One of distinctive features Chinese painting is linear in design. Now solid, now smooth, now strict, now volatile, the lines faithfully capture the image and each of them undergoes many changes while conveying the smallest nuances and feelings of the painter himself. Such mastery is inseparable from brush technique, which has been improved over many centuries, since each brush stroke must be impeccably accurate, because It is no longer possible to erase or correct it. One of the distinctive features of Chinese painting is the linearity of the drawing. Now solid, now smooth, now strict, now volatile, the lines faithfully capture the image and each of them undergoes many changes while conveying the smallest nuances and feelings of the painter himself. Such mastery is inseparable from brush technique, which has been improved over many centuries, since each brush stroke must be impeccably accurate, because It is no longer possible to erase or correct it.
Painting styles. There are two main styles of painting in Chinese painting: gongbi (careful brushwork) and sei (conveying an idea). “Gongbi” is characterized by a subtle and detailed graphic style of painting with careful application of paint and recording of small details. Having made the outline, the artist paints over the drawing with mineral paints, giving the picture brightness and decorativeness. Artists worked in the “gunbi” style to decorate the interiors of the palaces of emperors and nobles. Unlike “gunbi”, “sei” is a free style of painting with a broad brush. Artists of this style strive to convey external resemblance the subject, and its essence, they want to convey the emotional component and spiritual mood. In most cases, Sei artists paint in ink in black, white and gray tones, due to which their paintings do not look as lush as in the Gongbi style, but they are characterized by hidden expression and genuine sincerity.
In their painting, Chinese artists like to resort to allegory, identifying phenomena with images of an ideal imaginary world human life. So, for example, the peony represents human beauty, as well as wealth and honors; The magpie is perceived as a symbol of happy news, and the plum flower is a meihua, opening in the harshest winter cold, with a person of crystal purity. And the calligraphy and inscription on the painting give such an allegory even greater poetry and expressiveness. In their painting, Chinese artists love to resort to allegory, identifying the phenomena of human life with images of an ideal imaginary world. For example, the peony represents human beauty, as well as wealth and honor; The magpie is perceived as a symbol of happy news, and the plum flower is a meihua, opening in the harshest winter cold, with a person of crystal purity. And the calligraphy and inscription on the painting give such an allegory even greater poetry and expressiveness.
Tang Yin. Birth name: whale. Date of birth: 1470 Place of birth: Suzhou Date of death: 1524 Place of death: Suzhou Genre: Chinese artist, calligrapher and poet of the Ming dynasty Tang Yin Biography. From the family of a wealthy merchant, he received an excellent education. Before taking the exams in Beijing, he was caught in dishonesty (he and a friend bribed the servant of one of the examiners to find out the content of the questions), returned to his homeland and abandoned his career. His life became the subject of popular stories. Author of landscapes, scenes from home and court life in the “gunbi” style.
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CHINA
CHINA
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The history of China is considered one of the oldest in the world, it includes five thousand years of historical and cultural development. During this time, the Chinese fought a lot and seized lands; the country was also constantly raided by nomadic tribes or troops of neighboring powers. However, despite all this, Chinese traditions continued to form and develop. It was in China that writing arose in ancient times, the Chinese were the first to use paper for writing, Chinese craftsmen made good weapons, and the art of combat became an example for warriors in other countries.
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Dragon – cultural symbol Chinese people
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The ancient Chinese called their country the “Celestial Empire” or the “Middle Kingdom”, as they believed that it lay in the middle of four seas: East, South, Sand and Rocky.
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PERIODS
SHAN STATE (Neolithic) 1500 BC EMPIRE QIN DYNASTY 221-207 BC HAN DYNASTY 207 BC – 2 AD TANG DYNASTY 618 – 907 SONG DYNASTY 960 – 1279 YUAN DYNASTY (Mongolian) 1279 – 1368 MING DYNASTY (Chinese) 1368 – 1644 QING DYNASTY (Manchu) 1644 – 1912
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CULTURE OF CHINA
BASIS – HARMONY OF TWO POLAR PRINCIPLES YANG AND YIN
HUANGHE RIVER
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SPACE GIANT PAN-GU
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ARCHITECTURE. KEY FEATURES
the most typical house design is a frame-and-post construction material - wood - the effect of a holistic composition, i.e. an ensemble of many houses. Ancient Chinese architecture is characterized by the use of colors (roofs - yellow, cornices - blue-green, walls, pillars and courtyards - red) .
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The only building that has always stood separately on the outskirts of the village is a watchtower-pagoda: protection from external enemies protection from evil spirits in the form of pagodas, temples were built
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Pagodas must have odd number tiers (3, 5, 9, 11) Pagodas have a variety of shapes: (square, six-, eight-, dodecagonal, round).
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Dayanta, or Great Wild Goose Pagoda (Xi'an, 7th-8th century). Its dimensions: 25m. at the base and 60m in height; consists of 7 tiers
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Ancient China is also famous for its unique monuments of architecture and art. Quirky structures, interesting rooftops, rich palaces of emperors and exquisitely decorated temples.
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Ancient rope bridges
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Beijing's temples were located in large complexes.
The temple ensemble Tiantan (“Temple of Heaven”) was associated with the ancient religious rites of the Chinese, who revered heaven and earth as givers of the harvest.
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TEMPLE OF HEAVEN IN BEIJING (XV-XVI centuries)
THE EMBODIMENT OF HARMONY BETWEEN SKY AND EARTH
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THE TEMPLE WAS DESIGNED AS A PLACE OF SACRIFICES TO HEAVEN
NORTH
SOUTH
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THE WAY OF THE UNIVERSE - TAO
DAO – THE ORIGINAL BEGINNING OF ALL THINGS, THE UNIVERSAL WOMB WHERE THE UNIVERSE AND EVERYTHING THAT COMPOSES IT COME FROM
THE ETERNAL AND INFINITE TAO GIVES AN IMPULSE TO YANG AND THE HARMONY OF HEAVEN AND EARTH
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GATES
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ABSTINENCE HALL
palace for three days of fasting in spring, summer and winter before religious ceremonies
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"ALTAR OF HEAVEN"
SACRIFICES ANNUALLY (winter solstice day) SACRED NUMBERS 3 and 9
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"Temple of the Rich Harvest"
BASE - marble terrace, consisting of three tiers. Eight wide staircases lead to the Temple. Prayers for rain and a good harvest took place in the Temple. There is no altar or statues in it
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The round terraces of the altar and the blue roofs of the temples symbolized the sky, while the square area of the ensemble symbolized the earth.
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SEASONS
12 MONTHS
12 DOUBLE HOURS
28 IMPORTANT STARS
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GARDENS AROUND THE TEMPLE
THE EMBODIMENT OF THE POWERS OF THE SKY – YANG – MOUNTAIN SLIDES, GAZERBOARDS, INCENSE BURNERS, TREES THE POWERS OF THE EARTH – YIN – WATER
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STONE STONES
SYMBOLIZE THE CONSTELLATION URSA MAJOR AND THE POLAR STAR
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Every Chinese city was surrounded by a wall (“wall” and “city” were denoted by the same word “cheng”).
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FORTIFICATIONS
Great Wall of China
ru.wikipedia.org/wiki
The largest architectural monument. It runs through northern China for 8851.8 km (including branches), and on the Badaling section it passes in close proximity to Beijing.
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INTERESTING FACTS
When laying the stone blocks of the wall, sticky rice porridge mixed with slaked lime was used. The popular athletics marathon “Great Wall” is held annually, in which athletes run part of the distance along the crest of the Wall. Contrary to existing opinion, the Great the Chinese wall can't be seen naked eye from the orbital station, although on satellite images she is visible.
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The Great Wall of China (over 3,000 km long). The wall is 5 to 8 meters wide and 5 to 10 meters high. The wall was first assembled from compacted wood and reeds, then it was lined with brick.
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Along the surface of the wall there are battlements and a road along which soldiers could move. Turrets are placed along the entire perimeter, every 100 - 150 meters, to provide light warning of the approach of the enemy.
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ru.wikipedia.org/wiki
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Planning of urban ensembles.
Beijing was designed as a powerful fortress. Massive brick walls with tower gates surrounded the capital on all sides. Beijing has the correct layout of streets. In the form of a grid.
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The “Forbidden City” (now turned into a museum), surrounded by walls and surrounded by a moat, was a kind of city within a city, in the depths of which were hidden the chambers of the imperial wives, entertainment facilities, theater stage and much more.
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GARDEN AND PARK ART
The purpose of the Chinese garden was to evoke a philosophical mood in the viewer; the gardens symbolized heaven on Earth.
The parks abound with small lakes, with characteristic high bridges, pavilions with tiled roofs, kiosks, and arches.
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The entire territory is divided into three parts - middle, eastern and western. The center of the garden is usually a pond or an artificial hill.
Around it there are pavilions connected open galleries, stone compositions in the form of slides, walls or individual original sculptures, bridges, gazebos, water channels.
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Beihai Park is an ancient park in Beijing, located in the northwest of the Forbidden City. The park area is more than 700,000 sq.m., most of which is water. The central place of the park is Qionghuadao Island, on which the White Pagoda rises.
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GARDEN AND PARK ARCHITECTURE
Beihai Park
ru.wikipedia.org/wiki
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BRIDGES
Baodayqiao "Bridge of the Precious Belt") is an ancient arched bridge spanning the Great Canal of China near the city of Suzhou in Jiangsu Province.
A distinctive feature of the bridge is the three raised central spans through which boats with cargo sailed. The bridge is 317 meters long and 4.1 meters wide and consists of 53 arched spans.
ru.wikipedia.org/wiki
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Jade Belt Bridge, or Camel's Hump Bridge, in Beijing
ru.wikipedia.org/wiki
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PALACE ARCHITECTURE
Beijing, Forbidden City
www.portalostranah.ru
ru.wikipedia.org/wiki
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Beijing, wall of the Forbidden City
ru.wikipedia.org/wiki
PALACE ARCHITECTURE
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MEMORIAL STRUCTURES
Pailou or Paifang are carved ornamented triumphal gates made of stone or wood, erected in China in honor of rulers, heroes, and outstanding events. Covered with one or more roofs depending on the number of spans.
Pailou in Pingyao
ru.wikipedia.org/wiki
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Gate in the southern Chinese village of Sidi
ru.wikipedia.org/wiki
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TOMBS
Gate leading to the burial complex.
Tombs of the Emperors of the Ming Dynasty - a complex of mausoleums of thirteen emperors of the Chinese Ming Dynasty (XV-XVII centuries)
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Chinese art developed in a wide variety of directions. Only in this country could one find craftsmen who perfectly produced the finest silk, or potters famous for the production of decorative porcelain. Chinese painters could paint not only the walls of temples and palaces, but also small ceramic and fabric items.
Chinese woman cut out a paper picture for five years
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One of the highest achievements of ancient Chinese art is painting, especially scroll painting. Chinese scroll painting is absolutely new look art, created specifically for contemplation, freed from subordinately decorative functions. The main genres of painting on the scroll were historical and everyday portrait, portrait associated with the funeral cult, landscape, “birds and flowers” genre.
PAINTING
www.kulichki.com
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PAINTING
In a Chinese painting, every object is deeply symbolic, every tree, flower, animal or bird is a sign poetic image: pine is a symbol of longevity, bamboo - perseverance and happiness, stork - loneliness and holiness, etc. The shape of Chinese landscapes - an elongated scroll - helped to feel the immensity of space, to show not just some part of nature, but the integrity of the entire universe.
Ma Lin. Listening to the wind in the pine trees
www.bibliotekar.ru
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The traditional genre of Chinese painting is “guohua”. The paintings are painted in black or gray ink using a brush on paper or silk. In some cases, the master, with the help of just a few strokes of black ink of varying thickness, creates general outline landscape and human figures, without writing out the details. This direction is called “this”. Another direction, called “gunbi,” requires careful reproduction of the smallest details: the hairstyles of the people depicted, the plumage of birds, etc.
Ni Tsang, "Trees and Valleys of the Mountain"
Zhao Mengfu. Autumn colors in the mountains
ru.wikipedia.org/wiki
ru.wikipedia.org/wiki
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Portraits of Emperors
Emperor Taizu (Ming Dynasty)
Li Hong-chiao
Emperor Kublai Khan
PAINTING
www.kulichki.com
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PAINTING
name unknown
Liang Shu-nian
Qin Ling-yun
name unknown
www.kulichki.com
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Butterfly and pink color
Lee Rong-wei
Bird among the lotus
PAINTING
www.kulichki.com
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ART OF NATURE
In China, the cult of nature has existed from time immemorial to the present day. The painting by the Chinese artist is not just a landscape, but a kind of model of the universe, where Heaven and Earth are connected by mountains. Landscape painting appeared in China a thousand years earlier than in Europe.
Ma Yuan. Humming on the way
www.bibliotekar.ru
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Ancient Chinese painting was very different from European painting. In Europe, the possibilities of color and shadows were widely used, and in China, painters created amazing paintings game of lines. The main thing that distinguishes Chinese painting from European painting is the desire to convey the “spirit of the picture,” or, as the Chinese say, “to express the mood using form.”
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Theatrical skill is considered a separate type of ancient Chinese art. The Chinese in their theatrical productions skillfully combined music and body movements, martial arts and religion.
Shadow theater as part of Chinese drama
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ru.wikipedia.org/wiki
CALLIGRAPHY
Writing in traditional Chinese culture is considered a special area of ethics and aesthetics.
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CALLIGRAPHY
Chinese calligraphy is considered the “ancestor” of Japanese calligraphy; the first mentions of it date back to the mid-2nd - mid-1st millennium BC. Calligraphy has been elevated to the rank of a national art in China.
ru.wikipedia.org/wiki
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CHINESE PORCELAIN.
Dish with dragon
Ge type bowl
www.bibliotekar.ru/china1
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Chinese vases
www.bibliotekar.ru/china1
CHINESE PORCELAIN.
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Temple vase
Vase with peonies
Vase in the shape of a melon
www.bibliotekar.ru/china1
CHINESE PORCELAIN
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http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki
Glazed vessel. Three Dynasties Period
Chinese tricolor glazed horse. Tang Dynasty.
SCULPTURE
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Buddha Vairocana in the Longmen Cave Temples
archi.1001chudo.ru/china
The large statue of Vairocana Buddha in the Longmen Cave Temples stands out for more than just its size. It is also valued as one of the highest examples of art from the Tang Dynasty. Buddha Vairocana sits in the open Fengxian Grotto. Perhaps the dimensions are intended to emphasize the greatness of Vairocana: the height of the statue is 17.4 meters, only the head of the Buddha is 4 meters, and the elongated ears are 1.9 meters.
But the main thing about a statue is not its height. Buddha is considered both the largest and most beautiful statue here. cave temples, the pearl of Longmen.
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Terracotta sculpture from the burial ground of Emperor Qin Shihuang
www.legendtour.ru/rus/china
Museum of Terracotta Figures.
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The Terracotta Army was accidentally discovered in 1976 by peasants working the land. The place where underground crypts with terrorist figures of warriors were discovered, who, according to the plans of the then Chinese rulers, were supposed to serve Emperor Qinyihuang (259 - 210 BC) in the afterlife, is located 4 km away. east of Xi'an and at a distance of 1.5 km. from the burial mound of Qinshihuang. Arriving archaeologists discovered that life-size equestrian statues were “guarding” the tomb of Emperor Qin Shi Huang, who died in 210 BC and was famous for uniting the Chinese states into a single Celestial Empire and ordering the construction of the Great Wall of China. He also went down in history as one of the most cruel rulers of the world. The entire complex consists of 4 zones: two huge fields for life-size clay figures of warriors, a command post and one empty mine. 7,000 sculptures of warriors and horses arranged in battle formations are on display. The burial is called the “eighth wonder of the world” and it really makes a grandiose impression. The complex also contains two chariots, made of many metal parts and also considered a unique find, confirming the level of development of ancient China. In total, three underground crypts with a total area of more than 20 thousand square meters were opened. meters. Crypt No. 1 has a length from east to west of 230 meters, from north to south 62 meters, an area of 14,260 square meters. meters. The crypt contains 6 thousand terracotta stones, painted in different colors, figures of warriors and war horses, the sizes of which are close to the natural sizes of human figures and horses. The formation of the army is clearly visible: three lines of the vanguard, followed by 38 columns. To the east of crypt no. 1 is crypt no. 2, which has a curved shape. The set of figures here is even more diverse than in crypt No. 1. Crypt No. 3 has an area of more than 500 square meters and is intended as the location of the headquarters of the underground army. In fact, the terracotta figures of warriors and their formation in miniature copy the authentic army of the Qinshi Huang period, which makes these finds very important for study military history China. No wonder they were nicknamed “the eighth wonder of the world.”
Chinese painting Chinese painting -
important part
traditional
Chinese culture And
priceless treasure
of the Chinese nation, she
has long history And
glorious traditions in
areas of the world
arts
Chinese
painting is also called
traditional chinese
painting. Traditional
chinese painting
dates back to the Neolithic period,
about eight thousand years
back. Found on
excavated colored ceramics
with drawn
animals, fish,
deer and frogs
shows that during
Neolithic Chinese already
started using brushes
for drawing.
Han is developing
fresco painting. Her
used for burials, and
also in temples and palaces. WITH
development of Buddhism in the period from 3
until the 6th century the temple developed
painting, for example,
Buddha images in the mountains
caves.
Ancient Chinese
painting was very different from
European painting. In Europe
widely used
possibilities of color, shadows, and
In China, painters created
amazing pictures of the game
lines. The main thing that distinguishes
Chinese painting from
European is the desire
convey the “spirit of the picture”, or how
the Chinese say “with the help
forms to express mood.” Ancient Chinese
painting, as in other things
modern, knew two
main style: "gong bi"
(diligent brush) and “se and”
(expression of an idea).
Chinese principles
paintings are
admiring nature as
a perfect creation.
The genres of Chinese painting are quite diverse: - animalistic genres, - everyday genres, - ceremonial portrait, - miniature on fans and others
household items,- Chinese landscape painting.
Didn't exist in China
still life in the usual
for us it means
stationary objects with
Chinese point of view
dead without dynamics
movements of life and
time.
Chinese painting gravitates towards certain stable images: one of the most favorite objects of aesthetic embodiment in painting is
Chinese paintinggravitates towards certain
sustainable images:
one of the most
favorite objects
aesthetic
embodiments in painting
is bamboo
In Chinese
in pictures bamboo is
not just a plant, but
human symbol
character.
Chinese painting and calligraphy
In China useone tool and
for painting, and for
calligraphy - brushes
- connected these two species
art.
Calligraphy (from the Greek words
κάλλος kallos "beauty" + γραφή
graphẽ "to write") - view
fine arts,
aesthetic design
handwritten font.
The total number of Chinese characters reaches 80,000. But in reality, no more than 10 thousand characters are used in all types of texts. Chinese
hieroglyphs are difficult forspellings: each of them
consists of several
devil (from 1 to 52).
Calligraphy is like
painting and process
creating a hieroglyph
brush and ink akin to
creation process
paintings.
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
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Chinese Painting Chinese painting is also called traditional Chinese painting. Traditional Chinese painting dates back to the Neolithic period, about eight thousand years ago. Colored pottery with painted animals, fish, deer, and frogs found in excavations shows that the Chinese had already begun to use brushes for painting during the Neolithic period. China's painting is an important part of traditional Chinese culture and a priceless treasure of the Chinese nation, it has a long history and glorious tradition in the field of world arts.
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Features of Chinese Painting Chinese painting and Chinese calligraphy are closely related because both art forms use lines. The Chinese developed simple lines into highly developed art forms. Lines are used not only to draw contours, but also to express the artist’s concept and feelings. Different lines are used for different objects and purposes. They can be straight or curved, hard or soft, thick or thin, pale or dark, and the paint can be dry or flowing. The use of lines and strokes is one of the elements that gives Chinese painting its unique qualities.
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Traditional Chinese Painting Traditional Chinese painting is a combination of several arts - poetry, calligraphy, painting, engraving and printing - in one painting. In ancient times, most artists were poets and masters of calligraphy. For the Chinese, “Painting in poetry and poetry in painting” was one of the criteria beautiful works art. Inscriptions and seal impressions helped explain the artist's ideas and moods, and also added decorative beauty to Chinese painting.
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In ancient Chinese paintings, artists often depicted pine trees, bamboo and plum trees. When inscriptions were made on such drawings - “exemplary behavior and nobility of character,” then the qualities of people were attributed to these plants and they were called upon to embody them. All Chinese arts - poetry, calligraphy, painting, engraving and printing - complement and enrich each other.
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Styles of Chinese painting According to your means artistic expression, Traditional Chinese painting can be divided into complex painting style, liberal painting style, and complex-liberal style. Complex style - the painting is drawn and painted in a neat and orderly manner, the complex painting style uses an extremely refined brushwork to paint objects.
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The liberal style of painting uses loose writing and short strokes to describe appearance and the spirit of objects, and express the artist's feelings. When painting in the liberal style of painting, the artist must place the brush exactly on the paper, and each stroke must be skillful in order to be able to express the spirit of the painting. The complex liberal painting style is a combination of the two previous styles.
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Masters of Chinese Painting Qi Baishi (1863–1957) is one of the most famous Chinese artists of our time. He was a versatile artist, he wrote poetry, was a stone carver, was a calligrapher, and also dabbled in painting. For many years practice, Qi found his own special, personal style. He was able to depict the same theme in any style. His works are distinguished by the fact that in one picture he could combine several styles and methods of painting.
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Thanks to Qi Baishi Chinese and world painting took another step forward: he was able to create his own individual artistic language, unusually bright and expressive. He left a profound mark in the history of Guohua.
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ABOUT QI BAISHI THEY SAY: “HE SAW GREAT THINGS IN SMALL THINGS, FROM NOTHING HE GAVE MUCH THINGS OUT OF NOTHING.” His works are filled with light that penetrates flower petals and insect wings: it seems that it illuminates us too, giving rise to a feeling of joy and peace in the soul.
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Chinese painting. What is needed? Chinese painting differs from Western painting in the necessary materials for painting. Chinese painters use a brush, an ink stick, rice paper and an ink stone to paint a picture - all this is necessary in Chinese painting. Rice paper (Xuan paper) - required material for Chinese painting, since it has a beautiful texture so that the brush with ink moves freely over it, causing the strokes to fluctuate from shadow to light.
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Combination of Poetry, Calligraphy and Printing in Chinese Painting Chinese painting shows the perfect union of poetry, calligraphy, painting and printing. Typically, many Chinese artists are also poets and calligraphers. They often add a poem to their painting and stamps of various seals after it is completed. The combination of these four arts in Chinese painting makes the paintings more perfect and beautiful, and a true connoisseur will receive aesthetic pleasure from contemplating Chinese painting.
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Genres of Chinese Painting The following genres are distinguished in Chinese painting - landscape (“mountain-water”), portrait genre (there are several categories), images of birds, insects and plants (“flower-birds”) and animalistic genre. It should also be added that in traditional Chinese painting such symbols as the phoenix bird and the dragon are very popular.
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Chinese Painting - Guohua Painting Guohua is a traditional painting of China. Guohua painting uses ink and water paints; the painting is done on paper or silk. Guohua is close in spirit to calligraphy. To apply paints, brushes made from bamboo and the hair of domestic or wild animals (rabbit, goat, squirrel, deer, etc.) are used.
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The Birth of Chinese Painting
- tradition attributes the creation of Chinese painting to four founding fathers:
- Gu Kaizhi (344 - 406)
- Lu Tanwei (mid 5th century)
- Zhang Sengyao (ca. 500 - ca. 550)
- Wu Daozi (680 - 740)
- However, as a result of archaeological research, today's scientists push back the birth of Chinese painting 1000 years earlier, to the era of the warring states of Zhang Guo
Main genres of Chinese painting
- A genre of plant painting, in particular bamboo painting. The founder of bamboo painting was Wen Tong.
- Painting of Flowers and Birds.
- Mountain Scenery (山水， shan shui, i.e. "mountains and waters").
- Animalistic genre (翎毛. ling mao. those. "feathered and furry").
- Portrait genre
Gu Kaizhi: six laws - "loofah"
- Shen - spirituality,
- Tianqu - naturalness,
- Goutu - composition of a painting,
- Gusyan is the constant basis, that is, the structure of the work,
- Mose - following tradition, ancient monuments,
- Yunbi - high technique of writing with ink and brush
Emperor-artist
- Zhu Zhanji(1398-1435) - Emperor of China of the Ming Dynasty. He succeeded his father Zhu Gaochi to the throne. His motto was "Proclamation of Virtue"
A pagoda is a type of monumental Buddhist place of worship that originated in India
- Buddhism penetrated into China during the reign of the Han Emperor Mindi (58 - 75), in 68 the first Buddhist temple was built - Baimasy (in Luoyang), and in the era of the Three Kingdoms (220 - 265) - the first pagoda
Pagoda shapes
- Pagodas in China come in a wide variety of shapes - square, hexagonal, octagonal, usually with an even number of corners and multi-tiered. Construction material they are used in wood, brick, stone, glazed tiles, and iron. By their design, they look like towers or pavilions with numerous cornices
Bamboo books
- From the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. e. The Chinese began to use bamboo slats for writing. Each such tablet contained approximately forty hieroglyphs (words). The planks were strung on a rope and connected into bundles
- In the 3rd century. BC e. The Chinese began to use silk for writing
- They painted on silk with natural paints using a special brush, the invention of which is credited Myn Tianyu
Invention of paper
- The great invention was paper making, whose production began in 105 AD. It was cooked from tree bark, rags, and hemp. The author of this largest discovery in the history of mankind was an official Cai Lun. Around the same time, mascara was created
Hieroglyphs
- IN Chinese number in dictionaries hieroglyphs sometimes reaches 70 thousand
Symbol of happiness
- A symbol of happiness in Ancient China there was a bat
- Five bats meant a lot happy blessings, above all, longevity, wealth, health, good behavior and natural death
Great Chinese wall
- Construction of the first wall began in the 3rd century BC. e. during the reign of the emperor Qin Shi Huangdi to protect the state from attacks by the nomadic Xiongnu people. A fifth of the then population of the country, that is, about a million people, took part in the construction
- The length of the wall with all branches is 8 thousand 851 kilometers and 800 meters
- The length of the wall itself from edge to edge is two thousand five hundred kilometers
- The width of the Great Wall is 5-8 meters and the height is 6.6 meters (in some areas the height reaches 10 meters)
Poetry of Tao Yuan Ming
“In the world, human life does not have deep roots.
It will flutter away like light dust over the road...
I want one thing - not to know old age,
So that my relatives gather under one roof,
Each of my sons and grandsons are all in a hurry to help each other...”
