After the return of Crimea to its home port - Russia, according to apt word president Russian Federation V.V. Putin, the government is taking a number of steps to integrate the Crimean economy into the Russian economy. But these steps are rather one-sided, and are carried out within the framework of the liberal economic program “Strategy 2020”, which the whole country lives by. I would like to remind you that the goals of this strategy, developed within the framework of the Higher School of Economics, in fact an agent of US influence, do not diverge from the goals of the Washington Consensus and are aimed at further development oligarchic capitalism in Russia. However, the United States recently recognized that over the last thirty years the United States itself has been developing as an oligarchy, so there is nothing strange in the recommendations for Russia. But for Crimea, such a development vector may mean suppression of large private businesses and the simultaneous creation of conditions for the transfer of agricultural production to monopoly conditions. It is impossible to approach Crimea with all-Russian categories, otherwise Russian policy may be rejected and civil protest may arise against the short-sighted (cosmopolitan) business of Russian oligarchs. There is another hidden danger - an attempt to transform Crimea into a new California for the elite.
This term “Crimean California” requires detailed explanation. Back in 1922, the idea of a Crimean Autonomous Jewish Republic, put forward by A. Bragin, began to take shape, which grew the following year, 1923, into the Soviet Socialist Jewish Republic of Crimea. The project was financed by the American organization "Joint", which since 1929 has officially represented the United States in the RSFSR (in the absence of diplomatic relations), with a budget of about 1.5 million dollars a year. “Joint” was created with the money of the German Ashkenazis F. Warburg and D. Schiff, an active participant in the overthrow of Tsar Nicholas II. To organize the residence of Jews in Crimea, 375 thousand hectares of land were allocated, mainly in the steppe regions, and land shares were issued, the owners of which were prominent American figures Roosevelt, Hoover, Rockefeller, Marshall, MacArthur and others. However, the 30 million dollars spent by the American side on the development of Jewish autonomy did not go to any use and did not solve the national issue in Crimea, but created another problem on the territory of the USSR. And already in 1934, after the creation of the Jewish Autonomous Region with its center in Birobidzhan, the Crimean settlements turned out to be irrelevant and in 1938 the Joint ceased its activities in the USSR. Thus was completed the first attempt to organize Crimean California for Jews.
It must be said that the reasons for the emergence of nationalist tensions in Crimea were due to the too active intervention of Chabad-Lubavitch in the creation of Jewish settlements. By this period of 1920 - 1930, Chabad, as one of the directions of Hasidism in Russia, gained a dominant position in our country. It should be noted that Hasidism, implicated in Kabbalah, inattention to the Torah, but reverence for the Talmud, the creation of the institution of tzaddikim and adherence to the idea of moshiach, was in circulation in Poland, Moldova, Romania, Hungary, Belarus, Ukraine and was especially widespread in Galicia, Lvov, Transcarpathian Rus', Vitebsk and, no matter how paradoxical it may seem, in Tver. Shocking antics during prayer, rampant rioting on Shabbat, worship of tzaddikim and Kabbalah, made the Hasidim a contrast to the Spanish Sephardim and German Ashkenazim, who rejected the culture of the Hasidim, which was largely copied from those peoples among whom the Hasidim existed. However, such assimilation greatly helped in preserving the inviolability of Jewish canons for the Hasidim and especially Chabad, which allowed its representatives to eventually occupy high positions in the leadership of the USSR.
This practice of resettlement worried J.V. Stalin no less than the ambivalent position of the United States in financing exclusively Jewish settlements, subject to an agreement on the equal distribution of incoming funds among all ethnic groups of Crimea. The second attempt to create a “Crimean California” was made by the United States at the Tehran Conference of 1943, where, according to Milovan Djilas, IB Tito’s assistant, F. Roosevelt attempted to link Lend-Lease supplies with the restoration of the Jewish republic in Crimea. It must be said that by the time J. Schneerson arrived in the USA, a fairly influential Hasidic community had already been created in New York, which had its representatives not only among bankers, but also among politicians. Therefore, raising the issue of “Crimean California” by the US President does not look like a conspiracy theory. The response to this virtual ultimatum from the Soviet side was the delegation of S.M. Mikhoels (Vovsi) and I.S. Fefer, both of whom were members of Chabad-Lubavitch. It is curious that it was the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, which included Mikhoels, Fefer, Ehrenburg, Marshak, Eisenstein, Oistrakh, Gilels, Kapitsa and many others, that was entrusted with the honorable mission of harmonizing the Crimean Jewish Republic with prominent figures in politics, business and culture. By the way, interesting fact is that on the JAC building next to the six-pointed star of Magen David there is the Masonic symbolism of one of the Sons of Zion lodges.
Before the trip, instructions to S.M. Mikhoels were given personally by V.M. Molotov (Scriabin), and the invitation to the trip was issued by A. Einstein and R. Oppenheimer. The delegation of Russian Jews was received at the highest level in the USA, Canada, Mexico and Great Britain. Why were the Anglo-Saxon countries so interested in “Crimean California”? The answer cannot be unambiguous due to the fact that too many issues of Jewish life and mythology converge in Crimea and Ukraine. This is the center of European Hasidism - the heirs of Khazaria, whose fragments have scattered throughout Europe, and the important geopolitical position of Crimea, which allows it to control the entire South of Russia and the Caucasus, as well as the Black Sea region. This is also an opportunity for comfortable living - waiting for resettlement to Israel, but after the moment when the King of Jerusalem begins to gather the “sons of the Covenant” to Jerusalem. By the way, the famous vineyards of Crimea were inherited from the first project of “Crimean California”. Precisely in view of the importance of Crimea for Jews around the world, there was no confrontation on this issue between Sephardim and Ashkenazim with Hasidic communities, and even with Chabad-Lubavitch. The result of the trip was S.M. Mikhoels’ appeal to the leadership of the USSR in February 1944.
The main provisions of this appeal included the need to compactly accommodate over 1.5 million Jews who had lost as a result of the Great Patriotic War your property. Birobidzhan, being particularly remote from the central regions of Russia, was not even considered a place of residence for Soviet Jews. Instead, it was planned to create a Jewish Soviet republic in Crimea to preserve centuries-old cultural tradition or national-cultural autonomy. Here the creators of the appeal, being euphoric from the American trip and the attention of top officials, missed a very important detail - I.V. Stalin was categorically against national and cultural autonomies and perfectly understood the danger of repeating “Crimean California” for the shaky national question in the USSR. But the authors did not want to pay attention to hints from the Kremlin, having become confident in the correctness of their choice after the lightning-fast decision to deport the Crimean Tatars in May 1944. Naive, the leadership of the GKO, the next month after the liberation of Crimea, understanding the danger of the fascist underground in Crimea, rid the country of collaborators and traitors who collaborated with the enemy and destroyed resistance to the fascists on the peninsula. In this context, the rehabilitation of the eviction of the Crimean Tatars by V.V. Putin looks strange, even taking into account the need to maintain the Kremlin’s neutrality towards the Mejlis. In fact, by his action, the head of state admitted the fallacy of the policy of I.V. Stalin, who committed not only an act of retaliation against traitors, but also protected the USSR from a possible fascist underground in the Crimea. From the point of view of Russian security, this is a short-sighted step by V.V. Putin, but from the point of view of the restoration of the Jewish Republic of Crimea, such actions fit into the overall picture of the third attempt to create a “Crimean California”.
Further events related to the appeal of S.M. Mikhoels acquire detective story, which has its continuation in our time. US representatives begin to actively interfere in the behind-the-scenes negotiations on the Jewish republic in Crimea; US Ambassador to the USSR W.A. Harriman puts forward various shapes the existence of “Crimean California” from complete independence as a national Jewish state in Crimea, to the withdrawal of the Black Sea Fleet from Sevastopol to Odessa. It is characteristic that the JAC supports these ideas of annexing a peninsula vital for the USSR, which has a zone of influence not only in the Black Sea region, but also in the entire Middle East and Turkey. JV Stalin could not agree to such steps, even at the cost of losing 10 billion dollars in US aid and future tension in relations. But neither S.M. Mikhoels, nor I.S. Fefer, nor many others even suspected that they were at the forefront of what political game they found themselves, and therefore in 1944 - 1945 they made plans to move to Crimea and were busy distributing positions in the future government Jewish Republic.
The denouement came at the Potsdam Conference in 1945, where US President G. Truman decided to link the issue of the Jewish Republic in Crimea with the nuclear bombing of Japan, thereby demonstrating to J.V. Stalin the importance of the political potential of Crimea for the United States. The leader could not forgive the arrogant American for this, and relations between the USSR and the USA entered the Cold War phase, while J.V. Stalin made the only right move in this situation - he supported the creation of the state of Israel. On November 29, 1947, the USSR advocated dividing Palestine into two states, thereby finally closing “Crimean California.” Before his speech at the Polytechnic Museum on December 28, 1947, S. M. Mikhoels uttered the phrase: “This is the beginning of the end,” and on January 12, 1948, under unclear circumstances, he was killed in Minsk. The JAC is being dissolved and its members are being repressed. Typically, the autopsy and conclusion of the death of S.M. Mikhoels was carried out by his cousin M.S. Vovsi, who a few years later became the head of the well-known business of “wrecker doctors.” The murder of S.M. Mikhoels is in vain attributed to J.V. Stalin, who convened an emergency meeting of the Politburo on the evening of January 12; stood behind “Crimean California”. A few months after the murder of S.M. Mikhoels, on May 15, 1948, the creation of the State of Israel was officially proclaimed, and on May 18, the USSR established diplomatic relations with the young Jewish state, which would bring instability and local wars to the Middle East for many decades , which I.V. Stalin warned about.
Returning to our days, we can observe a rather contradictory picture: Crimea, thanks to the lightning-fast actions of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin, is again returning to its native shores, expelling Chabad-Lubavitch from its territory. Ukraine, having carried out a bourgeois revolution under the banners of Chabad and the intelligence services of Anglo-Saxon countries, is losing one region after another with amazing zeal, while not forgetting to create all the conditions for the entry Russian troops to the territory of Ukraine. For what? The Jewish oligarch I. Kolomoisky, who built the Chabad community center “Menorah” in Dnepropetrovsk, is digging in in his region, intending to defend the Chabad enclave on the territory of Ukraine to the last bullet. For what? How can two contradictions be combined: 1. Creating conditions for the entry of Russian troops and 2. Ridiculous defense of Chabad values? The answer is simple, Rothschild’s “B’nai B’rith” and Rockefeller’s “Sons of Zion” no longer need the services of Chabad and its claims to build the Third Temple, Finintern (in the apt expression of A. Devyatov) has placed its bets on V.V. Putin and a strong Russia, the future Israel's ally in the fight against the Islamists of the Middle East, since there is no one else to rely on.
The United States, having bankrupted the Federal Reserve System and created the appearance of stability in the financial market, no longer represents a Hasidic empire, which was cleverly used in their geopolitical games by the Sephardim and Ashkenazim of Europe, who are ready to simply throw waste material into the dustbin of history. Having transferred its interests to Southeast Asia, Finintern became concerned about protecting Israel and they could not find a better ally and defender other than Russia. That is why in the last five years the army rearmament program began, that is why Chabad’s attempts to organize a “swamp revolution” were repulsed and the main figures of American liberalism were incapacitated. That is why “Operation Crimea” was carried out and today the final stage of the liquidation of Chabad-Lubavitch in Ukraine and Russia is being prepared. Of course, the Hasidim can still respond with their hatred, but without money they are powerless, and there is no money, and there is no money in sight, the American and English treasuries are empty, and no one will allow Europe to support sectarians. That is why the third attempt to create a “Crimean California,” now under the leadership of V.V. Putin, began with the signing of the Crimean memorandum on March 18, 2014. At the same time, everything characters They understand perfectly well that the life of Crimea without communication with the mainland - Ukraine is impossible, therefore Novorossia, and most likely the whole of Ukraine, will certainly fall under the onslaught, no, not of bayonets, but only of the possibility of using bayonets. And this must be done before May 25 of this year.
However, it must be understood that the third time “Crimean California” will most likely not come true, just like the previous two times, since it has no prospects for strengthening Russia’s military power and nationalizing its elite. The creation of a Jewish enclave in Crimea could turn against Russia itself, as national divisions will flare up with new, destructive force. It is clear that the Crimean Tatars are only a small part of the national instability of Crimea, which is very easy to either extinguish or use against Chabad, as was done in Chechnya. But a much greater danger is posed by the Chabad underground in Crimea and Russia, which today, through the creation of gambling zones and offshore companies in Crimea, are given the opportunity to participate in these profitable projects. How to separate Chabad members from Hasidim? Not unless they show themselves. Therefore, the attempt to create a third “Crimean California” poses a significant danger for the Russian aircraft carrier under the name Crimea. These attempts must be urgently stopped, as well as China’s construction of a deep-sea port in Crimea, the purpose of which is still not clear, since attempts to explain the “new Silk Road” look like baby talk, given that a new Khazaria has already been created in Hong Kong and repeat it no one is going to Crimea. Moreover, such duality may run counter to the plans of the Finintern and the Vatican associated with it, which poses a great danger to V.V. Putin. Crimea can be Russian and only Russian, there is no other way.
Ipatiev K.F. (GRU major, retired)
100 great intrigues Eremin Viktor Nikolaevich
Project " Crimean California»
Project "Crimean California"
In November 1914, the Joint Distribution Committee of American Funds for Relief of Jews Suffering from the War was organized in the United States. The richest Jews in the world subsidized this organization, but its goals were not so much charitable as commercial.
Mikhoels and Fefer. Photograph from the 1940s.
In the early 1920s. one of the leaders of the Joint, lawyer James Rosenberg, met with his father-in-law N.I. Bukharin and a prominent economic figure of Soviet Russia M.Z. Lurie (psv. Yuri Larin). They discussed the possibility of creating a Jewish state on the Crimean peninsula. Lurie was inspired by the idea, and he began lobbying the government for it.
At first V.I. Lenin was given the idea of getting a loan from American millionaires through the Joint on the security of Crimean land, and he agreed. Crimea was divided into shares, against which government bills were issued. In the shortest possible time, the bills were bought by 200 shareholders, including the Roosevelt family, the Hoovers, and the leaders of the Joint led by millionaire Lewis Marshall. The loan was to be transferred by the Joint to the Soviet government for 10 years at 900 thousand dollars annually at 5% per annum. The money had to be returned before 1954. In case of non-repayment, Crimea became the property of the owners of the bills. In the States, this project was called “Crimean California”.
In 1923, J. Rosenberg organized an exhibition of American agricultural machinery in Moscow. Lenin, who was already terminally ill, visited her, and behind the scenes they promised him that the Joint was ready to equip the whole of Russia with equipment if a Jewish Republic was organized in Crimea within the framework of the USSR. The leader reacted favorably to the idea.
In 1924, the Joint created the Agro-Joint corporation with its residence in Simferopol. During the year, many Jews from Belarus, Ukraine, Bulgaria and other regions were brought to the peninsula and 186 national collective farms (!) were organized. At the same time, KomZET (Committee for the Land Arrangement of Jewish Workers) was formed under the Presidium of the Council of Nationalities of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, which, from the Soviet side, took up the problems of the development of Crimea by Jews. The soul of this business was M.Z. Lurie. In 1925, to help KomZET, OZET was established - the Society for Land Management of Jewish Workers. KrymoZET led the work of resettling Jews on the peninsula, and the proclamation of the Jewish Socialist Republic was being prepared.
Stalin understood perfectly well what trap the Joint was trying to drive the country into, and was preparing for a long struggle. Already in March 1928, on his initiative, the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR adopted a resolution “On assigning to KomZET for the needs of the complete settlement of free lands in the Amur region of the Far Eastern Territory by working Jews.” When the leader felt that he had defeated the main enemies in the party leadership, on August 20, 1930, the Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR adopted a resolution “On the formation of the Biro-Bidzhan National District as part of the Far Eastern Territory.” Power in the USSR finally passed into the hands of Joseph Vissarionovich in 1934, and on May 7 of the same year, the Jewish National Region received the status of the Jewish Autonomous Region. The issue of Jewish statehood was resolved outside of Crimea.
Meanwhile, the national movement of the Crimean Tatars, outraged by the settlement of their lands by alien Jews, was expanding on the peninsula. At first, the Tatars only turned away trains with immigrants, and later pogroms of Jewish collective farms began. Stalin stated on this occasion that it was impossible to incite nationalist hatred, and stopped the resettlement.
The idea of creating a Jewish state on the territory of Crimea came to life again with the establishment of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (JAC) on April 7, 1942. The chairman of the JAC was the theater director S.M. Mikhoels. The committee's assets, in particular, included the poet I.S. Fefer, a prominent party leader and wife of Foreign Minister V.M. Molotov – P.S. Pearl.
In the summer of 1943, Mikhoels and Fefer made a long trip around the United States. Officially, they propagated the idea of a Second Front in the Jewish diaspora, but in reality, secretly from Stalin, but with the sanction of Molotov, they discussed the feasibility of creating a Jewish state in Crimea.
Stalin received the result of this trip at the Tehran Conference in late November - early December 1943. President F. Roosevelt openly stated that the United States was forced to stop Lend-Lease supplies to the USSR and could not open a Second Front, since the all-powerful Jewish lobby in his country demanded Bolsheviks fulfilling obligations on bills - resolving the issue with “Crimean California”: either start paying off debts, or establish a Jewish Republic in Crimea. At the height of the war, the country did not have the funds to pay. Stalin was actually driven into a corner, and he agreed to begin preparatory work for the creation of the Jewish Republic - at the request of the American owners of bills, the Crimean Tatars were deported, as the main obstacle to the resettlement of Jews to the peninsula. Another condition of the United States was the decree at the head of the new republic S.M. Mikhoels, not L.M. Kaganovich, as Stalin assumed. And this was also agreed to.
A couple of months after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (carried out on August 6 and 9, 1945), US Ambassador to the USSR W.A. Harriman, on behalf of President G. Truman (F. Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945), in the form of an ultimatum, demanded that the USSR withdraw the Black Sea Fleet from Sevastopol and the Black Sea and establish a Jewish independent state, which was to include the Crimean Peninsula and the entire Soviet Black Sea coast up to Abkhazia (including Sochi), as well as Kherson and Odessa regions. Otherwise, Stalin was threatened with the atomic bombing of several dozen central Russian cities.
Stalin tried to object, saying that at the First Zionist Congress of 1897 in Basel, Jewish nationalists decided to revive Israel in Palestine, and that it was wrong to violate the choice of the people. To this they made him understand that one is not an obstacle to the other.
The USSR did not have atomic weapons in 1945. The Americans did not have enough bombs for a massive bombing of our country. The race against time has begun. The Americans stockpiled bombs. The Kremlin, firstly, having sharply expanded and strengthened the Gulag, began the secret construction of the Road of Life (today it is called the Dead Road) to evacuate the Russian population to Siberia and the North of the Far East in the event that the center of the country is bombed by the Americans and contaminated with radiation; secondly, work has intensified on the production of our own atomic weapons, L.P. took over the management of the atomic project. Beria; thirdly, the Kremlin undertook to comprehensively help the Jews who fought for the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine. In 1946 alone, about 100 thousand weapons were transported to Palestine through Bulgaria - machine guns, machine guns, howitzers.
On May 14, 1948, the creation of the independent Jewish state of Israel was proclaimed, and on May 15, the First Arab-Israeli War began - Israel was attacked by the League of Arab States (Syria, Egypt, Lebanon, Iraq and Transjordan). The war lasted until July 1949. Almost at the very beginning, Israel went over to the side of the United States: it is assumed that the Jewish lobby in Congress promised the expansion of the new state at the expense of the south of the USSR, incl. Crimea.
In September 1948, Golda Meir, a prominent figure in the Zionist movement, became Israel's first ambassador to the USSR. To coincide with her arrival, the JAC and the Moscow Synagogue organized mass protests by Soviet Jews. The current media claim that this is how the people welcomed the birth of the state of Israel. According to declassified KGB data, the main demand of the rallies was the formation of a Jewish Republic in Crimea. Over the course of two weeks, two rallies took place in Moscow, each of which was attended by 50 thousand people. And this is in a nuclear-free country, precisely because of the Crimean problem, blackmailed by atomic bombings.
Back in mid-January 1948, on the personal orders of Stalin, Mikhoels, a candidate for ruler of the Jewish Republic, was killed (thrown under a truck and crushed). Now the time has come to put an end to the JAC itself. On November 20, 1948, the Committee was dissolved, and in December its entire leadership was repressed. On August 12, 1952, 30 members of the JAC were shot. Molotov's wife - P.S. Zhemchuzhina, who literally did not leave Golda Meir’s side before her arrest, was sentenced to five years of exile. Stalin preferred to remain silent about Crimea and atomic blackmail; the JAC was accused of treason in favor of the United States and of cosmopolitanism.
But the struggle for Jewish Crimea did not stop there. In 1952, the murder in August 1948 of Stalin’s officially appointed successor, A.A., was revealed. Zhdanov. The latter had a heart attack, but Kremlin doctors (all of Jewish nationality) treated Zhdanov for another illness with intense physical exercise. Due to an oversight, Belarusian L.F. was allowed to visit the patient at the dacha. Timashuk, who took his cardiogram and wrote down the diagnosis - myocardial infarction. The attending doctors blackmailed the woman into rewriting the diagnosis and removing the word “heart attack” from it. Timashuk tried to seek support from higher authorities, but her appeals were sabotaged there. On August 31, 1948, Zhdanov died. The results of the autopsy were apparently falsified, because “their” people did the autopsy. Subsequently, fake cardiograms were planted in the medical case.
However, in 1952, Timashuk’s notes about the “improper treatment of Zhdanov” fell into the hands of Stalin, and the “doctors’ case” began to unfold. Of course, after all, the murder of the leader’s most trusted person occurred in mid-1948 - at the peak of atomic blackmail and the rally war for Jewish Crimea.
As the investigation into the “Doctors' Case” progressed, it became clear to Stalin that the Jewish intelligentsia would never forgive him for the loss of Crimea. The leader decided to put an end to this lawlessness at once. First of all, they were weakened political positions party leaders close to Jews: V.M. Molotova, L.M. Kaganovich, K.E. Voroshilova, A.I. Mikoyan. By the beginning of 1953, in strict secrecy, the KGB developed and began implementing Operation White Partridge, which involved the deportation of 100 thousand Jews (mainly party and government workers and the intelligentsia of Moscow, Leningrad and a number of large cities) to the island of Spitsbergen in the Arctic Ocean. For this purpose, 18 ships were equipped. In Moscow, Stalin entrusted preparations for the deportation of the noisiest part of the Jewish diaspora to his confidant - the second secretary of the Moscow city committee of the CPSU E.A. Furtseva. The deportation was supposed to take place in June 1953. But on March 5, 1953, Stalin died under strange circumstances.
In 1949, the USSR became a nuclear power. They could no longer blackmail him. It seemed that the problem of Crimea was finally resolved. But the bills signed by the Russian government remained. Stalin took this into account too. After his death, on the eve of the expiration of N.S.’s bills. Khrushchev carried out the famous Stalinist maneuver: on February 19, 1954, Crimea was transferred from the RSFSR to the Ukrainian SSR, recognized by the entire world community as an independent state within the USSR. Ukraine did not hold any pledges. The bills were thus canceled without compensation, and the Crimean California project collapsed completely.
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- 10182In the December weekly supplement to Komsomolskaya Pravda, a certain Evgeniy Chernykh, under the catchy headline “Does Israel have 10 years left?” mentioned that at one time the Jews asked Stalin to give him Crimea.
This reminded me of one question that almost became a paragraph in my master’s thesis. For some reason, there are still people who take seriously a series of rumors about the alleged sale of Crimea. I was even asked to consider this issue in detail as part of the search for the reasons for the transfer of the Crimean region in 1954. As a result of my investigation, it turned out that this hypothesis has nothing to do with reality, but at the same time it was widely replicated in the “2000s,” often in the central media. Since many people still believe in this nonsense, I consider it my duty to explain some facts and show what this myth about the “sale of Crimea to the Jews” was cut from and where its legs grow from.
I would like to start this story with one strange event that happened to me in the summer of 2010. At that time I was sitting in the archive on Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street. Once I ordered another batch of materials there. It seems that these were Gosplan documents on the power supply for the construction of the North Crimean Canal. Unexpectedly for me, I was informed that they could not deliver what I had ordered to the comfortable reading room, so I would have to go and study them in the storage room. Let me remind you that that summer in Russia there was terrible heat. Even cats who guarded state secrets from rodents suffered. As I walked past the public garden inside the archive town, I noticed that on the lawn, in the shade of the trees, about two dozen cats, fed by local employees, were escaping the heat.
The workers of the State Archive of the Russian Federation themselves also had a hard time. As I walked past the park with the cats, crossed the courtyard and climbed several floors up to the menacing blue sign informing me that I was approaching the holy of holies, I heard some noise. One of the researchers was indignant that he was given the wrong cases to study that he had ordered. To which he was categorically informed that it was more than 30 degrees inside the storage facility, and no one was going to search again. Warm, I would even say hot, such an atmosphere of nostalgic Soviet life, in the midst of a collection of documentation from the highest Soviet and party bodies.
They began to give out what I ordered, and then it was time for me to be indignant. Not at all what I wanted to read that day. It happens. Once, on Berezhkovskaya Embankment, they made a photocopy of me twice for the same order, completely different from the document that I requested. And only the third time I was lucky. That's why I'm not surprised by such incidents. Russia, it's time to get used to it.
I didn’t become particularly indignant, because I knew it was useless. The last name in the issue journal is my first name too. But instead of the State Planning Committee, they brought four completely different cases that had nothing to do with Crimea. Three volumes in a red cover with gold embossing and lead seals and some kind of gray nondescript folder. Since the day was already hopelessly lost and they wouldn’t give me anything in return, and if I ordered again, they would only give it another time, I decided to at least look through what they mistakenly brought to me in the “holy of holies” - in the repository of important state documents. Again, curiosity got the better of me - what’s there behind the lead seals?
It should be noted that this storage facility does not have a reading room as such. There is a small room where the tables of the supervising workers (usually two growling girls) are located opposite each other, and between them two or three researchers are lonely and crowded on stools with an edge along the wall on one and a half tables (they can’t fit anymore). I was incredibly lucky that day - one of the employees was not there that day, and I sat comfortably in her workplace - not only on a chair, but also at a separate table.
Each archive has its own atmosphere. Reading room of RGANI on Ilyinka, in former building The Central Committee, where we now have to pass through the framework of the Federal Guard Service guarding the Presidential Administration, most of all from the inside resembles a Gothic castle with internal columns and a stucco frame. Only now, instead of portraits of feudal lords, Marx and Lenin still hang there. In RGASPI you feel like you’re on the deck of an ocean liner, from where you have a spacious view of Dmitrovka - a panorama with the Prosecutor General’s Office standing next to it and the Federation Council opposite. And although there is no air conditioning, the ventilation on the ceiling creates quite comfortable conditions in the summer (in winter, however, it is quite cool there). And in the reading room of GARF on Bolshaya Pirogovskaya it’s also quite cozy. It’s only in the storage facility itself that you most clearly feel that you are not welcome here. However, I got carried away.
These three beautifully designed red volumes with gold lettering and lead seals were a disappointment to me. It seems that there were some materials to supply the OGPU soldiers who were guarding some gold mines (Lenzoloto, it seems). Allowance standards, daily rations and the number of underpants issued per year. Nothing interesting for me, except maybe the autographs of Menzhinsky and Yagoda. I was about to leave, but to clear my conscience I finally decided to leaf through the remaining file - a gray, nondescript folder filled with some sheets of rough, colorless paper written on with a simple pencil.
So, quite by accident, the founding protocols of KomZet (Committee for the Land Administration of Working Jews) fell into my hands, chaired by Pyotr Smidovich and the secretary of Merezhin and OZET.
When reading them, for some reason I immediately remembered one author’s television program by Andrei Karaulov, dedicated to the activities of this committee. As I later clarified for myself, it was the “Moment of Truth” program, it seems on TVC, which aired on June 30, 2008. It was attended by journalist Mikhail Poltoranin, who in 1992 was the head of the Interdepartmental Commission for the declassification of documents of the CPSU with the rank of Deputy Prime Minister of the Government (this fact was emphasized in this program). According to them, the Crimean Peninsula in the 1920s was allegedly pledged against promissory notes to American financiers on behalf of the RSFSR, and therefore was transferred to Ukraine in 1954, in order to avoid either debt payments or the complete loss of the then-region (there is no clear answer The program does not answer this question). Literally: “I didn’t know until recently that Stalin pledged Crimea to America.” Shares or bills for the territory of Crimea, according to the authors of the program, belonged to influential American circles, among which, among other things, the names of future presidents were named (which was already alarming and allowed one to doubt the feasibility of these plans). According to this version, the final payment of the debt was supposed to take place on February 19, 1954. What would happen in the event of non-payment was not specified, but the viewer was led to believe that the transfer of the Crimean region from the RSFSR to the Ukrainian SSR helped to avoid the loss of the peninsula to the Soviet Union. They say that the agreement on the sale of shares in the land was signed on behalf of the Russian Federation, which means that Ukraine had no obligations, and thus it was possible to deceive overseas moneybags.
In this program by Andrei Karaulov, the date of appearance of these plans for the sale of the Crimean Peninsula was even named. Allegedly, they first started talking about this in 1922, that is, before the unification of the RSFSR and the Ukrainian SSR within the Soviet Union.
At the same time, Mikhail Poltoranin recalled the project of creating a kind of Jewish republic on the territory of the peninsula, that is, on the lands allegedly pledged with bills of exchange. Mentions the creation within the framework of this project of the AgroJoint corporation, a joint organization of the Jewish organization Joint, which fed up to two million people, mostly children, at the peak of the famine of 1922 in Ukraine and the Volga region (for some reason this charitable activity was not reported in that program) and the Soviet government represented by the mentioned KomZet. At the same time, for some reason Poltoranin insists that AgroJoint was founded in 1922, and not in 1924. And he even claims that, despite his illness, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin showed great interest in these plans, who even visited an agricultural exhibition in 1923 organized by AgroJoint, which in turn was founded only in 1924. The Time Machine definitely exists.
Further, Mikhail Poltoranin spoke about plans to create a Jewish state on the territory of the Crimean Peninsula, Greater Sochi, Odessa and Kherson regions, that is, most of the Black Sea coast of the Soviet Union. Allegedly, Roosevelt, one of the note holders, insisted on this at the negotiations in Tehran. And he even set this as a necessary condition for opening a second front. At the same time, the American president allegedly demanded to demilitarize Crimea, that is, to remove the military base from Sevastopol.
That is, according to Poltoranin in this program by Karaulov, the following oil painting is drawn on canvas: Soviet Jews with the support of their foreign fellow tribesmen, they fraudulently pledged Crimean land plots for a small percentage (only 5% according to the authors of the program), so that later, taking advantage of the difficult situation of the USSR during the war, they could take away a strategically important region. The plot came out with a bang, you know. With subtext.
However, it is somehow awkward to accuse the authors of this program of anti-Semitism. Following the presentation of the myth (let’s call it that) about the sale of Crimea, they also launched some absolutely fantastic version in the “cranberry” genre about the alleged plans to exile 100 thousand Moscow Jews to Novaya Zemlya and Spitsbergen (the authors have not yet decided where). That is, they balanced the conspiracy theory about the sale that they had just thrown into the consciousness of the masses with a kind of “unrealized Holocaust.” This operation to genocide the Jewish population was allegedly planned for the summer of 1954 and was codenamed “Ptarmigan”.
In general, this program contains a lot of absurdities, contradictions, omissions and simply tricks and distortions of facts. They sold or mortgaged it either in the 20s or 40s. Either Lenin or Stalin - the inexperienced viewer probably still did not understand - why they showed close up speaker Ilyich, when we were talking about completely different persons, in general. Some “archival documents” are mentioned, and they show a page marked with a yellow marker, as it seemed to me, from the book of the publicist Alexander Shirokorad, who adopted the theory of the Jews selling the peninsula to their fellow tribesmen, overseas businessmen. That is, as evidence, on the central channel, broadcast throughout Russia, a close-up of a certain text in Cyrillic was shown, allegedly a letter to the US Secretary of Commerce A. Harriman signed “J. Marshal." That is, something in the spirit of “I created this amphora, ancient Greek...”, and these same mythical “archival documents” not mentioned behind the scenes, which, most likely, simply do not exist in nature.
There are a lot of ambiguities. Either to Novaya Zemlya, or to Spitsbergen. Either they were planning to do it in the summer, or they had already managed to send 17 ships with prisoners there. No one knows anything about any of the passengers on these mythical ships. Looking ahead, I note that the Russian historian Gennady Kostyrchenko, checking this version, claims that according to archival data, no noticeable increase in railway traffic was found in Moscow during this period. I appreciate the work of this researcher, but I have to note that he acted completely irrationally - it is much easier to prove the absurdity of these plans, implemented or not.
The fact is that before Stalin’s death in 1953, these mythical “17 steamships” that Poltoranin mentions should have set sail in January-February 1954, that is, in winter. However, maritime navigation beyond the Arctic Circle outside of the summer is still a fantastic dream. But most importantly, I have great doubts about Mikhail Poltoranin’s knowledge of elementary geography. It is worth recalling that Spitsbergen, which he mentioned several times, as the place of deportation of the mythical “one hundred thousand Jews” on “17 ships,” was not Soviet territory, and was even marked as Norwegian on Soviet maps.
The archipelago was covered by the treaty of 1920, to which the USSR joined in 1935, and, while developing the natural resources of these islands along with Norway, pledged to respect their demilitarized status. That is, not about any mass concentration camps in these foreign territories there was no question - it was in vain that Poltoranin gesticulated so colorfully, describing the “bays with barbed wire” on board those ships.
In general, I have the impression that many television workers have similar knowledge of geography. For example, once on YouTube I came across a recording of a certain program - I think it was called “Weapons of Russia.” There, in all seriousness, it was said that after the war on Spitsbergen, Stalin secretly manufactured flying saucers. Sorry, but it is not possible for me to comment on this. I can only assume that the author of that program and Mikhail Poltoranin had the same geography teacher.
Well, in conclusion of the discussion of this “Soviet Holocaust” that never took place, it is worth noting the following detail: indeed, in 1947, Operation White Partridge was carried out in the Arctic. Only now, it was carried out by American aviators, and pursued completely different goals. It seems that Sergei Nekhamkin wrote about this in Izvestia. That is, our polar bird turns out to be a bit of a duck when tested.
It’s completely unclear to me why these same “17 steamships” were invented when real facts can be cited as Stalin’s reaction to the plans to create a Jewish republic in Crimea, for example the case of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee? Execution of 12 JAC members in 1952 year - topic quite studied, and therefore I will not dwell on it, although I came across quite interesting materials about this in the archives.
Inspired by the idea proposed by the security officers to create a Jewish republic on the Crimean Peninsula, Mikhoels decided to address it to the top leadership of the USSR. If you believe Sudoplatov, then on February 15, 1944, he sent a letter to Stalin, the contents of which are unknown. Presumably an exact copy of this letter was addressed to Molotov on February 21; its text was published in 1991 in the magazine Rodina. It seems that even Kaganovich initially spoke out against this project, calling it a utopia. However, these messages were left unanswered and even forgotten about for some time (however, subsequently, Molotov’s wife Polina Zhemchuzhina was arrested for mediation in this matter, and some members of the JAC were repressed and shot).
Why were the top leadership of the USSR pessimistic about the plans to create this republic in 1944? Personally, I believe that the point here is, first of all, the ethnic component of the population of Crimea at that time. Let me remind you that the mass deportation of the Crimean Tatars in February 1944 had not yet been carried out (perhaps not even planned), and the peninsula itself had not been liberated. In addition, even before the war, the Jewish population there was only 70 thousand people, that is, only 5.8% - this is more than the Germans (4.5%), but much less than the Tatars (19.4%). In addition, of these 70 thousand, the invaders destroyed 40 thousand (mostly those living on collective farms) - everyone who did not have time to evacuate, and on April 26, 1942, the peninsula was declared by the Nazis “Judenrhein”, that is, completely “cleared of Jews.” That is, there were simply no physical prerequisites for planning the creation of the Jewish Soviet Socialist Republic on the territory of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in February 1944.
However, Sudoplatov argued that to create such a republic (or even a separate state) in Crimea, the United States was ready to invest $10 billion, which in itself is approximately equal to Len-Lease supplies during the war. Moreover, he himself notes that this proposal was not accepted, and the USSR never received such a sum - this is supposedly the so-called “Marshal Plan”, which was never accepted by the Soviet leadership. That is, there was no “sale” in the forties (we will return to the question of the possibility of such a transaction in the twenties).
However, Gennady Kostyrchenko is confident that negotiations on financing for a similar amount for the creation of a Jewish republic in Crimea between the government of the USSR and the USA are nothing more than an invention of Sudoplatov. Having checked the protocols of the negotiations to which this general refers, he comes to the conclusion that this issue did not even arise at the conferences of the three heads of state mentioned by him. Moreover, according to him, the leaders of the Joint, who invested about 30 million dollars in the agricultural colonization of northern Crimea, after the failure of this agricultural project, were skeptical about the possibility of creating a Jewish republic there and the effectiveness of further financing of such projects.
As Kostyrchenko found out, the version about the alleged sale of the peninsula in 1944 is found only in fiction by V.V. Levashov, in his novel “The Murder of Mikhoels”.
However, having given what he deserved in exposing the “myth of the sale of Crimea” to the historian Gennady Vasilyevich Kostyrchenko, a little about what I was able to find in this direction.
Closing the discussion of the television “real sensation” - then simply a “duck” voiced on air by Mikhail Poltoranin and Andrei Karulov, we also note that in this program they attributed the authorship of the Crimea program to Stalin. They say how cleverly he deceived the American businessmen - instead of a republic in Crimea, he created in 1934 the Jewish Autonomous Region in the Far East. And in order not to pay bills, during his lifetime he planned to transfer the Crimean region to Ukraine. Literally, “Stalin’s preparation”, which was later carried out by Khrushchev.
I beg to differ with this statement.
In this version, everything is illogical and incomprehensible - why, for example, was this program scheduled for the very last day, that is, February 19, 1954, according to their version? What was the amount of the bail - several million dollars at five percent in the twenties, or 10 billion in the forties, which we never took? And why did the note holders never claim their rights? In a word, for testing we have a certain version for housewives, widely replicated, but not supported by anything at all.
In addition, the version of “Stalin’s procurement” contradicts the available evidence.
There is information that N.S. Khrushchev made an attempt to transfer Crimea during his leadership of the Ukrainian SSR during the war. The first mention of the possible transfer of the Crimean region dates back to October 1944. According to L.I. Podgrebny, who was at that time the Deputy Minister of Labor Reserves of the USSR, Khrushchev very reluctantly agreed to allocate settlers for the colonization of the half-empty Crimea. He mentioned that the day before he had raised the issue of transferring this region to the Ukrainian SSR: “I was in Moscow and said: “Ukraine is in ruins, and everyone is pulling out of it. But if Crimea is given to her, what’s the point?” So after that they called me everything and shook my soul in every possible way. They were ready to grind into powder! And nothing, as you can see, he’s alive.” Having signed the paper on the allocation of settlers, he told Podgrebny: “I will give people. And I will take Crimea. Doesn't matter".
That is, having turned to Stalin in the fall of 1944 with a request to transfer Crimea to the Ukrainian SSR, Khrushchev not only did not receive approval in his office, but he almost paid with his career for such plans. Stalin clearly did not want to transfer the peninsula to another republic. Neither in February nor in October 1944.
Thus, Podgrebny’s testimony fundamentally contradicts Poltoranin’s statement. Another question is which of them to believe? Personally, in my master’s thesis, I came to the conclusion that Khrushchev needed the transfer of the peninsula in order to enlist the support of his Ukrainian comrades in the Central Committee in the struggle for leadership against Malenkov. Well, the “sale” version turned out to be so crazy that I devoted no more than two paragraphs to it. Mainly focused on the fact that everything famous editors This myth (and there are several of them) not only contradict themselves, but also do not give clear answers - why it was necessary to transfer this peninsula, when it was founded, by whom, on behalf of whom, for how long, etc.
Moreover, I have the opinion that the obvious and obvious injection of this disinformation into the mass consciousness was clearly pursued by certain political goals, and may have been sanctioned in Russia at the highest level. I will try to confirm this with facts.
To begin with, let us note that there are several editions of this version about the alleged sale of Crimea. Let us leave for a moment the sensational program of Andrei Karaulov, - Mikhail Poltoranin, who voiced this myth in it, contradicted himself and did not give a completely clear statement, although the viewer could have formed an opinion about the reality of the “real sensation”. Let's look at the versions that were published and under which the authors put their signature.
As a rule, this version of this myth about the sale was not presented by professional historians, but mainly by journalists in the media mass media(often under pseudonyms), or in works of fiction. However, it was also mentioned in the monographs of at least one author - publicist A.B. Shirokorada.
Thus, in his opinion, which he outlined in several books, Khrushchev was forced to organize the transfer of the Crimean region from the RSFSR to the Ukrainian SSR, due to the fact that back in the 20s the Soviet leadership agreed to the creation of a Jewish republic on the Crimean peninsula. Further, he mentions certain negotiations in the mid-40s between the Soviet Jewish intelligentsia represented by the JAC, the Soviet government and large US business circles on the creation of a new state on the territory of the Crimean peninsula. Alexander Shirokorad does not directly state that we are talking about the same project in the twenties and forties, but he leads the inexperienced reader to exactly this conclusion. At the same time, the author does not indicate a single documentary source that would confirm this version, but only refers to two articles. This is “Crimean California” by S.P. Gorbachev (excerpt from his art project) and “Peninsula of Delayed Action” by a certain Boris Sibirsky.
The last author published under this name (which may be a pseudonym) in July 2005 in the newspaper “Duel” and simultaneously in the same month in the magazine “For Seven Seals”. In this article, he claimed that allegedly on February 19, 1929, an agreement was signed [I would like to see it, if one exists] between the American charitable organization "Joint" and the government of the Soviet Union on lending to the Jewish colonization of the Crimean Peninsula. At the same time, according to his version, financing was extremely moderate even by the standards of the 20s. That is, for ten years, 900 thousand dollars per year at 5%, plus an additional 0.5 million per year if colonization is successful.
Allegedly, a total of $20 million worth of bills were issued, the owners of which, according to the authors, were “Rockefeller, Marshall, Warburg and even future presidents H. Hoover and F. Roosevelt.”
The author, rather cautiously, did not link the demand for the creation of a Jewish republic with the loan agreement he mentioned dated “February 19, 1929.” According to his version, the demand to repay the debt was only accompanied by pressure of this kind. In addition, he vaguely hinted that none of the parties to the said agreement “wanted all the details to be made public.” That is, in this way, several birds were killed at once, - the question was removed - why the creditors did not show up in 1954, and whether the loan agreement was included in the loan agreement, even if there was a clause on the creation of a republic - let the reader speculate on this matter myself. At the same time, Boris Sibirsky quite elegantly combined versions of the sale in the 20s and 40s - supposedly the United States was ready to forgive a debt of 20 million dollars, and was even going to provide new loans of billions of dollars, but only under the condition of the creation of the Jewish Autonomous (but not a socialist) republic.
Another, no less elegant move by the author is an explanation of why the transfer of Crimea to Ukraine eliminates all problems. They say that the “decision on resettlement” was made by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR, which is not necessary for the Ukrainian SSR. That is, it is clear that it is nonsense, but an inexperienced reader can read and retell to a neighbor, for example, that “Russia sold it, but Ukraine owes nothing to anyone.” However, if you imagine for a moment how this text might be interpreted over a bottle of tea...
That is, nowhere does this same Boris Sibirsky directly state that Russia gave obligations to create a republic - we are talking about resettlement. And it is not at all clear what this “strictly secret agreement” of “February 19, 1929” has to do with it, concluded, according to him, on behalf of the USSR, and not the RSFSR? The circumstances surrounding the disclosure of the details of this “highly secret agreement” are not clear. In what archive is it contained and why is it impossible for mere mortals, and not this author without a patronymic, that is, a pseudonym, to get acquainted with it?
And here it is worth paying attention to the fact that this “Boris Sibirsky” himself is a publicist who writes on a wide variety of topics. Trying to find his publications, I came across articles with topics ranging from Harry Potter and the beauty contest to the global confrontation in the Atlantic. If you believe the portal ruskline.ru, then he once published a text on a historical topic in the weekly magazine "Russia" in the same 2005. Later, I did not come across publications with this pseudonym.
As for his article “Peninsula in Delayed Action,” in the part devoted to the Jewish colonization of the Crimean peninsula, it is surprisingly similar to two other articles by two other authors published in two official publications, the founder of which is the Russian parliament. First of all, this is the Rossiya newspaper and the article “The Sold Peninsula” by a certain Boris Gusyachkin, indicated as a “retired lieutenant colonel.” And in the same 2004, an article by a certain Boris Nikolin “Crimea: from Ukranization to Turkification” in the newspaper “Russian Federation Today”, the founder of which is the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.
All of these three above articles, the authorship of which is attributed to certain three Boriss without a patronymic, are characterized by similar content, approximately the same structure, retelling and the same set of key individual sentences, repeated verbatim in these two articles, and repeated to the letter. There are also no links to any archival documents.
That is, most likely we are not talking about plagiarism, but about three different pseudonyms of the same author, who was published in 2004-2005 in publications owned by the Russian parliament.
I would venture to guess that I can name another author who published another clone of this article discussed above, but much earlier and under his own name.
Most likely, the original author of this theory in the version that reached Shirokorad was S.P. Gorbachev, naval officer (currently captain 1st rank), military journalist, deputy editor-in-chief of the official newspaper of the Black Sea Fleet “Flag of the Motherland.” It was in his article “Crimean California”, written back in 1999, and presented as part of the book “Revival as a Russian City” he planned, that exactly this sequence of facts and conclusions is observed for the first time. Based on the fact that this article contains Stalin’s internal monologue, this work was originally conceived in the genre of fiction.
The artistic nature of this work explains the fact that the scientist S.P. Gorbachev (it seems that he defended his dissertation on the patriotic education of youth, majoring in political science, but I could be wrong) is confused with dates and does not provide links to sources. Moreover, even without resorting to content analysis, it is clear that his article “Crimean California” is a compilation of some scientific work, diluted with the author's fiction.
Most of all, the set and sequence of facts and figures about Jewish colonization on the Crimean peninsula of the 20-30s is similar to the article by historian and specialist in the pre-war history of the Crimean peninsula Alexander Efimov “The Jewish Socialist Republic in Crimea. The story of one project." This article, written on the basis of local periodicals (including Nazi propaganda during the occupation) and some archival documents (in this case, it seems to me, there is no reason not to trust the author), tells the story of the colonization of the desert steppes of northern Crimea. It was held under the leadership of the already mentioned Committee on the Land Settlement of Jewish Workers (hereinafter KomZet) and the Public Committee on the Land Settlement of Jewish Workers (hereinafter OZET) with the financial assistance of the Agro-Joint charitable organization, led by James N. Rosenberg. In addition, he mentions a plan in 1923-1924 “to form an autonomous region of Jews on the territory of Northern Crimea, the southern steppe strip of Ukraine and the Black Sea coast up to the borders of Abkhazia.”
According to Efimov, the People's Commissar of Agriculture A.P. opposed the implementation of this plan in practice. Smirnov, seeing in him a threat of interethnic aggravation on the ground. As it turned out later, these fears were not groundless - the plans for land colonization received the most fierce resistance from the indigenous population, and most importantly, they contradicted the policies pursued locally by the authorities of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
One way or another, the project of agricultural colonization of the northern part of the Crimean peninsula by the Jewish population was not completed. Armed attacks by local landowners, crop failure, and the beginning of the collectivization process forced collective farmers, despite all the temporary benefits provided, to leave the countryside for the cities and return back - a similar process would take place in the 40s and 50s, already in the time of Slavic colonization. According to the data cited by Efimov, by 1941 about 70 thousand Jews already lived on the peninsula, but no more than 17 thousand people lived on collective farms. Thus, there was no longer talk of a separate Jewish territorial autonomy in northern Crimea.
We especially note that the scientist Alexander Efimov (it seems he was a graduate student at the Russian Academy of Sciences, but I could be wrong), who at one time worked as a press secretary at the Moscow-Crimea Foundation, has no information about large loan, there is no talk of any “highly secret agreement” dated “February 19, 1929,” and certainly not of any “bills of exchange.” A small scientific article within the framework of the topic he is researching, nothing more. The author mentions the Jewish Soviet Socialist Republic only in the title, and the article itself, in fact, is devoted only to the topic of colonization and the financing of Jewish colonization only of the steppe territories of northern Crimea, and plans for autonomy, following the examples of existing plans for German autonomy in Crimea.
However, it seems that it was precisely on top of the real facts taken from it (or a common source with it, which is unlikely) that the fiction about bills and shares and this very “highly secret agreement” of “February 19, 1929” was superimposed.
That is, on the basis of the materials of this young scientist, the “myth of sale” we are considering was most likely woven in those editions, which was very carefully interpreted in quite reputable publications in 2004-2005 by certain three “Boris without a patronymic.”
Most likely, these three anonymous “Boris without a patronymic” drew their inspiration from the artistic works of Captain 1st Rank Sergei Pavlovich Gorbachev, winner of the International Literary Prize named after. V. Pikul, deputy editor-in-chief of Flag of the Motherland, the official newspaper of the Black Sea Fleet. It was he who first mentioned this most notorious agreement of “February 19, 1929.”
To understand my confidence, just put two texts in front of you - Efimov’s article “The Jewish Soviet Socialist Republic in Crimea,” which he published at one time on the website of the Moscow-Crimea Foundation, and the excerpt “Crimean California” by Sergei Gorbachev from his literary project . Comments will be unnecessary.
However, I do not exclude that there were earlier editions of the myth about the alleged sale of the peninsula to the Jews for some debts and under some kind of agreements. The same Alexander Efimov mentions such eloquent headlines in the Nazi occupation press as “Stalin received dictatorial power in Russia for selling Crimea to the Jews” (according to this researcher, this was published in the newspaper “Azat Crimea” on March 20, 1942, in No. 17). However, in 1942 they did not yet know that two years later, in February 1944, someone would take the initiative to create a new republic on the peninsula. And they could not know the date of transfer of the region, and not the republic, to neighboring Ukraine.
I personally have no doubt that the date of the mythical treaty of 1929 was artificially adjusted to February 19. For I saw documents testifying to the conditions in which chaos (no other word comes to mind) this very transfer took place. In GARF there is a file with silver embossing, which is studied almost every month by someone new - they ask for a photocopy, photo and video recording. It's like they're trying to find something new there. And no one goes further than this daddy. I came across cases that remained unclaimed for forty years, and I was the first to open the sheets for their use. I repeat, the fact that the date of the meeting of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in 1954 was set precisely for February 19 was a coincidence of random circumstances. Moreover, the Decree itself was promulgated only a week later - all this time, the necessary documents were feverishly rewritten in the Presidiums of the Supreme Soviets of the RSFSR and the Ukrainian SSR, in which the body that allegedly came up with this initiative was not fully agreed upon - someone remembered the Constitution , and decided not to refer to the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee.
And, I repeat, I saw the founding protocols of the mentioned KomZet and OZET.
I will immediately disappoint fans of “real sensations”. In these protocols, begun on September 4, 1924 and completed until the end of November, there is no mention of any republic or autonomy in Crimea. It was about the development of virgin territories by landless Jews. The emphasis was placed on the fact that representatives of this people for a couple of thousand years did not have the right to own land and cultivate it, and only the Soviet government gave them such an opportunity. What territories were meant for the settlers? Mainly Ukraine and Belarus. Crimea was mentioned only a couple of times: “First of all, free areas should be identified as settlement areas for working Jews. Located in the area of Jewish colonies in the South of Ukraine, as well as Northern Crimea.”
It was assumed that in order to accommodate the landless and create conditions for them to conduct agriculture, the committee intends to further seek financial assistance from other organizations, not excluding assistance from abroad. Literally: “The travel item includes expenses for business trips of members of the Committee for the Land Administration of Working Jews to places of exit and settlement. And also trips abroad in order to raise funds, to raise funds, to carry out the tasks of the Committee.”
I would like to note right away that no foreign sources of funding are mentioned - neither names nor organizations. There is no mention of any “branch of the Agro-Joint Bank”, operating since 1922 according to Sergei Gorbachev (Alexander Efimov has no such information). And as noted above, Agro-Joint was formed only in 1924 with the assistance of KomZet and OZET created in the same year under the Central Executive Committee of the USSR (and not the RSFSR, as the myth-makers claim, in order to justify the transfer to the Ukrainian SSR) with one parties, and the charitable organization “Joint”, which has been operating since 1914.
And, of course, the seriously ill Vladimir Ilyich Lenin could not attend the exhibition held by this organization, created only a year later, in 1923, and therefore could not approve of plans to create some kind of separate republic or autonomy in Crimea. And even if the authors of this theory were mistaken in the year they visited that exhibition, then in the fall of 1924 Lenin lived for three months and already had a vague idea of the reality around him.
The file contains several protocols - No. 1, the founding one, and a couple dedicated to the estimates and staff of the “Committee under the Presidium of the Council of Nationalities for the Land Management of Working Jews.” The founding one referred to the resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR dated August 29, 1924 on the creation of this committee. At the very beginning, program speeches by Klimenko, Ibragimov and Ignatovsky were given about work in Ukraine, Belarus and Crimea: “One of the most oppressed peoples under the old regime were the Jews. Under the tsarist regime, Jews were not allowed to engage in agriculture, despite their desire for agricultural work.” At the same time, OZET was created - the Society for the Land Settlement of Working Jews, which initially included 67 members.
Overall, it seems that, despite the impressive composition of the founders, the committee was created with fairly moderate capabilities. Ultimately, for permanent functioning, he was allocated a room in the Kremlin and only two paid positions were approved - it seems that he was a typist and a stoker (I didn’t find it among my extracts), - other vacancies were not accepted by the Central Executive Committee. They even refused to hire a cleaning lady.
What surprised me most was that they refused the position of agronomist; they were worth their weight in gold. Most likely, this was the reason for the fatal consequences in the fate of the Jewish colonists. The fact is that the virgin lands in northern Crimea, where it was planned to place the colonists, were initially not suitable for arable farming due to the arid soil. Slavic migrants from the regions of the Ukrainian SSR and the RSFSR later faced a similar problem in the 40-50s, read MGB reports on the mood among the local population. The key issue, the supply of fresh water for irrigation, was resolved only in 1972, when the North Crimean Canal finally began its work.
Thus, for me personally there is no doubt that all the stories about the alleged sale of Crimea to Jews to create some kind of separate republic are fakes. Yes, there was funding for agricultural colonization, including from abroad. Preferential taxation was created for new collective farms, which was periodically extended in the mid-30s - GARF has quite a lot of materials on this subject. Perhaps someone in the 20s had the idea of some kind of local autonomy within the peninsula, similar to plans to create German autonomy. However, for the entire peninsula to be mortgaged for some ridiculous sum of 20 million dollars under the condition of creating a separate republic, this is complete nonsense.
And this is not the first fake that I came across when studying the history of the transfer of this peninsula. The second, no less common, is about the alleged lack of quorum of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, which made the decision. There is a certain text floating around the Internet with absolutely fantastic figures that only 13 out of 27 members were present at that meeting - a fairly common misconception deliberately thrown into the masses by someone, despite the fact that in 1992 the journal “Historical Archive” published real data.
According to my calculations, at the meeting of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR on February 5, 1954, 15 out of 26 members were present (protocol No. 41), as for the fateful meeting of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, which took place on February 19, there were 23 out of 33 (protocol No. 35) . Even 24, if you count the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Latvian SSR K.M. Ozolin, who for some reason wished to remain among the invitees and did not put his signature on this act.
In any case, after the unanimous approval of this Decree at the session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on April 26, 1954, and also the unanimous approval of this decision on June 2 at the session of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, I personally consider any talk about the illegality of formalizing the transfer of the region to be provocative.
Russia had the opportunity to get the peninsula back during the divorce process in the 90s, but the legally elected Supreme Council of the RSFSR back in 1990 signed a 10-year agreement with the Ukrainian parliament on maintaining territorial integrity - for this reason, consideration of this issue was disrupted at the UN in 1992. Well, after the signing of a friendship treaty in 1997, which canceled the aforementioned 10-year agreement, and its ratification in 1998, Ukraine has complete peremptory right to this peninsula.
Perhaps it was after this, in 1999, that this very “myth of sale” was born, which has a simple subtext for the broad masses - they say, we lost Crimea, but we must come to terms with this, otherwise, if Ukraine loses it, then it it will not go to us, but to the Jews. Rely on reliable, time-tested feelings. Accordingly, the second edition of this myth in 2004-2005 is associated with the failure of pro-Russian forces in the elections in Ukraine, which caused another decline in revanchist sentiments, which urgently needed to be balanced with something. Find someone to blame for your own failures and unsatisfied imperial ambitions.
I’m just wondering what motivates people who invent such myths, and why do they so persistently, in their failures, invent some kind of enemy machinations emanating from people of a different nationality?
The history of Jewish agrarian colonization in Crimea and the events around it can be presented in completely different ways. For example, write about how many millions of people in Ukraine, Belarus and the Volga region were saved from hunger in 1922 by the activities of the charitable organization Joint, which subsequently contributed to agricultural colonization. Or you can write how the activities of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee contributed to the opening of a second front. How, under the influence of their activities, an ardent opponent of Soviet power, “President of the World Organization of Zionists,” Chaim Weizmann, began to call on Jews around the world to help the USSR in their struggle against Nazi Germany. As “the leader of the American Zionists, an avowed enemy of Soviet power,” Rabbi Stefan Weise welcomed the start of the work of the JAC and promised his assistance to the Red Army.
Or you can accuse AgroJoint of helping its fellow tribesmen not for free, but for some interest. Moreover, they would have to make up a fairy tale that they would have to pay for this help by going to the Black Sea. You can even broadcast the myth on the central channel that demands for territorial concessions were put forward as a condition for opening a second front.
The history of Jewish agar settlements is written in blood. I did not mention here either the repressions against members of KomZet in the late 30s, or the 14 Crimean Tatars executed in 1928 in the case of the Milli Firka party, or the 12 members of the JAC executed in 1952. All this is not comparable to those 40 thousand Jews, of which 17 thousand were collective farmers, who were exterminated by the Nazis during the years of occupation. Before this colonization, for several hundred and even thousands of years, these people were deprived of the right to own land and cultivate it. It just so happened that the place they got was initially unsuitable for farming until the opening of the North Crimean Canal in 1972.
One way or another, in the mid-40s, when it was necessary to improve the agriculture of the peninsula that had been depopulated after the war and deportations, a bet was made on the Slavicization of the territory of the former republic, which had already become a region. Colonists from rural areas of Ukrainian and Russian regions were attracted for settlement, that is, they had centuries-old skills in working on the land. A massive renaming of local Turkic toponyms to Slavic ones was carried out - I found a lot of documents on this issue. The last mention of Jewish agricultural migrants that I came across in the archives was Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for 1947 No. 3823 “On the resettlement of 250 families from the Crimean region and 704 families from the Kherson and Nikolaev regions to the Jewish Autonomous Region.”
The project of Jewish agrarian colonization in Crimea was completely curtailed.
Thus, if we try to figure out what is true and what is fiction in this story, we must admit that there were still some plans for Jewish autonomy in Crimea. Not as large-scale as Sergei Gorbachev is trying to present in his literary project, but nonetheless. If you believe Alexander Efimov, then a certain project appeared somewhere in 1923 (his chronological sequence is lame), but was abandoned due to its fantastic nature. If you believe Sudoplatov, then similar plans appeared again in 1944, but because of their outright utopianism, they were also not given a go.
There was also funding for agricultural colonization in the South of Ukraine and Northern Crimea. So, for example, the resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated June 10, 1937 that caught my eye was supposed to resettle 500 Jewish families on collective farms and build 330 houses for them with the allocation of 3,894 thousand rubles in loans. Was foreign capital attracted? Gennady Kostyrchenko, who has no reason not to be trusted, mentions the 30 million dollars invested before the war in this agricultural colonization by charitable organizations, but which ultimately did not justify themselves. The salt marshes of the Northern Crimea did not become “California”.
Now where did the fiction come from on these real facts? For the first time, such rumors were spread by the Nazi press during the years of occupation. Perhaps General Sudoplatov added something to the myth-making treasury - you and I know why generals and marshals write memoirs since the time of Geoffroy Villehardouin. At least, he mentioned somewhere that the contents of Mikhoels’ letter to Stalin gave rise to the most ridiculous rumors.
Next we have an inevitable point - the literary project of Sergei Pavlovich Gorbachev, who, as I understand it, superimposed the author’s fiction on top of real facts, surprisingly similar to the material from Alexander Efimov’s article. Then, this version from an excerpt from the received story or novel “Revival as a Russian City” was very carefully retold in 2004 by two Boriss - Gusyachkin and Nikolin (most likely pseudonyms). Moreover, in fairly reputable central publications. And a year later they were retold by a certain Boris Sibirsky, whose traces are lost after 2005, that is, most likely, also someone’s temporary pseudonym.
Sibirsky's ideas were picked up by Alexander Shirokorad and found a place in his monographs. And, most likely, some of his works after some time caught the eye of Andrei Karaulov, who, for the sake of show, even found authoritative witnesses - Mikhail Poltoranin and Tikhon Khrennikov (whose short monologue, by the way, was taken out of some context).
This is exactly how I see the genesis of this myth about the sale of Crimea.
From the USSR. We will talk about the American project “Crimean California”...
Even before the Maidan events, the Simferopol Committee for Claiming Compensation, consisting of veterans National movement Crimean Tatar people, demanded from Barack Obama nothing less than a public apology and compensation for the damage suffered by the Crimean Tatars as a result of repression and forced eviction in May 1944. According to the authors of the appeal, US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt had a direct connection to this event.
This story began back in the 20s. US financial circles hatched the idea of creating a Jewish state friendly to the US on the territory of Crimea. The Jewish-American organization "Joint", which represented the interests of this country in Soviet Russia before establishing diplomatic relations with the United States, allocated us a loan of 20 million dollars.
375 thousand hectares of Crimean land were pledged as security. Securities were issued for the entire borrowed amount, and they were bought by powerful US families, including Roosevelt. That is, they would become the owners of the Crimean territories in the event of failure by the Soviet side to fulfill loan obligations. The settlement date was set to 1954.
Part of the borrowed money was intended for the mass resettlement of Soviet Jews to Crimea and the creation of national autonomy there. The resettlement process began, Jewish collective farms showed good results, but bad luck - friction began with the Crimean Tatar population. In addition, the growing Soviet state did not want to develop the project, which could ultimately result in the separation of the territory. The resettlement process was slowed down, and the Jewish Autonomous Region was created in the Far East.
The United States returned to the idea of separating Crimea during the difficult war years for the USSR. In particular, in 1943, during a trip to America and Great Britain, the leaders of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee Mikhoels and Fefer, who were actually envoys of Stalin. Financial circles have made it clear: in exchange for help in the fight against Germany, they expect the creation of a Jewish state in Crimea after the victory over Hitler.
In their appeal to Obama, the Crimean Tatars also refer to the memoirs of the former Vice President of Yugoslavia Milovan Djilas. Allegedly, after the Tehran Conference, Stalin, in his presence, told Josip Broz Tito about his conversation with Roosevelt. Under threat of cessation of supplies under Lend-Lease and refusal to land in France allied forces, the US President demanded the revival of the Crimean California project. “We cannot open a second front until you make a decision on Crimea,” Djilas quotes.
The authors of the appeal are convinced that it was pressure from Roosevelt that caused Stalin’s decision to deport the Crimean Tatars - it was necessary to show that the USSR heard his wishes and was freeing up the territory for the conflict-free existence of future settlers.
Stalin managed to successfully maneuver and stall for time - as a result, the status quo in Crimea remained the same after the war. By the way, is this why the USSR was almost the first to support the creation of Israel in 1948? This actually removed the question of the need for a Jewish state in Crimea.
Jewish collective farmers of the Novozlatopol region
Moreover, there is a completely conspiracy theory that the transfer of Crimea to Ukraine is connected with old cases. The trick to this maneuver is that the Joint had a loan agreement drawn up with the RSFSR. And if someone presented something, Ukraine might not respond to such demands, since despite the unity of the USSR, each republic had space for economic and social maneuver in a number of issues. For example, each republic had its own Criminal Code. And the Ukrainian and Belarusian Soviet socialist republics, along with the USSR, were full members of the UN.
Mikhail Poltoranin also spoke about the existence of the Crimean California project, citing some papers that he allegedly saw in the KGB archives. However, many historians doubt this and demand evidence. Reasonable. If we do not take into account the fact that a number of documents have not yet expired, and many agreements between strongmen of the world This could well have been oral in nature.
Meeting of Jewish collective farmers.
Article on the topic:
Alexander GOROKHOV
On November 28, 1943, telephone communications in the capital of Iran were turned off, the telegraph and all radio stations stopped working, and the city center bristled with the muzzles of machine guns and tank guns. No, there was no military coup or enemy attack. These events preceded the start of the Tehran Conference of the Big Three.
The Tehran conference was the first joint meeting between the US President and the prime ministers of the USSR and Great Britain. It was then the Yalta and Potsdam conferences that determined the appearance of post-war Europe and the world. But everything was laid in Tehran.
Preparations for the conference began in the first days of 1943. Options for holding it in Cairo, Istanbul and Baghdad were discussed, but all these proposals did not suit the Soviet side, so they settled on Tehran.
German intelligence quickly learned about the upcoming meeting of the heads of state of the anti-Hitler coalition and immediately developed Operation Long Jump, entrusting its execution to “saboteur No. 1” Otto Skorzeny. The operation plan included the capture or murder of Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill, which Skorzeny confirmed in an interview in 1966. Already in the spring of 1943, intelligence officer Nikolai Kuznetsov reported to the Center from the Volyn forests about the impending assassination attempt.
To thwart the assassination attempt, Soviet agents were used, led by 19-year-old Gevork Vartanyan, whose father, also a Soviet intelligence officer, had lived in Tehran since 1930. A group of seven Vartanyan’s peers managed to first identify 400 German intelligence agents, and then track down the advanced group of German saboteurs abandoned in Iran.
On the eve of the conference, the identified German agents were arrested, then the radio operators of the advance group were taken under control, who were allowed to broadcast a conditional signal that they were working under someone else’s control. The last to be arrested was the resident of the Abwehr in Tehran, Franz Mayer, who let go and dyed his beard and got a job as a gravedigger in an Armenian cemetery, where a spring began, from the entrance of which to the city sewer one could easily reach the English embassy: part of the Big Three meetings took place there.
To ensure the safety of the conference participants, the street on which the Soviet and British embassies were located opposite each other was blocked with a tarpaulin screen-corridor so that movements between the embassies could not be seen. President Roosevelt settled not in the American embassy, located on the outskirts of the city in a disadvantaged area, but together with Stalin in the USSR embassy.
According to encyclopedias, the Tehran Conference resolved the following issues: an exact date was set for the Allies to open a second front in France; a declaration of Iranian independence was adopted after the end of the war; the beginning of a solution to the Polish question has been laid; the issue of the USSR starting a war with Japan after the defeat of Nazi Germany was fundamentally resolved; the contours of the post-war world order were outlined; laid the foundations for the creation of the UN.
But there was one more question, the discussion of which between Stalin and Roosevelt was silent both in the final documents of the conference and in the memoirs of the participants. A question that still poisons Ukrainian-Russian (and not only) relations today. We are talking about the revival of the “Crimean California” project.
In the 1920s, American charitable organization The Joint, which distributes aid to Jews in need or suffering from wars, received permission from the Soviet government to operate in the USSR. The assistance provided by the Joint was indeed very effective. Thus, at the height of the famine of 1922, the Joint fed about 2 million children daily in Ukraine and Belarus alone. Moreover, most of them were not Jews.
Already in 1923, the organization supplied Jewish colonists devastated by wars and pogroms with agricultural machinery and implements, and a year later its subsidiary, called Agro-Joint, initiated a project to create large Jewish agricultural enterprises in the Crimea and the Black Sea region. A little later, there was talk of creating a Jewish autonomous republic in Crimea and on the Black Sea coast from Odessa to Abkhazia.
The project, called “Crimean California,” was enthusiastically received by Soviet Jews, and a mass movement developed among them to create a “new Israel” in southern Ukraine and Russia. The movement was actively supported by many Jewish party functionaries, including Trotsky. On February 19, 1929, an agreement was signed between the Joint, which at that time, due to the lack of diplomatic relations with the United States, represented America in the USSR, and the Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR. The document bore a very unambiguous title “On Crimean California”...
To begin with, it was planned to resettle about half a million Jews from the western regions of Ukraine and Belarus to the steppe regions of Crimea and the Northern Black Sea region. For this program, Agro-Joint allocated a loan of twenty million dollars to the Soviet Union, and the Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR pledged 375 thousand hectares of Crimean land and issued bonds for the entire amount with interest, distributed by Agro-Joint in the USA. The maturity date for the loan and interest repayment was set at 1954.
By 1937, more than 150 thousand Jews were resettled to Crimea, more than 250 settlements were created and expanded. Agro-Joint built and equipped a plant for the repair of agricultural machinery in Dzhankoy, supplied machinery, equipment, and specialists for Jewish collective farms, production cooperatives, paramedic stations, hospitals, schools, and vocational schools. Some of the equipment, cars, clothing, and medicines were distributed among the non-Jewish population of “Crimean California.”
But by the mid-1930s, the Soviet leadership had lost interest in the idea of a “new Israel” in the Black Sea region. The reason for this was the growth of interethnic tensions. First of all, between Jews and Tatars, who already had autonomy in Crimea. This was facilitated by the return of 200 thousand Tatars from Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania. In 1934, the Jewish Autonomous Region was created in the Far East, and among those repressed in 1937 there were many supporters of “Crimean California”. The project stalled.
According to the recollections of the former vice-president of Yugoslavia Milovan Djilas, after returning from the Tehran Conference, Stalin, in his presence, told Joseph Broz-Tito about his conversation with one of the largest holders of Crimean California bonds, Franklin Roosevelt. Under the threat of stopping supplies under Lend-Lease and refusing to land in France, the US President demanded the revival of the Crimean California project. “We cannot open a second front until you make a decision on Crimea,” Djilas is quoted as saying. One can only guess how long the war would drag on and how much the losses of the Red Army would increase if Stalin refused to act as the Americans wanted.
The American oligarchs needed a “Crimean California,” and Stalin gave instructions to prepare for the deportation of the Crimean Tatars.
Six months after the end of the conference and 9 days after the complete liberation of Crimea from the peninsula, the main obstacle to “Crimean California” was removed: the Tatars who interfered with this were evicted to Uzbekistan. Already in June 1944, a meeting took place between American Ambassador Averell Harriman and Stalin and Molotov. The Americans proposed investing $10 billion in the economy of Crimea to create a republic there, independent from the USSR, where Jews from all over the world could move. And in February 1945, Roosevelt had the opportunity to personally verify the effectiveness of his threat by inspecting the territory of the future “new Israel” during the Yalta Conference.
But history decreed otherwise: Roosevelt died in April 1945.
However, the American side did not abandon plans for the implementation of the “Crimean project”. George Marshall - military adviser to Presidents F. Roosevelt and G. Truman, who participated in the most important international conferences in Washington, Casablanca, Tehran, Malta, Yalta and Potsdam, and since 1947 - US Secretary of State, in one of his letters to A. Harriman, American industrialist, statesman and diplomat, wrote the following:
“Dear Averell!
President Truman approves of your plans. He only added the following. The coexistence on the territory of Crimea of the base of the Soviet Black Sea Fleet and the Jewish Republic, open to the free entry of Jews from all over the world, seems to be an incongruity fraught with unpredictable consequences. This from the very beginning raised his doubts about the reality of the “Crimean project”. Crimea should become a demilitarized zone. Let Stalin know that he must be ready to relocate the fleet from Sevastopol”...
However, with Truman blackmailing the USSR atomic bomb, Stalin did not find common language. Since 1946, Bulgaria began supplying Soviet weapons to Israeli rebels in Palestine, and on May 15, 1948, the USSR was the first in the world to recognize the independence of the state of Israel, freed from British protectorate. That is, the issue of “Crimean Israel” was resolved by itself. On March 5, 1953, Stalin died, but the Agro-Joint bonds, the holders of which were, in addition to Roosevelt, other richest people in America, including the well-known Hoover, Rockefeller, Marshall, MacArthur, continued to hang a sword of Damocles over the Soviet government.
Khrushchev found a “way out” of the situation. Since the Agro-Joint loan was received by the government of the RSFSR, it decided to withdraw the Crimean region from the Russian Federation and, on the 300th anniversary of the reunification of Ukraine with Russia, surprised the leadership of the Ukrainian SSR - “gifted” it to the fraternal republic, which became independent in 1991. And the return to Crimea of the Tatars, evicted under US pressure, added spice to the situation in “the most anti-Ukrainian region of Ukraine.” Ukraine now has to deal with this “time bomb” planted by the Americans at the Tehran Conference, resisting the constant attempts of the United States to turn the peninsula into a new Kosovo.