Definitely negative heroes. Nekrasov describes various perverted relationships between landowners and serfs. The young lady who whipped men for swear words, seems kind and affectionate in comparison with the landowner Polivanov. He bought a village with bribes, in it he “played freely, indulged in drinking, drank bitterly,” was greedy and stingy. The faithful servant Yakov took care of the master, even when his legs were paralyzed. But the master chose Yakov’s only nephew to become a soldier, flattered by his bride.
Separate chapters are devoted to two landowners.
Gavrila Afanasyevich Obolt-Obolduev.
Portrait
To describe the landowner, Nekrasov uses diminutive suffixes and speaks of him with disdain: a round gentleman, mustachioed and pot-bellied, ruddy. He has a cigar in his mouth, and he’s carrying a C grade. In general, the image of the landowner is sweet and not at all menacing. He is not young (sixty years old), “portanous, stocky,” with a long gray mustache and dashing manners. The contrast between the tall men and the squat gentleman should make the reader smile.
Character
The landowner was frightened by the seven peasants and pulled out a pistol, as plump as himself. The fact that the landowner is afraid of the peasants is typical for the time this chapter of the poem was written (1865), because the liberated peasants gladly took revenge on the landowners whenever possible.
The landowner boasts of his “noble” origins, described with sarcasm. He says that Obolt Obolduev is a Tatar who entertained the queen with a bear two and a half centuries ago. Another of his maternal ancestors, about three hundred years ago, tried to set fire to Moscow and rob the treasury, for which he was executed.
Lifestyle
Obolt-Obolduev cannot imagine his life without comfort. Even when talking with the men, he asks the servant for a glass of sherry, a pillow and a carpet.
The landowner nostalgically recalls the old days (before the abolition of serfdom), when all nature, peasants, fields and forests worshiped the master and belonged to him. Noble houses competed with churches in beauty. The life of a landowner was a continuous holiday. The landowner kept many servants. In the fall he was engaged in hound hunting - a traditional Russian pastime. During the hunt, the landowner’s chest breathed freely and easily, “the spirit was transported into the ancient Russian customs.”
Obolt-Obolduev describes the order of landowner life as the absolute power of the landowner over the serfs: “There is no contradiction in anyone, I will have mercy on whomever I want, and I will execute whomever I want.” A landowner can beat serfs indiscriminately (word hit repeated three times, there are three metaphorical epithets for it: spark-sprinkling, tooth-breaking, zygomatic-rot). At the same time, the landowner claims that he punished lovingly, that he took care of the peasants, and set tables for them in the landowner’s house on holidays.
The landowner considers the abolition of serfdom to be similar to breaking the great chain connecting masters and peasants: “Now we don’t beat the peasant, but at the same time we don’t have mercy on him like a father.” Manor estates dismantled brick by brick, forests cut down, men robbing. The economy also fell into disrepair: “The fields are unfinished, the crops are unsown, there is no trace of order!” The landowner does not want to work on the land, and what his purpose is, he no longer understands: “I smoked God’s heaven, wore the royal livery, littered the people’s treasury and thought of living like this forever...”
Last One
This is how the peasants nicknamed their last landowner, Prince Utyatin, under whom the serfdom. This landowner did not believe in the abolition of serfdom and became so angry that he had a stroke.
Fearing that the old man would be deprived of his inheritance, his relatives told him that they had ordered the peasants to turn back to the landowners, and they themselves asked the peasants to play this role.
Portrait
The last one is an old man, thin as hares in winter, white, a beaked nose like a hawk, long gray mustache. He, seriously ill, combines the helplessness of a weak hare and the ambition of a hawk.
Character Traits
The last tyrant, “fools in the old way”, because of his whims, both his family and the peasants suffer. For example, I had to sweep away a ready-made stack of dry hay just because the old man thought it was wet.
The landowner Prince Utyatin is arrogant and believes that the nobles have betrayed their age-old rights. His white cap is a sign of landowner power.
Utyatin never valued the lives of his serfs: he bathed them in an ice hole and forced them to play the violin on horseback.
In old age, the landowner began to demand even greater nonsense: he ordered a six-year-old to be married to a seventy-year-old, to quiet the cows so that they would not moo, to appoint a deaf-mute fool as a watchman instead of a dog.
Unlike Obolduev, Utyatin does not learn about his changed status and dies “as he lived, as a landowner.”
- The image of Savely in Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”
- The image of Grisha Dobrosklonov in Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”
The plot basis of the poem is the search for the happy in Rus'. N.A. Nekrasov aims to cover as widely as possible all aspects of the life of the Russian village in the period immediately after the abolition of serfdom. And therefore, the poet cannot do without describing the life of Russian landowners, especially since who, if not them, in the opinion of the peasant walkers, should live “happily, at ease in Rus'.” The men and the master are irreconcilable, eternal enemies. “Praise the grass in the haystack, and the master in the coffin,” says the poet. As long as gentlemen exist, there is no and cannot be happiness for the peasant - this is the conclusion to which N. A. Nekrasov leads the reader of the poem with iron consistency.
Nekrasov looks at the landowners through the eyes of the peasants, without any idealization or sympathy, drawing their images. The landowner Shalashnikov is shown as a cruel tyrant-oppressor, who conquered his own peasants with “military force.” Mr. Polivanov is cruel and greedy, incapable of feeling gratitude and accustomed to doing only as he pleases.
Occasional references to “gentlemen” are present throughout the text of the poem, but in the chapter “Landowner” and the part “Last One” the poet completely shifts his gaze from people's Rus' to landowner Rus' and introduces the reader to a discussion of the most pressing moments social development Russia.
The meeting of the men with Gavrila Afanasyevich Obolt-Obolduev, the hero of the chapter “Landowner,” begins with misunderstanding and irritation of the landowner. It is these feelings that determine the entire tone of the conversation. Despite the fantastic nature of the situation when the landowner confesses to the peasants, N.A. Nekrasov manages to very subtly convey the experiences of the former serf owner, who cannot bear the thought of the freedom of the peasants. In a conversation with truth seekers, Obolt-Obolduev constantly “breaks down”, his words sound mockingly:
... Put on your hats,
Sit down, gentlemen)
The poet satirically angrily talks about the life of landowners in the recent past, when “the landowner’s chest breathed freely and easily.” Obolt-Obolduev speaks about those times with pride and sadness. The master, who owned “baptized property,” was the sovereign king in his estate, where everything “submitted” to him:
There is no contradiction with anyone,
I will have mercy on whomever I want,
I'll execute whoever I want, -
The landowner remembers the past. In conditions of complete impunity, the rules of behavior of landowners, their habits and views took shape:
Law is my desire!
The fist is my police!
The blow is sparkling,
The blow is tooth-breaking,
Hit the cheekbone!..
But the landowner immediately stops short, trying to explain that severity, in his opinion, came only from love. And he recalls, perhaps, even scenes dear to the peasant’s heart: a common prayer with the peasants during the all-night service, the gratitude of the peasants for the lord’s mercy. All this is gone. “Now Rus' is not the same!” - Obolt-Obolduev says bitterly, talking about the desolation of estates, drunkenness, and thoughtless cutting down of gardens. And the peasants do not interrupt the landowner, as at the beginning of the conversation, because they know that all this is true. The abolition of serfdom really hit “the master with one end, and the peasant with the other.”
The chapter “The Landowner” leads the reader to an understanding of the reasons why serf Rus' could not be happy. N. A. Nekrasov leaves no illusions, showing that a peaceful solution eternal problem landowners and peasants is impossible. Obolt-Obolduev is a typical image of a serf owner, accustomed to living according to special standards and who considered the labor of peasants a reliable source of his abundance and well-being. But in the part “The Last One,” the poet shows that the habit of ruling is as characteristic of landowners as the habit of submitting is characteristic of peasants. Prince Utyatin is a gentleman who “has been weird and foolish all his life.” He remained a cruel despot-serf owner even after the reform of 1861. The news of the tsar's decree leads to the fact that Utyatin has a stroke, and the peasants act out an absurd comedy, helping the landowner maintain the conviction that serfdom has returned. “The Last One” becomes the personification of the master’s arbitrariness and the desire to violate the human dignity of the serfs. Completely unaware of his peasants, the prince gives absurd orders: he orders a seventy-year-old widow to marry a six-year-old boy, he appoints a deaf-mute man as a watchman, he orders the shepherds to quiet the herd so that the cows do not wake up the master with their mooing. Not only are the orders of the “last man” absurd, he himself is even more absurd and strange, stubbornly refusing to come to terms with the abolition of serfdom.
From pictures of the past, N. A. Nekrasov moves on to the post-reform years and convincingly proves: old Rus' is changing its appearance, but the serf owners remained the same. Fortunately, their slaves are gradually beginning to change, although there is still a lot of obedience in the Russian peasant. There is not yet that movement of popular power that the poet dreams of, but the peasants no longer expect new troubles, the people are awakening, and this gives the author reason to hope that Rus' will be transformed.
“The Legend of Two Great Sinners” sums up N. A. Nekrasov’s thoughts about sin and happiness. In accordance with the people's ideas about good and evil, the murder of the cruel Pan Glukhovsky, who, boasting, teaches the robber:
You have to live, old man, in my opinion:
How many slaves do I destroy?
I torture, I torture, I hang,
I wish I could see how I sleep! -
becomes a way to cleanse your soul of sins. This is a call addressed to the people, a call for deliverance from tyrants.
Poem by N.A. Nekrasov can rightfully be considered an epic of Russian life in the middle of the last century. The author called the poem “his favorite brainchild,” and he collected material for it, as he himself put it, “word by word for twenty years.” Nekrasov raises the main issue of that time with unusual poignancy - the life of feudal Russia and the consequences of breaking down serfdom, the fate of the ordinary Russian people and historical role landowners.
For the first time, the image of the landowner appears in the fifth chapter, which is called “The Landowner.” This is how the peasants saw him:
The landowner was rosy-cheeked,
Stately, planted,
Sixty years old;
Long gray mustache
Well done...
The landowner's name is Gavrilo Afanasyevich Obolt-Obolduev. When asked by the peasants whether he is happy, the master laughs sincerely and for a long time, and then with regret recalls the past years, full of prosperity, fun, idle life and complete self-government:
Time flew by like a falcon,
The landowner's chest was breathing
Free and easy.
During the time of the boyars,
In ancient Russian order
The spirit was transferred!
There is no contradiction in anyone,
I will have mercy on whomever I want,
Whoever I want, I’ll execute.
The law is my desire!
The fist is my police!
But “it’s all gone! everything is over!...", reform of 1861. abolished serfdom, but it clearly showed that it was not completed. Little has changed in the life of the peasants, but the landowners began to live somewhat differently after the abolition of serfdom:
Disassembled brick by brick
A beautiful manor house,
And neatly folded
Bricks in the columns!
The extensive garden of the landowner
Under the peasant's ax
All laid down, the man admires,
How much firewood came out!
However, even the changes that have occurred in life cannot force Obolt-Obolduev to work and respect the work of others:
Noble classes
We don't learn how to work.
We have a bad official
And he won’t wash the floors,
The stove will not light...
The landowner is not going to learn anything and hopes, as before, to live off the labor of the peasants. Probably for the rest of his life he will remember the old days and yearn for his unlimited power, for idle idleness.
The landowner Utyatin, who “has been weird and foolish all his life,” is a match for him. “But suddenly a thunderstorm struck,” serfdom was abolished in Rus', and the landowner “suffered a blow from grief.” To get the inheritance, his children, in agreement with the peasants, put on a real performance in front of Utyatin. The landowner is told that he was not left “without a fiefdom,” but in Rus' there is still serfdom:
New orders, not current ones
He can't bear it.
Take care of your father!
Be silent, bow down
Don't tell the sick man...
So the sick and stupid landowner lives in ignorance:
Sees a plowman in the field
And for his own lane
Barks: and lazy people
And we are couch potatoes!
Yes, the Last One doesn’t know
That it’s been a long time since she’s a lord,
And our streak...
Every day, his former serfs play “gum” in front of Utyatin, listening, for a reward, to the lord’s ridiculous “orders on the estate” and laugh heartily at the landowner who has lost his mind.
Such gentlemen have no future, and N.A. Nekrasov’s accusatory satire clearly shows that renewal social order impossible while such nobles and princes are in power.
Essays on literature: Images of landowners in the poem by N. A. Nekrasov “Who Lives Well in Rus'” The plot basis of the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” is the search for a happy person in Rus'. N.A. Nekrasov aims to cover as widely as possible all aspects of the life of the Russian village in the period immediately after the abolition of serfdom. And therefore, the poet cannot do without describing the life of Russian landowners, especially since who, if not them, in the opinion of the peasant walkers, should live “happily, at ease in Rus'.”
Stories about landowners are present throughout the poem. The men and the master are irreconcilable, eternal enemies. “Praise the grass in the haystack, and the master in the coffin,” says the poet. As long as gentlemen exist, there is no and cannot be happiness for the peasant - this is the conclusion to which N. A. Nekrasov leads the reader of the poem with iron consistency. Nekrasov looks at the landowners through the eyes of the peasants, without any idealization or sympathy, drawing their images. The landowner Shalashnikov is shown as a cruel tyrant-oppressor, who conquered his own peasants with “military force.” The “greedy, stingy” Mr. Polivanov is cruel, incapable of feeling gratitude and accustomed to doing only as he pleases.
In the chapters “The Landowner” and “The Last One,” N. A. Nekrasov generally shifts his gaze from people’s Rus' to landowner’s Rus' and introduces the reader to a discussion of the most pressing moments in the social development of Russia. The meeting of the men with Gavrila Afanasyevich Obolt-Obolduev, the hero of the chapter “The Landowner,” begins with misunderstanding and irritation of the landowner. It is these feelings that determine the entire tone of the conversation. Despite the fantastic nature of the situation when the landowner confesses to the peasants, N.A.
In conditions of complete impunity, the rules of behavior of landowners, their habits and views took shape: The law is my desire! The fist is my police! A spark-sprinkling blow, a teeth-crushing blow, a cheekbone blow! But the landowner immediately stops short, trying to explain that severity, in his opinion, came only from love. And he recalls, perhaps, even scenes dear to the peasant’s heart: a common prayer with the peasants during the all-night service, the gratitude of the peasants for the lord’s mercy. All this is gone. “Now Rus' is not the same!
" - Obolt-Obolduev says bitterly, talking about the desolation of estates, drunkenness, thoughtless cutting down of gardens. And the peasants do not interrupt the landowner, as at the beginning of the conversation, because they know that all this is true. The abolition of serfdom hit the master with one end , others like a peasant..." The landowner sobs with self-pity, and the men understand that the end of serfdom was a real grief for him. The chapter "The Landowner" leads the reader to an understanding of the reasons why serf Rus' could not be happy. N.
A. Nekrasov leaves no illusions, seeing that a peaceful solution to the eternal problem of landowners and peasants is impossible. Obolt-Obolduev is a typical image of a serf owner, accustomed to living according to special standards and who considered the labor of peasants a reliable source of his abundance and well-being. But in the chapter “The Last One,” N. A. Nekrasov shows that the habit of ruling is as common to landowners as it is to peasants - the habit of submitting. Prince Utyatin is a gentleman who “has been weird and foolish all his life.” He remained a cruel despot-serf owner even after 1861.
The whole appearance of the landowner can be considered a symbol of dying serfdom: A nose with a beak like a hawk, A gray mustache, long And - different eyes: One healthy one glows, And the left one is cloudy, cloudy, Like a tin penny! The news of the royal decree leads to the fact that Utyatin had a stroke: It is known that it was not self-interest, But arrogance that cut him off, He lost a speck. And the peasants play out an absurd comedy, helping the landowner maintain the conviction that serfdom has returned. The “Last One” becomes the personification of the master’s arbitrariness and the desire to violate the human dignity of the serfs. Completely unaware of his peasants, the “Last One” gives ridiculous orders: he orders “the widow Terentyeva to marry Gavrila Zhokhov, to rebuild the hut, so that they can live in it, be fruitful and manage the tax!” The men greet this order with laughter, since “that widow is nearly seventy, and the groom is six years old!” “The Last One” appoints a deaf-mute fool as a watchman, and orders the shepherds to quiet the herd so that the cows do not wake up the master with their mooing. Not only are the orders of the “Last One” absurd, he himself is even more absurd and strange, stubbornly refusing to come to terms with the abolition of serfdom. The chapter “Last One” clarifies the meaning of the chapter “Landowner”.
From pictures of the past, N. A. Nekrasov moves on to the post-reform years and convincingly proves: old Rus' is changing its appearance, but the serf owners remained the same. Fortunately, their slaves are gradually beginning to change, although there is still a lot of obedience in the Russian peasant.
There is not yet that movement of popular power that the poet dreams of, but the peasants no longer expect new troubles, the people are awakening, and the poet hopes: Rus' will not budge, Rus' is as if killed! And a hidden spark ignited in her... “The Legend of Two Great Sinners” sums up N. A. Nekrasov’s thoughts about sin and happiness. In accordance with the people's ideas about good and evil, the murder of the cruel master Glukhovsky, who, boasting, lectures the robber: You have to live, old man, in my opinion: How many slaves I destroy, I torture, I torture, I hang, And if only I could see how I sleep! -becomes a way to cleanse your soul from sins.
This is a call addressed to the people, a call for deliverance from tyrants.
CLASSIC
N. A. NEKRASOV
IMAGES OF LAND OWNERS IN N. A. NEKRASOV’S POEM “WHO LIVES WELL IN RUSSIA”
The crowning achievement of N. A. Nekrasov’s work is the folk epic poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.” In this monumental work the poet sought to show as fully as possible the main features of contemporary Russian reality and to reveal the deep contradictions between the interests of the people and the exploitative essence of the ruling classes, and above all landed nobility, which in the 20-70s of the 19th century had already completely outlived its usefulness as an advanced class and began to hinder further development countries.
In the dispute between men about “who lives happily and freely in Rus',” the landowner was declared the first contender for the right to call himself happy. However, Nekrasov significantly expanded the plot framework outlined by the plot of the work, as a result of which the image of the landowner appears in the poem only in the fifth chapter, which is called “The Landowner”.
For the first time, the landowner appears before the reader as the peasants saw him: “Some kind of gentleman, round, mustachioed, pot-bellied, with a cigar in his mouth.” With the help of diminutive forms, Nekrasov conveys the condescending, contemptuous attitude of men towards the former owner of living souls.
Following this is the author's description of the appearance of the landowner Obolt-Obolduev (Nekrasov uses the technique of surname meanings) and his own story about his “noble” origin further enhances the ironic tone of the narrative.
The basis of Obolduev’s satirical image is the striking contrast between the significance of life, nobility, learning and patriotism, which he ascribes to himself with “dignity,” and the actual insignificance of existence, extreme ignorance, emptiness of thoughts, baseness of feelings. Sad about the pre-reform time dear to his heart, with “all luxury,” endless holidays, hunting and drunken revelry, Obolt-Obolduev takes on the absurd pose of a son of the fatherland, a father of the peasantry, caring about the future of Russia. But let us remember his confession: “I littered the people’s treasury.” He makes ridiculous “patriotic” speeches: “Mother Rus', willingly lost its knightly, warlike, majestic view" Obolt-Obolduev's enthusiastic story about landowner life under serfdom is perceived by the reader as an unconscious self-exposure of the insignificance and meaninglessness of the existence of former serf owners.
For all his comedy, Obolt-Obolduev is not so harmlessly funny. In the past, a convinced serf owner, even after the reform he hopes, as before, to “live by the labor of others,” which is what he sees as the purpose of his life.
But still, the times of such landowners are gone. Both the serf owners and the peasants themselves feel this. Although Obolt-Obolduev speaks to the peasants in a condescending and patronizing tone, he still has to endure the unequivocal mockery of the peasants. Nekrasov also feels this: Obolt-Obolduev is simply unworthy of the author’s hatred and deserves only contempt and unkind ridicule.
But if Nekrasov speaks of Obolt-Obolduev with irony, then the image of another landowner in the poem - Prince Utyatin - is depicted in the chapter “The Last One” with obvious sarcasm.
The very title of the chapter is symbolic, in which the author, sharply sarcastically using to some extent the technique of hyperbolization, tells the story of a tyrant - the “last man” who does not want to part with the serfdom of landowner Rus'.
If Obolt-Obolduev still feels that there is no return to the old ways, then the old man Utyatin, who has lost his mind, even in whose appearance there is little human left, over the years of lordship and despotic power has become so imbued with the conviction that he is “by the grace of God” a master who “has the family is written to watch over the stupid peasantry,” that peasant reform seems to this despot to be something unnatural. That is why it did not take much effort for his relatives to assure him that “the landowners were ordered to turn back the peasants.”
Talking about the wild antics of the “last man” - the last serf owner Utyatin (which seem especially wild in the changed conditions), Nekrasov warns of the need for a decisive and final eradication of all remnants of serfdom. After all, it is they, preserved in the consciousness not only former slaves, ultimately killed the “inflexible” man Agap Petrov: “If it weren’t for such an opportunity, Agap would not have died.” Indeed, unlike Obolt-Obolduev, Prince Utyatin, even after serfdom, remained in fact the master of life (“It is known that it was not self-interest, but arrogance that cut him off, he lost the Mote”). Wanderers are also afraid of duckling: “Yes, the master is stupid: sue later...” And although the Posledysh himself—the “foolish landowner,” as the peasants call him—is more funny than scary, by the end of the chapter Nekrasov reminds the reader that the peasant reform did not bring true liberation to the people and real power still remains in the hands of the nobility. The prince's heirs shamelessly deceive the peasants, who ultimately lose their water meadows.
The entire work is imbued with a feeling of the inevitable death of the autocratic system. The support of this system - the landowners - are depicted in the poem as the “last-born”, living out their days. The ferocious Shalashnikov has long been gone, Prince Utyatin died as a “landowner,” and the insignificant Obolt-Obolduev has no future. The picture of an empty manor’s estate, which is being taken away brick by brick by servants (chapter “Peasant Woman”), has a symbolic character.
Thus, having contrasted two worlds, two spheres of life in the poem: the world of the landowners and the world of the peasantry, Nekrasov, with the help satirical images landowners leads readers to the conclusion that the happiness of the people is possible without Obolt-Obolduev and the Utyatins and only when the people themselves become the true masters of their lives.
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- Time spent working on the poem (60-70s. Decline of the liberation movement and a new rise). The sources of the poem are personal observations, stories of contemporaries, folklore. The idea of the poem is to wander around Russia in search of happy person;... I. Folk motifs in Nekrasov’s poetry. 1. The democratism of Nekrasov’s creativity. II. “He groans across the fields, along the roads...” 1. The tragedy of serfdom. 2. Contradictions of post-reform reality. 3. The fate of a peasant woman. III. “You and...
- Plan I. The main characters from villages with meaningful names. II. Searching for happiness in one's native fatherland. 1. Perception of happiness by different layers of society. 2. Half-hearted, flawed, fleeting “happiness”. 3. The author's understanding of the true...
- The epic poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” (1863-1877) reflected the painful thoughts of N. A. Nekrasov about the fate of the Russian peasantry. The reform of 1861 became new form economic bondage. Nekrasov sincerely sympathized...