EXPRESSIVE MEANS OF MUSIC: RHYTHM
In the beginning there was rhythm

There is something magical about rhythm;
he makes us believe that the sublime belongs to us.
J. W. Goethe

Melody is one of the main means musical expressiveness. Maybe the most important thing. True, Nikolai Andreevich Rimsky-Korsakov believed that the most important means of expression is rhythm. You can disagree with him, but it is very easy to prove he is right.

People pronounce words in time, sometimes speeding up their speech, sometimes slowing it down. After all, it is difficult to imagine a person speaking with extreme precision and measuredness. Such speech will quickly tire the listener, and he will poorly perceive the meaning of what was said.

You, of course, have noticed that in music sounds last differently. Some of them are short, others are longer. Let's remember the song that many of you sang: “Cockerel, cockerel, golden comb.”

You see, in it two short sounds are replaced by one long one (alternating long and short sounds).

The alternation of durations, which is always repeated in music, is called rhythm. Academician Asafiev called rhythm the pulse piece of music. This is a very apt comparison.

Rhythm brings order to music, builds and coordinates sounds in time, that is, according to their duration. That is, rhythm is the consistency of sounds in duration. They may be different. The number of rhythmic options is infinitely large; everything here depends on the composer’s imagination. In general, no melody is possible without rhythm. No matter how perfect and simple the melody is, it cannot even be imagined without rhythm.

If there were no rhythm, there would be no melody, but only a set of sounds of different pitches would remain. Although rhythm without melody exists. Many peoples of the East have dances that are performed only to the rhythm of percussion instruments.

The rhythm is the strongest expressive means. The character of the music largely depends on it. An even rhythm makes the melody smooth and soft, an intermittent rhythm gives the melody excitement and tension, and is often used in decisive, marching music. Thanks to rhythm, we can immediately determine, even in an unfamiliar work: this is a waltz, this is a polka, this is a march, etc. Each of these genres is characterized by certain rhythmic figures that are repeated throughout the entire work.

The Greek word "rythmos" means measured flow. This term is not only musical. In our life, everything is subject to a certain rhythm.

Rhythm reveals itself everywhere in the world around us. Seasons, months, weeks, days and nights alternate rhythmically. Human breathing and heartbeat are rhythmic. Rhythmic architectural structures, palaces and houses with their symmetrically arranged windows, columns and stucco decorations.

Cathedral of Christ the Savior. Moscow, Russia

All this suggests that rhythm is one of the fundamental principles of life: it is present in living and inanimate nature, we hear and see it - in the sound of the sea surf, in the pattern on the wings of a butterfly, in the cut of any tree, any knot.

The sense of rhythm is very highly developed among the people. Rhythm is characteristic of work when a person performs a series of monotonous movements. The songs with which people accompanied monotonous, tedious work, such as the famous “Dubinushka,” emphasize the rhythmic beginning of labor.

I. Repin. Barge Haulers on the Volga

Have you ever wondered why little children fall asleep so quickly and easily to the sounds of a lullaby? Why do they immediately start dancing if you sing them some kind of musical joke? After all, the child has not yet learned anything and does not know that one should react to music in some way - move, dance, etc.

This probably happens because musical rhythm is closest to human nature and, influencing it, is capable of causing a response. And any response is already a dialogue, communication between a person and outside world, the first feeling of unity with him. After all, it is so important to feel not like a lonely grain of sand lost in infinity, but a full-fledged part of the world, living and feeling the same way as you do.

That is why they sometimes say that rhythm is the original form of a person’s connection with life, with people, with his time. Rhythm reflects the connection between nature, man and his activities with the universe. The word rhythm means "measurement".

People have long sought to understand the nature of musical rhythm. The dominance of rhythm in all spheres of existence was the reason that the first and most significant ancient theory of understanding the world brought music to the forefront in the structure of the Universe. The ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras imagined the world as a kind of universal musical instrument, controlled by the “music of the spheres” - sounds generated by the endless movement of the celestial spheres. At the heart of this grandiose picture of the world were four initial divine numbers (1-2-3-4), bringing order and harmony to the universe. Order, that is, truth, beauty and symmetry, was endowed and moral qualities. The Pythagorean Philolaus wrote: “The nature of number and harmony does not accept lies... Order and symmetry are beautiful and useful, but disorder and asymmetry are ugly and harmful.”

Order and symmetry are the fundamental properties of rhythm. It is no coincidence that we find them in a wide variety of musical works - from a simple children's song to a complex instrumental theme.

Here is the well-known song “Christmas Tree” by M. Krasev. Sing it, and you will immediately feel lightness, naturalness, proportionality of RHYTHM and melody. Probably, this song is so popular because even small children easily remember and sing it.

Here's a completely different example. It is taken from the finale of L. Beethoven's piano sonata No. 17. Why do we put this example on a par with a simple children's song? After all, many people know that Beethoven’s sonatas are the most complex world with its joys, doubts, philosophical thoughts, that it contains a vast range of all conceivable means of musical expression.

1770 - 1827
German composer, conductor and pianist

However, despite all its complexity, Beethoven's music is precisely proof that the natural laws of rhythm operate equally in a children's song and in a piano sonata, that these laws are not subject to either the intellectual complexity or the musical courage of even such a composer as he was. Beethoven. Is this why, when listening to Beethoven, we never remain indifferent, we invariably succumb to the charm, the living thrill of the music of this greatest of musicians, who managed to combine in his work extraordinary personal will and deep reverence for the fundamental, natural properties of musical art?

Questions and tasks:
1. What is rhythm, what is its meaning in musical language?
2. Why is rhythm the basis of music? Could music exist without rhythm?
3. How can rhythm affect the character of a piece of music?
4. How can you explain the words: “Order, symmetry are the fundamental properties of rhythm.”

Presentation

Included:
1. Presentation: 13 slides, ppsx;
2. Sounds of music:
Beethoven Sonata No. 17, III movement Allegretto, mp3;
The little Christmas tree is cold in winter (minus soundtrack), mp3;
Hey, let's whoop (performed by male choir St. Petersburg Metochion of Optina Pustyn), mp3;
3. Article, docx.

Although professional musicians can memorize music by ear, most beginners need to learn how to read music. Understanding the principles of reading music is also important for dancers and can captivate the heart of the casual listener. First you need to learn how to count the rhythm of music, or know how long to hold or play each note. It is also important to know the definition of time signature. This article describes standard principles for reading music using a 4/4 time signature.

Steps

Part 1

The concept of tact. Music is divided into measures, indicated by vertical bars. Notes in music are named according to how much time they occupy in a bar. Think of the beat as a pie that can be cut into quarters, halves, eighths, or a combination of different notes.

Learning basic musical notation. Note names contain information about what part of the bar they occupy. To fully understand, you must know the basic meaning of “shares.” A whole note will take up the entire measure. Half notes take up half a bar.

• Quarter notes take up 1/4 of a bar.
• Eighth notes take up 1/8 of a bar.
• Sixteenth notes take up 1/16 of a bar.
• Notes can be combined to create one whole note, for example one half note and two quarter notes last one full measure.

1. Try to keep the rhythm. If the rhythm is monotonous, try beating it with your heel and counting to four several times: 1-2-3-4, 1-2-3-4. Speed ​​is not as important here as maintaining the same amount of space between each strike. A metronome can be helpful in maintaining a steady rhythm.

   • Each complete cycle of counting 1-2-3-4 is equal to one beat.

2. Try counting the length of the base notes. Say or sing “la” while continuing to count the rhythm to yourself. A whole note will take up the entire measure, so start singing the note "A" on the first beat and hold it until you reach the fourth. You just sang a whole note.

   • Two half notes make up a full measure. Sing an "A" note for beats 1-2, then a new "A" note for beats 3-4.
   • Four quarter notes make up a full measure. Sing an "A" note for each beat you beat.

3. For smaller notes, add syllables. For eighth notes, you need to divide the bar into eight equal sections, although you will still only be hitting four beats per bar. Add the word “and” between each beat: “1 and 2 and 3 and 4 and.” Practice until you get it right. Each word represents 1/8 of a note.

4. Point value. Sometimes in music there is a small dot right after the notes. This means that the length of the note should be increased by 50%.

   • A half note usually takes up two beats, but with a dot it increases to three beats.
   • A quarter note without a dot takes up one beat, while a quarter note with a dot takes up 1 1/2 beats.

5. Practice playing triplets. Triplet refers to a group of three notes that lasts one beat. Their execution is quite problematic, since all the previously studied notes had equal parts. Pronunciation of syllables can help you master triplets.

   • Try hitting triplets, saying “1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th.”
   • Remember to keep the number beats consistent by using a metronome or foot taps.

6. Do it your way. Fermata is a musical notation that looks like a dot with an arc above the note. According to this symbol, you have the right to stretch the note as much as you like, regardless of musical rules.

   • If you are part of an ensemble, then the duration of the note is determined by the conductor.
   • If you are performing alone, determine the most appropriate length in advance.
   • Listen to a recording of yourself playing if you're not sure how long to hold a note. This will give you insight into other artists' solutions, which will help you choose the best sound.

   Part 2

   Studying the Time Signature

   1. Determine the time signature. In the top left corner of the sheet music you will see some musical notation. The first symbol is called the "clef", which usually depends on the instrument on which the piece is played. Then sharps or flats can come. But after them you should see two numbers arranged in a column. This is the time signature.

      • In the first part of this article we used the 4/4 time signature, which is indicated by two fours standing on top of each other.

Rhythm in a piece of music is a continuous alternation of sounds and pauses of very different durations. There are a lot of options for rhythmic patterns that could be formed in such a movement. And therefore the rhythm in music can also be different. On this page we will look at only a few special rhythmic figures.

1. Movement in even durations

Movement of even, identical durations is often found in music. Moreover, most often this is the movement of eighths, sixteenths or. It should be noted that such rhythmic monotony often creates a hypnotic effect - the music makes you completely immerse yourself in the mood or state conveyed by the composer.

Example No. 1 “Listening to Beethoven.” A striking example which confirms the above is the famous " Moonlight Sonata» Beethoven. Look at the sheet music. Its first movement is entirely built on the continuous movement of eighth-triplets. Listen to this movement. The music is simply mesmerizing and, indeed, as if hypnotizing. Maybe this is why millions of people on Earth love her so much?

Another example from the music of the same composer is the Scherzo - the second movement of the famous Ninth Symphony, where after a short energetic thunderous introduction we hear a “rain” of even quarter notes at a very fast tempo and in three-beat time.

Example No. 2 “Bach Preludes”. The technique of smooth rhythmic movement is found not only in Beethoven’s music. Similar examples are presented, for example, in Bach's music, in many of his preludes from the Well-Tempered Clavier.

As an illustration, let us present to you the Prelude in C major from the first volume of the HTC, where the rhythmic development is built on an even, unhurried alternation of sixteenth notes.

Of course, there are many more varieties of rhythmic patterns than we have considered here. Many musical genres and styles have their own rhythmic characteristics. For example, from this point of view, such genres as waltz (three-beat meter and smoothness or figures of “circling” in the rhythm), mazurka (three-beat meter and obligatory crushing of the first beat), march (two-beat meter, clarity of rhythm, abundance of dotted lines) receive vivid characteristics from this point of view. etc. But all these are topics for separate further conversations, so visit our website more often and you will definitely learn a lot more new and useful things about the world of music.

Human life is a tireless movement in space and time. The harmony of this movement depends on how closely it matches or complements the movement of the environment.

The nature of things or the origin of rhythm

It just so happens that silent movement is extremely rare. The movement of a pendulum, the movement of a clock hand, the beating of the heart, the operation of a motor, the noise of leaves, the murmur of a stream, the change of seasons, day and night - each phenomenon has its own sound and a characteristic, well-recognized rhythmic organization.

A person, quenching his thirst for knowledge, is in a coordinate system, the center of which is himself. Initially, the child classifies the concepts of big-small, fast-slow in relation to his height and the rate of heart activity.

Gradually, comparisons of objects and phenomena with each other in a detached coordinate system become available, but the basics do not disappear into oblivion, but move to the level of subconscious regulation. Thus, it can be argued that the basis of life is a proportionate change in phenomena, actions, forms - the rhythm of life on a macro- and microscale, which plays a key role in the art of music.

Rhythmic organization of life and music

The word "rhythm" Greek origin and literally translated means proportionality. Rhythm in music is an orderly alternation of sounds of different durations, one of the main elements of expressiveness in the musical palette, since sounds without a rhythmic facet cannot form a melody.

Like poetry, music is an art that extends over time and has its own graphic system of notation. The main grapheme for recording sounds is the note - symbol, indicating the pitch and relative duration of a sound. It should be noted that the sound recording system that can be seen today was only introduced into use in the sixteenth century. Until this moment, the division of note durations occurred not into two parts, but into three. Over time, a difference in the color of the notes appeared (long sounds are white, and short sounds are black), and then “tails” appeared in the form of stems and flags.

In everyday life, a person often has to divide a whole into two halves or four equal parts, and sometimes into eight parts. This principle also applies to determining the duration of notes:

• whole note - has a white color and is a designation of a long sound;
• half note - the duration of the sound is half of the whole, it also has a white color, but it has a calm attached to it, which distinguishes it from the previous sign;
• quarter note - sounds only the fourth part of the whole note, is painted black and has a calm tone;
• eighth note - by analogy, it is the eighth part of the whole, black with a calm and one flag.

There is a smaller division of playing time and a larger one, but in order to understand the rhythmic organization, the given note durations are more than enough.

If we compare musical rhythms with a person’s daily rhythms, then we should decide on a frame of reference. Our lives are counted daily by ordinary clock hands. But the rhythmic life of a musical work depends on meter and tempo.

How to distinguish between rhythm, meter and tempo

On the Internet, the results of psychologists’ studies on human perception of shapeless blots are often quoted. Scientists' findings indicate that visual perception human (like the auditory) relies on already familiar images as a “template” and only after a “feeling of support” can it include the “representation” of a variety of other options. The role of support in music is played by meter - from the Greek “measure”.

Like breathing and heartbeat, the musical fabric is composed of tension (the strong beat) and release (the weak beat). Graphically musical meter indicated by size (depicted as a fraction and indicates the number of beats of a certain duration from one strong beat to the next one after it). The role of rhythm in music is to create a unique image of the melody.

Triple meter, for example, in representations modern man associated with the waltz. In order not to confuse meter with rhythm, it is enough to do a simple exercise once: alternately tap the three-beat waltz meter with your feet (the first strong beat with the left foot, two weak beats with the right foot), and with your hands reproduce the rhythm of “Bolero” by Maurice Ravel.

This example once again emphasizes the importance of rhythm in music: the three-beat meter (associated by many listeners with a smooth waltz) ceases to be “white and fluffy” and, thanks to the rhythmic pattern, acquires rigidity and persistence.

When determining the tempo, everything is simpler, but there are also some nuances. In musical notation, everything related to tempo is indicated in Italian terms, and scrupulous composers set the value of the metronome at the beginning of the work.

A metronome is a device that helps determine the speed of performance using a scale on which you can set a different number of beats per minute. Sometimes, composers indicate the tempo in Russian, English, French, but despite this, the meaning remains the same.

Expanses of dotted rhythm

The graphic representation of the sound of music is not limited to the designation of foreign terms, notes, pauses, meter. There are also specific designations, such as a dot. A dot placed to the right of a note denotes nothing more than a dotted rhythm and lengthens the sound of the note by half. As for the characterological features of this rhythm, at a fast pace it carries the energy of impulse, pressure, persistence, and aspiration. As an example, we can consider “Montagues and Capulets” from S. S. Prokofiev’s ballet “Romeo and Juliet”.

The sound of a dotted rhythm at a medium tempo expresses other moods: doubt, thoughtfulness, fleeting impulse. This statement is well illustrated by the waltz “Sweet Dream” from P. Tchaikovsky’s “Children’s Album” or Frederic Chopin’s Prelude in E minor. The same composer used a dotted rhythm at a slow tempo to depict despair, hopelessness, and depression in the second movement of the piano sonata, better known as the Funeral March.

Territorial claims of syncopation

Syncopation is the name for rhythm in music. Its essence is to shift the emphasis from a strong fraction of a meter to a weak one (in other words, from inhalation to exhalation). A feeling of rhythmic interruption is created, which brings sharpness and tension to the musical palette. The term itself comes from a Greek word and means missing something. Many composers have taken advantage of the colorfulness of this rhythmic organization, and, depending on the meter and tempo of the work, this rhythm can greatly enrich the musical language.

For example, “Autumn Song” from the cycle “Seasons” by P.I. Tchaikovsky. Syncopation in this work is the seed from which the melody grows, maintaining the rhythm of “doubt”. Or P.I. Tchaikovsky's waltz in E-flat major: the tempo of the work is faster than in the previous version, so the syncopation conveys excitement and timid dreaminess. The role of syncopated rhythms in modern music.

Such a mysterious swing

What is swing, and how does it differ from other rhythmic matrices? The name is derived from English word(literally translated - “swaying”). Became famous thanks to the development jazz music, in turn, jazz is a harmonious development and transformation of spirituals (the composition “Let's Return with Jesus” is very illustrative, but not performed by academic choral groups).

It is worth noting that the “characteristic swaying” of the rhythmic pattern of Negro chants is persistently preserved in modern jazz creativity. To imagine the sound of swing, it is enough to imagine that the first of each pair of sounds played is played longer than the second, which is perceived by ear as a triplet. Since swing is a rhythmic matrix, the influence of tempo on its characterological features is also great. This is a fast, uncompromising version of Michael Buble's Spiderman Theme, and a soulful, one might say, “confessional” swing of Nina Simone - Feeling Good.

And such famous performers swing, like Ella Fitzgerald and Duke Ellington, are able to convince the listener that everyone famous composition"Caravan" cannot exist outside of swing.

It should be noted that swing is not something out of the ordinary, and as an example - the inimitable Louis Armstrong in the composition Go Down Moses. Rhythm in modern music is not limited only to the bottom matrix, it is multifaceted, and often the experiments of composers take on unimaginable reliefs.

Special rhythmic figures, like lace decoration in music

Special rhythmic figures include triplets, quartos, quintoles, etc. They come from dividing one share into an arbitrary number (3,4,5,6,7) of equal parts. In terms of playing time, these groups do not differ from the divided beat and have only one accent (this is always the first sound in the group).

The musical fabric acquires special color and atmosphere when several rhythmic figures are simultaneously played, which was masterfully used by George Enescu in the work “Romanian Rhapsody” in A major. However, we must not forget the role tempo plays in the perception of rhythm. The rhapsody uses tempos from moderate to fast, which colors the work in playful, sparkling, bewitching shades. Pianist and composer Ference Liszt masterfully used various rhythmic delights in his works (“ Hungarian Rhapsody"No. 2, for example).

As for slow and moderate tempos in the use of special rhythmic patterns and beats in music, then in in this case I would like to mention Frederic Chopin and his unsurpassed Nocturnes. For the Polish composer, rhythm in music is one of the main means of expression. The famous “Nocturne in A-flat major” is a vivid illustration of this statement.

Artistic colors of rhythm

It is quite obvious that rhythm is closely related to tempo, melody, and dynamics. However, it cannot be denied that rhythm in music is the fundamental principle and connecting thread between other expressive components.

A variety of rhythmic matrices, borrowed from previous generations, reigns in modern music. And it doesn’t matter what nationality the composer is, what rhythms and styles he prefers to use in his compositions - what is valuable is that he communicates with the listener in a language he understands, describes familiar experiences and feelings.

Rhythm and its concept. Characteristic various types rhythm used in the composition

Rhythm as a sketch impulse manifests itself in all natural phenomena. Rhythm is felt in the change of seasons, in the movement of time, the alternation of day and night, in the movement of waves, etc.
One of the main manifestations of rhythm is the repetition of elements, forms and intervals between them, united by similar features. Rhythm contributes to the achievement of harmonious clarity and completeness, expressiveness of the image, clarity of its perception.

1) Simple uniform rhythm. It consists in a natural, sequential alternation of composition elements of the same shape, size and color and their intervals. It can manifest itself in different ways:
in the repetition of forms and elements, in which the interval is the boundary of division of the form (Fig. 5.1, a, b);
in repetition of forms while maintaining equal intervals between them (Fig. 5.1, c, d).

2) Proportional-sequential rhythm is a more complex pattern of repetition of elements of forms and intervals between them with their proportional increase or decrease (Fig. 5.1, e, f).

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Rice. 5.1. Types of rhythms in clothing:
1, 2 3, 4 – simple uniform; 5, 6 – proportional-sequential

3) Rhythmic construction based on symmetry. Symmetry embodies not only repetition, but also completeness. This construction can be seen in the symmetrical arrangement of decorative lines, details and finishing elements relative to the central center line of the figure - pockets, flaps, straps, folds, as well as in the arrangement of double-breasted (offset) buttons (Fig. 5.2, a).

4) Radial-radial rhythm is when rhythmic elements originate from one place (on the same axis). There are 2 types of radial-radial rhythm:
a simple uniform pattern - alternation of uniform and equal in size lines originating in one place (fan, folds on a sun skirt, pleated);
a progressive radial-radial rhythm, the pattern of which is manifested in the arrangement of various radial draperies (Fig. 5.2, b).

5) Rhythmic structures that combine different types of rhythms. Such constructions mean the combination in the same composition of different types of rhythm, mutually linked and subordinate to one another. You cannot overload clothes with various rhythms - the holistic perception of the composition is disrupted (Fig. 5.2, c).

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Rice. 5.2. Types of rhythms in clothing:
1 – based on symmetry; 2 – progressive radial-radial;
3 – combination of different types of rhythms

2. Main types of parts

A collar is a piece of clothing that forms the neckline. Appeared as an element of costume in the 13th century. Most collars usually have 2 main parts - a turn-down (departure) and a stand-up. By changing the outlines of the departure and stance, you can get various options collars.
Collars are divided into 5 groups according to their shape (Fig. 5.3):
stand-up collars;
collars with a fastener to the top with a closed neck (stand-up, turn-down, flat);
collars with an open neck and lapels (turn-down open, apache, jacket);
one-piece collars (shawl, sailor);
fancy collars (“collar”, draped).

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Rice. 5.3. Types of collars various forms:
1 – turn-down; 2, 3 – standing-turndown; 4 – stand; 5, 6 – jacket;
7 – shawl; 8 – solidly cut stand; 9 – “collar”

Pockets can be welt, patch pockets, located in the seams of products. From the 13th to the 16th centuries, the pocket was an independent product - a woven or leather wallet that was attached to the belt.
Welt pockets are made into a frame with a flap and a leaf; invoices - with top, side and slotted entrance, with leaflet, lapels, flaps and without them. Pockets in the seams of reliefs, yokes, and undercuts can be horizontal, vertical, inclined, with flaps, leaves, or lapels. Welt pockets are used in trousers, skirts, jackets, coats; in blouses and shirts there are often patches on the seams.
Yoke is the upper cut-off part of the back, front (front) of the product, as well as skirts and trousers. There are fixed (stitched and applied) and detachable yokes. According to their configuration, they can be straight, oval, or with corners.
A belt is a fashionable item of clothing for fastening to a person’s figure (placed at the waist or slightly below) and for decoration. Often it separates different parts of clothing, being a decorative element, it carries a functional load. Belts were already known in the Bronze Age. According to their design, they can be divided into fastening and tying. Made from various materials.
The strap is a finishing element, the shape and location of which depends on the style of the product.
The straps in shoulder products are located on the back, shelves, pockets, and sleeves. The straps in the trousers are designed to regulate their width at the top. When connected to the product, the straps are fastened with buttons or sewn into the connecting seams.
Pata is a small, often decorative, rectangular piece of clothing. One end is usually sewn to the part, the other is fastened with a button, button or Velcro.
The functional patch is used to regulate the width of the part (for example, the sleeve at the bottom).
Shoulder straps are shoulder insignia on military uniforms. In fashion of the 20th century. shoulder straps were used in military style on coats, raincoats, and jackets.
The above main details emphasize the style of clothing (sports, classic), create shape and silhouette (they can reduce or increase the shape).
The main details in the costume should be linked by the unity of form and decoration. They create the unity of the compositional solution.
Details vary according to gender and age (men's, women's, children's).

The collar can be removable, being a decorative addition to the costume (lace collar, fur collar).

3.Types of decorative finishes and materials used for them

The whole variety of finishes can be divided into 7 groups:
Finishing obtained as a result of performing all types of tucked relief seams, folds, puffs, draperies, frills, finishing stitches. It can be a means of creating a form, dividing a form into parts, connecting a form, and it is inextricably linked with the design of the product. This finish is laconic and stable; has not only a decorative, constructive purpose, but also a utilitarian one.
Finishing with details made from the fabric of the product or finishing fabric: frills, ruffles, flounces, trims, piping, ties, flaps. It decorates the form and creates visual movement on its surface.
Finishing with special finishing materials: lace, braid, cord, soutache, fringe, ribbon, flowers. Using the finishes of this group you can change the purpose and character of the model. They will add festiveness and decorativeness to elegant clothes; everyday clothes - clarity, severity, shape stability of the edges.
Finishing with accessories: buttons, buckles, decorative buttons, zippers. It is an element of the fastener and performs an important utilitarian role, but can also serve a decorative role.
Finishing with embroidery, applique, emblems is the most decorative. Embroidery can be manual or machine; made with threads, beads, sequins. Embroidery adds an element of elegance to clothing and can often be the center of a composition. The type of embroidery is determined by the purpose of the product.
Finishing with other materials: natural and artificial fur and leather, knitwear, suede, velvet, lace fabric, fabrics. It has a decorative and utilitarian meaning (for example, the use of leather trims and cuffs in a fur coat increases the wear resistance of the product).
The finishing of product parts with a printed design is purely decorative; used in the manufacture of products from light synthetic fabrics.

When choosing one type of finish or another, avoid overloading. There is only one rule in decorating a costume, but it requires unquestioning obedience: maintaining a sense of proportion!

Let's summarize:

Rhythm is the natural alternation of homogeneous elements (sound, speech, visual).
There are the following types of rhythms in clothing:
– a simple uniform rhythm of two types (in the repetition of forms and elements, in which the interval is the boundary of division of the form; in the repetition of forms while maintaining equal intervals between them);
– proportionally consistent rhythm;
– rhythmic construction based on symmetry;
– radial-radial rhythm of two types (simple uniform pattern; progressive radial-radial rhythm);
– rhythmic structures that combine different types of rhythms.
The main types of details in clothing: collars, pockets, yokes, belts, straps, patches, shoulder straps.
Types of decorative finishes:
– Finishes obtained as a result of performing all types of tucked relief seams, folds, puffs, draperies, frills, finishing stitches.
– Trimming details made from the fabric of the product or finishing fabric: frills, ruffles, flounces, trims, piping, ties, flaps.
– Finishes with special finishing materials: lace, braid, cord, soutache, fringe, ribbon, flowers.
– Finishing with accessories: buttons, buckles, decorative buttons, zippers.
– Finishes with embroidery, applique, emblems are the most decorative. Embroidery can be manual or machine; made with threads, beads, sequins.
– Finishes with other materials: natural and artificial fur and leather, knitwear, suede, velvet, lace fabric, fabrics.
– Finishing of product parts with a printed design.
The use of several types of finishing in one product requires their consistency so as not to violate the integrity of the compositional solution.