- main - noun, verb, adjective, adverb;
- to service words (formal words): prepositions, conjunctions, particles, pronouns, auxiliary verbs;
- interjections are considered separately.
- Noun;
- Adjective;
- Numeral;
- Pronoun;
- Verb;
- Adverb;
- Predicate;
- Participle;
- Participle.
- Pretext;
- Union;
- Particle;
- Interjections;
- Modal words;
- Onomatopoeic words.
Here is a tablet that very well characterizes all parts of speech, with questions to which these parts of speech are answered and with examples.
In total, we get 10 parts of speech:
6 independent ones (noun, adjective, verb, numeral, pronoun and adverb)
3 auxiliary: preposition, conjunction, particle.
And the interjection stands alone.
There are still debates about the participle and the gerund. Some distinguish them as independent parts of speech, and some consider them to be a form of the verb.
So, in the Russian language there are ten parts of speech, namely, nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, adverbs, verbs, prepositions, conjunctions, particles, interjections. They are traditionally divided into independent and service. Only interjections are not included in any group
The Russian language uses ten parts of speech:
1 noun
3 adjective
4 numeral
5 prepositions
7 adverb
8 participle
9 participle
10 interjection
Parts of speech are divided into independent and auxiliary.
Parts of speech in Russian are groups of words that are united by common features. All parts of speech are divided into three main groups:
- auxiliary (not members of sentences, but only connecting them)
- nominatives (being members of sentences and naming an object and its action)
- interjections (not part of sentences and unchangeable)
There are the following parts of speech:
1) adjective (answers the questions: whose? and what?)
2) noun (answers the questions: who? and what?)
3) verb (answers the questions: what to do? and what to do?)
4) adverb (answers the questions: when? how? why? and where?)
5) pronoun (answers the questions: who? what? how many? and whose?)
6) numeral (answers the questions: which? and how many?)
In addition, in the Russian language, there are also auxiliary parts of speech, which include conjunctions, prepositions and particles.
All parts of speech in Russian are divided into 2 main groups:
- an independent part of speech (this is a noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, adverb and verb);
- auxiliary part of speech (preposition, conjunction and particle);
And separately, the interjection is like a special part of speech.
In total it turns out: 10 .
It is worth noting that the participle and gerund are included in the verb section as a special form and therefore are not parts of speech.
I cannot agree with the previous answer in everything. There are ten parts of speech in the Russian language. They are divided into:
independent - noun, verb, pronoun, numeral, pronoun, adverb;
service - preposition, conjunction, particle.
The interjection is highlighted separately. This part of the speech stands apart.
It is worth paying attention to the existence of two verb forms. These are participles and gerunds. They are not parts of speech; they are special forms of the verb that have the characteristics of an adjective (participle) and an adverb (gerund).
Traditionally, the Russian language has 10 parts of speech.
- Noun(student, table, vision)
- Adjective(good, urban, mother's)
- Numeral(one, five, two hundred)
- Pronoun(I, who, someone)
- Verb(beat, solve, sleep)
- Adverb(fun, again, out of spite)
- Pretext(in, because of, as a consequence)
- Union(and, what, therefore)
- Particle(no, just, let)
- Interjection(oh wow, thanks). Sometimes the 11th and 12th parts of speech are also distinguished.
- Participle(reading, walking, grinding)
- Participle(writing, leaving, being).
But traditionally, participle and gerund are considered verb forms.
Not part of speech onomatopoeic words: woof, ku-ku, ding, bang, drr, shhh and the like.
Exist different points view of the number of parts of speech. Everything, undoubtedly, is distinguished: noun, adjective, verb, pronoun, adverb, numeral, as well as auxiliary parts of speech: conjunction, preposition, particle. The interjection stands out. Some scientists distinguish another part of speech from adverbs - the category of condition (bad, warm, cloudy). Well, some scientists propose to separate verb forms such as participle and gerund into separate parts of speech. Therefore, according to the most daring calculations, there are 13 parts of speech.
There are 10 parts of speech in the Russian language.
This number includes:
- independent parts of speech, there are six of them: noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, numeral;
- auxiliary parts of speech, there are three of them: conjunction, preposition, particle;
- an interjection that stands apart from others.
The gerund and participle are often considered independent parts of speech, but they are actually inconjugated forms of the verb.
The part of speech is determined by the question. Each part of speech answers its own question.
Functional parts of speech
But there are only twelve parts of speech in the Russian language. The table below shows all parts of speech, including interjection. The interjection as a part of speech differs from other parts of speech in its isolation. Interjections are not connected in any way with other parts of speech; they always exist on their own.
Lomonosov divided speech into two main parts: noun and verb, and
six auxiliary (service) parts of speech: participle, pronoun, adverb, preposition, interjection, conjunction.
In modern Russian, the classification of parts of speech is as follows:
Although I could be wrong, I studied for a long time, they will correct it.
In modern Russian, there are 9 independent parts of speech and 3 auxiliary parts of speech, as well as modal words, interjections and onomatopoeic words.
List of independent parts of speech of the modern Russian language:
List of service parts of speech of the modern Russian language:
Part of speech is a category of words defined by general features of syntax and morphology. In world languages, the classification of a name (noun, adjective) and the main verb, which determines the action of an object or its state, are more often used. Morphology divides all words into categories into independent and auxiliary. Interjections belong to a separate group.
Noun
A noun often acts as a subject, denotes an object or person, and provides answers to the main questions “who?” (for animate) or “what?” This part defines objects in a global sense.
- Things(house, car, column, stone).
- Persons(Human).
- Substances(acid, sugar, salt).
- Living things(deer, bear, dog).
- Facts and phenomena(concert, conversation, walking).
- Geographical places(America, Russia, Europe).
- Qualities and states(sadness, joy, euphoria).
Morphological and grammatical features of a noun
A common noun is a general name for a kind of individual objects (vase, book, table). It can be concrete, non-specific, abstract (friendship, life) and material (water, fire, ashes). Proper nouns are called specific object, which stands out from among homogeneous ones (Anna, Himalayas).
The part of speech has important attributes that are characteristic of many world languages. These include:
- Case grammatical category, carrying an inflectional function. In Russian linguistics, six types are distinguished.
- Number is a quantitative designation of an object.
- Animation.
- Three gender structures that distribute words based on gender or lack thereof.
- According to these categories, the noun has its own declension paradigm (3 classes).
Adjective
In Russian, it denotes a feature of an object and gives an answer to the questions “which one?” and “whose?” Divided into three categories, which are a constant feature of morphology.
- Quality. Combined with the words “very” and “too”. Most adjectives of this order have two forms. There are three kinds of comparisons for a group.
- Relative. They define a feature that is impossible in a qualitative formulation. Expresses the relationship of an object to another object, matter, time, place, etc.
- Possessives. They indicate that an object belongs to an animate being.
An adjective is most often formed from a noun by adding a suffix or prefix. In syntax it plays the role of a predicate or definition.
Verb
A part of speech that identifies the state or activity of an object. Within a sentence it often acts as a predicate. In Russian the following signs are classified:
- Face– a category that defines the interaction between speaker and listener.
- Time– the relationship of the described situation to the present moment.
- Pledge– a verbal category that defines the connection of any action with an object and subject. In Russian there is a distinction between active and passive.
- Conjugation– inflection of the number or person of verbs.
- Mood– a category denoting modality (the speaker’s attitude to the object of the statement or reality).
- Aspect– a function showing the comprehension of an action over a period of time. It can be perfect or imperfect.
Features of numerals, pronouns and adverbs
A numeral is a part of speech that determines the quantity, permanent order and number of objects, provides answers to the questions “how many?” or “which?” Divided into four types of lexico-grammatical structure.
- Quantitative(thirty forty).
- Collective(two, ten) - give an answer to the typical question “how many?”
- Fractional(seven eighths, three ninths).
- Ordinal(twenty-fifth, hundredth).
The pronoun defines characteristics, points to objects, quantities, but does not specifically identify them, i.e. completely replaces the main parts of speech. In the tradition of the Russian language There are several classes.
- Personal pronouns establish an object without naming it.
- Refundable express a reaction to the performer of the action.
- Undefined indicate limited information about the referent, as well as its signs and properties.
- Interrogative pronouns show that the speaker needs to define the subject (“who?”, “which?”).
- Demonstrators accurately identify the object and its location.
Adverb- a part of speech that never changes. Answers typical questions “where?”, “how?”, “how much?” and more often identifies a sign of action.
- According to its meaning, it is divided into detailed and definitive.
- Compiled using suffixes and prefixes.
- Qualitative adverbs synthesized through adjectives have a degree of comparison.
Participle and gerund - characteristics
The participle contains the characteristics of the verb and the adjective. Objective characteristics include the categories of gender, case and number. Education is built on appearance and transition.
A participle means an additional action in the presence of a main one. Combines the characteristics of both a verb and an adverb. Divided into perfect and imperfect forms. In a sentence, it takes on the role of a predicate or adverbial clause and is not conjugated. Sometimes denotes an additional action if adjacent to a predicate.
How many parts of speech are there in the job category?
Prepositions show the dependence of independent parts of a sentence on other words. They are classified by origin (ancient, new), structure, and also by structure. They have valence (inherence to case). Prepositions denote relations of space, time, cause, etc.
Conjunctions connect simple sentences in the structure of a complex sentence, and are also a unifying node of homogeneous members. Unable to conjugate or bow. Define relationships between syntax units. They differ in origin, use, meaning and composition.
The particle is designed to introduce certain shades of meaning and emotionality into a sentence, and sometimes acts as an assistant in the process of word formation. In its structure and functionality it is close to conjunctions and interjections. The meaning of a particle is determined by the attitude it exhibits . There are 4 categories:
- Subjunctive(let it go, come on).
- Negative(no, no way).
- Modal(interrogative, demonstrative, exclamatory, etc.).
- Particles are classified by origin and composition.
On a note!
Linguistics does not classify interjections as either significant or auxiliary. It plays the role of signal words and is used to manifest any desire, requirement, call to action.
Video
This video will help you prepare for your Russian language exam and covers the topic "Parts of Speech".
Didn't get an answer to your question? Suggest a topic to the authors.
Russian scholars distinguish parts of speech in different ways. Our article will tell you about those parts of speech that are studied in school course. These are 12 parts of speech, which are divided into independent and auxiliary. Let's take a closer look at what parts of speech there are in the Russian language.
Independent parts of speech
A noun is a part of speech that is independent in nature and answers the questions “what?” "who?", and also denotes an object. According to their meaning, all nouns can be divided into animate (boy, horse) and inanimate (stool, notebook), into proper names (Moscow, Petya, newspaper " TVNZ") and common nouns (numerous names of objects and phenomena: table, coin, heart, society, love, etc.).
An adjective is a part of speech that expresses a characteristic of an object, answering the questions “which?” "what?" "whose?" etc. Adjectives are divided into relative (wooden, reading), qualitative (big, beautiful) and possessive (sister, fox).
A numeral is a part of speech that denotes the number of objects and the number and order of counting. Numeral names, according to grammatical features and meaning, are divided into ordinal (tenth, second) and quantitative (ten, two).
A pronoun is a part of speech that indicates signs, objects and their quantities, but does not name them. In sentences, pronouns are most often used as a subject or determiner, rarely as a circumstance. Sometimes pronouns are even used as a predicate.
A verb is a part of speech that denotes the state of an object or an action, and answers the questions “what to do?”, “what to do?” etc. Verbs are divided into perfect and imperfect, active and passive voice, transitive and intransitive, reflexive and non-reflexive. Also, verbs have an initial form or an infinitive. In a sentence, verbs are most often predicates, but they can act as subjects or modifiers.
A participle is a special form of a verb that denotes the characteristics of an object by action. The participle answers the questions: “which?”, “what is he doing?”, “what did he do?”, “what did he do?”, “what was done?” and so on. Participles are divided into passive and active. The active denotes the attribute of the object that produces the action, and the passive denotes the attribute of the object that experiences this action. ("reading boy" is a boy who reads himself; " readable book" - a book that someone reads, that is, someone performs actions with this book).
A gerund is a verb form that denotes an additional action while there is a main action. The participle answers the questions “what by doing?”, “what by doing?”. Participles are of the perfect and imperfect forms (“jumping out” is the perfect form, “jumping” is the imperfect form).
An adverb is a part of speech that expresses a sign of an action or other sign (to do beautifully, very beautifully). An adverb is an unchangeable part of speech, which is most often a circumstance in a sentence.
Functional parts of speech
Now let's look at what functional parts of speech the system of parts of speech of the Russian language includes.
A preposition is a part of speech that expresses the dependence of a noun, pronoun and numeral on other words present in the phrase and in the sentence. Prepositions cannot be modified and are not part of a sentence. Prepositions can be derivative and non-derivative (non-derivative: a, to, from, with; derivative: on the contrary, along, due to, thanks to).
A conjunction is a functional part of speech that connects homogeneous members, which are part of a simple sentence, as well as several simple sentences as part of a complex There are subordinating conjunctions (therefore, so that, that) and coordinating conjunctions (a, and, but).
A particle is a part of speech that introduces various shades into sentences and serves to form new forms of words (alright, come on, come on, let it go, b). Particles are not members of a sentence and do not change.
An interjection is a special part of speech that expresses feelings without naming them. It is not included either in the group of auxiliary parts of speech or in the group of independent parts (oh, ah, hee-hee-hee, ugh, brrr).
Thus, you can see that all parts of speech in the Russian language are diverse and not similar to each other. Only when combined with each other can they form phrases and sentences.
Modern classification parts of speech in Russian is fundamentally traditional and is based on the doctrine of the eight parts of speech in ancient grammars.
Encyclopedic YouTube
-
1 / 5
In the “Russian Grammar” of 1755, Mikhail Lomonosov identified two main, or significant parts of speech: noun and verb, and six auxiliary parts of speech: pronoun, participle, adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjection.
The course “Comparative Linguistics” by Philip Fortunatov (1901-1902) did not have the traditional division of words into parts of speech, and grammatical categories are distinguished there according to formal criteria:
- full words: verbs, nouns, adjectives, infinitive, adverb, which are divided into conjugated, inflected and indeclinable;
- partial words;
- Interjections stand alone.
Alexander Peshkovsky’s scheme is close to Fortunatov’s: the verb, noun, adjective, participle, adverb, gerund and infinitive are distinguished. Peshkovsky does not distinguish pronouns and numerals into independent parts of speech; function words are considered only in syntactic terms.
Alexey Shakhmatov connected the doctrine of parts of speech with syntax and identified 14 parts of speech:
- nominative: noun, adjective, verb and non-pronominal and non-numeral adverbs;
- non-nominal: numeral, pronominal nouns, pronominal adjectives, pronominal adverbs;
- auxiliary: preposition, connective, conjunction, prefix, particle;
- separate interjection.
In Vasily Bogoroditsky’s classification, semantic and syntactic features prevail over morphological ones. Words with an independent meaning are highlighted: noun, verb, personal pronoun; words with a lesser degree of independence: adjectives, numerals, demonstrative pronouns, participles, adverbs, gerunds; words without their own meaning: prepositions and conjunctions; Interjections are highlighted separately.
Lev Shcherba distinguished significant words: nouns, adjectives, adverbs, quantitative words, state category, verb; function words: connectives, prepositions, conjunctions; and interjections.
In the works of Viktor Vinogradov, parts of speech are highlighted as follows: noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun - in a state of decomposition, verb, adverb, category of state. In addition to them, Vinogradov defined particles of speech: particles in the proper sense, connective particles, prepositions, conjunctions; modal words; interjections.
The article “On parts of speech in the Russian language” by Mikhail Panov (1960) contained a division into:
- nouns, verb, participle, adjectives and adverbs;
- numerals and pronouns are distributed among other parts of speech;
- particles of speech and interjections that are outside the system of parts of speech.
Schoolchildren often ask the question: “How many parts of speech are there in the Russian language?” It is hardly possible to answer this unequivocally: there are various schools that, based on different approaches, distinguish different number these categories. For example, the morphological approach of A.K. Polivanova - N.N. Durnovo allows me to name six. A.M. Peshkovsky singles out only five.
In general, linguists are sure that the question of the number of parts of speech is eternal. The deeper scientists dive into the study of language, the more often they ask themselves the question: “What features should be fundamental in the classification of these categories?” There are many theories, but none of them are indisputable.
The most common classification is based on morphological-syntactic parameters. It is taken as the basis for school acquaintance with the language. At philological faculties they study all approaches to this issue, get acquainted with all linguistic works devoted to it. IN school curriculum in the Russian language are determined depending on their morphological, grammatical, syntactic roles. It is these parameters that form the basis of the classification.
All parts of speech of the Russian language are divided into classes. Highlight:
Service;
Interjections.
Independent (they are also called significant) parts of speech in the Russian language are characterized by their own meaning, constant/non-constant. They answer specific questions, carry a communicative load, that is, they serve to convey information. This category includes all parts of speech, except function words and interjections.
Functional words include those words that do not have a nominative meaning and are not independent in lexical terms. Their task is to express semantic and syntactic connections between significant words, members or parts of a sentence. These grammatical means of language include: The latter are necessary to change the tone of a message or form numerous
Functional (non-nominal) parts of speech in the Russian language are used much more often than significant ones, because there are much fewer of them.
Finally, there are interjections. They are used only to convey emotions or feelings, serve for onomatopoeia, and have neither their own characteristics nor their own meaning. There are actually interjections (Wow! Ah! Oh! Oops!), word imitation (Woof-woof! Crow!), substantivized (transferred from other categories) words or whole expressions (Wow! Wah! Nightmare! Fathers!).
Significant parts of speech in Russian are divided into nominal and verbal.
Noun. (Mom, father, blood, orgy, lot, silence, etc.). Their constant characteristics: gender, declension depending on it, as well as animateness/inanimateness. Non-constant characteristics include: number (singular, plural), the ability to change according to cases.
Adjective (red, strong, courageous, etc.). They denote a characteristic of an object, have a single constant characteristic: they can be either qualitative, relative, or possessive.
Numeral. Indicates a quantity or account number. Depending on this, it can be quantitative (five, three hundred and forty) or ordinal (second, eight hundredth).
Adverb. Necessary to convey a sign or state of action (far, away, for a long time, etc.). It has no unstable signs and does not change.
Pronoun. Eigenvalue does not have one, but can be used instead of any name (nominal part of speech denoting it). (I, somehow, someone, someone, no one, etc.). permanent.
Linguists believe that the verbal parts of speech in the Russian language can be represented directly by verbs and their forms: participle, gerund. Some philological schools consider these categories to be independent (independent) parts of speech, others classify them as separate, special verbal forms.
The verb denotes an action (run, sing, paint). Its constant features are appearance (sing-sing), reflexivity (washed-washed), transitivity (ability/inability to combine with nouns into a conjugation.
Participle. Can be either active (running, painting, drawing) or passive (drawn, spoken).
Participle. This is a sign of a sign. Does not change, always refers to the predicate because it denotes its additional action (or attribute). (I walk, humming. I run, jumping.)