and the tombstones over the final resting places of Kheraskov and Chaadaev.
When did one of the mausoleums, which was a block of red granite with very well-made antique high reliefs, they wanted to take it out of here to decorate a neighboring resort, Luka did not allow this to happen, and a rather complex correspondence on this issue between the Kurupr, the local farmer and Luka has so far ended in nothing for the Kuruper.
On the third floor of the outer wall of the kathisma there was a marble high relief an old man in a lying position with an oar in his hand.
When they began to climb along a narrow corridor into the depths of the pyramid, Bergson saw on the walls high reliefs, depicting the same cat people in different poses.
The plastic decoration is complemented by statues on the pediment and a multi-figure high relief above the entrance to the loggia.
(French haut-relief, from haut - high and relief - relief, convexity) type of sculpture, high relief, in which the convex image protrudes strongly above the background plane (by more than half of its volume); sometimes it only touches the background, sometimes it is separated from it in detail. Monumental and decorative high reliefs were often used in architecture. * * * sculptural decoration protruding from the wall by more than half its volume. (Architecture: an illustrated reference book, 2005) * * * A sculptural work with a background from which the depicted figures protrude by more than half their volume. (Terms of Russian architectural heritage. Pluzhnikov V.I., 1995) * * * a sculptural image protruding above the background plane by more than half of its volume. The interiors of St. Isaac's Cathedral are decorated with hundreds of sculptures. Particularly interesting are the huge internal doors of the cathedral, on which sculptures are made in high relief technique (sk. I. P. Vitali), and in particular, one of the scenes is “The Battle of Alexander Nevsky with the Swedes.” TO best works Vitali refers to the high relief "Adoration of the Magi" in the pediment of the southern portico of the cathedral. In the center of the relief, Mary sits on a high throne with the baby Christ in her arms. (Dictionary of architectural terms. Yusupov E.S., 1994)
View value High relief in other dictionaries
High relief- M. French a sculpture on a plane, on a board, higher, thicker than a bas-relief; sculpture or carving in full flesh, in full flesh, in real flesh, etc. Statue, round sculpture; high relief, thick sculpture.
Dictionary Dahl
High relief- high relief, m. (French haut-relief, lit. high relief) (art.). Sculptural images, in which figures associated with a flat background protrude significantly from it (cf. bas-relief).
Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
High relief M.— 1. A type of relief sculpture in which the convex part of the image protrudes above the background plane by more than half of its volume.
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
High relief- -A; m. [French] haut-relief] A sculptural image on a flat surface, in which the figures protrude above the plane by more than half their volume.
◁ High relief,........
Kuznetsov's Explanatory Dictionary
High relief- (French haut-relief) - high relief in which the image protrudes above the background plane by more than half of its volume. Monumental and decorative high reliefs are often......
Large encyclopedic dictionary
The word relief comes from the Latin verb relevo, which means “to raise.” Creating a sculpture in the form of a relief on a monument creates the impression that the image is raised above the surface of the stone.
In fact, a stone or wood carver selects certain parts of the plane, leaving the future relief untouched. This work requires considerable skill, a lot of time and excellent use of a cutter. If we consider these as disadvantages, then the advantages of the artistic relief technique include:
- no need to form the backdrop of the sculpture;
- increased strength of the sculpture, especially in comparison with figures carved from stone.
When using materials such as metal, clay, plaster or ceramics, relief can be added or extruded from the plane, and monumental bronze bas-reliefs are produced by casting.
Depending on the height of the relief image, its types are distinguished using Italian or French terminology:
- high relief (Italian alto-rilievo - high relief) - a sculptural image that protrudes above the plane by more than 50%, and often has elements partially separated from the plane;
- bas-relief (Italian basso-rilievo - low relief) - the sculptural image protrudes above the surface of the stone by no more than half
- koylanaglyph (French en creux) - the relief has a deep contour and a convex sculptural image
- counter-relief (Italian cavo-rilievo) - negative relief or in-depth relief
In modern monumental sculpture, the techniques most often used are high relief and bas-relief and their variations. However, this does not mean at all that there is no place left for other types of relief sculpture in contemporary art. Let's look at them in more detail.
Bas-relief or low relief
The most simple example The use of this technique are ordinary coins. It is quite obvious that the images on them have a minimum relative height, practically indistinguishable when viewed from the side. If you place the coin in your palm and look at it from the front, the three-dimensional effect will be maximum.
The very idea of making a bas-relief implies ease of cutting, low manufacturability and low cost of production, therefore it became most widespread in most world cultures, starting with Ancient Egypt, the countries of the Middle East and the civilizations of Central and North America. In addition, bas-reliefs were often painted over various shades in order to “raise” the image as much as possible. To this day, ancient bas-reliefs have survived mainly unpainted - time does not spare paint much faster than the statue itself. However, chemical analysis allows us to confidently assert that most of the bas-reliefs were painted.
Historians also know more exotic types of bas-reliefs, for example, the Ishtar Gate from ancient Babylon. The animal sculptures on them are created using molded bricks. Egyptian and Roman bas-reliefs were made using plaster, and, as a result, most of these bas-reliefs have practically not survived to this day.
IN European culture the most famous bas-reliefs were made of wood and were used as elements of church altars.
Bas-reliefs of a Buddhist temple, Eastern India
But bas-reliefs are most often found in the technique of making Buddhist monuments in India and Southeast Asia. The temples in the Ajanta and Ellora caves contain colossal images of gods carved from single pieces of stone. Borodulur Temple in Central Java (Indonesia) contains almost one and a half thousand bas-reliefs telling about the birth of Buddha. On the same island is the Prambanan Temple, with bas-reliefs illustrating the plot of the Hindu poem Ramayana.
High relief
Relief sculptures, in which at least half of the volume is above the plane, first appeared most noticeably in the art of Ancient Greece. These were often almost independent sculptures, separated from the surface of the stone and intersecting with each other to create a complete effect of depth.
High reliefs of Greek and Roman sarcophagi were made by drilling, without chisels. Their compositions were maximally saturated with figures and characters - for example, the Sarcophagus of Ludovisi. The Middle Ages marked the full spread of high relief techniques, especially among the Greeks. During the Renaissance, high reliefs were given a second life. Their use was especially noticeable in funerary art, and later in neoclassical pediments and urban monuments.
In Hindu monumental sculpture, high reliefs coexisted with bas-reliefs, not much inferior to them in popularity. The group of temples at Khajuraho is the most obvious example of the use of high relief techniques by Indian sculptors.
Counter-relief and koylanaglyph
These types of relief have not received global distribution in funerary art. Certain civilizations, for example, Ancient Egypt, used in-depth relief quite widely, but outside this state this type The sculpture did not receive significant distribution.
Various types of reliefs are often used in the manufacture of grave monuments and as overlay elements for them, as well as in the creation of ritual and memorial tablets, including for a columbar wall or family columbarium. Less labor-intensive and, accordingly, more affordable, bas-relief is ideally suited for decorating a tombstone or granite slab. This technique is perfectly used both for creating dynamic life-size sculptures and for small, “bust” formats.
The company that manufactures tombstones in your area, you will find in the Making of monuments section of our ritual directory
Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron
High relief
See Sculpting.
Efremova's Dictionary
High relief
m.
A type of relief sculpture in which the convex part of the image protrudes above
the background plane by more than half its volume.
Geomorphological dictionary-reference book
High relief
HIGH RELIEF
(French haut - relief) - high relief in which the image protrudes above the background plane by more than half of its volume.
Encyclopedic Dictionary
High relief
(French haut-relief), high relief in which the image protrudes above the background plane by more than half of its volume. Monumental and decorative high reliefs were often used in architecture.
Ozhegov's Dictionary
GOREL E F, A, m.(specialist.). A sculptural image on a plane, in which the figures protrude by more than half of their volume.
| adj. high relief, oh, oh.
Ushakov's Dictionary
High relief
burner f, high relief, husband. (French haut-relief, letters high relief) ( claim). Sculptural images in which figures associated with a flat background protrude significantly from it ( avg. ).
Architectural Dictionary
High relief
(French haut-relief, from haut - high and relief - relief, bulge)
type of sculpture, high relief, in which the convex image protrudes strongly above the background plane (by more than half of its volume); sometimes it only touches the background, sometimes it is separated from it in detail. Monumental and decorative high reliefs were often used in architecture.
a sculptural decoration protruding from the wall by more than half its volume.
(Architecture: An Illustrated Guide, 2005)
A sculptural work with a background from which the depicted figures protrude by more than half their volume.
(Terms of Russian architectural heritage. Pluzhnikov V.I., 1995)
a sculptural image protruding above the background plane by more than half of its volume. The interiors of St. Isaac's Cathedral are decorated with hundreds of sculptures. Particularly interesting are the huge internal doors of the cathedral, on which sculptures are made in high relief technique (sk. I. P. Vitali), and in particular, one of the scenes is “The Battle of Alexander Nevsky with the Swedes.” Vitali's best works include the high relief "Adoration of the Magi" in the pediment of the southern portico of the cathedral. In the center of the relief, Mary sits on a high throne with the baby Christ in her arms.
(Dictionary of architectural terms. Yusupov E.S., 1994)