The origin of the ethnonym “Cossack” is not completely clear. Versions of its etymology are based either on its ethnicity (Cossack - a derivative of the name of the descendants of Kasogs or Torks and Berendeys, Cherkas or Brodniks), or on social content (the word Cossack is of Turkic origin, it was called either a free, free, independent person, or a military guard on the border). At various stages of the existence of the Cossacks, it included Russians, Ukrainians, representatives of some steppe nomads, peoples of the North Caucasus, Siberia, Central Asia, Far East. By the beginning of the 20th century. The Cossacks were completely dominated by the East Slavic ethnic basis. So, the Cossacks are a subethnic group of the Great Russian ethnic group.

Cossacks lived in the Don, the North Caucasus, the Urals, the Far East, and Siberia.

Certain Cossack communities were part of a specific Cossack army.

The language of the Cossacks is Russian. Among the Cossacks there are a number of dialects: Don, Kuban, Ural, Orenburg and others.

The Cossacks used Russian writing.

By 1917, there were 4 million 434 thousand Cossacks of both sexes.

Currently, accurate data on the number of Cossacks and their descendants is practically absent. According to various rough estimates, approximately 5 million Cossacks live in 73 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The number of Cossacks living in densely populated areas in Kazakhstan and Ukraine, as well as the number of their descendants in foreign countries, is unknown.

The term “Cossack” was first mentioned in sources of the 13th century, in particular in the “Secret History of the Mongols” (1240), and, according to various versions, is of Turkic, Mongolian, Adyghe-Abkhazian or Indo-European origin. The meaning of the term, which later became an ethnonym, is also defined in different ways: a free man, a lightly armed horseman, a fugitive, a lonely person, and more.

The origin of the Cossacks and the time of their appearance in the historical arena have not been fully clarified to this day. There are even disputes among researchers over the etymology (origin) of the word-term “Cossack”.

There are many scientific theories of the origin of the Cossacks (only the main ones - 18). All

theories of the origin of the Cossacks are divided into two large groups: theories of fugitive and migration, that is, newcomers, and autochthonous, that is, local, indigenous origin of the Cossacks. Each of these theories has its own evidence base, various convincing or not fully convincing scientific arguments, advantages and disadvantages.

According to autochthonous theories, the ancestors of the Cossacks lived in Kabarda, were descendants of the Caucasian Circassians (Cherkas, Yasov), a conglomerate of Kasags, Circassians (Yasov), “black hoods” (Pechenegs, Torks, Berendeys), Brodniks (Yasy and groups of Slavic-Russian and nomadic peoples) and more.

According to migration theories, the ancestors of the Cossacks are freedom-loving Russian people who fled beyond the borders of the Russian and Polish-Lithuanian states either due to natural historical reasons (the provisions of the theory of colonization), or under the influence of social antagonisms (the provisions of the theory of class struggle). The first reliable information about the Cossacks who lived in Chervleny Yar, in addition to scientifically unrecognized evidence in the notes of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (10th century), is contained in the chronicles of the Donskoy Monastery (“Grebenskaya Chronicle”, 1471), “The Known Word ... of Archimandrite Anthony”, “ Brief Moscow Chronicle" - a mention of the participation of the Don Cossacks in the Battle of Kulikovo, contained in the chronicles of 1444. Having arisen in the southern expanses of the so-called "Wild Field", the first communities of free Cossacks were truly democratic social formations. Their fundamental principles internal organization were the personal freedom of all their members, social equality, mutual respect, the opportunity for each Cossack to openly express their opinion in the Cossack circle, which was the highest power and administrative body of the Cossack community, to elect and be elected as the highest official, the ataman, who was first among equals. The bright principles of freedom, equality and brotherhood in the early Cossack social formations were universal, traditional, and self-evident phenomena.

The process of formation of the Cossacks was long and complex. During it, representatives of different ethnic groups united. It is possible that the original basis of the early Cossack groups contained various ethnic elements. Ethnically, the “old” Cossacks were subsequently “overshadowed” by Russian elements. The first mention of the Don Cossacks dates back to 1549.

change from 03/18/2016 - (times of Great Scythia)

The view of modern historians on the origin of the Cossacks, it must be said, is peculiar. The places of origin and settlement of the Cossacks are called the Don, Kuban, Terek, Ural, Lower Volga, Irtysh, Amur, Transbaikalia, Kamchatka. In fact, this also includes the territory of Alaska and even California.

The origin of the word Cossack is also explained differently. Modern researchers unanimously say that the Cossacks are people who, starting from the 16th century, went to the outskirts of Russia, being runaway serfs. Some say they were hunters. Some say that they went wild and became bandits, getting involved in a war with the Muslims. But these are fairy tales, shameless, far-fetched and made up.

The Cossacks are a unique, interesting and misunderstood people or ethnic group in the West and even in Russia. Although they speak Russian, they are not exactly Russian people. Until the 17th century, they themselves did not even consider themselves to be the Russian people, that is, the Great Russians. They were different. They were proud that they were Cossacks.

They did not know what betrayal was, they did not know what cowardice was, but in fact, they were warriors from the cradle. This determined a completely different psyche of behavior. The psyche not of slaves, but of free people, masters of their lives. Therefore, the question arises - where do they come from? Because they themselves no longer remember this.

Take the Germans. They call themselves Deutsch, the Italians call them Germans, the French Alemanni. Or the Turks. They are offended that they are called Turks. In Persian, a Turk is a tramp and a thief. And all Cossacks are called in one word - Cossack.

At one time, the Cossacks conquered Siberia, and all attempts by the Turks to attack the south of Rus' and the Crimean Khan were repulsed. The war, which lasted no less than 500 years, ended in victory for the Cossacks. In fact, Rus' itself did not actually defend itself in the south. Everything was thrown into the war with the West, while in the south they did not even try to help the Cossacks. The surrender of the Azov fortress under the Romanovs is very indicative in this regard.

Turkey and the entire Muslim world were held back only by the Don and Zaporozhye Cossacks, holding everything on their shoulders. At the same time, it was unbearably difficult; it was a war that lasted from century to century. The Turks destroyed half of Europe, they even reached Vienna. They took Hungary and Romania. But here they were only able to reach the Crimea. And then, already in the 18th century, it became ours, Sevastopol was founded. And this happened only thanks to the support of the Cossacks.

Around 3 millennium BC. e. The Aryan population penetrates the territory of the modern Taklamakan desert, western China, and builds a powerful empire there. In Chinese mythology it is called Laolun. The Chinese themselves, when they excavated this territory, were very surprised to find the skulls of pure Caucasians and huge, huge cities. Now all this has gone under the sand. Therefore, in order not to further upset the Chinese, Taklamakan, Gobi, and the Yellow River were closed to visitors after a powerful underground nuclear weapons test.

When this territory began to turn into a desert, the Aryan population was forced to move further to the West and to Hindustan, where the climate is more humid, rivers flow, and it rains. The same Veles book writes about this. At the same time, we should not forget that Ural Rus' was already in Europe. The first wave reached the territory of the Danube and Pannonia.

But in the Vedas one can find references to the fact that Dasyu lived on the territory of Eurasia at that time. Inhumans, shaggy, terrible monsters with incredible strength, which in the Vedas are also called rakshasas. They are sometimes called Paleo-European tribes. This is a mixed Cro-Magnon-Neanderthal population that prevented the settlement of the Aryan people.

It turns out that the military class moved ahead of the Aryan tribes on horseback, liberating territories from dasyu. Moreover, these were horses that we don’t even know now. The horses found in burial mounds were not similar to Mongolian ones. They were highly gaited, fast, very tall, similar to Akhal-Teke horses. Remember, all our heroes are on horseback. We don’t have heroes like Hercules on foot.

These pioneers were then called horse aces. And their leader was called a prince - a horse ace. The prince was determined by a black or white horse in battle.

As a result of this settlement, the remnants of the Dasyu or Dogheads were driven either into the mountains of the Caucasus, Pereneev, Palmyra, or into other impassable places. And along the outskirts of the settlement of the Aryans settled the force that later formed the Don army, the Kuban army, the Terek army and the Siberian army.

Persian sources call the population of southern Siberia, Central Asia, the population of the Gobi in one word - Saki or Saxons. And the sword of this people was always called kromosax - cutting edge. Sachs is a sech. People who were able to fight hundreds of people like Dasyu alone were called aces. This is how the word kassak, horse ace, appeared. Later it was transformed into Cossack, apparently in the same way as Asia into Asia. Moreover, according to the initial letter, Az is a descendant of the gods, an earthly form that benefits the Earth itself.

It turns out that the Cossacks are a pure Aryan population of the military class, who continued to live their way of life, the life they had always lived. Everything was decided by the Cossack circle, where everyone was equal. The chieftain was elected for one year. In field conditions they obeyed him unconditionally; the discipline was ironclad. If there was peacetime, the chieftain was the same as everyone else. It was the highest democracy, so to speak.

By the way, Veliky Novgorod has preserved exactly the same democracy in its city. In fact, Novgorodians can be considered the same Cossacks from the military class, but they came from the Baltic.

The descendants of those Dasyu who survived that war were obviously Kartvelians. The Chinese language has Georgian roots, the roots of the Basques who lived in Spain. Once upon a time, Paleo-Asians spoke the same language, and fragments of this language found their way into both the Chinese language and the languages ​​of Georgians and Basques.

Now in the Caucasus there are eight language groups. Particularly noteworthy is the Ossetian family, which speaks the ancient Persian language. You can remember Afanasy Nikitin, 15th century, when he visited India. He calmly spoke with Iranians in Russian, and in India they also calmly understood him without any translators.

In Old Russian, the river was called in one word - Don. Therefore, Ossetians still have Sadon, Nandon, Vardon (Kuban), Danat (Danube), Eridan (Rhine). Where is Rhine? Already Western Europe.

Don't forget about the Hercynian Forest, between France and the Elbe (Laba), where the Rhine flows. Roman authors also wrote about him. It is even called the cradle of the German people.

When Charlemagne unites three territories, Germany, France and Italy, in the 9th century, a powerful empire is created. As a result, this entire empire, united by the Merovingians, fell on the western Slavic tribes. Many scientists, since the 19th century, including Savelyev and Lomonosov, believed that the territory of Germany was a cemetery for the Slavs. “Where the Germans passed, there was a whole region already a grave.”. There was total extermination, cutting down to the last person. There was cannibalism. Read the national German epic, it’s all there and they are proud of it. The predatory warlike gene pool has survived among the Germans to this day.

Interesting fact. In the Matrix trilogy there is such a hero as Merovingian. A very ancient program that has already survived several versions of the matrix. Merovingian loves to speak French and sells information. Is it a coincidence? But this is so, for lovers of imaginative thinking. Food for thought.

Braniborg - Brandenburg, Nikulinborg - Mecklenburg, Pomerania - Pomerania, Strehlov - Stelets, Drozdyany - Dresden. The Laba River became the Elbe, the Rhone became the Rhine. You can also remember Arkona, Retra.

Why are we talking about this now? And to the fact that in this territory there were no asses, that group of the military class that could give them worthy resistance.

Herodotus also describes, on the territory of the Sea of ​​Azov, the northern part of the Black Sea and the mouth of the Kuban interesting people- Maeotians and Sindians or Indus. They had a slightly different anthropology. They formed the Azov army of the Kuban Cossacks. This is the only Cossack people who had dark hair and skin. Correct Aryan body and facial features, but dark eyes. Apparently, having visited India, this ethnic group absorbed the blood of the Indians or Dravidians. By the way, Ermak Timofeevich was from this group. Part of the Sinds and Meots, having left the Kuban in the 13th century at the mouth of the Dnieper, created the Zaporozhye Cossacks.

TIMES OF GREAT SCYTHIA AND SARMATIA

We do not know the real self-names of the Scythians and Sarmatians. We can only say one thing, the father of Aeneas, the hero of the Trojan War, who built Rome, with all his family on 30 ships 1200 BC. went to Troy. An ancient Cossack family went to Troy to help the Trojans in the fight against the Achaean League (a military-political union of cities Ancient Greece on the Peloponnese Peninsula).

And Aeneas, after the defeat at Troy, on 20 ships goes first to Carthage, and then to Italy, crosses the Tiber and there, thanks to his efforts, Rome is built. It has now been proven that the Etruscans spoke the Old Russian language. Obviously their resettlement took place during the Trojan War.

Slavomysl also writes about this in Svetoslav’s monologue:

"...I honor the Romans, they are our kin, they remember Aeneas, just like us,
Virgil rejected the absurd fiction about him, measuring the Hellenic myth with his common sense.
I don't blame the Trojans either. Svarozhiya, who knew harmony, they rewarded Rome from the ashes of Troy
And the land was not taken away from the Etruscans: without complaining, they accepted their blood brothers in a brotherly manner...”

The Greeks called them Scythians. They were also called chipped. Translation from Russian is not required, but in English there is a consonant word school - school. But this is so, again from figurative thinking.

"...The Scythians are barbarians, but the maidens of the Scythians, shut up in temples, cast Hellas down at the feet washed by Nepra...
...But the Magi will be called from the Nepra and dressed up as Hellenes: the prophetic Vseslav was nicknamed Anacharsis,
Lyubomud, the Russian from Goluny, is the Ephesian Heraclitus... The Slovenian breed is prolific,
Lyubomudry, Svetozary and Vseslav are not uncommon in Rus'
And mothers will not stop giving birth on Nepr and Ros.
It’s a consolation for the neighbors, well, it’s not a loss for the Russians...
...The face of the Hellene is as wonderful as Herodotus’s fables about the Scythians..."

Therefore, Scythian, translated from Greek, is a shield bearer. They were just the first to have shields, wooden shields covered with bull skin. Neither the Assyrians, nor the Greeks, nor even the Egyptians had shields at that time. If anyone made them, they were woven from wicker. And the Sarmatians, among other things, were engaged in leather tanning.

The Scythians and Sarmatians are actually one people who called themselves Russa, and their military class was Assaki. The Turks, in the 13th century, having come to the territory of Kazakhstan, began to call themselves Assacs or Cossacks, imitating the Scythian tribes.

The word russa is a sacred word, so it can be read in two directions. Ur is the sky. Uranus is the god of the sky. Therefore, Russa is an ace who came from heaven through the light. This word has been known since the time of Oriana. Therefore, both the Scythian army and the Sarmatian army were called that way.

Getae is one of the names of the military class. From it the word hetman was born. In the 8th century BC, when the Scythians crossed the Volga, the Tagar culture attacked the Cimmerians, who lived in southern Europe all the way to the Danube. The Cimmerians were tribes related to the Scythians, but refused to obey them. As a result, the Cimmerians leave for Asia Minor. The Scythians invade the territory of Media through the Caucasus. They defeat the Medes, defeat the Persians, defeat the Assyrian troops and reach the borders of Egypt. For 28 years they reigned in this territory, without fear of being attacked by the Slavs. This suggests that they were one people. Then they return to Eastern Europe again and until the 3rd century BC. live on this land.

What's interesting is everything jewelry Those times, the purely animal style that existed among the Scythians is attributed to the Greeks. Vases, pendants, and various products are still found, and everything is made superbly. The Greeks did not have a jewelry school of this level.

Not in any Greek colony, not in Chersonesus, not in Phanagoria, not in Phasis, not a single workshop has been found where this gold or silver was cast. When they began to excavate Scythian mounds in Siberia, they began to find jewelry made in the same style, but even more beautiful. How could the Greeks reach Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Altai?

But all cultural experts unanimously say: the work of Greek masters. And the Scythians, it turns out, also had huge cities. In the cities, houses were built, hides were tanned, weaving and metallurgy were developed. The population did not know what the West was and no one from the West was allowed to visit them. The military class closely watched the advance of the Greeks. Herodotus, having arrived and studied the Scythians, did not even know that all of Scythia was covered with giant cities, without walls. They didn't need walls. If the people are powerful, they do not need fortress walls. Remember Sparta - they did not have fortress walls.

The Kushans who went to India, the Parthians who left in the 3rd century BC. to Iran, the Massagetae, whom the Greeks spoke about, the Saks or the Saxons, are all one and the same people. A people who spoke the same language, had the same faith, simply settled over a vast territory.

Incredibly, the Scythians defeated the 700 thousand army of Darius, and they also defeated the Macedonian. Moreover, Macedon himself was defeated first, having crossed the Danube with an army of 40,000. Then he moved to Persia, and from Persia he is again going to move against the Scythian people. This battle is described by Nizami, an Azerbaijani poet, in his work “Iskander”. But no one talks about it. It is not customary to say that Macedonian was defeated and stopped in this territory, and was captured.

An interesting thing is that in 320 BC, when Macedonia was defeated by Rome, part of the Macedonians, 70 percent, moved to the Baltic. They left and created the principality of the Obodrites there. Niklot is the prince of the Obodrites. Then they move to the territory of Novgorod and build Pskov. It turns out that Macedonsky didn’t even understand who he was fighting with.

In the 3rd century BC. The Sarmatians cross the Volga and attack the Scythians. The Scythians, in fact, deserved it. They began to imitate Western culture and dragged greek gods to your territory of Eastern Europe. This is how they provoked the attack of the Sarmatians. The Sarmatians swept through their territory all the way to the Danube. In fact there was a civil war.

As a result, the pro-Western Scythians fled, some to the Crimea, some beyond the Danube. The rest went to the North, mixing with the Russian population. Lomonosov called them white-eyed chud.

Thus, the Sarmatians put a dead barrier to the advance of the west to the east. They stopped Rome at one time. The Parthians beat Rome in the south, the Sarmatians beat Rome in the west, on the Danube, and the Kushans crush the Indian kingdoms, creating there a surge of new Aryan blood and a new direction for the development of religion.

At this time, the Huns moved across Central Asia, captured modern Kazakhstan and approached the banks of the Volga.

And all this is led by the military class, which we called Cossacks, Assacs or Getae.

Marcus Crassus in 57 BC marched with his legions to Parthia. The Parthian king sends his commander Suren against Crassus. The Parthians attack Crassus and all of his 22 legions who remained alive are sent in chains across the deserts of Iran to work for the Parthians. Rome had never known such a defeat before.

At this time, the Aorsi, Roxalans, Alans, and Iazyges attacked the Roman borders beyond the Danube. Trajan, in one of the battles in the Carpathians, loses seven legions at once during the battle with the legendary Carpathian prince Igor. For the first time, the Roman legions fell under the blows of the Russians not with swords, but with axes. For the first time, the invincible Roman infantry and the infantry of the Carpathian people met. In this battle, the Carpathian cavalry did not enter the battle. The heavy, armored cavalry of the cataphracts, with spears 4-5 meters long, lamenar armor and people in armor, stood to the side and simply looked at the hours-long cutting of infantry with infantry.

Not a single army could withstand the blow of the Sarmatian cavalry at that time. The Russian heavyweight was the warhorse of those times. But here Russian infantry destroyed the Roman infantry, ending Rome's advance north into the Carpathians.

Modern historians believe that the Sarmatian yoke hung over Eastern Europe for 600 years. Six centuries of blood. Academician Rybakov also thinks so, explaining this by the fact that the Chernigov culture moved 100 km to the north after the Sarmatian invasion. What kind of yoke can there be if the language is one, the culture is one, the race is one, everything is one.

But the Chernigov culture really moved away, because it was not needed in the steppe. The Sarmatians who came are a nomadic people, and they needed huge pastures to provide food for themselves and cattle with pasture. Rome moved millions, and it was also necessary to fight with millions.

The Scythian kingdom, which was formed on the territory of Crimea, was completely subordinated to the Sarmatians. It would be more accurate to even say Sarmatian queens, because among the Sarmatians queens had more power than kings. The female half was free, like the men, they were warriors. The memory of the Amazons is also the memory of the Sarmatians.

In fact, the heavy Sarmatian cavalry consisted of the ancestors of the Cossacks and they passed on their skills of horse control and battle management. A powerful heavy spear remained on the Don until the 20th century. If the Kuban Cossacks were considered light cavalry, then the Don Cossacks were heavy. Back in 1914, during the First World War, the Cossacks raised Germans in Austria, Romania and Germany itself to these peaks. This tradition has been preserved since those very times.

INVASION OF THE GOTHIC UNION

IV century. Historians do not say who the Goths were or where they came from. We know that they are Germans: Visigoths and Ostrogoths. But where did they come from in the Black Sea region? They have their own historian - Jordan. But the name Jordan is not Gothic, rather southern. He wrote Gothic history. But under Jordan it was possible to write anything.

He writes that Germanarich conquered all the Slavic peoples, he crushed the Roxalans, Aorsi, and subjugated the Slavs from the Black Sea to the Baltic.

But the Goths were not Germans then, they were Iranians. Iranians who did not want to live among their peoples on the territory of Bactria and Sogdiana (modern Turkmenistan). They moved north. They bypassed the Caspian Sea, crossed the Volga and reached the mouth of the Don, spreading across the territory of southern Rus'. During the arrival of the Goths there was not a single serious battle. Not a single chronicle talks about battles with the Goths.

The fact is that the Goths spoke Old Russian. Even Jordan himself writes that the Gothic warrior spoke easily with the Slavic warrior, with the Alan, with the Roxalan. But the problem is that the Goths, having come to Crimea, adopted Christianity. Jordan is silent about this. They became Christians according to the Arian rite. This made them treat their fellow tribesmen as enemies. The Goths came as a close people, but having adopted Christianity, they became enemies. They left Central Asia precisely because they did not accept Zoroastrianism. At that time they still retained the Vedic worldview. But apparently they lost their priests. There was a military class, but there was no priestly class. And having come to Crimea, they accepted the priestly class in the form of Christians.

Read Shambarov, Jordan - each Goth had 4-5 wives. There was a polygamous family, so the army was huge.

We have already said that there is the concept of get or assak. Hetman is the one who controls the getae. Therefore, the Goths are apparently a transcription of Jordan. In essence, these were the same getae, the military class, but which betrayed the principles of Vedic civilization. And again, it was a war and a civil war. A terrible and terrible war. With the Goths were the Alans - heavy, powerful cavalry. On the Vedic side there was also the most powerful cavalry, the same as that of the Goths.

When two cavalry of the Sarmatians and Goths met in battle, the clang of weapons could be heard for many kilometers around. Jordan writes that for a short time Germanaric subjugated the peoples of the north. But obviously it was just a truce. There could not be complete subjugation, because Christianity did not spread to the North.

Jordan further writes that Germanarich, at the age of 100, decided to marry again and a young girl was brought to him. But it so happened that she fell in love with his son. He kills his own son, and the brothers wound Germanarich himself. The girl is torn apart by horses.

The chopping begins again. Sloven, the prince who ruled on the Volkhov in Novgorod, is participating in this cutting. He comes to the territory of southern Rus' and on the Danube, in a fierce battle, Germanarich dies, without even realizing that his entire army was killed.

At the same time, the Alans, allies of the Goths, are fighting the invasion of the Huns. The Huns began to cross the Volga and the Alans, being residents of the northern Caucasus, met the Hunnic alliance with weapons, because at that time they were already Christians.

The Huns did not go to Rus' in order to conquer it; they understood what was happening there. The Goths shed Vedic blood, and the Huns came to the aid of Rus'. The surviving Alans go to the mountains, the Huns invade the territory of Eastern Europe and displace the Goths.

Some of them passed through the Taman Peninsula through Sivash, broke into the Crimea and dealt a blow to the Gothic alliance in the back, which Germanarich could not stand. The attack of the Slavs from the north and the attack of the Huns from the south.

The remaining Goths go beyond the Danube, this is already the 5th century, and the Huns go to Transcaucasia. Why in Transcaucasia? And there was Armenia, a Christian power. Balamber's army completely defeated Armenia and Georgia, marched throughout Asia Minor and reached almost Egypt.

But at this time the Goths return, led by Germanaric’s grandson Amal Vinitar. Vinithar - conqueror of the Veneti. The Goths trampled Austria, where the Veneti were.

The Huns threatened the Byzantine Empire, and Christians in Egypt were also terrified. The Library of Alexandria was already hiding. It was necessary to force Balamber to return. And he, having learned about the Gothic invasion, turned north. Does this remind you of anything from the time of Batu’s invasion?

At this time, Bus Beloyar is trying to stop the Goths. Bus won one battle against Amal Vinitar, the Goths were defeated. But he decides not to go out to the second battle, but to wait for Balamber. He was a strong magician and saw clearly that he would die and his people would die. Therefore, Bus persuades the people to wait for Balamber.

But under his pressure, he enters the fight. As a result of the terrible battle, all his warriors were killed. Seventy wounded elders were picked up by Amal Vinitar, including Bus himself, and crucified in a ravine above the waters of the Dnieper.

When the Huns found out about this, they drove their horses day and night. They even left the infantry; only the cavalry walked. At this time Sloven approached again. At the mouth of the Dnieper, the two armies of Sloven and Balamber again met with the Gothic alliance.

In a fierce struggle, the battle raged for two days. The Goths were broken, Amar Vinitar died, and the Goths were thrown beyond the Danube. That’s when Bayan wrote his anthem of victory over Amar Vinitar. It was performed for the Russian army in the Danube palace of Kyiv. Yes, there was such a Kyiv.

The Goths, finding themselves beyond the Danube, moved towards the Byzantine Empire. They destroyed the 40,000-strong army of Valens, ravaged the entire north of the Byzantine Empire, broke into Gaul, Italy, took Rome and destroyed it almost to the ground.

The West, having created an artificial people through Christian ideology, weaned them off cattle breeding and agriculture; they stopped feeding themselves. They could only rob. And when their stomach overpowered their ideology, they attacked their own allies.

The Huns cross the Danube and build their state on the territory of modern Hungary. It is still called Hungaria. And what’s interesting is that when the Huns disappear from the field of history, the Hungarians still speak Russian. Why? Yes, because there never was a Hun language. There was only Old Russian. There the Moravian state arises. After the death of Attila, part of the Hunnic people returned to the territory of Rus' and mixed with the Russian people.

The Assacians on one side and the Assacians on the other side, the Gothic Getae and the Hunnic Getae, fought among themselves. Again we see a difficult, terrible internecine struggle, which is reflected in historical chronicles as a struggle between two peoples. But in essence it was a riot of one people, organized, as usual, by a third party.

KHAGANATES

The 6th century begins. The Hunnic state disintegrates, some of the Huns return to the territory of Eastern Europe, forming the state of the Ants. Initially, the name apparently implied the opposite of the West. An - that which is opposite is opposite.

The Middle Ages are coming in the West. The beginning of the formation of the Frankish Empire. Clovis, Pepin. They build their empire, subjugate Longobord, seize the territory of Italy, Rome no longer exists. Unites modern France, Italy, Switzerland and Austria. A huge, huge power that obeys the Merovingian emperors.

Things are no better in the East. The Hunnic union is replaced by a union of Turkic tribes or the Turkic Khaganate. Different ethnicity, different psychology. They adopted cattle breeding skills from the Huns, but did not know agriculture. Having excellent cavalry, they constantly torment China. But China still copes with them. The Turkic Khaganate splits into Western and Eastern. Their fight begins. As a result, the eastern one is subordinated to China, and the western one flows to the west.

In the area of ​​the northern Caspian Sea they come across settled tribes of Avars. Although the Avars are considered Iranians, they are not entirely Iranians. Essentially, these are descendants of Paleo-Asians mixed with the Aryan population. Their faith and culture were not Aryan. No one touched them because they were engaged in agriculture and sold their grain to semi-nomadic peoples. They were shamanists. An ancient culture that has fallen out of both the Western and the Eastern.

But the Turks attacked the Avars, and they had to flee. The Avars cross the Volga in the delta region, this is the year 512, and stop.

The Avars use scorched earth tactics for the first time. No one had done this before. They waited until spring, until the Antes sowed grain, until it sprang up and ripened. And then they attacked, not the Antes, but their fields and livestock.

They burned all the grain fields and destroyed all the livestock. Their light patrols rushed throughout southern Rus', destroying everything. It is for this reason that in Russian chronicles they were called images.

They only did not touch the Don and Kuban, because there was the cradle of those who were called Cossacks. The Avars passed further north. They reached the Kama and the territory of Ukraine, reached the mouth of the Danube, and from there began to move back to the east.

As a result, a huge number of Russians found themselves without a livelihood. Moreover, the Avars summoned the Russian leader and killed him during negotiations. With the onset of winter, the population simply began to die of hunger. And the Avars took entire cities without any struggle.

There were no crops in the Don and North Caucasus, the population lived on cattle breeding and fish, so the Avars did not go there. In addition, they had no great desire to meet the heavy cavalry of the Assakhs.

Then the Don Cossacks turned to Siberian Rus', to the Savir tribe, a powerful tribe that lived in the territory from the Urals to the Yenisei. Even the Turks did not touch the Savirs. They knew that they shouldn't go north.

The Savirs receive the Assac embassy from the Don, realizing that the Avars can only be defeated together. The Savirs practically abandon Western Siberia, leaving Grastiana, their capital on the banks of the Ob. The Turks open a corridor and the Savirs go west.

The Savirs come to the Don Assacs and Alans, uniting with them on the Northern Donets. A bloody war with the Avar Kaganate begins. The Avar Kagan leaves Eastern Europe for Pannonia in Hungary and creates his headquarters there.

But the attack of the Slavs from the east and Charlemagne from the west on the Danube completely destroys the Avars. The extermination was complete, even children were not spared. It was a completely different people. If it was possible to come to an agreement with other peoples, then it was impossible to come to an agreement with the Avars. They were completely destroyed. This is how the Avar Kaganate ended its existence.

It is the military class from the Savirs of the North and the Assacs of the Don, Kuban, Terek, and lower Volga that saves the Slavic people. On the territory of Ukraine, 100 km from Kyiv, the Savirs, together with the Assacians, built their capital, Chernigov, on a hill.

The Turks occupy the territory left by the Savirs. But not all Savirs left. As a result, without war, a mixture of Turks and Savirs occurs. In fact, this is how the ethnic group of the Siberian Tatars, a mixture of Turkic and Slavic populations, arises. At the same time, Slavic psychology is practically preserved. They are warlike, inclined to argue and fight, but at the same time they are simple, reliable, and honest.

When the Siberian cities arose, the Siberian Tatars, although they were Muslims, were calmly accepted into the Cossacks. They fought with China, Manchuria, and the Japanese and never betrayed them. There were cases when they were even the first to get into a fight, and then they had to help.

In the west, the Turks, approaching the Caspian Sea, crushed a small people of farmers who called themselves Hassaki or Khazars. There were few of them and, having lost one battle, as the chronicles write, they accepted Turkic citizenship. Above them stands the Turkic kagan from the Ashinov clan.

At the beginning of the 8th century, when Khazaria became stronger, it attacked the Bulgarian nomads. The Bulgarians then were fair-haired, blue-eyed, essentially a mixture of Savirs and Turks. As a result, part of the Bulgarians goes north to follow the Savirs, and Khan Asparukh takes the other part to the Danube, where Danube Bulgaria arises.

When the Khazar Khagans converted to Judaism, they turned to the Vatican to help control the Slavic population. The Vatican sends two brothers to Chersonesus: Cyril and Methodius. Knowing Greek, they learn Russian in Chersonesos in order to later teach Christianity to the Slavic peoples.

PECHENEGS AND CUMANS

After the death of Khazaria, the Pechenegs come. Blue-eyed, fair-haired, remnants of the same Savirs, but who spoke the Turkic language. They began to torment Rus' from the south. But they didn’t interfere with the Don. The territories occupied by the Assacians were dangerous for them. But this did not last long; by the 10th century they became allies of Rus'. Gradually, the Pechenegs moved to Bulgaria, mixed with the local population, they adopted the Bulgarian language. At the same time, Turkic words appear in the Bulgarian language.

The Pechenegs are replaced by the Polovtsians, and after them come the Mongols. If the Pechenegs came with the Vedic religion, then the Polovtsy came as Christians. They adopted Christianity back in central Asia.

Therefore, the Polovtsians, together with the Russian Christian princes, are happy to storm the Vedic cities. A terrible turmoil begins, lasting a whole century. Only Yaroslav the Wise was able to stop her, marrying all his daughters to Western rulers and marrying everyone possible.

When the Mongols arrived, they began to destroy the Cumans. To better understand who fought with whom, and who defended whom, we need to approach this issue not from an ethnic, but from an ideological perspective. In essence, there was a confrontation between Vedic and Christian ideologies. Therefore, the Polovtsians and Mongols, and many others, could often be seen from both one side and the other.

We have already written about the Mongols, so we will skip this period a little. Let's start from the moment when the Mongols or Tatars accept an aggressive world religion and attack the “infidels,” literally uprooting them at the root. That's when the Don becomes empty. The population is leaving entire families and clans. Cossacks from Moscow, Ryazan, and Dnieper appear. The Horde begins to sell thousands of Kipchak Christians to Egypt and Turkey. The Don could not defeat the Horde back then. Novgorod could not help either. At that time he was busy fighting the Livonian and Teutonic orders. A confrontation with the Muslim world begins, which lasts from the 15th to the 19th centuries. In fact, 500 years of blood.

This is how Belovezhskaya Pushcha arose. The population from Belaya Vezha went to the Belarusian woodland and took refuge there. The Mongols swept across the Don and Kuban, but the blood of the Assacs was preserved. In order to somehow survive, the Assacs are forced to convert to Christianity, but retain the Cossack circle, retain election, retain military education, preserve blood.

Circassians now live in the mountains next to the Kuban Cossacks. The Circassians have Russian, Tatar, and Kartvelian blood. They speak four dialects and have a lot of Turkic words. They are Muslims by faith. But natural Aryans are still periodically born among them.

And further. Before the advent of Christianity to Rus', the steppes of the Irtysh region and Eastern Kazakhstan (Kazakhstan) were inhabited by the Slavic-Aryan warrior caste - the Cumans (Cumans), who guarded the south-eastern border of Russia. The Cumans had a cult of the Family. They placed his columnar stone sculptures, made with extraordinary skill from limestone and marble, on the graves of their relatives. Tens of thousands of such statues stood on mounds and maidans, at crossroads and river banks. Until the 17th century, they were a necessary part and decoration of the steppe. Since then, most of the statues have been destroyed and only a few thousand have ended up in museums. For example, the Assacs who lived in Kazakhstan, becoming Muslims, lost their blood and turned into Kazakhs.

Numbering 4.4 million people by 1916 and occupying lands from the Black to the Yellow Sea, the Cossacks back in the 20th century were the most serious opponent of those who supported the idea of ​​​​the destruction of Russia. Even then, there were still 11 Cossack troops: Amur, Astrakhan, Don, Transbaikal, Kuban, Orenburg, Semirechenskoe, Siberian, Terek, Ural and Ussuri.

Therefore, in the party programs and propaganda literature of the Social Democratic parties, the Cossacks, after unsuccessful attempts to involve them in the revolutionary movement, were called the “stronghold of tsarism”, and in accordance with the party decisions of those years, were subject to destruction.

The result: no population, no cities, no villages. Just nameless ruins. Even memories were eradicated.

Cossacks... A completely special social stratum, estate, class. Its own, as experts would put it, subculture: way of dressing, speaking, behaving. Peculiar songs. A heightened concept of honor and dignity. Pride in one's own identity. Courage and daring in the most terrible battle. For some time now, the history of Russia has been unimaginable without the Cossacks. But the current “heirs” are, for the most part, “mummers”, impostors. Unfortunately, the Bolsheviks tried very hard to uproot the real Cossacks during the civil war. Those who were not destroyed rotted in prisons and camps. Alas, what was destroyed cannot be returned. To honor traditions and not become Ivans, not remembering kinship...

History of the Don Cossacks

Don Cossacks Oddly enough, it is even known exact date birth of the Don Cossacks. It became January 3, 1570. Ivan the Terrible, having defeated the Tatar khanates, essentially provided the Cossacks with every opportunity to settle in new territories, settle and take root. The Cossacks were proud of their freedom, although they took an oath of allegiance to one or another king. The kings, in turn, were in no hurry to completely enslave this dashing gang.

During the Time of Troubles, the Cossacks turned out to be very active and active. However, they often took the side of one or another impostor, and did not at all stand guard over statehood and the law. One of the famous Cossack chieftains, Ivan Zarutsky, even himself was not averse to reigning in Moscow. In the 17th century, Cossacks actively explored the Black and Azov Seas.

In a sense, they became sea pirates, corsairs, terrifying merchants and merchants. The Cossacks often found themselves next to the Cossacks. Peter the Great officially included the Cossacks into the Russian Empire, obliged them to serve as sovereigns, and abolished the election of atamans. The Cossacks began to take an active part in all the wars waged by Russia, in particular with Sweden and Prussia, as well as in the First World War.

Many of the Donets did not accept the Bolsheviks and fought against them, and then went into exile. Well-known figures of the Cossack movement - P.N. Krasnov and A.G. Shkuro - actively collaborated with the Nazis during the Second World War. During the era of Gorbachev's perestroika, they started talking about the revival of the Don Cossacks. However, on this wave there was a lot of muddy foam, following fashion, and outright speculation. To date, almost none of the so-called. Don Cossacks and especially atamans by origin and rank are not such.

History of the Kuban Cossacks

Kuban Cossack The emergence of the Kuban Cossacks dates back to a later time than the Don Cossacks - only to the second half of the 19th century. The location of the Kuban residents was the North Caucasus, Krasnodar and Stavropol territories, Rostov region, Adygea and Karachay-Cherkessia. The center was the city of Ekaterinodar. Seniority belonged to the Koshe and Kuren atamans. Later, the supreme atamans began to be appointed personally by one or another Russian emperor.

Historically, after Catherine II disbanded the Zaporozhye Sich, several thousand Cossacks fled to the Black Sea coast and tried to restore the Sich there, under the patronage of the Turkish Sultan. Later, they again turned to face the Fatherland, made a significant contribution to the victory over the Turks, for which they were awarded the lands of Taman and Kuban, and the lands were given to them for eternal and hereditary use.

The Kubans can be described as a free paramilitary association. The population was engaged in agriculture, led a sedentary lifestyle, and fought only for state needs. Newcomers and fugitives from the central regions of Russia were willingly accepted here. They mixed with the local population and became “one of their own.”

In the fire of revolution and civil war, the Cossacks were forced to constantly maneuver between the Reds and the Whites, looked for a “third way,” and tried to defend their identity and independence. In 1920, the Bolsheviks finally abolished both the Kuban army and the Republic. Mass repressions, evictions, famine and dispossession followed. Only in the second half of the 30s. The Cossacks were partially rehabilitated, the Kuban Choir was restored. During the Great Patriotic War, Cossacks fought on an equal basis with others, mainly together with regular units of the Red Army.

History of the Terek Cossacks

Terek Cossacks The Terek Cossacks arose around the same time as the Kuban Cossacks - in 1859, on the date of the defeat of the troops of the Chechen Imam Shamil. In the Cossack power hierarchy, the Terets were the third in seniority. They settled along rivers such as the Kura, Terek, and Sunzha. The headquarters of the Terek Cossack army is the city of Vladikavkaz. The settlement of the territories began in the 16th century.

The Cossacks were in charge of protecting the border territories, but they themselves sometimes did not hesitate to raid the possessions of the Tatar princes. The Cossacks often had to defend themselves from mountain raids. However, the close proximity to the highlanders brought the Cossacks not only negative emotions. The Tertsy adopted some linguistic expressions from the mountaineers, and in particular the details of clothing and ammunition: burkas and hats, daggers and sabers.

The founded cities of Kizlyar and Mozdok became centers of concentration of the Terek Cossacks. In 1917, the Tertsy people declared independence and established a republic. With the final establishment of Soviet power, the Tertsy people suffered the same dramatic fate as the Kuban and Donets people: mass repression and eviction.

Interesting Facts

In 1949, the lyrical comedy “Kuban Cossacks” directed by Ivan Pyryev appeared on the Soviet screen. Despite the obvious varnishing of reality and the smoothing out of socio-political conflicts, it fell in love with the mass audience, and the song “What You Were” is performed on stage to this day.
It is interesting that the word “Cossack” itself, translated from the Turkic language, means a free, freedom-loving, proud person. So the name stuck to these people, you know, is far from accidental.
The Cossack does not bow to any authority; he is fast and free, like the wind.

Cossacks

Origin of the Cossacks.

Cossacks are a people formed at the beginning of the new era, as a result of genetic connections between many Turanian (Siberian) tribes of the Scythian people Kos-Saka (or Ka-Saka), the Azov Slavs Meoto-Kaisars with a mixture of Asov-Alans or Tanaites (Donts). The ancient Greeks called them kossakha, which meant “white sahi,” and the Scythian-Iranian meaning “kos-sakha” was “white deer.” The sacred deer is the solar symbol of the Scythians; it can be found in all their burials, from Primorye to China, from Siberia to Europe. It was the Don people who brought this ancient military symbol of the Scythian tribes to the present day. Here you will find out where the Cossacks got their shaved head with a forelock and drooping mustache, and why the bearded prince Svyatoslav changed his appearance. You will also learn the origin of many names of Cossacks, Don, Grebensky, Brodniks, Black Klobuks, etc., where the Cossack military paraphernalia came from, papakha, knife, Circassian coat, gazyri. And you will also understand why the Cossacks were called Tatars, where Genghis Khan came from, why the Battle of Kulikovo took place, Batu’s invasion and who really was behind all this.

“Cossacks, an ethnic, social and historical community (group), which united all Cossacks due to their specific characteristics... Cossacks were defined as a separate ethnic group, an independent people, or as a special nation of mixed Turkic-Slavic origin.” Dictionary of Cyril and Methodius 1902.

As a result of processes that in archeology are usually called “the introduction of the Sarmatians into the Meotian environment,” in the North. In the Caucasus and Don, a mixed Slavic-Turanian type of a special nationality appeared, divided into many tribes. It was from this mixture that the original name “Cossack” came about, which was noted by the ancient Greeks back in ancient times and was written as “Kossakhi”. The Greek style Kasakos remained until the 10th century, after which Russian chroniclers began to mix it with the common Caucasian names Kasagov, Kasogov, Kazyag. But from the ancient Turkic “Kai-Sak” (Scythian) meant freedom-loving, in another sense - a warrior, a guard, an ordinary unit of the Horde. It was the Horde that became the unification of different tribes under a military union - whose name today is Cossacks. The most famous: “Golden Horde”, “Pied Horde of Siberia”. So the Cossacks, remembering their great past, when their ancestors lived beyond the Urals in the country of Assov (Great Asia), inherited their name of the people “Cossacks”, from As and Saki, from the Aryan “as” - warrior, military class, “sak” - by type of weapon: from sak, sech, cutters. "As-sak" was later transformed into a Cossack. And the name Caucasus itself is Kau-k-az from the ancient Iranian kau or kuu - mountain and az-as, i.e. Mount Azov (Asov), like the city of Azov, was called in Turkish and Arabic: Assak, Adzak, Kazak, Kazova, Kazava and Azak.
All ancient historians claim that the Scythians were best warriors, and Svydas testifies that from ancient times they had banners in their troops, which proves the regularity in their militias. The Getae of Siberia, Western Asia, the Hittites of Egypt, the Aztecs, India, Byzantium, had a coat of arms depicting a double-headed eagle on their banners and shields, accepted by Russia in the 15th century as a legacy of their glorious ancestors.

It is interesting that the tribes of the Scythian peoples depicted on the artifacts found in Siberia, on the Russian Plain, are shown with beards and long hair on their heads. Russian princes, rulers, and warriors are also bearded and hairy. So where did the Oseledets come from, with a shaved head with a forelock and a drooping mustache?
The custom of head shaving was completely alien to European peoples, including the Slavs, while in the east it had been widespread for a long time and very widely, including among the Turkic-Mongolian tribes. So the hairstyle with the assailant was borrowed from the eastern peoples. In 1253 it was described by Rubruk in the Golden Horde of Batu on the Volga.
So, we can say with confidence that the custom of shaving the head of the Slavs in Rus' and Europe was completely alien and unacceptable. It was first brought to Ukraine by the Huns, and for centuries it was in use among the mixed Turkic tribes living on the Ukrainian lands - Avars, Khazars, Pechenegs, Polovtsians, Mongols, Turks, etc., until it was finally borrowed by the Zaporozhye Cossacks along with all the other Turkic-Mongol traditions of the Sich . But where does the word “Sich” come from? This is what Strabo writes. ХI.8,4:
“All southern Scythians attacking Western Asia were called Sakas.” The weapon of the Sakas was called sakar - ax, from slash, to chop. From this word, in all likelihood, came the name of the Zaporozhye Sich, as well as the word Sicheviki, as the Cossacks called themselves. Sich is the camp of the Saks. Sak in the Tatar language means careful. Sakal - beard. These words are borrowed from the Slavs, Masaks, and Massagets.

In ancient times, during the mixing of the blood of the Caucasians of Siberia with the Mongoloids, new mestizo peoples began to form, which later received the name Turks, and this was long before the emergence of Islam itself and their adoption of the Mohammedan faith. As a result of these peoples and their migration to the West and Asia, a new name appeared, defining them as the Huns (Huns). From the discovered Hunnic burials, a reconstruction was made based on the skull and it turned out that some Hunnic warriors wore oseledets. The ancient Bulgars later had the same warriors with forelocks, who fought in the army of Attila, and many other peoples mixed with the Turks.

By the way, the Hunnic “devastation of the world” played an important role in the history of the Slavic ethnic group. Unlike the Scythian, Sarmatian and Gothic invasions, the invasion of the Huns was extremely large-scale and led to the destruction of the entire previous ethnopolitical situation in the barbarian world. The departure of the Goths and Sarmatians to the west, and then the collapse of Attila’s empire, allowed the Slavic peoples in the 5th century. begin mass settlement of the Northern Danube, the lower reaches of the Dniester and the middle reaches of the Dnieper.
Among the Huns there was also a group (self-name - Gurs) - Bolgurs (White Gurs). After the defeat in Phanagoria (Savernaya Black Sea region, Don-Volga and Kuban interfluves), part of the Bulgarians went to Bulgaria and, strengthening the Slavic ethnic component, became modern Bulgarians, the other part remained on the Volga - the Volga Bulgarians, now the Kazan Tatars and other Volga peoples. One part of the Hungurs (Hunno-Gurs) - the Ungars or Ugrians - founded Hungary, the other part of them settled on the Volga and, mixing with Finnish-speaking peoples, became Finno-Ugric peoples. When the Mongols came from the east, they, with the agreements of the Kyiv prince, went to the west and merged with the Ungars-Hungarians. That’s why we talk about the Finno-Ugric language group, but this does not apply to the Huns in general.
During the formation of the Turkic peoples, entire states appeared, for example, from the mixing of the Caucasoids of Siberia, the Dinlins, with the Gangun Turks, the Yenisei Kirghiz appeared, from them - the Kyrgyz Kaganate, after - the Turkic Kaganate. We all know the Khazar Kaganate, which became a union of the Khazar Slavs with the Turks and Jews. From all these endless unifications and separations of the Slavic peoples with the Turks, many new tribes were created, for example, the state unification of the Slavs suffered for a long time from the raids of the Pechenegs and Polovtsians.

For example, according to Genghis Khan's law "Yasu", developed by the cultured Central Asian Christians of the Nestorian sect, and not by the wild Mongols, the hair should be shaved off, and only one braid should be left on the top of the head. High-ranking individuals were allowed to wear a beard, while others had to shave it off, leaving only a mustache. But this is not a Tatar custom, but of the ancient Getae (see Chapter VI) and Massagetae, i.e. people known back in the 14th century. BC and brought fear to Egypt, Syria and Persia, and then mentioned in the 6th century. according to R. X. by the Greek historian Procopius. The Massagetae - the Great Saki-Geta, who made up the advanced cavalry in Attila's hordes, also shaved their heads and beards, leaving a mustache, and left one pigtail on top of their head. It is interesting that the military class of the Russians always bore the name Het, and the word “hetman” itself is again of Gothic origin: “great warrior.”
The paintings of the Bulgarian princes and the Liutprand indicate the existence of this custom among the Danube Bulgarians. According to the description of the Greek historian Leo the Deacon, the Russian Grand Duke Svyatoslav also shaved his beard and head, leaving one forelock, i.e. imitated the Geta Cossacks, who made up the advanced cavalry in his army. Consequently, the custom of shaving beards and heads, leaving a mustache and forelock, is not Tatar, since it previously existed among the Getae more than 2 thousand years before the appearance of the Tatars in the historical field.

The already canonical image of Prince Svyatoslav with a shaved head, long forelock and drooping mustache, like a Zaporozhye Cossack, is not entirely correct and was imposed mainly by the Ukrainian side. His ancestors had luxurious hair and beards, and he himself was depicted in various chronicles as bearded. The description of the forelocked Svyatoslav was taken from the above-mentioned Leo the Deacon, but he became such after he became the prince not only of Kievan Rus, but also the prince of Pechenezh Rus, that is, southern Rus'. But why then did the Pechenegs kill him? Here it all comes down to the fact that after Svyatoslav’s victory over the Khazar Kaganate and the war with Byzantium, the Jewish aristocracy decided to take revenge on him and persuaded the Pechenegs to kill him.

Well, Leo the Deacon in the 10th century, in his Chronicles, gives very interesting description Svyatoslav: “King of the Goths Sventoslav, or Svyatoslav, the ruler of Rus', and the hetman of their army, was of the origin of the Balts, the Rurikids (the Balts are the royal dynasty of the Western Goths. From this dynasty was Alaric, who took Rome.) ... His mother, regentess Helga , after the death of her husband Ingvar, killed by the Greuthungs, whose capital was Iskorost, she wanted to unite under the scepter of the Balts the two dynasties of the ancient Riks, and turned to Malfred, the Riks of the Greuthungs, to give her sister Malfrida in marriage for her son, giving her word that she would forgive Malfred for the death of her husband Having received a refusal, the city of the Greuthungs was burned by her, and the Greuthungs themselves submitted... Malfrida was escorted to the court of Helga, where she was raised until she grew up and became the wife of King Sventoslav..."
In this story, the names of Prince Mal and Malusha, the mother of Prince Vladimir the Baptist, are clearly discernible. It is curious that the Greek persistently called the Drevlyans Greuthungs - one of the Gothic tribes, and not Drevlyans at all.
Well, we’ll leave this to the conscience of the later ideologists, who did not notice these same Goths. Let us only note that Malfrida-Malusha was from Iskorosten-Korosten (Zhitomir region). Next - Leo the Deacon again: “Sventoslav’s mounted warriors fought without helmets and on light horses of Scythian breeds. Each of his Rus warriors had no hair on their heads, only a long strand that went down to the ear - a symbol of their military god. They fought furiously on horseback, descendants of those Gothic regiments that brought great Rome to its knees. These horsemen of Sventoslav were gathered from the tribes of the Greuthungs, Slavs and Rosomons allied to him, they were also called in Gothic: “kosaks” - “horseman”, that is, and among the Rus they were the elite themselves. The Russians, from their Gothic fathers, inherited the ability to fight on foot, covering themselves with shields - the famous “turtle” of the Vikings. The Russians buried their fallen in the same way as their Gothic grandfathers, burning the bodies on their canoes or on the banks of the river, in order to then let the ashes fall. flow. And those who died by their own death were laid in mounds, and the Goths had such burial places in the ground that sometimes stretched for hundreds of stadia..."
We will not figure out why the chronicler calls the Rus Goths. And there are countless burial mounds throughout the Zhytomyr region. Among them there are also very ancient ones - Scythian, even before our era. They are mainly located in the northern regions of the Zhytomyr region. And there are also later ones, from the beginning of our era, IV-V centuries. In the area of ​​​​the Zhytomyr hydropark, for example. As we see, the Cossacks existed long before the Zaporozhye Sich.
And here is what Georgy Sidorov says about the changed appearance of Svyatoslav: “The Pechenegs chose him over themselves, after the defeat of the Khazar Kaganate, he becomes a prince here, that is, the Pecheneg khans themselves recognize his power over themselves. They give him the opportunity to control the Pecheneg cavalry, and the Pecheneg cavalry goes with him to Byzantium.

In order for the Pechenegs to submit to him, he was forced to take on their appearance, which is why, instead of a beard and long hair, he has an asshole and a drooping mustache. Svyatoslav was a Veneti by blood, his father did not wear a forelock, he had a beard and long hair, like any Veneti. Rurik, his grandfather, was the same, and Oleg was exactly the same, but they did not adapt their appearance to the Pechenegs. In order to control the Pechenegs, so that they would trust him, Svyatoslav had to put himself in order, to be outwardly similar to them, that is, he became the khan of the Pechenegs. We are constantly divided, Rus' is the north, the south is the Polovtsy, the wild steppe and the Pechenegs. In fact, it was all one Rus', steppe, taiga and forest-steppe - it was one people, one language. The only difference was that in the south they still knew the Turkic language, it was once Esperanto of the ancient tribes, they brought it from the East, and the Cossacks knew this language too, preserving it until the 20th century."
In Horde Rus', not only Slavic writing was used, but also Arabic. Until the end of the 16th century, Russians had a good command of the Turkic language at the everyday level, i.e. Until then, the Turkic language was the second spoken language in Rus'. And this was facilitated by the unification of the Slavic-Turkic tribes into a union whose name is the Cossacks. After the Romanovs came to power in 1613, they, due to the freedom and rebellion of the Cossack tribes, began to propagate a myth about them as the Tatar-Mongol “yoke” in Rus' and contempt for everything “Tatar”. There was a time when Christians, Slavs and Muslims prayed in the same temple; this was common faith. There is one God, but different religions, and then everyone was divided and pulled in different directions.
The origins of ancient Slavic military vocabulary date back to the era of Slavic-Turkic unity. This still unusual term is provable: sources provide reasons for this. And first of all - a dictionary. Whole line designations for the most general concepts of military affairs are derived from ancient Turkic languages. Such as - warrior, boyar, regiment, labor, (meaning war), hunting, roundup, cast iron, iron, damask steel, halberd, axe, hammer, sulitsa, army, banner, saber, brush, quiver, darkness (10 thousandth army ), hurray, let's go, etc. They no longer stand out from the dictionary, these invisible Turkisms that have been tested for centuries. Linguists notice only later, clearly “non-native” inclusions: saadak, horde, bunchuk, guard, esaul, ertaul, ataman, kosh, kuren, bogatyr, biryuch, jalav (banner), snuznik, kolymaga, alpaut, surnach, etc. And the common symbols of the Cossacks, Horde Rus' and Byzantium, tell us that there was something in the historical past that united them all in the fight against the enemy, which is now hidden from us by false layers. Its name is the “Western World” or the Roman Catholic world with papal rule, with its missionary agents, crusaders, Jesuits, but we’ll talk about that later.

As mentioned above, “Oseledets” was first brought to Ukraine by the Huns, and in confirmation of their appearance we find in the Name Book of the Bulgarian Khans, which lists the ancient rulers of the Bulgarian state, including those who ruled in the lands of present-day Ukraine:
“Avitohol lived 300 years, he was born Dulo, and for years I eat dilom tvirem...
These 5 princes reigned over the country of the Danube for 500 years and 15 shorn heads.
And then the prince Isperi came to the country of the Danube, the same as I have hitherto.”
So, facial hair was treated differently: “Some Russians shave their beards, others curl and braid it, like a horse’s mane” (Ibn-Haukal). On the Taman Peninsula, the fashion for Oseledets, later inherited by the Cossacks, became widespread among the “Russian” nobility. The Hungarian Dominican monk Julian, who visited here in 1237, wrote that local “men shave their heads bald and carefully grow their beards, except for noble people who, as a sign of nobility, leave a little hair above their left ear, shaving the rest of their head.”
And here is how contemporary Procopius of Caesarea described the lightest Gothic cavalry in fragments: “They have little heavy cavalry, on long campaigns the Goths go light, with a small load on the horse, and when the enemy appears, they mount their light horses and attack... Gothic cavalry is called themselves "kosak", "owning a horse". As usual, their riders shave their heads, leaving only a long tuft of hair, so they resemble their military deity - Danaprus. All their deities have their heads shaved in this way, and the Goths rush to imitate them in their appearance. When necessary, this cavalry also fights on foot, and here they have no equal... When stopping, the army places carts around the camp for protection, which hold the enemy in case of a surprise attack..."
Over time, the name “Kosak” was assigned to all these military tribes, whether with forelocks, beards or mustaches, and therefore the original written form of the Cossack name is still fully preserved in English and Spanish pronunciation.

N. Karamzin (1775-1826) calls the Cossacks a knightly people and says that their origins are more ancient than the Batu (Tatar) invasion.
Due to Napoleonic Wars The whole of Europe begins to take a special interest in the Cossacks. The English general Nolan states: “The Cossacks in 1812-1815 did more for Russia than its entire army.” The French general Caulaincourt says: “All of Napoleon’s numerous cavalry died, mainly under the blows of the Cossacks of Ataman Platov.” The generals repeat the same thing: de Braque, Moran, de Bart, etc. Napoleon himself said: “Give me the Cossacks, and with them I will conquer the whole world.” And the simple Cossack Zemlyanukhin, during his stay in London, made a huge impression on the whole of England.
The Cossacks retained all the distinctive features they received from their ancient ancestors, such as love of freedom, ability to organize, self-esteem, honesty, courage, love of horses...

Some concepts of the origin of Cossack names

Horsemen of Asia - the most ancient Siberian army, originating from the Slavic-Aryan tribes, i.e. from the Scythians, Saks, Sarmatians, etc. All of them also belong to the Great Turan, and the Turs are the same Scythians. The Persians called the nomadic tribes of the Scythians “Turas,” because for their strong physique and courage, the Scythians themselves began to be associated with the Tura bulls. Such a comparison emphasized the masculinity and bravery of the warriors. So, for example, in Russian chronicles you can find the following expressions: “Brave be, like a tur” or “Buy tur Vsevolod” (this is what is said about Prince Igor’s brother in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”). And this is where the most curious thing arises. It turns out that in the time of Julius Caesar (F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron refer to this in their Encyclopedic Dictionary), the wild bulls of Turov were called “Urus”! ... And today, for the entire Turkic-speaking world, Russians are “Uruses”. For the Persians we were "Urs", for the Greeks - "Scythians", for the British - "cattle", for the rest - "tartarien" (Tatars, wild) and "Uruses". Many originated from them, the main ones from the Urals, Siberia and ancient India, from where military teachings spread in a distorted form, known to us in China as oriental martial arts.
Later, after regular migrations, some of them populated the Azov and Don steppes and began to be called horse azas or princes (in ancient Slavic, prince - konaz) among the ancient Slavic-Russians, Lithuanians, Aryan peoples of the Volga and Kama, Mordovians and many others from ancient times became the head of the board, forming a special noble caste of warriors. Perkun-az among the Lithuanians and Az among the ancient Scandinavians were revered as deities. And what is konung among the ancient Germans and könig among the Germans, king among the Normans, and kunig-az among the Lithuanians, if not converted from the word horseman, who came out of the land of the Azov-Aces and became the head of the government.
The eastern shores of the Azov and Black Seas, from the lower reaches of the Don to the foot of the Caucasus Mountains, became the cradle of the Cossacks, where they finally formed into the military caste we recognize today. This country was called by all ancient peoples the land of the Az, Asia terra. The word az or as (aza, azi, azen) is sacred to all Aryans; it means god, lord, king or folk hero. In ancient times, the territory beyond the Urals was called Asia. From here, from Siberia, in time immemorial, the people's leaders of the Aryans with their clans or squads came out to the north and west of Europe, to the Iranian plateau, the plains of Central Asia and India. For example, historians mention the Andronovo tribes or the Siberian Scythians as one of these, and the ancient Greeks note the Issedons, Sindons, Sers, etc.

Ainu - in ancient times they moved from the Urals through Siberia to Primorye, Amur, America, Japan, known to us today as the Japanese and Sakhalin Ainu. In Japan they created a warrior caste, recognized by everyone today as the samurai. The Bering Strait was formerly called Ainsky (Aninsky, Ansky, Anian Strait), where they inhabited part of North America.

Kai-Saki (not to be confused with Kyrgyz-Kaisak),wandering across the steppes, these are the Cumans, Pechenegs, Yases, Huns, Huns, etc., lived in Siberia, in the Piebald Horde, in the Urals, the Russian Plain, Europe, Asia. From the ancient Turkic "Kai-Sak" (Scythian), it meant freedom-loving, in another sense - a warrior, a guard, an ordinary unit of the Horde. Among the Siberian Scythians-Sakas, "kos-saka or kos-sakha", this is a warrior, whose symbol is a totemic animal deer, sometimes elk, with branched antlers, which symbolizes speed, fiery tongues of flame and the shining sun.

Among the Siberian Turks, the Solar God was designated through his intermediaries - the swan and the goose; later the Khazar Slavs would adopt the symbol of the goose from them, and then the hussars would appear on the historical stage.
But Kirgis-Kaisaki,or Kyrgyz Cossacks, these are today's Kyrgyz and Kazakhs. They are descendants of the Ganguns and Dinlins. So, in the first half of the 1st millennium AD. e. on the Yenisei (Minusinsk Basin), as a result of the mixing of these tribes, a new ethnic community is formed - the Yenisei Kyrgyz.
In their historical homeland, in Siberia, they created a powerful state - the Kyrgyz Kaganate. In ancient times, this people was noted by the Arabs, Chinese and Greeks as blond and blue-eyed, but at a certain stage they began to take Mongolian women as wives and in just a thousand years changed their appearance. It is interesting that, in percentage terms, the R1A haplogroup among the Kyrgyz is greater than among the Russians, but one should know that genetic code is transmitted through the male line, and external characteristics are determined through the female line.

Russian chroniclers begin to mention them only from the first half of the 16th century, calling them Horde Cossacks. The character of the Kyrgyz people is direct and proud. Kirghiz-Kaysak only calls himself a natural Cossack, without recognizing this for others. Among the Kirghiz there are all transitional degrees of types, from purely Caucasian to Mongolian. They adhered to the Tengrian concept of the unity of the three worlds and entities “Tengri - Man - Earth” (“birds of prey - wolf - swan”). So, for example, ethnonyms found in ancient Turkic written monuments and associated with totem and other birds include: kyr-gyz (birds of prey), uy-gur (northern birds), bul-gar (water birds), bash- kur-t (Bashkurt-Bashkirs - head birds of prey).
Until 581, the Kyrgyz paid tribute to the Turks of Altai, after which they overthrew the power of the Turkic Kaganate, but gained independence for a short time. In 629, the Kyrgyz were conquered by the Teles tribe (most likely of Turkic origin), and then by the Kok-Turks. Continuous wars with relatives Turkic peoples forced the Yenisei Kyrgyz to join the anti-Turkic coalition created by the Tang state (China). In 710-711 the Turkuts defeated the Kyrgyz and after that they were under the rule of the Turkuts until 745. In the so-called Mongol era (XIII-XIV centuries), after the defeat of the Naimans by the troops of Genghis Khan, the Kyrgyz principalities voluntarily joined his empire, finally losing their state independence. Combat units Kyrgyz joined the Mongol hordes.
But the Kyrgyz-Kyrgyz did not disappear from the pages of history; already in our times, their fate was decided after the revolution. Until 1925, the government of the Kyrgyz autonomy was located in Orenburg, the administrative center of the Cossack army. In order to lose the meaning of the word Cossack, the Judeo-commissars renamed the Kyrgyz ASSR to Kazakstan, which would later become Kazakhstan. By decree of April 19, 1925, the Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was renamed the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Somewhat earlier - on February 9, 1925, by decree of the Central Executive Committee of the Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, it was decided to transfer the capital of the republic from Orenburg to Ak-Mechet (formerly Perovsk), renaming it Kyzyl-Orda, since one of the decrees of 1925, part of the Orenburg region was returned to Russia. So the ancestral Cossack lands, together with the population, were transferred to the nomadic peoples. Now, for today’s Kazakhstan, world Zionism demands payment for the “service” provided in the form of an anti-Russian policy and loyalty to the West.

Siberian Tartars - Dzhagatai,this is the Cossack army of the Rusyns of Siberia. Since the time of Genghis Khan, the Tatar Cossacks began to represent the dashing invincible cavalry, which was always on the forefront of aggressive campaigns, where its basis was made up of the Chigets - Dzhigits (from the ancient Chigs and Gets). They were also in the service of Tamerlane; today they are known among the people as dzhigit, dzhigitovka. Russian historians of the 18th century. Tatishchev and Boltin say that the Tatar Baskaks, sent to Rus' by the khans to collect tribute, always had detachments of these Cossacks with them. Caught in the vicinity sea ​​waters, some of the Chigs and Getae became excellent sailors.
According to the news of the Greek historian Nikephoros Gregor, the son of Genghis Khan, under the name Telepuga, in 1221 conquered many peoples who lived between the Don and the Caucasus, including the Chigets - Chigs and Gets, as well as the Avazgs (Abkhazians). According to the legend of another historian George Pachimer, who lived in the second half of the 13th century, a Tatar commander named Noga conquered all the peoples living along the northern shores of the Black Sea under his rule and formed a special state in these countries. The Alans, Goths, Chigs, Rosses and other neighboring peoples they conquered mixed with the Turks, little by little they adopted their customs, way of life, language and clothing, began to serve in their army and raised the power of this people to the highest degree of glory.
Not all of the Cossacks, but only part of them, accepted their language, morals and customs, and then along with them the Mohammedan faith, while the other part remained faithful to the idea of ​​Christianity and for many centuries defended their independence, dividing into many communities, or partnerships, representing from itself one common union.

Sinds, Miots and Tanaitesthese are Kuban, Azov, Zaporozhye, partly Astrakhan, Volga and Don.
Once upon a time from Siberia, part of the tribes of the Andronovo culture moved to India. And here is an indicative example of the migration of peoples and the exchange of cultures, when some of the proto-Slavic peoples had already moved back from India, bypassing the territory of Central Asia, passing the Caspian Sea, crossing the Volga, they settled on the territory of the Kuban, these were the Sinds.

Afterwards they formed the basis of the Azov Cossack army. Around the 13th century, some of them went to the mouth of the Dnieper, where they later began to be called Zaporozhye Cossacks. At the same time, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania subjugated almost all the lands of present-day Ukraine. The Lithuanians began to recruit these military men to their military service. They called them Cossacks and during the time of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Cossacks founded the border Zaporozhye Sich.
Some of the future Azov, Zaporozhye and Don Cossacks, while still in India, took in the blood of local tribes from dark color leather - Dravidians and among all the Cossacks, they are the only ones who have dark color hair and eyes, that's what makes them different. Ermak Timofeevich was precisely from this group of Cossacks.
In the middle of the first millennium BC. in the steppes, the Scythian nomads lived on the right bank of the Don, displacing the Cimmerian nomads, and the Sarmatian nomads lived on the left bank. The population of the Don forests was original Don - all of them in the future will be called Don Cossacks. The Greeks called them Tanaitians (Donets). At that time, near the Sea of ​​Azov, in addition to the Tanaitians, there lived many other tribes who spoke dialects of the Indo-European group of languages ​​(including Slavic), to which the Greeks gave the collective name "Meotians", which translated from ancient Greek means "marsh people" (inhabitants swampy places). The sea where these tribes lived was named after the name of this people - “Meotida” (Meotian Sea).
Here it should be noted how the Tanaites became the Don Cossacks. In 1399 after the battle on the river. Vorskla, the Siberian Tartars-Rusyns who came with Edigei, settled along the upper reaches of the Don, where Brodniki also lived, and they gave rise to the name of the Don Cossacks. Among the first Don Ataman recognized by Muscovy is Sary Azman.

The word sary or sar is an ancient Persian word meaning king, ruler, lord; hence Sary-az-man - the royal people of Azov, the same as the Royal Scythians. The word sar in this sense is found in the following proper and common nouns: Sar-kel is a royal city, but Sarmatians (from sar and mada, mata, mati, i.e. woman) from the dominance of women among this people, from them - Amazons. Balta-sar, Sar-danapal, serdar, Caesar, or Caesar, Caesar, Caesar and our Slavic-Russian tsar. Although many are inclined to think that sary is a Tatar word meaning yellow, and from here they deduce red, but in the Tatar language there is a separate word to express the concept of red, namely zhiryan. It is noted that Jews descended from the maternal side often call their daughters Sarah. It is also noted about female dominance that from the 1st century. along the northern shores of the Azov and Black Seas, between the Don and the Caucasus, the rather powerful people Roksolane (Ros-Alan) become known, along Iornand (6th century) - the Rokas (Ros-Asy), whom Tacitus classifies as Sarmatians, and Strabo - as Scythians. Diodorus Siculus, describing the Saks (Scythians) of the northern Caucasus, talks a lot about their beautiful and cunning queen Zarina, who conquered many neighboring peoples. Nicholas of Damascus (1st century) calls the capital of Zarina Roskanakoy (from Ros-kanak, castle, fortress, palace). It’s not for nothing that Iornand calls them Aesir or Rokas, where a giant pyramid with a statue on top was erected for their queen.

Since 1671, the Don Cossacks recognized the protectorate of the Moscow Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, that is, they abandoned an independent foreign policy, subordinating the interests of the Army to the interests of Moscow. The internal order remained the same. And only when the Romanov colonization of the south advanced to the borders of the Land of the Don Army, then Peter I carried out the incorporation of the Land of the Don Army into the Russian state.
This is how some of the former Horde members became the Cossacks of the Don, took an oath to serve the Tsar Father for a free life and protection of borders, but refused to serve the Bolshevik authorities after 1917, for which they suffered.

So, the Sinds, Miots and Tanaites are Kuban, Azov, Zaporozhye, partly Astrakhan, Volga and Don, of which the first two mostly died out due to the plague, replaced by others, mainly Cossacks. When, by decree of Catherine II, the entire Zaporozhye Sich was destroyed, then the surviving Cossacks were collected and resettled to Kuban.

The photo above shows the historical types of Cossacks who made up the Kuban Cossack army in the reconstruction of Yesaul Strinsky.
Here you can see a Khoper Cossack, three Black Sea Cossacks, a Lineets and two Plastuns - participants in the defense of Sevastopol during the Crimean War. The Cossacks are all distinguished, they have orders and medals on their chests.
-The first on the right is a Cossack of the Khoper regiment, armed with a cavalry flintlock rifle and a Don saber.
-Next we see a Black Sea Cossack in the uniform of the 1840 - 1842 model. He holds an infantry percussion rifle in his hand, an officer’s dagger and a Caucasian saber in a sheath hang on his belt. A cartridge bag or cannon hangs on his chest. At his side is a revolver in a holster with a lanyard.

Brodniki and Donets.
Brodniki are descended from the Khazar Slavs. In the 8th century, the Arabs considered them Saqlabs, i.e. white people, Slavic blood. It is noted that in 737, 20 thousand of their horse breeding families settled on the eastern borders of Kakheti. They are indicated in the Persian geography of the tenth century (Gudud al Alem) on the Sreny Don under the name Bradas and were known there until the 11th century. after which their nickname is replaced in the sources by a common Cossack name.
Here it is necessary to explain in more detail about the origin of the wanderers.
The formation of the union of Scythians and Sarmatians received the name Kas Aria, which later became distortedly called Khazaria. It was Cyril and Methodius who came to missionize the Slavic Khazars (KasArians).

Their activities were also noted here: Arab historians in the 8th century. noted the Sakalibs in the Upper Don forest-steppe, and the Persians, a hundred years after them, the Bradasov-Brodnikovs. The sedentary part of these tribes, remaining in the Caucasus, was subordinate to the Huns, Bulgarians, Kazars and Asam-Alans, in whose kingdom the Azov region and Taman were called the Land of Kasak (Gudud al Alem). It was there that Christianity finally triumphed among them, after the missionary work of St. Kirill, approx. 860
The difference between KasAria is that it was a country of warriors, and later became Khazaria - a country of traders, when the Jewish high priests came to power in it. And here, in order to understand the essence of what is happening, it is necessary to explain in more detail. In 50 AD, Emperor Claudius expelled all Jews from Rome. In 66-73 there was a Jewish uprising. They capture the Jerusalem Temple, the Antonia fortress, the entire upper city and the fortified palace of Herod, and arrange a real massacre for the Romans. They then rebel throughout Palestine, killing both the Romans and their more moderate compatriots. This uprising was suppressed, and in 70 the center of Judaism in Jerusalem was destroyed and the temple was burned to the ground.
But the war continued. The Jews did not want to admit they were defeated. After the great Jewish revolt of 133-135, the Romans wiped out all historical traditions Judaism In 137, on the site of the destruction of Jerusalem, a new pagan city, Elia Capitolina, was built; Jews were forbidden to enter Jerusalem. To further offend the Jews, Emperor Ariadne forbade them from being circumcised. Many Jews were forced to flee to the Caucasus and Persia.
In the Caucasus, Jews became neighbors of the Khazars, and in Persia they slowly entered all branches of government. It ended with a revolution and civil war under the leadership of Mazdak. As a result, the Jews were expelled from Persia - to Khazaria, where the Khazar Slavs lived there at that time.
In the 6th century, the Great Turkic Khaganate was created. Some tribes fled from him, such as the Hungarians to Pannonia, and the Khazar Slavs (Kozars, Kazars), in alliance with the ancient Bulgars, united with the Turkic Kaganate. Their influence reached from Siberia to the Don and the Black Sea. When the Turkic Kaganate began to fall apart, the Khazars took in the fleeing prince of the Ashin dynasty and drove out the Bulgars. This is how the Khazar-Turks appeared.
For a hundred years, Khazaria was ruled by Turkic khans, but they did not change their way of life: they lived a nomadic life in the steppe and only returned to the adobe houses of Itil in the winter. The Khan supported himself and his army himself, without burdening the Khazars with taxes. The Turks fought the Arabs, taught the Khazars to repel the onslaught of regular troops, since they had the skills of steppe maneuver warfare. Thus, under the military leadership of the Turkuts (650-810), the Khazars successfully repelled the periodic invasions of the Arabs from the south, which united these two peoples, moreover, the Turkuts remained nomads, and the Khazars remained farmers.
When Khazaria accepted the Jews who fled from Persia, and wars with the Arabs led to the liberation of part of the lands of Khazaria, this allowed the refugees to settle there. So gradually Jews who fled from the Roman Empire began to join them, precisely thanks to them at the beginning of the 9th century. the small khanate turned into a huge state. The main population of Khazaria at that time could be called “Slav-Khazars”, “Turkic-Khazars” and “Judeo-Khazars”. The Jews who arrived in Khazaria were engaged in trade, for which the Khazar Slavs themselves did not show any ability. In the second half of the 8th century, rabbinic Jews expelled from Byzantium began to arrive among the Jewish refugees from Persia in Khazaria, among whom were also descendants of those expelled from Babylon and Egypt. Since Jewish rabbis were city dwellers, they settled exclusively in cities: Itil, Semender, Belendzher, etc. All these immigrants from the former Roman Empire, Persia and Byzantium are known to us today as Sephardim.
At the beginning, there was no conversion of the Slavic Khazars to Judaism, because The Jewish community lived separately among the Slavic Khazars and Turkic Khazars, but over time some of them accepted Judaism and today they are known to us as Ashkenazis.

By the end of the 8th century. The Judeo-Khazars began to gradually penetrate the power structures of Khazaria, acting using their favorite method - becoming related through their daughters to the Turkic aristocracy. Children of Turkic-Khazars and Jewish women had all the rights of their father and the help of the Jewish community in all matters. And the children of Jews and Khazars became a kind of outcasts (Karaites) and lived on the outskirts of Khazaria - in Taman or Kerch. At the beginning of the 9th century. the influential Jew Obadiah took power into his own hands and laid the foundation for Jewish hegemony in Khazaria, acting through the puppet khan of the Ashin dynasty, whose mother was Jewish. But not all Turkic-Khazars accepted Judaism. Soon a coup took place in the Khazar Kaganate, which resulted in a civil war. The "old" Turkic aristocracy rebelled against the Judeo-Khazar authorities. The rebels attracted the Magyars (ancestors of the Hungarians) to their side, the Jews hired the Pechenegs. Constantine Porphyrogenitus described those events as follows: “When they separated from power and an internecine war broke out, the first government (the Jews) gained the upper hand and some of them (the rebels) were killed, others fled and settled with the Turks (Magyars) in the Pecheneg lands (lower Dnieper), made peace and received the name Kabars."

In the 9th century, the Judeo-Khazar Kagan invited the Varangian squad of Prince Oleg to war with the Muslims of the Southern Caspian region, promising the division of Eastern Europe and assistance in capturing the Kyiv Kaganate. Tired of the constant raids of the Khazars on their lands, where the Slavs were constantly taken into slavery, Oleg took advantage of the situation, captured Kyiv in 882 and refused to fulfill the agreements, and a war began. Around 957, after the baptism of the Kyiv princess Olga in Constantinople, i.e. After gaining the support of Byzantium, the confrontation between Kyiv and Khazaria began. Thanks to the alliance with Byzantium, the Russians were supported by the Pechenegs. In the spring of 965, Svyatoslav's troops descended along the Oka and Volga to the Khazar capital Itil, bypassing the Khazar troops who were waiting for them in the Don steppes. After a short battle the city was taken.
As a result of the campaign 964-965. Svyatoslav excluded the Volga, the middle reaches of the Terek and the middle Don from the sphere of the Jewish community. Svyatoslav returned independence to Kievan Rus. Svyatoslav’s blow to the Jewish community of Khazaria was cruel, but his victory was not final. Returning, he passed Kuban and Crimea, where Khazar fortresses remained. There were also communities in the Kuban, Crimea, Tmutarakan, where Jews under the name Khazars continued to hold dominant positions for another two centuries, but the state of Khazaria ceased to exist forever. The remnants of the Judeo-Khazars settled in Dagestan (Mountain Jews) and Crimea (Karaite Jews). Part of the Slavic Khazars and Turkic-Khazars remained on the Terek and Don, mixed with local related tribes and, according to the old name of the Khazar warriors, they were called “Podon Brodniks,” but it was they who fought against Rus' on the Kalka River.
In 1180, the Brodniks helped the Bulgarians in their war for independence from the Eastern Roman Empire. The Byzantine historian and writer Nikita Choniates (Acominatus), described in his “Chronicle”, dated 1190, the events of that Bulgarian war, and in one phrase comprehensively characterizes the Brodniks: “Those Brodniks, despising death, are a branch of the Russians.” The initial name was borne as “Kozars”, by origin from the Kozar Slavs, from whom the name Khazaria or the Khazar Kaganate received. This is a Slavic warring tribe, part of which did not want to submit to the already Jewish Khazaria, and after its defeat, uniting with their kindred tribes, they subsequently settled along the banks of the Don, where the Tanaitians, Sarmatians, Roxalans, Alans (Yas), Torquay-Berendeys, etc. lived. They received the name Don Cossacks after most of the Siberian army of the Rusyns of Tsar Edygei settled there, which also included black hoods left after the battle on the river. Vorskla, in 1399 Edigei is the founder of the dynasty, who led the Nogai Horde. His direct descendants in the male line were the princes Urusov and Yusupov.
So the Brodniki are the undisputed ancestors of the Don Cossacks. They are indicated in the Persian geography of the tenth century (Gudud al Alem) on the Middle Don under the name Bradas and were known there until the 11th century. after which their nickname is replaced in the sources by a common Cossack name.
- Berendei, from the territory of Siberia, like many tribes due to climatic shocks, moved to the Russian Plain. The field, pressed from the east by the Polovtsy (Polovtsy - from the word “polovy”, which means “red”), the Berendeys at the end of the 11th century entered into various alliance agreements with the Eastern Slavs. According to agreements with the Russian princes, they settled on the borders of Ancient Rus' and often served as guards in favor of the Russian state. But later they were scattered and partly mixed with the population of the Golden Horde, and another part with Christians. They existed as an independent people. From the same region originate the formidable warriors of Siberia - Black Klobuki, which means black hats (papakhas) who will later be called Cherkas.

Black hoods (black hats), Cherkasy (not to be confused with Circassians)
- moved from Siberia to the Russian Plain, from the Berendey kingdom, last name countries - Borondai. Their ancestors once inhabited the vast lands of the northern part of Siberia, up to the Arctic Ocean. Their stern disposition terrified their enemies; it was their ancestors who were the people of Gog and Magog, and it was from them that Alexander the Great was defeated in the battle for Siberia. They did not want to see themselves in kinship alliances with other peoples, they always lived separately and did not classify themselves as any people.

For example, the important role of black hoods in the political life of the Kyiv principality is evidenced by the stable expressions repeatedly repeated in chronicles: “the whole Russian land and black hoods.” The Persian historian Rashid ad-din (died in 1318), describing Rus' in 1240, writes: “The princes Batu and his brothers, Kadan, Buri and Buchek set out on a campaign to the country of the Russians and the people of the black caps.”
Subsequently, in order not to separate one from the other, the black hoods began to be called Cherkasy or Cossacks. In Moscow chronicle code the end of the 15th century, under the year 1152 it is explained: “All the Black Klobuks are called Cherkassy.” The Resurrection and Kiev Chronicles also speak about this: “And gather up your squad and go, taking with you Vyacheslav’s regiment, all and all the black hoods, which are called Cherkassy.”
Black hoods, due to their isolation, easily entered the service of both the Slavic and Turkic peoples. Their character and special differences in clothing, especially the headdress, were adopted by the peoples of the Caucasus, whose attire is now considered for some reason only to be Caucasian. But in ancient drawings, engravings and photographs, these clothes, and especially hats, can be seen among the Cossacks of Siberia, the Urals, Amur, Primorye, Kuban, Don, etc. Living together with the peoples of the Caucasus, an exchange of cultures took place and each tribe acquired something from the others, both in cuisine and in clothes and customs. From the Black Klobuks also came the Siberian, Yaitsky, Dnieper, Grebensky, Terek Cossacks, the first mention of the latter dates back to 1380, when free Cossacks living near the Grebenny Mountains blessed and presented the holy icon of the Mother of God (Grebnevskaya) to Grand Duke Dmitry (Donskoy) .

Grebensky, Tersky.
The word ridge is purely Cossack, meaning the highest line of the watershed of two rivers or gullies. In each Don village there are many such watersheds and they are all called ridges. In ancient times there was also a Cossack town of Grebni, mentioned in the chronicle of Archimandrite Anthony of the Donskoy Monastery. But not all combs lived on the Terek; in the old Cossack song, they are mentioned in the Saratov steppes:
As on the glorious steppes it was on Saratov,
Below the city of Saratov,
And higher up was the city of Kamyshin,
Friendly Cossacks gathered, free people,
They, brothers, gathered in a single circle:
like Don, Grebensky and Yaitsky.
Their chieftain is Ermak son Timofeevich...
Later in their origin, they began to add “living near the mountains, i.e. near the ridges.” Officially, the Terets trace their ancestry back to 1577, when the city of Terka was founded, and the first mention of the Cossack army dates back to 1711. It was then that the Cossacks of the Free Community of Grebenskaya formed the Grebensk Cossack Army.

Pay attention to the photograph from 1864, where the Greben people inherited a dagger from the Caucasian peoples. But in essence, this is an improved sword of the Scythians akinak. Akinak is a short (40-60 cm) iron sword used by the Scythians in the second half of the 1st millennium BC. e. In addition to the Scythians, the Akinaki were also used by the tribes of the Persians, Saks, Argypeans, Massagetae and Melanchleni, i.e. proto-Cossacks.
The Caucasian dagger is part of national symbols. This is a sign that a man is ready to defend his personal honor, the honor of his family and the honor of his people. He never parted with it. For centuries, the dagger has been used as a means of attack, defense and as a cutlery. The Caucasian dagger "Kama" is most widespread among the daggers of other peoples, Cossacks, Turks, Georgians, etc. The attribute of gazyrs on the chest appeared with the advent of the first firearm with a powder charge. This detail was first added to the clothing of a Turkic warrior, it was among the Mamelukes of Egypt, the Cossacks, but it was already established as an adornment among the peoples of the Caucasus.

The origin of the hat is interesting. Chechens adopted Islam during the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad. A large Chechen delegation that visited the prophet in Mecca was personally initiated into the essence of Islam by the prophet, after which in Mecca the envoys of the Chechen people accepted Islam. Muhamed gave them karakul for the journey to make shoes. But on the way back, the Chechen delegation, considering that it was not appropriate to wear the gift of the prophet on their feet, sewed hats, and now, before today, this is the main national headdress (Chechen papakha). Upon the return of the delegation to Chechnya, without any coercion, the Chechens accepted Islam, realizing that Islam is not only “Mohammedanism,” which originated from the Prophet Muhammad, but this original faith of monotheism, which made a spiritual revolution in the minds of people and laid a clear line between pagan savagery and true educated faith.

It was the Caucasians, who adopted military attributes from different peoples, adding their own, such as a burka, a hat, etc., who improved this style of military attire and secured it for themselves, which no one doubts today. But let's look at what military vestments they used to wear in the Caucasus.

In the middle photo above we see Kurds dressed according to the Circassian pattern, i.e. this attribute of military attire is already attached to the Circassians and will continue to be attached to them in the future. But in the background we see a Turk, the only thing he doesn’t have is gazyrs, that’s what makes him different. When the Ottoman Empire waged war in the Caucasus, the peoples of the Caucasus adopted some military attributes from them, as well as from the Greben Cossacks. In this mixture of cultural exchange and war, the universally recognizable Circassian woman and papakha appeared. The Ottoman Turks seriously influenced the historical course of events in the Caucasus, so some photographs are replete with the presence of Turks with Caucasians. But if not for Russia, many peoples of the Caucasus would have disappeared or been assimilated, such as the Chechens who left with the Turks for their territory. Or take the Georgians who asked for protection from the Turks from Russia.

As we see, in the past, the main part of the peoples of the Caucasus did not have their recognizable today attributes, “black caps”, they will appear later, but the combs have them, as the heirs of the “black caps” (hoods). We can cite as an example the origins of some Caucasian peoples.
Lezgins, ancient Alan-Lezgi, the most numerous and brave people in the entire Caucasus. They speak a light, sonorous language of Aryan root, but thanks to influence, starting from the 8th century. Arabic culture, which gave them their writing and religion, as well as pressure from neighboring Turkic-Tatar tribes, have lost much of their original nationality and now represent a striking, difficult-to-research mixture with Arabs, Avars, Kumyks, Tarks, Jews and others.
Neighbors of the Lezgins, to the west, along the northern slope of the Caucasus ridge, live the Chechens, who received their name from the Russians, actually from their large village “Chachan” or “Chechen”. The Chechens themselves call their nationality Nakhchi or Nakhchoo, which means people from the country of Nakh or Noach, i.e. Noah. According to folk tales, they came around the 4th century. to their present residence, through Abkhazia, from the area of ​​Nakhchi-Van, from the foot of Ararat (Erivan province) and pressed by Kabardians, they took refuge in the mountains, along the upper reaches of the Aksai, the right tributary of the Terek, where there is still the old village of Aksai, in Greater Chechnya , built once, according to the legend of the inhabitants of the village of Gerzel, by Aksai Khan. The ancient Armenians were the first to connect the ethnonym "Nokhchi", the modern self-name of the Chechens, with the name of the prophet Noah, the literal meaning of which means Noah's people. Georgians, from time immemorial, have called Chechens “Dzurdzuks,” which means “righteous” in Georgian.
According to the philological research of Baron Uslar, the Chechen language has some similarities with Lezgin, but in anthropological terms the Chechens are a mixed people. In the Chechen language there are quite a lot of words with the root “gun”, such as in the names of rivers, mountains, villages and tracts: Guni, Gunoy, Guen, Gunib, Argun, etc. They call the sun Dela-Molkh (Moloch). Mother of the sun - Aza.
As we saw above, many Caucasian tribes of the past do not have the usual Caucasian attributes, but all the Cossacks of Russia have them, from the Don to the Urals, from Siberia to Primorye.

And here below, there is already a discrepancy in military uniforms. Their historical roots began to be forgotten, and military attributes were copied from the Caucasian peoples.

After repeated renamings, mergers and divisions, the Grebensky Cossacks, according to the order of the Minister of War N 256 (dated November 19, 1860) “... were ordered: to remove the 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th brigades of the Caucasian linear Cossack troops, in full force, to form the “Terek Cossack Army”, incorporating into its composition the horse-artillery batteries of the Caucasian Linear Cossack Army No. 15 and the reserve... "
In Kievan Rus, subsequently, the semi-sedentary and sedentary part of the Black Klobuks remained in Porosye and over time were assimilated by the local Slavic population, taking part in the ethnogenesis of the Ukrainians. Their free Zaporozhye Sich ceased to exist in August 1775, when the Sich and the very name “Zaporozhye Cossacks” in Russia, according to Western plans, were destroyed. And only in 1783 Potemkin again gathered the surviving Cossacks into the sovereign service. The newly formed Cossack teams of the Zaporozhian Cossacks receive the name “Kosh of the faithful Zaporozhye Cossacks” and settle on the territory of the Odessa district. Soon after this (after repeated requests from the Cossacks and for their faithful service), they, by the personal decree of the Empress (dated January 14, 1788), were transferred to Kuban - to Taman. Since then, the Cossacks have been called Kuban.

IN in general terms The Siberian army of the Black Klobuks had a huge influence on the Cossacks throughout Russia; they were in many Cossack associations and were an example of the free and indestructible Cossack spirit.
The name “Cossack” itself dates back to the times of the Great Turan, when the Scythian peoples of Kos-saka or Ka-saka lived. For more than twenty centuries, this name has changed little; initially among the Greeks it was written as Kossahi. The geographer Strabo called the military people located in the mountains of Transcaucasia during the life of Christ the Savior by the same name. After 3-4 centuries, back in the ancient era, our name is repeatedly found in Tanaid inscriptions (inscriptions), discovered and studied by V.V. Latyshev. Its Greek style, Kasakos, was preserved until the 10th century, after which Russian chroniclers began to confuse it with the common Caucasian names Kasagov, Kasogov, Kazyag. The original Greek script of Kossahi gives two constituent elements of this name "kos" and "sakhi", two words with a specific Scythian meaning "White Sakhi". But the name of the Scythian tribe Sakhi is equivalent to their own Saka, and therefore the following Greek style “Kasakos” can be interpreted as a variant of the previous one, closer to the modern one. The change of the prefix “kos” to “kas” is obviously due to purely sound (phonetic) reasons, peculiarities of pronunciation and peculiarities of auditory sensations among different peoples. This difference continues to this day (Kazak, Kozak). Kossaka, in addition to the meaning of White Saki (Sakhi), has, as mentioned above, another Scythian-Iranian meaning - “White deer”. Remember the animal style of Scythian jewelry, tattoos on mummies Altai princess, most likely deer and deer buckles are attributes of the Scythian military class.

And the territorial name of this word was preserved in Sakha Yakutia (Yakuts in ancient times were called Yakolts) and SakhaLin. In the Russian people, this word is associated with the image of branched antlers, like elk, colloquially - elk deer, elk. So, we again returned to the ancient symbol of the Scythian warriors - the deer, which is reflected in the seal and coat of arms of the Cossacks of the Don Army. We should be grateful to them for preserving this ancient symbol warriors of the Rus and Rusyns who come from the Scythians.
Well, in Russia, Cossacks were also called Azov, Astrakhan, Danube and Transdanubian, Bug, Black Sea, Slobodsk, Transbaikal, Khopyor, Amur, Orenburg, Yaik - Ural, Budzhak, Yenisei, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Yakut, Ussuri, Semirechensk, Daur, Onon , Nerchen, Evenk, Albazin, Buryat, Siberian, you can’t cover everyone.
So, no matter what all these warriors are called, they are still the same Cossacks living in different parts of their country.

P.S.
There are the most important circumstances in our history that are hushed up by hook or by crook. Those who throughout our historical past have constantly played dirty tricks on us are afraid of publicity, afraid of being recognized. That’s why they hide behind false historical layers. These dreamers came up with their own story for us in order to hide their dark deeds. For example, why did the Battle of Kulikovo take place in 1380 and who fought there?
- Dmitry Donskoy, Prince of Moscow and Grand Duke of Vladimir, led the Volga and Trans-Ural Cossacks (Siberians), who are called Tatars in Russian chronicles. The Russian army consisted of princely horse and foot squads, as well as militia. The cavalry was formed from baptized Tatars, defected Lithuanians and Russians trained in Tatar equestrian combat.
- In Mamaev’s army there were Ryazan, Western Russian, Polish, Crimean and Genoese troops that fell under the influence of the West. Mamai's ally was the Lithuanian prince Jagiello, Dmitry's ally is considered to be Khan Tokhtamysh with an army of Siberian Tatars (Cossacks).
The Genoese financed the Cossack ataman Mamai, and promised the troops manna from heaven, i.e. “Western values,” well, nothing changes in this world. The Cossack ataman Dmitry Donskoy won. Mamai fled to Cafa and there, as unnecessary, was killed by the Genoese. So, the Battle of Kulikovo is a battle of Muscovites, Volga and Siberian Cossacks led by Dmitry Donskoy with an army of Genoese, Polish and Lithuanian Cossacks led by Mamai.
Of course, later the whole story of the battle was presented as a battle between the Slavs and foreign (Asian) invaders. Apparently, later, with tendentious editing, the original word “Cossacks” was replaced everywhere in the chronicles with “Tatars” in order to hide those who so unsuccessfully proposed “Western values”.
In fact, the Battle of Kulikovo was just an episode of a civil war that broke out, in which Cossack hordes of one state fought among themselves. But they sowed the seeds of discord, as the satirist Zadornov says - “traders”. It is they who imagine that they are chosen and exceptional, it is they who dream of world domination, and hence all our troubles.

These "traders" persuaded Genghis Khan to fight against his own people. The Pope and the French King Louis the Saint sent a thousand envoys, diplomatic agents, instructors and engineers, as well as the best European commanders, especially the Templars (knightly order), to Genghis Khan.
They saw that no one else was suitable for the defeat of both Palestinian Muslims and Orthodox Eastern Christians, Greeks, Russians, Bulgarians, etc., who once destroyed ancient Rome, and then Latin Byzantium. At the same time, to be sure and strengthen the blow, the popes began to arm the Swedish ruler of the throne, Birger, the Teutons, the Swordsmen and Lithuania against the Russians.
Under the guise of scientists and capital, they took administrative positions in the Uyghur kingdom, Bactria, and Sogdiana.
These rich scribes were the authors of the laws of Genghis Khan - "Yasu", in which all sects of Christians were shown great favor and tolerance, unusual for Asia, the popes and the Europe of that time. In these laws, under the influence of the popes, the Jesuits themselves, permission was expressed, with various benefits, to convert from Orthodoxy to Catholicism, which many of the Armenians took advantage of at that time, who later formed the Armenian Catholic Church.

To cover up the papal participation in this enterprise and to please the Asians, the main official roles and places were given to the best native commanders and relatives of Genghis Khan, and almost 3/4 of the secondary leaders and officials consisted mainly of Asian sectarians of Christians and Catholics. This is where Genghis Khan’s invasion came from, but the “traders” did not take into account his appetite, and cleaned up the pages of history for us, preparing the next meanness. All this is very similar to the “invasion of Hitler”, they themselves brought him to power and got it in the teeth from him, so that they had to take the goal of the “USSR” as an ally and delay our colonization. By the way, not so long ago, during the Opium War in China, these “traders” tried to repeat the “Genghis Khan-2” scenario against Russia, they spent a long time invading China with the help of Jesuits, missionaries, etc., but later, as they say: "Thank you Comrade Stalin for our happy childhood."
Have you wondered why Cossacks of various stripes fought both for Russia and against it? For example, some of our historians are perplexed why the governor of the Brodniks, Ploskin, who, according to our chronicle, stood with 30 thousand troops on the river. Kalka (1223), did not help the Russian princes in the battle with the Tatars. He even clearly sided with the latter, persuading the Kyiv prince Mstislav Romanovich to surrender, and then tied him up with his two sons-in-law and handed him over to the Tatars, where he was killed. As in 1917, here too there was a protracted civil war. Peoples related to each other were pitted against each other, nothing changes, the same principles of our enemies remain, “divide and conquer.” And so that we don’t learn lessons from this, the pages of history are being replaced.
But if the plans of the “traders” of 1917 were buried by Stalin, then the events described above were buried by Batu Khan. And of course both were smeared with indelible mud historical lies, their methods are like this.

13 years after the Battle of Kalka, the “Mongols” led by Khan Batu, or Batu, the grandson of Genghis Khan, from beyond the Urals, i.e. from the territory of Siberia moved to Russia. Batu had up to 600 thousand troops, consisting of many, more than 20, peoples of Asia and Siberia. In 1238, the Tatars took the capital of the Volga Bulgarians, then Ryazan, Suzdal, Rostov, Yaroslavl and many other cities; defeated the Russians at the river. City, took Moscow, Tver and went to Novgorod, where at the same time the Swedes and the Baltic crusaders were marching. It would be an interesting battle, the crusaders with Batu would storm Novgorod. But mud got in the way. In 1240, Batu took Kyiv, his goal was Hungary, where the old enemy of the Genghisids, the Polovtsian Khan Kotyan, had fled. Poland and Krakow fell first. In 1241, the army of Prince Henry and the Templars was defeated near Legica. Then Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and Hungary fell, Batu reached the Adriatic and took Zagreb. Europe was helpless; it was saved by the fact that Khan Udegey died and Batu turned back. Europe received a full blow in the teeth for its crusaders, Templars, bloody baptisms, and order reigned in Rus', the laurels for this remained with Alexander Nevsky, Batu’s brother-in-law.
But this mess began with the baptist of Rus', with Prince Vladimir. When he seized power in Kyiv, Kievan Rus began to increasingly unite with the Christian system of the West. Here we should note interesting episodes from the life of the baptist of Rus', Vladimir Svyatoslavich, including the brutal murder of his brother, the destruction of not only Christian churches, the rape of the prince’s daughter Ragneda in front of her parents, a harem of hundreds of concubines, a war against her son, etc. Already under Vladimir Monomakh, Kievan Rus represented the left flank of the Christian Crusader invasion of the East. After Monomakh, Rus' split into three systems - Kyiv, Darkness-Tarakan, Vladimir-Suzdal Rus'. When did Christianization begin? Western Slavs- the eastern considered this a betrayal and turned to the Siberian rulers for help. Seeing the threat of a crusader invasion and the future enslavement of the Slavs, many tribes united into a union on the territory of Siberia, and thus a state formation appeared - Great Tartary, which stretched from the Urals to Transbaikalia. Yaroslav Vsevolodovich was the first to call on Tartaria for help, for which he suffered. But thanks to Batu, who created the Golden Horde, the crusaders were already afraid of such power. But still, quietly, the “traders” destroyed Tartary.

Why everything happened this way, the question here is solved very simply. The conquest of Russia was led by papal agents, Jesuits, missionaries and other evil spirits, who promised all sorts of benefits and benefits to the local residents, and especially to those who helped them. In addition, in the hordes of the so-called “Mongol-Tatars” there were many Christians from Central Asia, who enjoyed many privileges and freedom of religion; Western missionaries, based on Christianity, spawned various kinds of religious movements there, such as Nestorianism.

Here it becomes clear why there is so much in the West vintage maps territories of Russia and especially Siberia. It becomes clear why the state formation on the territory of Siberia, which was called Great Tartaria, is kept silent. On early maps Tartaria is indivisible, on later maps it is fragmented, and since 1775, under the guise of Pugachevism, it has ceased to exist. So, with the collapse of the Roman Empire, the Vatican took its place and, continuing the traditions of Rome, organized new wars for its dominance. So the Byzantine Empire fell, and its successor Russia became the main target for Papal Rome, i.e. Now the Western world is "hucksters". For their insidious purposes, the Cossacks were like a bone in the throat. How many wars, upheavals, how much grief befell all our peoples, but the main historical time, known to us since ancient times, the Cossacks kicked our enemies in the teeth. Closer to our times, they still managed to break the dominance of the Cossacks and after the well-known events of 1917, the Cossacks were dealt a crushing blow, but it took them many centuries.

Who are the Cossacks? There is a version that they trace their ancestry to runaway serfs. However, some historians claim that the Cossacks go back to the 8th century BC.

Where did the Cossacks come from?

Magazine: History from the “Russian Seven”, Almanac No. 3, autumn 2017
Category: Mysteries of the Moscow Kingdom
Text: Alexander Sitnikov

The Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in 948 mentioned the territory in the North Caucasus as the country of Kasakhia. Historians attached particular importance to this fact only after Captain A.G. Tumansky in 1892 in Bukhara discovered the Persian geography “Gudud al Alem”, compiled in 982.
It turns out that the Kasak Land, which was located in the Azov region, is found there too. It is interesting that the Arab historian, geographer and traveler Abu-l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Hussein (896-956), who received the nickname of the imam of all historians, reported in his writings that the Kasakis who lived beyond the Caucasus ridge were not highlanders.
A meager description of a certain military people who lived in the Black Sea region and Transcaucasia is found in the geographical work of the Greek Strabo, who worked under the “living Christ.” He called them Kossakhs. Modern ethnographers provide data about the Scythians from the Turanian tribes of Kos-Saka, the first mention of which dates back to approximately 720 BC. It is believed that it was then that a detachment of these nomads made their way from Western Turkestan to the Black Sea lands, where they stopped.
In addition to the Scythians, on the territory of the modern Cossacks, that is, between the Black and Azov Seas, as well as between the Don and Volga rivers, Sarmatian tribes ruled, who created the Alanian state. The Huns (Bulgars) defeated it and exterminated almost its entire population. The surviving Alans hid in the north - between the Don and Donets and in the south - in the foothills of the Caucasus. Basically, it was these two ethnic groups - Scythians and Alans, who intermarried with the Azov Slavs, who formed a nation called “Cossacks”. This version is considered one of the basic ones in the discussion about where the Cossacks came from.

Slavic-Turanian tribes

Don ethnographers also connect the roots of the Cossacks with the tribes of northwestern Scythia. This is evidenced by burial mounds of the 3rd-2nd centuries BC.
It was at this time that the Scythians began to lead a sedentary lifestyle, intersecting and merging with the southern Slavs who lived in Meotida - on the eastern coast of the Sea of ​​​​Azov.
This time is called the era of “the introduction of the Sarmatians into the Meotians,” which resulted in the tribes of the Torets (Torkov, Udzov, Berendzher, Sirakov, Bradas-Brodnikov) of the Slavic-Turanian type. In the 5th century there was an invasion of the Huns, as a result of which part of the Slavic-Turanian tribes went beyond the Volga and into the Upper Don forest-steppe. Those who remained submitted to the Huns, Khazars and Bulgars, receiving the name “Kasaks”. After 300 years, they adopted Christianity (around 860 after the apostolic sermon of St. Cyril), and then, on the orders of the Khazar Kagan, drove out the Pechenegs. In 965, the Land of Kasak came under the control of Mstislav Rurikovich.

Tmutarakan

It was Mstislav Rurikovich who defeated the Novgorod prince Yaroslav near Listven and founded his principality - Tmutarakan, which extended far to the north. It is believed that this Cossack power was not at the peak of power for long, until about 1060, 1 and after the arrival of the Cuman tribes it began to gradually fade away,
Many residents of Tmutarakan fled to the north - to the forest-steppe and, together with Russia, fought with the nomads. This is how the Black Klobuki appeared, who were called Cossacks and Cherkasy in Russian chronicles. Another part of the inhabitants of Tmutarakan was called the Don Brodniks.
Like the Russian principalities, the Cossack settlements found themselves under the control of the Golden Horde, however, conditionally, enjoying broad autonomy. In the XIV-XV centuries, they started talking about the Cossacks as an established community, which began to accept fugitives from the central part of Russia.

Not Khazars and not Goths

There is another version, popular in the West, that the ancestors of the Cossacks were the Khazars. Its supporters argue that the words “hussar” and “Cossack” are synonymous, because in both the first and second cases we are talking about military horsemen. Moreover, both words have the same root “kaz”, meaning “strength”, “war” and “freedom”. However, there is another meaning - it is “goose”. But even here, advocates of the Khazar trace talk about the hussar horsemen, whose military ideology was copied by almost all countries, even Foggy Albion
The Khazar ethnonym of the Cossacks is directly stated in the “Constitution of Pilip Orlik”: “The ancient fighting people of the Cossacks, who were previously called Kazars, were first raised by immortal glory, spacious possessions and knightly honors...” Moreover, it is said that the Cossacks adopted Orthodoxy from Constantinople (Constantinople) during the era of the Khazar Kaganate.
In Russia, this version among the Cossacks causes fair criticism, especially against the backdrop of studies of Cossack genealogies, whose roots have Russian origin. So, hereditary Kuban Cossack, academician Russian Academy arts Dmitry Shmarin spoke out with anger in this regard: “The author of one of these versions of the origin of the Cossacks is Hitler. He even has a separate speech on this topic. According to his theory, the Cossacks are Goths. Visigoths are Germans. And the Cossacks are Ostrogoths, that is, descendants of the Ostrogoths, allies of the Germans, close to them by blood and warlike spirit. In terms of belligerence, he compared them with the Teutons. Based on this, Hitler proclaimed the Cossacks the sons of great Germany. So, should we now consider ourselves descendants of the Germans?

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