Russia is big and beautiful country, rich in various architectural monuments that have a long history. In our article you can get acquainted with the most famous and beautiful architectural structures of the 16th, 17th, 18th and 19th centuries.
16th century
In the 16th century, urban planning was actively carried out in Russia, so this period can safely be called an “architectural rise.” Moscow expanded, new cities, cathedrals, and temples were built. Let's look at the most famous monuments architecture built in the 16th century.
Bell tower of Ivan the Great
The Bell Tower of Ivan the Great is a white brick church located on Sobornaya Square of the Moscow Kremlin. Date of construction: 1500-1508. The project for its creation was carried out by the then famous Italian architect named Bon Fryazin. The main ensemble of the bell tower includes 3 objects:
- Ivan the Great Tower (the head structure of the bell tower);
- bell-ringing "Uspenskaya";
- “Filaretovaya” extension.
The bell ring houses 34 bells of varying sizes and sounds. The main ones are: “Uspensky” (67 tons), “Roaring” (33 tons) and “Lenten” (12 tons).
Bell tower of Ivan the GreatArchangel Cathedral
Arkhangelsk is the name given to the Christian Orthodox Cathedral, which can be seen on Cathedral Square, located on the territory of the Moscow Kremlin. This structure has five chapters, six towers, a necropolis (a place for burying the dead, with separate rooms for men and women), and a special internal choir level. The cathedral is decorated with white stone. There are paintings inside famous artists- Fedor Zubov, Stepan Ryazants, and also Joseph Vladimirov.
China Town
Kitai-Gorod is one of the historical districts of the capital, located on the territory of the Kitay-Gorod fortress wall, which was added to the corner towers of the Kremlin in 1539. Kitai-Gorod extends from Red Square to the Moscow River, borders Okhotny Ryad, Theater Square, as well as Lubyanka. Currently on in this direction There is a metro station of the same name.
St. Basil's Cathedral
Perhaps one of the most famous churches in Russia is St. Basil's Cathedral, which is located on Red Square. The date of its construction is 1556. The cathedral includes 10 annexes, each of which was erected in honor of a specific saint. The central part is dedicated to the Most Holy Theotokos, the side buildings “belong” to the Holy Trinity, Nikola Velikoretsky, Alexander Svirsky, St. Basil the Blessed, as well as the Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem.
Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin
The Kremlin is the main historical fortress Nizhny Novgorod, which is located on the Volzhsko-Oka Spit on the highest right bank. This structure was erected in 1508 by order of Ivan the Terrible. The walls of the Kremlin are made of red brick. Their total length is about 2-3 km. The fortress also has 14 towers, 5 of them are rectangular, and 9 are round. " Stone City"(as the Kremlin is sometimes called) is surrounded by dry ditches, which were created for protection from enemies.
Novodevichy Convent
Novodevichy is a female Orthodox monastery located on the territory of Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street in the very center of Moscow. Date of construction - 1525. The Novodevichy Convent was built by order of the Grand Russian Duke Vasily III. This building has one bell tower, two round observation towers, cells for nuns, as well as separate churches where daily prayer services took place.
Tula Kremlin
The Tula Kremlin is considered one of the oldest buildings in the city of Tula. It is located in the very central part. The date of construction is approximately 1514. The Tula Kremlin was built by order of Ivan the Terrible. The Kremlin walls are made of red brick. The composition includes several round as well as rectangular observation towers. There are 2 cathedrals on the territory: Assumption and Epiphany.
17th century
The 17th century is an era of architecture, during which a huge number of different significant events, which significantly influenced the life of Russia, including its architecture. Most houses began to be built from brick or stone, but wooden structures still did not lose their former popularity. Let's look at the most famous architectural monuments of the 17th century.
Kolomna Palace
Kolomensky Palace is a royal estate located in the Moscow region in the village of Kolomenskoye. The approximate date of construction is 1667. This structure is a whole complex of various wooden buildings, which are connected to each other by endless passages and tunnels.
Church of the Intercession in Fili
The Orthodox Church of the Intercession of the Virgin Mary is located in the Filevsky Park area, Moscow. Modern building The temple was erected in 1690 with funds donated by the brother of Queen Natalya Naryshkina. The temple has five tiers, one bell tower, and 3 wide porches.
Assumption Wonderful Church
The wondrous church is located in the city of Uglich. It is one of the outstanding monuments ancient Russian architecture 17th century. The approximate date of construction is 1628. This temple has a different name - “Assumption”. The building is quite original appearance: three hipped domes forming a “trident” crown; the main part of the building is adjacent to the refectory, as well as the front porch, decorated with decorative elements made of white stone.
Church of Elijah the Prophet
The Church of Elijah the Prophet is located on the central (Soviet) square of the city of Yaroslavl. This temple was built in 1647. According to legend, it was founded along with the city itself by Prince Yaroslav the Wise. The Church of Elijah the Prophet can be recognized by its snow-white stone walls and grassy green domes.
Church of John the Baptist
Church of John the Baptist - one of the main and ancient architectural Yaroslavl architectural monuments. This building was built in 1687 according to the design of Fyodor Ignatiev and Dmitry Plekhanov. For the construction of the temple, molded red bricks and tiles were used. The church has 15 domes of varying sizes.
18th century
The 18th century is the time when Russia “breathed” in a new way, because it was then that new cities began to be built, objects that are still considered historical architectural monuments. The first half of the 18th century is closely connected with the name of the great Russian Emperor Peter I. It was he who presented many innovations and changes borrowed from European countries. Let's look at the most beautiful buildings and structures of this era.
Winter Palace
The Winter Palace is the main imperial building of St. Petersburg. Date of construction: 1754. The building was built in the Elizabethan Baroque style, decorated with rich monograms and columns covered with gold leaf. Currently the Winter Palace houses historical museum- Hermitage.
Admiralty building
The Admiralty consists of a complex of buildings located on the banks of the Neva on Admiralty Island. At first, this building played the role of a shipyard (a place for the construction and repair of ships, ships, boats), but a little later it was somewhat modernized and given the title of administrative center in which the command was located navy Russia. Date of construction - 1704.
Pashkov House
One of the most famous buildings in Moscow, built in the style of early classicism, is the Pashkov House. This structure was designed in 1784 at the request of the captain of the Semenovsky regiment guard Pyotr Pashkov. This house has an impressive appearance, which is partly due to the place on which it stands - Vagankovsky Hill. Main facade The building faces the sunny side.
Alexander Nevsky Lavra
The Alexander Nevsky Lavra is a monastery located at the end of Nevsky Prospekt in the city of St. Petersburg. It is considered the largest monastery in the northern capital. Date of construction - 1710. According to the assumptions of local history scientists and historians, this structure was erected by order of Peter I. The Emperor allocated almost 5,000 sq.m. for construction. On the territory of the Lavra there is a wooden Annunciation Church, Trinity Cathedral, Theodore Church, and the Gate Church.
Volkov Theater
The Volkov Theater is one of the oldest dramatic scenes Russia. This establishment was built in 1750 in the city of Yaroslavl. The theater received its name in honor of its founder Fyodor Grigorievich Volkov, the son of a wealthy merchant. The young man very often organized various theatrical performances with his friends, which is where the idea of opening his own place to show them came from.
19th century
The architectural monuments of Russia, built in the 19th century, are distinguished by a new, unconventional style for our country - eclectic (a combination of incongruous things, that is, a mixture of the most diverse and unimaginable trends). Eclecticism “imitates” ancient Russian art, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque and classicism. Let's look at the most popular buildings of the 19th century, built in an eclectic style.
Tsarskoye Selo
Tsarskoye Selo is a museum-reserve that was created in 1811 in the city of Pushkin Leningrad region. This complex includes a palace and park ensemble, a country royal residence, Catherine Park, the Hermitage Garden, the Grotto, the Alexander Garden, the Military Chamber and the Chinese Theater. On at the moment Millions of tourists from all over the world come to this place of extraordinary beauty.
Cathedral of Christ the Savior
The Cathedral of Christ the Savior is one of the main shrines of Russia, which was built in 1812. On the walls of the temple are depicted (sculpted from clay) Russian soldiers who laid down their lives for their homeland during Patriotic War 1812 with Napoleon Bonaparte. During the Stalinist reform, the temple building was destroyed, but was rebuilt in 1994.
Arc de Triomphe
The Arc de Triomphe is an architectural monument built in 1829 in Moscow, which is a huge arch. More often Triumphal arches installed at the entrance to the city, at the end of major streets, avenues, bridges.
Manege
Manege is a historical building located in the central part of Moscow. This building was built in 1817 according to the design of the architect Augustin Betancourt. Currently, the arena is the main museum and exhibition site of the capital, but it was built for drill training of troops guarding the Kremlin and Moscow borders. A little later, balls and royal receptions began to be held here.
St. Isaac's Cathedral
The Cathedral of St. Isaac of Dolmatia is one of the largest churches in St. Petersburg, built in 1858 according to the design of the famous architect Antonio Rinaldi. The main dome of St. Isaac's Cathedral is made of gold leaf, the facade is made of gray stone, and the columns of the main entrance are cast from bronze.
In our article you got acquainted with the most famous and beautiful monuments architecture of Russia. Temples, churches, palaces, and nature reserves were described. Russian Federation- a country with a rich history, which is why here you can see extraordinary and unique structures that cannot be found anywhere else.
On the Day of Historical and Cultural Monuments, we remember the frightening and funny architectural objects that are the most popular among tourists.
/www.wikipedia.orgMoai on Easter Island
Stone statues, up to 9 m in height, live on the second most distant island from the mainland in the world - Rapa Nui, or Easter Island, owned by Chile. There are 887 statues on the island, some left unfinished in quarries - made between the mid-11th and 14th centuries. The statues are made in four different styles, and the later, the more sophisticated both their appearance and the method of their manufacture become. And there is still debate about how the statues were moved and installed.
Jesus the Redeemer in Rio de Janeiro
For more than 80 years of existence (the statue was unveiled in 1931), Christ was violated only once - in 2010, the inscription “The cat is out of the house - the mice are dancing” was painted on his face and hands. The height of the statue is only 38 m.
Statue of Liberty in New York
The symbol of New York stands on Liberty Island, south of Manhattan, and was a gift from the French for the anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. The statue was depicted by the French sculptor Frederic Auguste Bartholdi, and all constructive issues (design of frames and supports) were taken over by Gustave Eiffel, the author of the famous tower in Paris.
Motherland on Mamayev Kurgan in Volgograd
The main sculpture of the ensemble to the Heroes Battle of Stalingrad on Mamayev Kurgan she calls her sons into battle with the enemy - that is why her mouth is open. One of the most complex sculptures in the world from the point of view of technical calculations of stability. Creations of the brilliant sculptor-monumentalist Evgeniy Viktorovich Vuchetich.
Great Sphinx of Giza
The head of a lion lying on the sand, according to scientists, was sculpted from Pharaoh Khafre - and although science still does not know the time of construction of this sculpture, there is logic in the fact that it was either during the life of Khafre, or after his death - in any case, we arrive at an approximate date of about 2400 BC. It is also unknown what the Egyptians themselves called this monument - the word “sphinx” is Greek, and appeared much later than the structure in Egypt.
The Little Mermaid in Copenhagen
The Little Mermaid was made in 1913 by order of Carl Jacobsen, the son of the founder of the Carlsberg brewing company - he would like the ballet based on Andersen’s fairy tale at the Copenhagen theater, he even asked the theater’s prima to pose for the sculptor, but she refused (she didn’t want to pose naked, but this was necessary), and sculptor Edward Erickson had to persuade his wife. This is one of the most long-suffering sculptures in the world - no matter what they did to it: they sawed off its head and arm a couple of times, added a bra, inserted a dildo into its hand, and even wrapped it in a burqa.
Buddha statue in Leshan
One of the most tall statues Buddhas in the world - 71 m high. The Buddha is carved into the rock - the work lasted 90 years, starting in 713. On the sides of the Buddha, about a hundred images of bodhisattvas are carved into the rock - enlightened beings who decide to become a Buddha.
Pissing boy in Brussels
The height of one of the symbols of Brussels is only 61 cm. The boy Julien (that’s his name) is surrounded by a number of traditions - in holidays the water in the fountain is replaced with wine or beer, and from time to time Julien is dressed up in costumes. A list of costumes is posted regularly on the grille near the sculpture. The boy’s “wardrobe” already contains about 800 costumes, including an American Air Force uniform, a Dracula outfit, a judoka outfit, and even a Ukrainian Cossack outfit.
Buddha of Spring Temple in China
The tallest sculpture in the world, the copper statue is 128 m high, along with a pedestal of 208 m. The construction of the monument cost a total of $55 million and was China's response to the systematic destruction of Buddhist relics in Afghanistan - the construction of this Buddha was announced after the explosion The Taliban built two Buddha statues in the Bamiyan Valley, these statues began to be built in the 2nd century, and were completed two hundred years later.
Genghis Khan in Mongolia
The equestrian statue of Genghis Khan near Ulaanbaatar is the largest equestrian statue in the world - its height without a pedestal is 40 m. The monument is surrounded by 36 columns, according to the number of khans of the Mongol Empire from Genghis to Ligden Khan. The monument was opened in 2008.
While people involved in construction and design celebrate their professional holiday - World Architecture Day, we will present the most interesting and unusual works modern architects and their predecessors.
Habitat 67 Quarters, Montreal
The unique residential complex was built in 1967 for the Expo exhibition. 354 houses connected to each other are not located in a random order, but so that all apartments receive the maximum sunlight. The style of this object - brutalism, by the way, became popular in the USSR.
Friedensreich Hundertwasser projects
It is very difficult to choose just one work by this iconic architect, because they are all amazing in their own way. His “fairytale” style does not fall under any of the classical concepts - the great Austrian designed “good” and even “kind” houses. Here, for example, is an ordinary residential building, which everyone simply calls the Hundertwasser house. It is not surprising that the author of such architecture always wore different socks.
Ideal Palace, France
The unremarkable town of Hautrives was made famous by the local postman at the beginning of the 20th century. Ferdinand Cheval spent 33 years building his own palace from scrap materials - stones that he collected during work. Ferdinand had absolutely no understanding of the canons of architecture and used all the styles that he could see. Therefore, in the “Ideal Palace”, as the author himself called it, there are elements from the Ancient to Gaudi.
Lotus Temple, India
In 1986, one of the most unusual in the world was built in New Delhi. The giant marble lotus leaves look like they are about to bloom. They even created almost natural conditions for the flower - the temple, like a real lotus, rises out of the water. Although it is a religious building, there are no icons, frescoes or paintings inside: these attributes are not important in the Baha'i teachings.
Cologne Cathedral, Germany
A canonical example of Gothic, known far beyond the “architectural circles”. Of course, we will not describe the numerous details of the huge building. Let us confine ourselves to one fact: in 1880, when the next stage construction, the cathedral became the tallest building on the planet for four years - 157 meters. But even today, surrounded by low-rise buildings in the center of Cologne, the cathedral still looks impressive.
Burj Khalifa, UAE
IN last decades the title of tall building in the world it was literally a challenge banner: now, then Taipei, then Kuala Lumpur. Of course, the Emirates could not pass up such a competition and decided to set their own record. Along the way, “” won in more than ten nominations, for example, as the owner of the fastest elevator and the highest nightclub (on the 144th floor).)
Temple of the Dancing God, India
The famous Indian temple of Brihadeshvara, which recently celebrated its millennium, is dedicated to Shiva. In total, there are 250 statues of this god inside the temple, and they all depict different poses of magical dance. Previously, the temple was also a fortress, therefore, in addition to elegant statues, there are also serious defensive structures. The ditches and walls guard the legendary wealth that pilgrims have brought to Shiva for centuries.
Bird's Nest Stadium, Beijing
The Olympic Games are an excellent chance for architects to make their dreams come true: the authorities do not skimp on bold and expensive projects. From the 2008 Olympics they got a stadium for 80,000 people with a completely unusual shape. Although it is not even the shape that is remarkable, but the construction of giant iron beams - the airy translucent structure can withstand an eight-magnitude earthquake.
Chrysler Building, New York
One of the best examples of Art Deco and the tallest skyscraper in the mid-20th century was built by order of the Chrysler automobile company. It became the tallest thanks to the irreconcilable rivalry of two architects: the author of this building in last moment before the completion of construction, he agreed to install a 40-meter spire, thereby overtaking the new Trump Building. And the unusual arches on the facades of the upper floors imitate car rims.
Capsule house, Japan
The combination of Japanese minimalism and love for new technologies gave the world a unique project - a capsule residential building. All modules (apartments and offices) in this building are completely replaceable and are attached to the metal base with just four bolts. Despite the visual flimsiness of such a system, there have been no accidents since its construction in 1974.
Ring houses, China
Unusual round fortress houses appeared a long time ago, but they stopped building only in the 1960s. Before this, housing was built on the principle of a closed system in many areas. The lack of land and the ability to defend together pushed people to settle in communes in several such houses. And the microclimate inside protected from heat and cold.
Southernmost Orthodox Church
This building is not distinguished by its design or size, but solely by the location where it is located. Not far from the Russian Antarctic station Bellingshausen consecrated the wooden Church of the Holy Trinity in 2004. And the logs for the church probably traveled the longest route in the history of construction materials logistics: Altai Mountains-Kaliningrad-Antarctica.
The most secret office building, USA
The most inaccessible office building in the world is also the largest. This is the famous Pentagon - the building of the Ministry of Defense. The huge pentagonal building has 28 km of corridors, and the area of all five floors is 604,000 sq.m. This giant was built in the 1940s, so a small incident arose: there are twice as many toilets in the building as necessary - separately for blacks, separately for whites. True, by the end of construction the old order was canceled and they didn’t even have time to hang signs.
Pool in the sky, Singapore
The three towers of the Marina Bay Sands high-rise hotel support a truly unique architectural structure- a huge platform shaped like a ship. On the “deck” there is a living garden and a giant swimming pool. By the way, the entire hotel design is officially approved by Feng Shui experts.
City on the Rock, Sri Lanka
The real fortress city was built by ancient architects on the steep 300-meter cliff of Sigiriya. King Kasapa I ordered his residence to be built at such a height for protection, but he did not forget about comfort. Covered terraces, benches for relaxation, trees and even an artificial pond made Sigiriya a luxury retreat. In addition to the official historical monuments, there is also an interesting tradition, so beloved by our compatriots: starting from the 7th century, guests of the palace left inscriptions on the rocks like “Vasya was here, 879,” only in verse.
This ancient city The Inca Palace, built in the 15th century, sits on top of a mountain ridge above the sacred Valley of the Incas. Archaeologists believe that it was intended as the residence of the Inca emperor Pachacutec.
2. Sheikh Zayed Mosque, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
This is the largest mosque in the United United Arab Emirates and the eighth largest in the world. It was built between 1996 and 2007.
3. Taj Mahal, Agra, India
The majestic marble mausoleum was built by order of the padishah of the Mughal Empire, Shah Jahan, in memory of his third wife Mumtaz Mahal, who died in 1632.
4. Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
The Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba is an ancient Roman temple that became a church, then a mosque, and in the present it is Cathedral and a grandiose monument of medieval Moorish architecture.
5. St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican
St. Peter's Basilica is the largest church in the world and recognized work Renaissance architecture.
6. Angkor Wat, Siem Reap, Cambodia
This Buddhist temple is the largest religious monument in the world. The Khmer king Suryavarman II built it in the early twelfth century.
7. Bayon Temple, Siem Reap, Cambodia
This Khmer temple is called the Temple of a Thousand Faces, built in the late twelfth century and is famous throughout the world for its massive stone faces on many of the towers.
8. Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood, St. Petersburg, Russia
The temple was built between 1883 and 1907 in the place where Tsar Alexander II was mortally wounded. The cathedral is dedicated to his memory.
9. Gettysburg National Military Park, Pennsylvania
The town of Gettysburg is closely tied to history. Civil War in the USA. The green field of the park was drowned in blood during decisive battle which led to victory allied forces and took the lives of more than 50,000 American soldiers.