The house in which we live is our solar system. It is not yet known whether we are alone in the Universe. Celestial bodies are scattered throughout the Cosmos, and life may well exist in its other manifestations not only on Earth. Solar heat gives birth to life on our planet, since the Sun is our only star.
Celestial bodies of our system
The sun is the center of our system. Movement celestial bodies carried out around the Sun in separate orbits. They don't leak on planets. The sun, thanks to its reactions, heats the planets that revolve around it. All planets are large and have a spherical shape, which they acquired as a result of evolution.
Previously, astrologers assumed that there were only seven planets in the solar system. These are the Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn.
A long time ago, before the discovery of the solar system, people believed that the Earth was the center of everything and all cosmic celestial bodies, including the Sun, moved around it. Such a system was called geocentric.
In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus proposed new system construction of the World, called heliocentric. Copernicus stated that the Sun, not the Earth, is at the center of the World. The change of day and night occurs due to the rotation of our planet around its own axis.
Other solar systems
The invention of the telescope allowed people to see for the first time that comets were moving across the sky, approaching the Earth, and then leaving it. Almost 20 centuries later, scientists have determined that cosmic celestial bodies are capable of rotating not only in orbit around the Earth or the Sun. This conclusion followed when the existence of
Are there other planetary systems around other stars? This is not yet known with absolute certainty, but there is no doubt about their existence.
In 1781, the discovery of the large and distant planet Uranus followed, i.e. There were not seven planets, and the system of cosmic hierarchy was revised.
For a long time, it was believed that the disintegration or formation of some planet between Mars and Jupiter gave birth to all asteroids. Today, scientists have identified more than 15,000 asteroids.
Behind last years discovered celestial bodies, which are difficult to attribute to any particular class, comets or planets. These objects have very elongated orbits, but there are no signs of tail or comet activity.
Two types of planets
The planets of our system are classified into giants and terrestrials. The difference between the terrestrial planets is their high average density and hard surface. Mercury, compared to other planets, has a higher density due to its iron core, which makes up 60% of the mass of the entire planet. Venus is similar to Earth in mass and density.
The Earth differs from other planets in the rather complex structure of its mantle, the depth of which is 2900 km. Beneath it is a core, presumably metal. Mars has a relatively low density, and the mass of its core is no more than 20%.
Celestial bodies belonging to the group of giant planets have low density and a complex atmospheric chemical composition. These planets are made of gas and chemical composition close to solar (hydrogen and helium).
Parshakov Evgeniy Afanasyevich
At first glance, all celestial bodies of the solar system have the most various characteristics. However, all of them can be divided into three large groups based on their composition. One group includes the most dense bodies of the Solar System, with a density of about 3 g/cm3 or more. These include primarily the terrestrial planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. This same group of celestial bodies includes some large satellites of the planets: the Moon, Io, Europa and, apparently, Triton, as well as a number of small satellites located near their planet - Phobos, Deimos, Amalthea, etc.
The fact that the most dense bodies of the Solar System include celestial bodies located close to the central body around which they orbit is far from accidental. In addition to the fact that terrestrial planets are located near the Sun, which heats their surface and thereby promotes the dissipation of not only gas but also ice components from the surface and atmosphere of celestial bodies, in addition to this, the dissipation of light matter is also facilitated by the transfer of mechanical energy through the mechanism of tidal friction into thermal energy. The tidal friction caused in the bodies of celestial bodies by the central body is stronger the closer they are to it. This partly explains the fact that Jupiter’s closest satellites Io and Europa have a density of 3.5 and 3.1 g/cm3, respectively, while the more distant, although more massive, satellites Ganymede and Callisto have a much lower density, 1.9 and 1.8 g/cm3. This also explains the fact that all close satellites of planets revolve around their planets synchronously, i.e. are always turned to them with one side, so that their periods of axial rotation are equal to the periods of orbital rotation. However, tidal friction, which contributes to the heating of the interiors of celestial bodies and an increase in their density, is caused not only by the central bodies of their satellites, but also by the satellites of the central bodies, as well as by some celestial bodies of others belonging to the same class: by the satellites of others, most of all from loved ones, satellites, planets from other planets.
Celestial bodies that have a high density can be called silicate celestial bodies, meaning that the main component in them is the silicate component (stone-metal rocks), which consists of the heaviest and refractory substances: silicon, calcium, iron, aluminum, magnesium, sulfur and many other elements and their compounds, including mainly oxygen. Along with the silicate component, many celestial bodies of this group contain ice (water ice, water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen) and very few gas (hydrogen, helium) components. But their share in the total composition of the substance is insignificant. The silicate component, as a rule, makes up over 99% of the substance.
The group of silicate celestial bodies of the Solar System includes not only four planets and a dozen satellites of planets, but big number asteroids orbiting in the asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. The number of asteroids, the largest of which are Ceres, Pallas, Vesta, Hygiea, etc., amounts to tens of thousands (according to some sources - hundreds of thousands and even millions).
Another group of celestial bodies includes icy bodies, the main component of which is the icy component; this is the largest group of celestial bodies in the Solar System. This is the only one of known planets Pluto and many still undiscovered transplutonian planets, large satellites of the planets: Ganymede, Callisto, Titan, Charon, and also, apparently, two to three dozen other satellites. This group includes all comets, the number of which in the solar system amounts to many millions, and perhaps billions.
This group of celestial bodies is the main group of celestial bodies in the Solar System and, apparently, in the entire Galaxy. Beyond Pluto, as many researchers believe, there are other planets. Surely they are right. Icy celestial bodies are the most numerous and basic group of celestial bodies in the Solar System as, undoubtedly, in all other star-planetary systems, from the smallest to the largest.
The icy bodies of the Solar System consist mainly of an icy component: water ice, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, ammonia, methane, etc., which occupies the bulk of their matter in icy bodies. The remaining, insignificant part of the ice bodies is mainly the silicate component. The specific gravity of the gas component in icy celestial bodies, as well as in silicate ones, is extremely insignificant, which is explained by their relatively small mass, as a result of which they cannot long time keep light gases near its surface - hydrogen and helium, which are scattered in interplanetary space, with the possible exception of planets far from the Sun, on the surface of which there is a very low temperature.
Small icy celestial bodies - comets - are located not only on the periphery of the Solar system, beyond Pluto. A large number of comets are apparently located between the orbits of the giant planets.
The third, smallest, but most massive group of bodies in the Solar System is made up of celestial bodies, which contain large quantities of all three components: ice, silicate and gas. This group includes only five celestial bodies of the solar system: the Sun, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. All these bodies contain a lot of hydrogen and helium, but their proportion in these bodies is different. During the formation of gas bodies, if they are called that, they, having a mass of less than 10 Earth masses at the first stage of their development, could not hold light gases near themselves - hydrogen and helium, and were initially formed as ice bodies. And their composition at this stage included ice and silicate components. A significant part of the gas component, which gaseous celestial bodies acquired during galactic winters, was converted through chemical reactions into an ice component. So hydrogen and oxygen, entering into chemical reaction, generate water and water ice. Methane and some other substances of the ice component emerged from the gas component. As a result, the share of the ice component during the accretion of diffuse matter onto the surface of celestial bodies increased, and the share of the gas component decreased.
Giant planets, unlike other celestial bodies, have rapid axial rotation and an extensive hydrogen-helium atmosphere. As a result, in their equatorial part, light gases may leak into interplanetary space from the upper layers of the atmosphere due to high centrifugal force. For example, at Saturn the upper layers of the cloud layer rotate around the center of the planet with linear speed about 10 km/sec., and near the Earth - only about 0.5 km/sec. It can be assumed that earlier, during galactic winters, the giant planets had much more powerful and extensive atmospheres, but then, after the end of the next galactic winter, they partially lost them. If icy and silicate celestial bodies lose their gas component due to their low mass, then gas planets, especially Jupiter, lose it due to their rapid rotation.
Classification of celestial bodies
Parshakov Evgeniy Afanasyevich
At first glance, all the celestial bodies of the Solar System have very different characteristics. However, all of them can be divided into three large groups based on their composition. One group includes the most dense bodies of the Solar System, with a density of about 3 g/cm3 or more. These include primarily the terrestrial planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. This same group of celestial bodies includes some large satellites of the planets: the Moon, Io, Europa and, apparently, Triton, as well as a number of small satellites located near their planet - Phobos, Deimos, Amalthea, etc.
The fact that the most dense bodies of the Solar System include celestial bodies located close to the central body around which they orbit is far from accidental. In addition to the fact that terrestrial planets are located near the Sun, which heats their surface and thereby promotes the dissipation of not only gas but also ice components from the surface and atmosphere of celestial bodies, in addition to this, the dissipation of light matter is also facilitated by the transfer of mechanical energy through the mechanism of tidal friction into thermal energy. The tidal friction caused in the bodies of celestial bodies by the central body is stronger the closer they are to it. This partly explains the fact that Jupiter’s closest satellites Io and Europa have a density of 3.5 and 3.1 g/cm3, respectively, while the more distant, although more massive, satellites Ganymede and Callisto have a much lower density, 1.9 and 1.8 g/cm3. This also explains the fact that all close satellites of planets revolve around their planets synchronously, i.e. are always turned to them with one side, so that their periods of axial rotation are equal to the periods of orbital rotation. However, tidal friction, which contributes to the heating of the interiors of celestial bodies and an increase in their density, is caused not only by the central bodies of their satellites, but also by the satellites of the central bodies, as well as by some celestial bodies of others belonging to the same class: by the satellites of others, most of all from loved ones, satellites, planets from other planets.
Celestial bodies that have a high density can be called silicate celestial bodies, meaning that the main component in them is the silicate component (stone-metal rocks), which consists of the heaviest and refractory substances: silicon, calcium, iron, aluminum, magnesium, sulfur and many other elements and their compounds, including mainly oxygen. Along with the silicate component, many celestial bodies of this group contain ice (water ice, water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen) and very few gas (hydrogen, helium) components. But their share in the total composition of the substance is insignificant. The silicate component, as a rule, makes up over 99% of the substance.
The group of silicate celestial bodies of the Solar System includes not only four planets and a dozen planetary satellites, but a large number of asteroids orbiting in the asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. The number of asteroids, the largest of which are Ceres, Pallas, Vesta, Hygiea, etc., amounts to tens of thousands (according to some sources - hundreds of thousands and even millions).
Another group of celestial bodies includes icy bodies, the main component of which is the icy component; this is the largest group of celestial bodies in the Solar System. It includes the only known planet Pluto and many still undiscovered transplutonian planets, large satellites of the planets: Ganymede, Callisto, Titan, Charon, as well as, apparently, two to three dozen other satellites. This group includes all comets, the number of which in the solar system amounts to many millions, and perhaps billions.
This group of celestial bodies is the main group of celestial bodies in the Solar System and, apparently, in the entire Galaxy. Beyond Pluto, as many researchers believe, there are other planets. Surely they are right. Icy celestial bodies are the most numerous and basic group of celestial bodies in the Solar System as, undoubtedly, in all other star-planetary systems, from the smallest to the largest.
The icy bodies of the Solar System consist mainly of an icy component: water ice, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, ammonia, methane, etc., which occupies the bulk of their matter in icy bodies. The remaining, insignificant part of the ice bodies is mainly the silicate component. The specific gravity of the gas component in icy celestial bodies, as well as in silicate bodies, is extremely insignificant, which is explained by their relatively small mass, as a result of which they cannot retain light gases near their surface for a long time - hydrogen and helium, which are scattered in interplanetary space, for with the possible exception of planets far from the Sun, on the surface of which the temperature is very low.
Small icy celestial bodies - comets - are located not only on the periphery of the Solar system, beyond Pluto. A large number of comets are apparently located between the orbits of the giant planets.
The third, smallest, but most massive group of bodies in the Solar System is made up of celestial bodies, which contain large quantities of all three components: ice, silicate and gas. This group includes only five celestial bodies of the solar system: the Sun, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. All these bodies contain a lot of hydrogen and helium, but their proportion in these bodies is different. During the formation of gas bodies, if they are called that way, they, having a mass of less than 10 Earth masses at the first stage of their development, could not hold light gases near themselves - hydrogen and helium, and were initially formed as ice bodies. And their composition at this stage included ice and silicate components. A significant part of the gas component, which gaseous celestial bodies acquired during galactic winters, was converted through chemical reactions into an ice component. So hydrogen and oxygen, entering into a chemical reaction, generate water and water ice. Methane and some other substances of the ice component emerged from the gas component. As a result, the share of the ice component during the accretion of diffuse matter onto the surface of celestial bodies increased, and the share of the gas component decreased.
Giant planets, unlike other celestial bodies, have rapid axial rotation and an extensive hydrogen-helium atmosphere. As a result, in their equatorial part, light gases may leak into interplanetary space from the upper layers of the atmosphere due to high centrifugal force. For example, at Saturn the upper layers of the cloud layer rotate around the center of the planet with a linear speed of about 10 km/sec, and at Earth - only about 0.5 km/sec. It can be assumed that earlier, during galactic winters, the giant planets had much more powerful and extensive atmospheres, but then, after the end of the next galactic winter, they partially lost them. If icy and silicate celestial bodies lose their gas component due to their low mass, then gas planets, especially Jupiter, lose it due to their rapid rotation.
Dangaus kūnas statusas T sritis fizika atitikmenys: engl. celestial body vok. Himmelskörper, m rus. celestial body, n pranc. corps céleste, m … Fizikos terminų žodynas
heavenly body- ▲ material body (to be) in, space celestial bodies body in space. comet. | globules. Perseids. | accretion. ♠ Universe ▼ star… Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language
A celestial body that glows with its own light and appears to earthly observers as a bright point. Earths are scattered throughout the universe over enormous distances, so that we do not notice their own movement. On a clear moonless night, the entire visible sky... ... encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron
Epimetheus, south pole (Cassini image, December 3, 2007) Epimetheus (Greek Επιμηθεύς) is an inner satellite of the satellite system of Saturn also known as Saturn XI. Named after the character Greek mythology Epimethea. In December 1966... ... Wikipedia
Body: In mathematics: Body (algebra) is a set with two operations (addition and multiplication) that has certain properties. Body (geometry) is a part of space limited by a closed surface. Body of the complex Body (physics) ... ... Wikipedia
Noun, s., used. max. often Morphology: (no) what? bodies, what? body, (see) what? body, what? body, about what? about the body; pl. What? bodies, (no) what? tel, what? bodies, (see) what? bodies, what? bodies, about what? about bodies 1. A body is called matter, substance,... ... Dictionary Dmitrieva
body- BODY1, a, plural bodies, bodies, bodies, cf The human or animal body in its external physical forms and manifestations. And he creaked his chair and straightened his two-meter body with feigned languor (Yu. Bond.). Boye [the dog] seemed to have his back broken... ... Explanatory dictionary of Russian nouns
Celestial space and celestial bodies- Nouns MOON/, month/month, half-month/month. A celestial body that is the natural closest satellite of the Earth, glowing at night with the reflected light of the Sun, yellow, less often reddish or white. NOT/BO, heaven/, book. sky/d,… … Dictionary of Russian synonyms
Not to be confused with Meteorite. A meteoroid is a celestial body intermediate in size between interplanetary dust and an asteroid. According to official definition IAU, a meteoroid is a solid object moving in interplanetary space, the size of... ... Wikipedia
Books
- The seventh day, V. Zemlyanin. It seems that the Moon has always been a satellite of the Earth. However, this is not the case. It turns out that this celestial body is spaceship, on which she escaped from the universal cataclysm...
- Secrets of Planet Earth, Yu. V. Mizun, Yu. G. Mizun. The life of humanity depends on the conditions on our planet. But we have little idea of how these conditions are changing, how they may change in the future, and how we will then have to live. And only when...
Astronomy is a science that deals with the study of celestial objects. Considers stars, comets, planets, galaxies, and also does not ignore existing phenomena occurring outside the Earth’s atmosphere, for example,
By studying astronomy, you can get an answer to the question “Heavenly bodies that glow themselves. What it is?".
Solar system bodies
To find out whether there are those that glow themselves, you first need to understand what celestial bodies the solar system consists of.
The solar system is a planetary system in the center of which there is a star - the Sun, and around it there are 8 planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. In order for a celestial body to be called a planet, it must meet the following requirements:
- Make rotational movements around the star.
- Have a spherical shape due to sufficient gravity.
- Do not have other large bodies around its orbit.
- Don't be a star.
Planets do not emit light; they can only reflect the rays of the Sun that fall on them. Therefore, it cannot be said that planets are celestial bodies that glow themselves. Such celestial bodies include stars.
The sun is the source of light on Earth
Celestial bodies that glow themselves are stars. The closest star to Earth is the Sun. Thanks to its light and warmth, all living things can exist and develop. The Sun is the center around which the planets, their satellites, asteroids, comets, meteorites and cosmic dust revolve.
The sun appears to be a solid spherical object because when you look at it, its outline appears quite clear. However, it does not have a solid structure and consists of gases, the main one of which is hydrogen; other elements are also present.
To see that the Sun does not have clear contours, you need to look at it during an eclipse. Then you can notice that it is surrounded by a moving atmosphere, which is several times larger than its diameter. During normal aurora, this halo is not visible due to the bright light. Thus, the Sun does not have precise boundaries and is in a gaseous state.
Stars
The number of existing stars is unknown; they are located at a great distance from the Earth and are visible as small dots. Stars are celestial bodies that glow themselves. What does this mean?
Stars are hot balls consisting of gas in which their surfaces have different temperatures and densities. Stars also differ in size, being larger and more massive than planets. There are stars whose sizes exceed the size of the Sun, and there are also vice versa.
A star consists of gas, mostly hydrogen. On its surface, due to high temperature, the hydrogen molecule breaks down into two atoms. An atom consists of a proton and an electron. However, under the influence of high temperatures, atoms “release” their electrons, resulting in a gas called plasma. An atom left without an electron is called a nucleus.
How do stars emit light?
The star, due to this, tries to compress itself, as a result of which the temperature in its central part rises greatly. As a result, helium begins to form with a new nucleus, which consists of two protons and two neutrons. As a result of the formation of a new nucleus, a large number of energy. Particles-photons are released as excess energy - they also carry light. This light exerts a strong pressure that emanates from the center of the star, resulting in a balance between the pressure emanating from the center and the gravitational force.
Thus, celestial bodies that glow themselves, namely stars, glow due to the release of energy during nuclear reactions. This energy is aimed at restraining gravitational forces and emitting light. The more massive the star, the more energy is released and the brighter the star shines.
Comets
A comet consists of an ice clot containing gases and dust. Its core does not emit light, but when approaching the Sun, the core begins to melt and particles of dust, dirt, and gases are released into outer space. They form a kind of foggy cloud around the comet, which is called a coma.
It cannot be said that a comet is a celestial body that itself glows. The main light it emits is reflected sunlight. Being far from the Sun, the light of the comet is not visible and only when it approaches and receives the sun's rays does it become visible. The comet itself emits a small amount of light, due to the atoms and molecules of the coma, which release the quanta of sunlight they receive. The comet's "tail" is "scattering dust" that is illuminated by the Sun.
Meteorites
Under the influence of gravity, solid objects called meteorites can fall onto the surface of the planet. They do not burn up in the atmosphere, but when passing through it they become very hot and begin to radiate bright light. Such a luminous meteorite is called a meteor.
Under the pressure of air, a meteor can break into many small pieces. Although it gets very hot, the inside usually remains cold, because for so long a short time, which it falls, does not have time to heat up completely.
We can conclude that celestial bodies that glow themselves are stars. Only they are capable of emitting light due to their structure and the processes occurring inside them. Conventionally, we can say that a meteorite is a celestial body that itself glows, but this becomes possible only when it enters the atmosphere.