The Hottentots are the fifth race of people. Hottentots - an ancient people from Africa African women from the Hottentot tribe

03.03.2020

And the Hottentots. Nowadays, their descendants live in the Kalahari Desert and nearby areas of Angola and South-West Africa. They retreated to these places under pressure from Bantu peoples and Dutch settlers.

Today there will be a story about who the Hottentots are. This ancient tribe in South Africa. Modern name comes from the Dutch hottentot - “stutterer”, which is associated with the clicking pronunciation of sounds among this people. Since the 19th century, the term "Hottentot" has been considered offensive in Namibia and South Africa, where it was even replaced by "Khoi-Koin", a derivative of the self-name Nama. Like the Bushmen, the Khoi-Koin belong to the Khoisan race - the most unique on the planet (personally, this is the first time I have read about such a race).

Genetic studies have shown that among this people the type of Y chromosome characteristic of the first people has been preserved. The people are really ancient.

The first written information about the Hottentots is found in the traveler Kolben. He described them shortly after the establishment of the Dutch colonies in their country. Then the Hottentots were numerous people, which included tribes ruled by chiefs or elders. They led a nomadic shepherd's life, living in groups of 300 to 400 people, living in portable huts made of stakes covered with mats. They supposedly dressed in sheep's skins (and Africa! - it's hot); the weapons were bows with poisoned arrows and darts or assegais. Livestock was the main sign of the wealth of this tribe, which they protected and practically did not use for food.

The Hottentots have a very unusual appearance, which combines the characteristics of the black and yellow races (which is why they apparently began to be classified as a separate race). Representatives of this tribe are short - no more than one and a half meters tall. Their skin has a yellow-copper tint.

When did the Europeans come

In the mid-18th century, European expansion into southern Africa began. The Dutch East India Company began the construction of Fort Kapstad, which later became the largest port and base on the route from Europe to India.

The Dutch were the first to encounter them in the Cape area Good Hope, were Hottentots of the Korakwa tribe. The leader of this tribe, Kora, concluded the first treaty with the commandant of Kapstad, Jan van Riebeeck. These were the “years of cordial cooperation,” when mutually beneficial exchanges were established between the tribe and the white newcomers.

But the Dutch are Europeans. But European states do not tend to live in peace when somewhere is good. So it is in Africa. In May 1659, the Dutch violated the treaty by seizing land for agricultural purposes. On this occasion, a war began, during which the leader of the Hottentot tribe, Kora, was killed.

That war was not the only one. The second happened in 1673. Here the Dutch used another tool of democracy - they set different Hottentot tribes against each other. And they killed each other, not completely, but significantly.

But an even more powerful blow to the Hottentot tribes was dealt by smallpox brought from Europe. During the 17th-19th centuries, the Hottentot tribes inhabiting the southern tip of Africa were almost completely destroyed.

Hottentots now

Now some of the tribes are nomadic. But many settled locally, forming settlements in South Africa. People there also engage in agriculture and raise livestock. Livestock farming has become one of the main sources of livelihoods. However, neither the first nor the second retained the name. The Khoikhoin are considered a nomadic tribe, true Hottentots.

: Griqua, Korana and Nama groups (mostly settlers from Namibia).

Name

Story

By the time the Europeans arrived, the Hottentots occupied the southwestern coast of Africa, from the Fish River in the east to the central highlands of Namibia in the north. It is not known exactly how long the Hottentots lived in these places. All we can say with certainty is that the Bantu tribes found them in the same places several centuries earlier. According to lexicostatistics data, the Khoikhoi branch separated from other Central Khoisan languages (the Chu-Khoi branch) at the end of 2 thousand BC. e. However, the place of initial settlement of their common ancestors (the Kalahari desert region or the Cape region) and the routes of further migrations are still unknown. The Khoikhoi branch itself probably disintegrated in the 3rd century AD. e.

Unlike the Bushmen, the Hottentots were nomadic pastoralists.

Traditionally, the Hottentots were divided into two large groups: the Nama and the Cape Hottentots, which in turn were divided into smaller groups, and these into tribes (!haoti).

Folklore

An ironic attitude towards the brute strength of the lion and the elephant and admiration for the intelligence and ingenuity of the hare and the tortoise are manifested in all these tales.

Their main characters are animals, but sometimes the story is about people, but people - the heroes of fairy tales - are still very close to animals: women marry elephants and go to their villages, people and animals live, think, talk and act together.

Nama

Self-name - namaqua. Before the arrival of Europeans, they were divided into two groups:

nama actually(big nama; Great Nama) - before the arrival of Europeans they lived north of the river. Orange (south of modern Namibia, Great Namaqualand). They were divided into the following tribes (listed from north to south, in parentheses are given: variants of the Russian name; name in Afrikaans; self-name):
- swartboi (lkhautsyoan; swartbooi; ||khau-|gõan)
- kopers (khar-khoy, frasmann; kopers, fransmanne, Simon Kopper hottentot; !kharkoen).
- roinasi (gai-lhaua, “red people”; rooinasie; gai-||xauan)
- hrotdoden-nama (lyo-kai; grootdoden; ||ō-gain)
- feldschoendragers (ljabobe, haboben; veldschoendragers; ||haboben).
- tsaibshi (kharo; tsaibsche, keetmanshopers; kharo-!oan).
- bondelswarts (kamichnun; bondelswarts; !gamiǂnûn).
- topnaars (chaonin; topnaars; ǂaonîn).
eagles(small nama; orlams, little nama; self-name: !gû-!gôun) - before the arrival of Europeans they lived to the south of the river. Orange to the river basin Ulifants (west of modern South Africa, Little Namaqualand). There are five known Orlam-Nama tribes:
- Afrikaner tribe (ts'oa-ts'aran; Afrikaaners; orlam afrikaners; |hôa-|aran), should not be confused with Afrikaners (Boers).
- lamberts (gai-tskhauan; lamberts, amraals; kai|khauan).
- witboys (tskhobesin; witboois (‛white guys’); |khobesin).
- Betanians (kaman; bethaniërs; !aman).
- bersebs (ts'ai-tskhauan; bersabaers; |hai-|khauan).

They soon had a new common rival - Germany. In 1884, the territory north of the river. Orange was declared the German colony of South West Africa. Following this, lands began to be taken away from the Hottentots and other indigenous inhabitants, which was accompanied by many clashes and violence. In 1904-08, the Herero and Hottentots raised several uprisings, which were suppressed with unprecedented cruelty by German troops and went down in history as the Genocide of the Herero and Nama tribes. 80% of the Herero and 50% of the Hottentots (Nama) were destroyed.

After the suppression of the uprisings, the Nama were settled in special reserves (home-lands): Berseba, Bondels, Gibeon, Krantzplatz, Sesfontein, Soromas, Warmbad, Neuhol ), Tses, Hoachanas, Okombahe/Damaraland, Fransfontein. The system of reserves was also supported by the South African administration, which controlled the territory of Namibia from to. Inside them, they still make up the majority of the population, but they also live outside them: in cities and on farms - mixed with Bantu and whites. The division into tribal groups remains, which are now very mixed.

Cape Hottentots

(Cape Khoikoin; kaphottentotten) - as a separate ethnic group does not exist now. They inhabited coastal lands from the Cape of Good Hope in the southwest to the river basin. Ulifants in the north (where they bordered the Nama) and to the river. Fish (Vis) in the east (modern Western Cape and western Eastern Cape). Their number is estimated at 100 thousand or 200 thousand. At the beginning of the 17th century, they were divided into 2-3 groups, represented by at least 13 tribes.

Einiqua(riviervolk; ãi-||’ae, einiqua). Perhaps they were closer to the Nama than to the Cape Hottentots.
Western Cape Hottentots
- karos-heber (kaross-heber; ǂnam-||’ae)
- kohkva (tsoho; smaal-wange, saldanhamans; |’oo-xoo, cochoqua)
- guriqua
- horinghaiqua (!uri-||’ae)
- horahauqua (k'ora-l'hau; gorachouqua ('peninsular'); !ora-||xau)
- ubiqua
- hainoqua (chainoqua; Snyer’s volk; !kaon)
- hessequa
- attaqua
- auteniqua (lyo-tani; houteniqua, zakkedragers; ||hoo-tani)
Eastern Cape Hottentots
- inqua
- damaqua, not to be confused with damara
- hunheikva (ts'oang; hoengeiqua; katte; |hõãn)
- harihurikva (hrihri; chariguriqua, grigriqua).

Most of the tribes were exterminated or assimilated by Europeans during the 18th and early 19th centuries, but by the beginning of the 18th century three new groups of mixed origin had formed: the Gonakwa, Q'orakwa and Hrikwa, mainly outside the ancestral Hottentot territory, to the east among the Bantus and among the Bushmen along Orange River.

Gonaqua(ch'ona; gonaqua; ǂgona) - formed at the beginning of the 18th century east of the river. Kei (centre of the Eastern Cape) based on the Eastern Cape Hottentots under Xhosa influence. Some moved to Betelsdorp (near Port Elizabeth). Disappeared by mid. XIX century.
Koran(!ora, korakva; koraqua; !ora) - formed as a result of contacts with the Dutch and the significant movements and rearrangements of local Hottentot tribes caused by them at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th centuries. We lived along the river. Orange from the border with Namibia to the outskirts of Kimberley (Northern Cape Province; western Free State), among the Bushmen. By the end of the 20th century, over 10 thousand Korans lived in the vicinity of Douglas, Prisca, Campbell and Griquatown (South Africa, north of the middle reaches of the Orange River). They speak Afrikaans.
Griqua(khrikva, khiri; griqua; !xiri) - a mixed group formed in the area of the city of Kokstad (East Griqualand), southeast of Lesotho (south of the modern province of KwaZulu-Natal). IN early XIX century, some moved to Griekwastad (modern Northern Cape Province) and southeast Namibia (near Karasburg), where small groups remain to this day. They speak Afrikaans.

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Notes

Literature

Elphick. Khoikhoi and the founding of White South Africa. Second edition. Ravan Press. Johannesburg, 1985
Wilson M.H. The hunters and herders. // Wilson M.H. & Thompson L.M. (eds.) The Oxford history of South Africa, vol. 1: to 1870. Oxford, 1969.

Excerpt characterizing the Hottentots

Napoleon turned to him cheerfully and pulled him by the ear.
– You were in a hurry, I’m very glad. Well, what does Paris say? - he said, suddenly changing his previously stern expression to the most affectionate.
– Sire, tout Paris regrette votre absence, [Sire, all of Paris regrets your absence.] – as it should, answered de Bosset. But although Napoleon knew that Bosset had to say this or the like, although he knew in his clear moments that it was not true, he was pleased to hear it from de Bosset. He again deigned to touch him behind the ear.
“Je suis fache, de vous avoir fait faire tant de chemin,” he said.
- Sire! Je ne m"attendais pas a moins qu"a vous trouver aux portes de Moscou, [I expected no less than to find you, sir, at the gates of Moscow.] - said Bosset.
Napoleon smiled and, absentmindedly raising his head, looked around to the right. The adjutant approached with a floating step with a golden snuff-box and offered it to her. Napoleon took it.
“Yes, it happened well for you,” he said, putting the open snuffbox to his nose, “you love to travel, in three days you will see Moscow.” You probably didn’t expect to see the Asian capital. You will make a pleasant trip.
Bosse bowed with gratitude for this attentiveness to his (until now unknown to him) inclination to travel.
- A! what is this? - said Napoleon, noticing that all the courtiers were looking at something covered with a veil. Bosse, with courtly dexterity, without showing his back, took a half-turn two steps back and at the same time pulled off the coverlet and said:
- A gift to Your Majesty from the Empress.
It was bright colors a portrait painted by Gerard of a boy born from Napoleon and the daughter of the Austrian emperor, whom for some reason everyone called the King of Rome.
A very handsome curly-haired boy, with a look similar to that of Christ in the Sistine Madonna, was depicted playing in a billbok. The ball represented the globe, and the wand in the other hand represented the scepter.
Although it was not entirely clear what exactly the painter wanted to express by representing the so-called King of Rome piercing the globe with a stick, this allegory, like everyone who saw the picture in Paris, and Napoleon, obviously seemed clear and liked it very much.
“Roi de Rome, [Roman King.],” he said, pointing to the portrait with a graceful gesture of his hand. – Admirable! [Wonderful!] – With the Italian ability to change his facial expression at will, he approached the portrait and pretended to be thoughtfully tender. He felt that what he would say and do now was history. And it seemed to him that the best thing he could do now is that he, with his greatness, as a result of which his son played with the globe in a bilbok, should show, in contrast to this greatness, the simplest fatherly tenderness. His eyes became misty, he moved, looked back at the chair (the chair jumped under him) and sat down on it opposite the portrait. One gesture from him - and everyone tiptoed out, leaving the great man to himself and his feelings.
After sitting for some time and touching, without knowing why, his hand to the roughness of the glare of the portrait, he stood up and again called Bosse and the duty officer. He ordered the portrait to be taken out in front of the tent, so as not to deprive the old guard, who stood near his tent, of the happiness of seeing the Roman king, the son and heir of their beloved sovereign.
As he had expected, while he was having breakfast with Monsieur Bosse, who had received this honor, in front of the tent the enthusiastic cries of the officers and soldiers of the old guard who had come running to the portrait were heard.
– Vive l"Empereur! Vive le Roi de Rome! Vive l"Empereur! [Long live the Emperor! Long live the Roman King!] - enthusiastic voices were heard.
After breakfast, Napoleon, in the presence of Bosse, dictated his orders for the army.
– Courte et energique! [Short and energetic!] - said Napoleon when he read the written proclamation himself immediately without amendments. The order was:
“Warriors! This is the battle you have longed for. Victory depends on you. It is necessary for us; she will provide us with everything we need: comfortable apartments and a quick return to our homeland. Act as you acted at Austerlitz, Friedland, Vitebsk and Smolensk. May later posterity proudly remember your exploits to this day. Let it be said about each of you: he was in great battle near Moscow!
– De la Moscow! [Near Moscow!] - Napoleon repeated, and, inviting Mr. Bosset, who loved to travel, to join him in his walk, he left the tent to the saddled horses.
“Votre Majeste a trop de bonte, [You are too kind, Your Majesty," Bosse said when asked to accompany the emperor: he was sleepy and did not know how and was afraid to ride a horse.
But Napoleon nodded to the traveler, and Bosse had to go. When Napoleon left the tent, the screams of the guards in front of the portrait of his son intensified even more. Napoleon frowned.
“Take it off,” he said, pointing to the portrait with a graceful, majestic gesture. “It’s too early for him to see the battlefield.”
Bosse, closing his eyes and bowing his head, took a deep breath, with this gesture showing how he knew how to appreciate and understand the words of the emperor.

Napoleon spent the entire day of August 25, as his historians say, on horseback, inspecting the area, discussing the plans presented to him by his marshals, and personally giving orders to his generals.
The original line of the Russian troops along Kolocha was broken, and part of this line, namely the Russian left flank, was driven back as a result of the capture of the Shevardinsky redoubt on the 24th. This part of the line was not fortified, no longer protected by the river, and in front of it there was only a more open and level place. It was obvious to every military and non-military person that the French were supposed to attack this part of the line. It seemed that this did not require many considerations, there was no need for such care and troubles of the emperor and his marshals, and there was no need at all for that special highest ability called genius, which they so like to attribute to Napoleon; but the historians who subsequently described this event, and the people then surrounding Napoleon, and he himself, thought differently.
Napoleon drove across the field, thoughtfully peered at the area, shook his head with himself in approval or disbelief, and, without informing the generals around him of the thoughtful move that guided his decisions, conveyed to them only final conclusions in the form of orders. After listening to Davout's proposal, called the Duke of Ecmul, to bypass the Russian left flank, Napoleon said that this did not need to be done, without explaining why it was not necessary. To the proposal of General Compan (who was supposed to attack the flushes) to lead his division through the forest, Napoleon expressed his consent, despite the fact that the so-called Duke of Elchingen, that is, Ney, allowed himself to note that movement through the forest was dangerous and could upset the division .
Having examined the area opposite the Shevardinsky redoubt, Napoleon thought for a while in silence and pointed to the places where two batteries were to be set up by tomorrow to operate against the Russian fortifications, and the places where field artillery was to be lined up next to them.
Having given these and other orders, he returned to his headquarters, and the disposition of the battle was written under his dictation.
This disposition, about which French historians speak with delight and other historians with deep respect, was as follows:
“At dawn, two new batteries, built in the night, on the plain occupied by the Prince of Eckmuhl, will open fire on the two opposing enemy batteries.
At the same time, the chief of artillery of the 1st Corps, General Pernetti, with 30 guns of the Compan division and all the howitzers of the Dessay and Friant divisions, will move forward, open fire and bombard the enemy battery with grenades, against which they will act!
24 guards artillery guns,
30 guns of the Compan division
and 8 guns of the Friant and Dessay divisions,
Total - 62 guns.
The chief of artillery of the 3rd Corps, General Fouche, will place all the howitzers of the 3rd and 8th Corps, 16 in total, on the flanks of the battery, which is assigned to bombard the left fortification, which will total 40 guns against it.
General Sorbier must be ready, at the first order, to march with all the howitzers of the Guards artillery against one or another fortification.
Continuing the cannonade, Prince Poniatowski will head towards the village, into the forest and bypass the enemy position.
General Compan will move through the forest to take possession of the first fortification.
Upon entering the battle in this way, orders will be given according to the actions of the enemy.
The cannonade on the left flank will begin as soon as the cannonade of the right wing is heard. The riflemen of Moran's division and the Viceroy's division would open heavy fire when they saw the beginning of the attack of the right wing.
The Viceroy will take possession of the village [of Borodin] and cross his three bridges, following at the same height with the divisions of Morand and Gerard, which, under his leadership, will head to the redoubt and enter the line with the rest of the army.
All this must be done in order (le tout se fera avec ordre et methode), keeping troops in reserve as much as possible.

A term used to refer to cases of excessive development of the labia minora, reaching an extraordinary size and hanging like an apron into the perineal area. It is observed as a racial phenomenon among Hottentots, Bushmen, and sometimes among European women.

The Hottentots are the oldest tribe in South Africa. Its name comes from the Dutch hottentot, which means “stutterer,” and was given for a special clicking type of pronunciation of sounds. Women of this race are characterized by a number of characteristics that distinguish them from the rest of the world's population - this is steatopygia (excessive fat deposits in the buttocks) and the “Egyptian apron” or “Hottentot apron” (tsgai), hypertrophy of the labia.

The “Hottentot Venus” was first described by Le Vaillant in a travel report of 1780-1785: “The Hottentots have a natural apron that serves to cover the sign of their sex... They can be up to nine inches long, more or less, depending on the the age of the woman or the efforts she puts into this strange decoration..."

Jean-Joseph Virey described this sign as follows. “Bushwomen have a sort of leather apron that hangs from their pubic area, covering their genitals. In reality, this is nothing more than an extension of the labia minora by 15 cm. They protrude from each side beyond the labia majora, which are almost absent, and connect at the top, forming a hood over the clitoris and closing the entrance to the vagina. They can be raised above the pubis, like two ears.” He further concludes that this “...may explain the natural inferiority of the Negro race compared to the white.”

The scientist Topinar, having analyzed the characteristics of the Khoisan race, came to the conclusion that the presence of an “apron” does not at all confirm the closeness of this race to monkeys, since in many monkeys, for example, the female gorilla, these lips are completely invisible. Modern genetic research found that among the Bushmen the type of Y chromosome characteristic of the first people was preserved. Which indicates that perhaps all members of the genus Homo sapiens descended from this anthropological type and to say that the Hottentots are not people is at least unscientific. It is the Hottentots and related groups that belong to the main race of humanity.

Interestingly, body fat among Hottentots varies depending on the time of year. Women often have excessively developed long labia. This feature came to be called the Hottentot apron. This part of the body, even among short Hottentots, reaches 15-18 centimeters in length. The labia sometimes hang down to the knees. Even according to native concepts, this anatomical feature is disgusting, and since ancient times the tribes have had the custom trim the labia before marriage. But the men of this tribe have a tradition of amputating one of their testicles, which defies scientific logic - this is done so that twins are not born in the family, the appearance of which is considered a curse for the tribe.

After missionaries appeared in Abyssinia and began to convert the natives to Christianity, a ban on such surgical interventions was introduced. But the natives began to resist such restrictions, refused to accept Christianity because of them, and even rebelled. The fact is that girls with such body features could no longer find a groom. Then the Pope himself issued a decree according to which the natives were allowed to return to their original custom.

The historical drama of the French director Abdellatif Kechiche "Black Venus" (2010) is dedicated to tragic fate Hottentot girl Saarti Baartman (1779-1815), forcibly taken to Europe in 1810 by her Boer master, where she was paraded naked for the amusement of the idle public. White Europeans were amused by the hypertrophied buttocks of the unfortunate savage; Anthropological scientists were haunted by her enlarged labia.

The tragedy of Saarti Baartman, who ended her days as a street prostitute and did not even receive a Christian burial (her body was given for scientific research, a lifetime cast was taken from it, and the bones were boiled and stored for anthropological measurements), shocked many European viewers. Currently, the remains of the "Hottentot Venus" Saarti Baartman have been returned to their homeland in South Africa.

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To a special racial type - the capoid race.

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Traditionally, the Hottentots were divided into two large groups: the Nama and the Cape Hottentots, which in turn were divided into smaller groups, and these into tribes (!haoti).

Folklore

An ironic attitude towards the brute strength of the lion and the elephant and admiration for the intelligence and ingenuity of the hare and the tortoise are manifested in all these tales.
Their main characters are animals, but sometimes the story is about people, but people - the heroes of fairy tales - are still very close to animals: women marry elephants and go to their villages, people and animals live, think, talk and act together.

Nama

Self-name - namaqua. Before the arrival of Europeans, they were divided into two groups:
- nama actually(big nama; Great Nama) - before the arrival of Europeans they lived north of the river. Orange (south of modern Namibia, Great Namaqualand). They were divided into the following tribes (listed from north to south, in parentheses are given: variants of the Russian name; name in Afrikaans; self-name):
  - swartboi (lkhautsyoan; swartbooi; ||khau-|gõan)
  - kopers (khar-khoy, frasmann; kopers, fransmanne, Simon Kopper hottentot; !kharkoen).
  - roinasi (gai-lhaua, “red people”; rooinasie; gai-||xauan)
  - hrotdoden-nama (lyo-kai; grootdoden; ||ō-gain)
  - feldschoendragers (ljabobe, haboben; veldschoendragers; ||haboben).
  - tsaibshi (kharo; tsaibsche, keetmanshopers; kharo-!oan).
  - bondelswarts (kamichnun; bondelswarts; !gamiǂnûn).
  - topnaars (chaonin; topnaars; ǂaonîn).
- eagles(small nama; orlams, little nama; self-name: !gû-!gôun) - before the arrival of Europeans they lived to the south of the river. Orange to the river basin Ulifants (west of modern South Africa, Little Namaqualand). There are five known Orlam-Nama tribes:
  - Afrikaner tribe (ts'oa-ts'aran; Afrikaaners; orlam afrikaners; |hôa-|aran), should not be confused with Afrikaners (Boers).
  - lamberts (gai-tskhauan; lamberts, amraals; kai|khauan).
  - witboys (tskhobesin; witboois (‛white guys’); |khobesin).
  - Betanians (kaman; bethaniërs; !aman).
  - bersebs (ts'ai-tskhauan; bersabaers; |hai-|khauan).
They soon had a new common rival - Germany. In 1884, the territory north of the river. Orange was declared the German colony of South-West Africa. Following this, lands began to be taken away from the Hottentots and other indigenous inhabitants, which was accompanied by many clashes and violence. In 1904-08, the Herero and Hottentots raised several uprisings, which were suppressed with unprecedented cruelty by German troops and went down in history as the Genocide of the Herero and Nama tribes. 80% of the Herero and 50% of the Hottentots (Nama) were destroyed.
After the suppression of the uprisings, the Nama were settled in special reserves (home-lands): Berseba, Bondels, Gibeon, Krantzplatz, Sesfontein, Soromas, Warmbad, Neuhol ), Tses, Hoachanas, Okombahe/Damaraland, Fransfontein. The system of reserves was also supported by the South African administration, which controlled the territory of Namibia from to. Inside them, they still make up the majority of the population, but they also live outside them: in cities and on farms - mixed with Bantu and whites. The division into tribal groups remains, which are now very mixed.

Cape Hottentots

(Cape Khoikoin; kaphottentotten) - does not currently exist as a separate ethnic group. They inhabited the coastal lands from the Cape of Good Hope in the southwest to the river basin. Ulifants in the north (where they bordered the Nama) and to the river. Fish (Vis) in the east (modern Western Cape and western Eastern Cape). Their number is estimated at 100 thousand or 200 thousand. At the beginning of the 17th century, they were divided into 2-3 groups, represented by at least 13 tribes.
- Einiqua(riviervolk; ãi-||’ae, einiqua). Perhaps they were closer to the Nama than to the Cape Hottentots.
- Western Cape Hottentots
  - karos-heber (kaross-heber; ǂnam-||’ae)
  - kohkva (tsoho; smaal-wange, saldanhamans; |’oo-xoo, cochoqua)
  - guriqua
  - horinghaiqua (!uri-||’ae)
  - horahauqua (k'ora-l'hau; gorachouqua ('peninsular'); !ora-||xau)
  - ubiqua
  - hainoqua (chainoqua; Snyer’s volk; !kaon)
  - hessequa
  - attaqua
  - auteniqua (lyo-tani; houteniqua, zakkedragers; ||hoo-tani)
- Eastern Cape Hottentots
  - inqua
  - damaqua, not to be confused with
Hottentot Venuses, statues of women with excess fat deposits on their thighs, refer to the races that inhabited the south of France - from the Mediterranean coast to Brittany and Switzerland - during the era Upper Paleolithic. One Egyptian engraving, dating from around 3000 BC, shows two women with excess fat folds on their thighs performing a ritual dance on the bank of a river next to two goats - the sacred animals of their tribe - to celebrate the arrival of a ship bearing the emblem of a goat. Apparently these women are priestesses.
Figurines of prehistoric women discovered in caves in southern France and Austria, and some rock paintings indicate that steatopygia was previously widespread in primitive communities. (Steatopygia (from Greek stear, gen. steatos “fat” and pyge “buttocks”)
This development of the fat layer is genetically inherent in some peoples of Africa and the Andaman Islands.
Among the African peoples of the Khoisan group, protruding buttocks at an angle are a sign of female beauty.
Hottentots
- tribe South Africa, inhabiting the English colony of the Cape of Good Hope (Cap Colony) and so named originally by Dutch settlers. The origin of this name is not entirely clear. The physical type of G., very different from the type of blacks and representing, as it were, a combination of characteristics of the black and yellow races with peculiar characteristics - an original language with strange, clicking sounds - a unique way of life, basically nomadic, but at the same time extremely primitive, dirty, rough , - some strange morals and customs - all this seemed extremely curious and already in the 18th century gave rise to a number of descriptions by travelers who saw in this tribe the lowest level of humanity.
Later it turned out that this was not entirely true. Some researchers are inclined to consider the Hottentots and related groups to be one of the indigenous, or main, races of humanity.
Modern genetic studies in the field of inheritance along the Y chromosome have established that among the capoids the original (characteristic of the first people) haplotype A1 has been preserved, which indicates that, perhaps, the first representatives of the genus Homo sapiens belonged precisely to this anthropological type.
Hottentots (Khoi-Khoin; self-name: ||khaa||khaasen) are an ethnic community in southern Africa. Nowadays they inhabit Southern and Central Namibia, in many places living mixed with Damara and Herero. Separate groups also live in South Africa: Griqua, Korana and Nama groups (mainly immigrants from Namibia).
Despite the small number in the modern population Republic of South Africa(Hottentots - about 2 thousand people, Bushmen about 1 thousand) these peoples, and especially the Hottentots, played a significant role in history.
The name comes from Dutch. hottentot, which means “stutterer” (meaning the utterance of clicking sounds). In the XIX-XX centuries. The term “Hottentots” has acquired a negative connotation and is now considered offensive in Namibia and South Africa, where it is replaced by the term Khoekhoen (Khoi-koin), derived from the self-name Nama. In Russian, both terms are still used.
Anthropologically, the Hottentots, together with the Bushmen, unlike other African peoples, belong to a special racial type - the capoid race.
According to the hypothesis of the American anthropologist K. Kuhn (1904 - 1981), this is a separate (fifth) large human race. Moreover, according to Kuhn, the center of origin of the capoid race was in North Africa.
In the past, the Khoisan peoples occupied most of the territory of Southern and Eastern Africa and, judging by anthropological studies, penetrated into North Africa.
It has been archaeologically recorded that 17 thousand years ago the Khoisan anthropological type was observed at the confluence of the White and Blue Nile.
Their presence in the north is evidenced by some “relict” peoples. These relics include some groups of Berbers in Morocco and Tunisia (Mozabites of the island of Djerba and others). These groups are characterized by short stature, a wide and flat face, and yellowish skin color.
IN Central Africa live capoids who have black skin, but nevertheless have characteristic Mongoloid features.

Distinctive feature This race is short in stature: for Bushmen 140-150 cm, for Hottents - 150-160 cm. Among the peoples of Africa, representatives of the capoid race are distinguished light color skin: Hottentots differ from Negroids in the lighter, darker-yellow color of their skin, reminiscent of the color of a dried yellowed leaf, tanned leather or nut, and sometimes similar to the color of mulattoes or yellow-swarthy Javanese.
The skin color of the Bushmen is somewhat darker and approaches copper-red. The skin of Hottentots is characterized by a tendency to wrinkle, both on the face and on the neck, under the arms, on the knees, etc., often giving middle-aged people a prematurely senile appearance.
In addition to the yellowish skin color, the peoples of this race share with the Mongoloids a narrow eye shape (the presence of epicanthus), wide cheekbones and poorly developed body hair.
The beard and mustache are barely noticeable, appearing only in adulthood and remain very short, the eyebrows are thick. The hair on the head is short and even more curly than that of Negroids: on the head it is short, finely curly and curled into separate small tufts the size of a pea or more (Livingston compared them with black peppercorns planted on the skin, Barrow - with tufts of a shoe brush, with the only difference is that these bundles are spirally twisted into balls).
Both Bushmen and Hottentots have a flat nose with wide wings.
The build is lean, muscular, angular, but in women (and partly in men) there is a tendency to deposit fat on the back parts of the body (buttocks, thighs), or to the so-called steatopygia - predominant deposition of fat on the buttocks.), which, according to some observations , is caused by increased nutrition in known time years and decreases noticeably with poorer food.
Women of this race are characterized by a number of signs that distinguish them from the rest of the world's population - in addition to steatopygia, there is also an "Egyptian apron" or "Hottentot apron" (tsgai), - hypertrophy of the labia ("Hottentot Venus" described by Le Vaillant in a report on travels 1780 - 1785: “The Hottentots have a natural apron that serves to cover the sign of their gender... They can be up to nine inches long, more or less, depending on the woman’s age or the effort she puts into this strange decoration ...").
A number of researchers (Stone) noted the ability of the Bushmen to fall into a state of immobility (similar to suspended animation) during the cold season.
The Bushmen, along with the Hottentots, are linguistically classified into the Khoisan race, and their languages are classified into the Khoisan group of languages
The name “Khoisan” is conditional; this is a derivative of the Hottentot words “Khoi” (Khoi - “man”, Khoi-Khoin - the self-name of the Hottentots, meaning “people of people”, i.e. “real people”) and “san” (san - the Hottentot name for the Bushmen).
It is believed that the Bushmen and Hottentots, the ancient aboriginal population of the southern tip of the African continent, once settled throughout southern and large parts of eastern Africa, from where they were displaced by tribes of the Negroid race, speaking the languages of the Bantu family, who subsequently populated all of eastern and most of southern Africa. Among these pastoral and agricultural Bantu tribes, in the central part of Tanzania, tribes of the Khoisan group still live - these are the Hadzapi (or Kindiga), living south of Lake Eyasi, and located somewhat south of the Sandawe. The Hadzapi and Sandawe engage in hunting and fishing.
The Hottentots once roamed the western and southern regions of what is now South Africa with their huge herds of cattle. They mastered the smelting and processing of metals (copper, iron) before all the peoples of southern Africa. By the time Europeans arrived, they began to settle down and engage in farming.
Peter Kolb, a German traveler of the 18th century, speaking about the skills of the Hottentots in working with metals, wrote: “Whoever sees their arrows and hassagai (spears) ... and learns that they were made without the use of a hammer and tongs, a file or any other tools , he will undoubtedly be very surprised by this circumstance."
The life of the Hottentots was subordinated to the pastoral way of life. Subsequently, it largely influenced the economic structure and life of the Bantu settlers from the north, as well as the life of the Afrikaner Europeans (Boers).
The measure of wealth was livestock, which was practically not used for food: the lack of meat food was made up for by hunting wild animals. Dairy food was the basis of nutrition. The bull was used as a mount.
A characteristic type of settlement was a camp site - a “kraal”, which was a circle surrounded by a fence of thorny bushes. Round wicker huts covered with animal skins were built along the inner perimeter (each family had its own hut). In the western part of the circle were the dwellings of the chief and members of his clan). Under the leader of the tribe there was a council of its oldest members.
The Hottentots, until the 19th century, practiced polygamy.
Slavery existed: prisoners of war, as a rule, became slaves. Their main task was grazing and caring for livestock. Large patriarchal families owned livestock, some with livestock numbers reaching several thousand heads.
The clothing was the so-called karossa - a cape made of dressed leather or skin. They wore leather sandals.
The Hottentots loved jewelry: both men and women.
For men, these are ivory and copper bracelets, for women, iron and copper rings, and shell necklaces. Strips of leather were worn around the ankles: when dry, they cracked as they hit each other.
Water was not used often: due to the arid climate in most of the territory inhabited by the ancient Hottentots. The toilet consisted of generously rubbing the entire body with wet cow dung, which was removed after drying. To give the skin elasticity, the body was smeared with fat.
In 1651, European expansion began in southern Africa (in the area of the Cape of Good Hope): the Dutch East India Company began construction of Fort Kapstad, which later became the largest port and base on the route from Europe to India.
The first people the Dutch encountered in the Cape area were the Hottentots of the Korakwa tribe. The leader of this tribe, Kora, concluded the first Hottentot-European treaty with the commandant of Kapstad, Jan van Riebeeck.
These were the "years of cordial cooperation" when a mutually beneficial exchange was established between the Khoi-Khoi and the "whites".
Dutch settlers violated the treaty in May 1659 and began seizing land (the administration allowed them to engage in agriculture). Such actions led to the first Hottentot-Boer War. During which the leader of the Hottentot tribe, Kora, was killed. This tribe immortalized the name of its leader in own name, becoming known as the Koran. At the end of the 18th century, this tribe, together with the Grigriqua tribe, migrated to the north of the Cape Colony.
This war ended in a draw.
On July 18, 1673, the Boers killed 12 Hottentots of the Kochokwa tribe. A second war began, manifested in constant raids against each other. In this war, the “whites” began to play on the differences between the Hottentot tribes, using some tribes against others.
In 1674, a raid against the Kochokwa: consisting of 100 Boers and 400 Hottentots Chonakwa. 800 heads of cattle, 4 thousand sheep and many weapons were captured.
In 1676, the Kochokwa launched 2 attacks on the Boers and their allies. As a result, they returned what they had stolen.
In 1677, the authorities made peace with the Hottentots, proposed by the supreme leader of the Hottentots, Gonnemoy.
In 1689, the Hottentots of the Cape Colony were forced to stop fighting against the seizure of their land by the Boers.
During the course of wars and epidemics, the number of Hottentots decreased sharply: at the turn of the 18th century, the Boers already outnumbered the Hottentots; there were only about 15 thousand of them left. Many Hottentots died from smallpox epidemics in 1713 and 1755.
It is believed that in the pre-colonial period the number of Khoi-Khoin tribes could reach 200 thousand people.
During the 17th and 19th centuries, the Hottentot tribes that inhabited the southern tip of Africa were almost completely destroyed. Thus, the Khoi-Koin tribes that inhabited the area of modern Cape Town disappeared - Kochokwa, Goringaiikwa, Gainokwa, Hesekwa, Khantsunkwa. Currently, the Korana are the only Hottentot tribe living in South Africa (north of the Orange River, in the areas bordering Botswana) and has largely preserved the traditional way of life.
A number of Koran Hottentots live in the southern regions of Botswana.

The Hottentots are the fifth race of people. Hottentots - an ancient people from Africa African women from the Hottentot tribe

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