1. Arab tribes and the birth of Islam.
Arabia and those countries that were influenced by Arab culture - Iran, Syria, Egypt, Palestine, as well as the states of North Africa had a long history. Tribes that inhabited the main territory of Arabia. – Bedouin nomads who called themselves Arabs (in translation “Arab” means “dashing rider”) were a formidable force for the settled population. It was among nomadic tribes that Islam (in Arabic - “submission”) arose.
The founder of Islam was the prophet Muhammad (Mohammed). In the 7th century, in 622, Muhammad preached in Mecca, then in Medina, a city that went down in history as the city of the prophet. This year is considered the beginning of the Muslim calendar. In 630, having defeated Mecca, Muhammad returned to Medina, which became the center of Islam. At the same time, the Arab Caliphate is created, and Muhammad becomes its supreme leader, in whose hands spiritual and temporal power are united. His associates, and then his successors, carried out whole line conquests that expanded the territory of the Caliphate. Islam (or Islam) became the state religion of the Arab East. By the 8th century. The Arabs subjugated Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, part of Transcaucasia, Central Asia, and Spain. North Africa, and by the 10th century. The Emirates were formed - independent parts of this political entity.
2. The rise of Arab culture.
The greatest flourishing of Arab culture dates back to the 8th – 11th centuries. In the early Middle Ages, each Arab tribe had its own poet. Various folklore traditions have developed. Poets who wrote in rhythmic prose praised their contemporaries or denounced their enemies. Arab cities were distinguished by their varied and rich architecture. During their construction, as a rule. Samples of the architecture of conquered countries were used - especially the Greek and Roman traditions (temples, churches, markets, baths). The dome of the Rock Mosque in Jerusalem became a symbol of the greatness of Islam. The Mosque of the Rock and the dome itself were erected on the site where previously there was a stone on which Abraham was supposed to sacrifice his son Isaac. To prove your faith. The architectural monument was erected in honor of Abraham and Solomon - this was its religious meaning. The octagonal shape and dome came from early Christian church traditions, and the mosaic panels were made using Byzantine designs. Yet the Dome of the Rock temple in Jerusalem was intended as a symbol of the victory of Islam over Judaism and Christianity. New sanctuaries arose everywhere. The mosque performed a particularly important function. As a rule, the very power of Islam was embodied in the size and richness of the decoration. Mohammed prohibited human images to avoid idolatry. In the Muslim religion there are no priests, but there are teachers.
In the 8th century In the capital of the Umayyad dynasty - Damascus - a mosque was built on the site of an ancient temple from the time of Augustus. Asserting the power of the Caliphate and the glorification of Islam, the architects used classical marble columns, inlays on the walls and mosaic decorations of extraordinary subtlety and beauty in the interior decoration.
In 750 the Abbasids came to power and declared the Caliphate blessed. Numerous officials took part in the administration of the Caliphate. The capital is moved from Damascus to Baghdad. The city was built according to a circular plan, in the center of which was the palace of the caliphate. Around the mosque there were streets, markets, and merchants' shops. In this way, the power of the caliph was established, in whose hands was everything around, as well as politics and religion - the entire structure of Muslim society.
3. Distribution scientific knowledge and the covenants of Islam.
Baghdad was later abandoned by the Caliph, but even then this city remains one of the most important centers of Islamic culture. Caliph al-Ma'mun (813-833) built an observatory and a university called the House of Wisdom. The dissemination of scientific knowledge was facilitated by translations into Arabic works of Aristotle, Archimedes, Plato, Euclid. In the 9th century. Ptolemy's works on geography were translated into Arabic, paper was imported from China, which contributed to the spread of written texts. Scribes—copyists of texts into Arabic—were especially respected. Their calligraphy had to be impeccable. The text of the Koran was protected from translation for many years - the words of the prophet Mohammed were holy, they had their own religious meaning, since they were a means of uniting man with God.
The centers of Arab medieval science were Baghdad, Charon, Basra and Kufa. The “House of Science” was created in Baghdad, uniting scientists from different fields of knowledge, which included a library and an observatory. By the 10th century madrassas were opened - secondary and higher Muslim schools, and “Arabic numbers” came in the 10th-13th centuries. to Europe. At the same time, Arabic grammar appeared, which became the basis of literature for many centuries. Since the 9th century. Historical works devoted to Arab history are being created.
4. Arabic literature.
Arabic poetry of the Middle Ages is represented by several names. The poetry of Cebu Nuwasa (747-762) is based on perfect form, celebrates fun, love of life, and is sometimes ironic. Abu al-Atahiya (12th century), in contrast, saw the basis of poetry in faith and asceticism and detachment from the world. He wrote about the vanity of life, contrasting it with the ideas of morality. The life and work of another poet, Al-Mutanabbi (12th century), was spent in search and wandering; he dedicated his poems to the rulers of Syria, Iran, and Egypt. Over time, many verses turned into aphorisms. The pinnacle of Arab medieval poetry is considered to be the work of the Syrian Abu al-Alaal Maari (973-1057). Being blind since childhood, the poet managed to study the Koran. He knew theology, old Arabic traditions and modern poetry.
By the X-XV centuries. A collection of Arabic folk tales was formed - “A Thousand and One Nights”. It includes revised plots from Persian, Indian, and Greek legends. The images of Aladdin, Ali Baba, Sinbad the Sailor, Bedouins, merchants, and sultans have entered the treasury of Arab and world literature.
The pinnacle of poetry of the Middle Ages is the work of Omar Khayyam (1048-1122). The famous Persian poet and scientist created his philosophical and free-thinking, often hedonistic rubai (a special form of verse). His works have been translated by many poets around the world, including Russians.
5. Sharia laws.
The Koran influenced not only the appearance of works of art, it also determined the norms of behavior, life and morals of the Arabs. Sharia - a code of morality and character - regulated the personal and public life of a Muslim. The Koran defined daily life Muslim, regulating the law, marriage, divorce. The woman in the family occupied a subordinate position, and the man (he could have four wives) was the head of the family. The doctrine of jinn (creatures created by Allah from smokeless fire) played an important role. The jinn were inferior to man and the angels created from light. It was believed that they constantly lie in wait for a person, so before committing any act, he must ask Allah for protection from demons. Although fortune telling did take place. Moreover, high (white) magic was allowed, which helped for noble purposes. Black magic came from evil shaitans and was prohibited.
Subject: " Art culture of the Muslim East, the logic of abstract beauty.”
Date: "___"_______________ 20 "___". Grade: 10.
Lesson 8.
Target : study the features of the art of the Islamic East; form an idea about national features temple architecture.
Lesson type : Combined.
Equipment : computer, presentation, MHC textbook.
During the classes.
I . Organizing time.
II . Updating students' knowledge.
Checking reports.
Plan:
1. Arabesque illustrations.
2. Art of the Muslim East.
3. Arabic architecture.
4.Alhambra from a bird's eye view
III . Preparing to study new material.
The Muslim East is a huge region that unites different peoples based on the youngest of the world's religions - Islam.
The medieval culture of Muslim countries occupies one of the most important places in the history of world civilization. Numerous monuments of the Middle Ages have been preserved, testifying to a single original artistic tradition, which was born under the influence of the teachings about Allah. The connection between religion and art in Muslim culture is indissoluble.
IV . Learning new material.
Fine art of the Arab East is presented various types ornament, calligraphy and wonderful book miniatures. The earliest form of ornamental art is the arabesque (from the French "Arabic"). Arabesque is the European name for a complex oriental medieval ornament, a linear-geometric pattern consisting mainly of geometric, calligraphic and floral elements and created on the basis of precise mathematical calculations.
1. Arabesque illustrations
The pattern included plant motifs, inscriptions, images of animals, birds, people and fantastic creatures were woven into it. The arabesque served as a beautiful background, filling the entire emptiness of space. They maintain a measured rhythm and repeatability of the pattern throughout the entire composition.
Eastern thinkers compared arabesque to music, designed to “create new and more perfect beauty.” As in music, ornament has great emotional expressiveness and gives rise to a complex range of feelings, moods and thoughts. Arabesque is characterized by colors: bright cobalt, emerald green, red and yellow. Oriental ornament is called “music for the eyes.”
The Quran teaches that Allah cannot be seen or touched. Therefore, the Koran was never illustrated. This is where the ban on images comes from. visible world and living beings in religious art. The main decoration of the sacred text was the letter itself - the famous Arabic calligraphy. In the culture of the Muslim East, this art was especially highly valued. In the 7th century, the rectilinear, angular Kufi handwriting emerged. Kufic writing adorns the walls of monumental architectural structures.
Lesson objectives:
- To acquaint children with the masterpieces of Islamic architecture, with the work of the poet, scientist, philosopher Omar Khayyam, with the ancient form of Persian poetry - rubai;
- Develop a love for beauty, instill aesthetic taste, ability to work with texts;
- Cultivate love and respect for cultural heritage humanity.
Equipment:
- multimedia projector,
- multimedia presentation ,
- individual handouts,
- book exhibition on this topic,
- structural and logical diagram of Islam.
During the classes
1. Organizational moment.
Teacher's word: Assalamualaikum! Hello! It was no coincidence that I started our lesson with an oriental greeting.
The East has long captivated travelers with its original culture, wealth and some kind of mystery. Eastern beauty, oriental songs, dances, poems - all this amazed those who visited eastern countries. Refinement in everything: in aromas, in clothes, in manners.
Many call the East wise, some call it treacherous, many call it beautiful! Today we will try to look under the mysterious veil of Eastern culture.
1st slide– the topic of the lesson is announced:
"Artistic culture of the Islamic East"
But before we talk about cultural achievements, let's remember the religion that dominated the East.
3. Checking homework.
Task No. 1. Blitz - survey.
- name the youngest religion in the world (Islam)
- when did she appear? (In the 7th century AD)
- where did Islam originate? (On the Arabian Peninsula)
- Is Islam a belief in one God or polytheism? (In Allah, 1 god)
- main centers of Islam? (Mecca and Medina)
- holy book of muslims (Koran)
- name the five pillars of Islam (confession of faith; hajj; prayer five times a day; zakat (charity, sadaqah); fasting).
- holy day for muslims (Friday)
Task No. 2. Correct errors in the text (underline identified errors)
Islam as a religion appeared in the 3rd millennium BC. It originated in Mesopotamia and spread throughout the world. The founder of Islam was Sindhartha Gautama. During his meditations, he saw a vision of Allah, who spoke prophecies. Subsequently, these prophecies were compiled into the holy book of Muslims, the Talmud. The main Muslim centers are Athens and Rome, where Muslims gather once a year. Gautama was called a prophet. All Muslims must keep the 10 commandments. (Write them in the blank lines).
On Sunday, a holy day for all Muslims, believers must pray and fast.
4. New topic.
The teacher’s word: “West is West, East is East, they will never meet…”. These words spoken by R. Kipling, fortunately, did not turn out to be prophetic. Eastern culture did not develop in isolation from culture European countries. Having absorbed many of its features, it at the same time had a significant influence on general character cultures of the peoples of Europe. Along the Great Silk Road, which passed through many states in ancient times, for two millennia not only the exchange of goods took place, but also the interpenetration of cultures of the peoples of the East and West. For a long time Eastern culture remained behind seven seals. It began to be studied relatively recently, in the 19th century. And now we will take a step towards understanding the mysterious and unique Eastern, Islamic culture.
Slide 2: Arab Caliphate (the teacher tells the children about the formation of the Arab Caliphate).
Slide 3: Ulugbek Madrasah in Samarkand
Guys, we are now going to have a little research work. There are texts in front of you, you read them and answer the questions given after the text. Some architectural elements mosques need to be shown on screen.
Sheet No. 2
The earliest creation of Muslim architecture was the mosque, where believers gathered for prayer. Initially, it was a square courtyard or hall surrounded by galleries on pillars or columns. The beam ceilings of the galleries are located on pointed or horseshoe-shaped arches supported by small columns. On one of the walls there is an altar niche (mihrab), facing Mecca, the holy city of Muslims. The main facade of the entire structure from the street side was decorated with an iwan, i.e. arched portal of large scale. In addition, it was complemented by minarets - slender towers, from the top platform of which the priest (muezzin) called believers to prayer five times a day.
Madrasah is spiritual, educational institution, differs from a mosque in that the courtyard gallery is divided into small rooms - hudjras, in which seminarians live.
Questions to the text:
- Where did Muslims pray?
- What is the mosque, what does it look like?
- What is the name of the altar niche?
- Which direction does the altar niche face?
- How it was registered main facade from the street?
- What was added to the mosque?
- Who called for prayer?
5. Teacher: Guys, you have done research work at home and prepared reports on the pearls of Islamic architecture.
Children's performances:
- 4th slide:“Taj Mahal” - Yakovshchenko Anastasia.
- 5th slide:“Bibi Khanum” - Anastasia Seredinskaya.
- 6th slide:"Kaaba" - Kismetov Aman.
6. Relaxation.
Teacher: The East is famous not only for its monuments, but also for its wonderful music and dancing. We invite you to watch this dance.
(Children dance dance).
7. Work on slide 7:
The rubai of Omar Khayyam is displayed on the screen, the teacher reads: -
We are the purpose of creation, its meaning is excellent,
The gaze of the deity and the essence of the seeing eyes.
The circle of the world is a precious ring,
And we are in that ring - a set diamond.
Teacher question: Who do you think these words belong to?
(Children's answers).
Teacher: Indeed, these words belong to Omar Khayyam.
(Teacher reads a poem):
The pen gives birth to the word, and the word itself
Everything was pronounced with the same word.
Through the word glory came to life,
The word lifted the veil from the mystery.
Without living words and the song is dead,
If you throw words out of music.
Under the sky you can call it perfection.
Breath is life, the law of the living,
This idea is confirmed by the word.
Teacher: The word, especially poetic, has always been valued in the East. When did it come Peaceful time, poets performed at folk holidays with their own improvisations, competing in this skill with newcomers from other cities. Connoisseurs especially appreciated the precision and brevity of poetic forms (rubai, ghazal, qasida), which became widespread throughout the Arab world. In short poetic lines, poets sought to convey a complete thought and describe the whole range of feelings and moods characteristic of man.
8. Teacher: Guys, you have prepared a biography of Omar Khayyam. Let's listen to who he was and fill out the table, which is called “Biography of Omar Khayyam.” Open sheet No. 3.
Biography of Omar Khayyam.
(Students are speaking and filling out the table).
9. Work on slide 8:
Teacher: What are rubai? Let's turn to the explanatory dictionary
Rubai are philosophical maxims. The word "sentiments" has 2 meanings.
- A saying of a moral nature, moral teaching;
- Legal verdict.
Teacher: Rubais have been called the flying form of Persian poetry. Representing one of the oldest forms of Persian poetry, the quatrain came into written literature from oral folk art.
Khayyam's rubai amazes with its extreme logical precision, philosophical weight, and dark and daring irony. These verses are a dispute with God about the reasonableness and justice of the world order, a dispute that the fearless scientist, always doubting and rebellious, waged all his life. Khayyam saturates the folk song form with previously uncharacteristic themes of reflective lyrics, characteristic of other types of poetry. He was the pioneer of these themes in the rubaiyat, mastering the tiny enclosed space of four lines to talk with God about man's place in the universe. The small poetic form requires extreme economy in the use of poetic expressive means and a high concentration of meaning. Relying on his analytical, sharp mind, using the experience of folk and literary eloquence. Khayyam created a surprisingly flexible genre form capable of containing depths philosophical thought, an evil epigram, a table couplet, a love sketch.
10. Independent work. Sheet No. 4.
We present to your attention rubai. You need to read them carefully and arrange them in a table by number.
11. Work on slides No. 9, No. 10, No. 11.
Reading and analysis of rubaiyat.
12. Lesson summary.
Teacher: The rubai of Omar Khayyam are a striking phenomenon in the culture of the Muslim East. They amaze with their wisdom and desire for harmony, which Great master knew how to see the world. Much in the work of the great genius has not yet been fully understood and appreciated; his personality remains a mystery. This lesson is just a glimpse into the world of one of the titans of an amazing era. I wish you to open “the doors to the Universe, whose name is Omar Khayyam.”
What influence did Islam have on the development of architecture and fine arts of Muslim peoples?
Describe the variety of styles of Muslim architecture of the Middle Ages. List the names of famous architectural monuments
What place does ornament occupy in the art of Muslim peoples? Name its main types
What role did poetry play in artistic culture? What are its characteristic features?
What is special about Omar Khayyam's poetry? Why have his poems not lost their appeal even today?
Islam in Bashkortostan
How did the spread of Islam take place in Bashkortostan, and how long did it last? What are the features of this process?
What influence did the Muslim religion have on the development of writing and education of the Bashkir and Tatar peoples?
How Islam influenced architecture, art and literature of Bashkortostan?
What place, along with Islam, did paganism occupy in the consciousness and way of life of the Bashkirs? Name specific examples
How did state-Islamic relations develop in Bashkortostan from the 16th to the beginning of the 21st century?
Message topics
1) M. Watt’s book “The Influence of Islam on Medieval Europe”
2) Islam and economics
3) Sharia - the law of life of the Muslim community
4) Muslim etiquette
5) The life and work of the great scientist and poet Omar Khayyam
Benchmark tests
1. The commandments, or pillars of Islam, are not...
a) five times prayer
b) visiting a mosque
d) pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina
d) war for faith
2. Arabesque is...
a) one of the Muslim holidays
b) the finest ornament in the art of Muslim countries
c) a non-believer who converted to Islam
d) a religious tower from which a Muslim cleric calls believers to prayer
3. Rhymed quatrains in Arabic poetry are called...
d) hadiths
4. Ibn Sina (Avicenna) was...
a) caliph who patronized science and art
b) a prophet
c) philosopher, doctor, poet and statesman
d) a famous medieval architect
5. The types and genres of fine and decorative arts that developed in the countries of the Muslim East in the Middle Ages are...
a) sculpture
d) calligraphy
e) graphics
e) ornament
6. “Sunnah” is...
a) eating ritual
b) Muslim holiday
c) Muslim calendar
d) the sacred tradition of Muslims
7. Feature Muslim art is…
a) a uniform style for all Islamic states
b) prohibition on depicting God and living beings
c) recognition of man as the center of the Universe
d) asceticism, simplicity, monotony
8. Shariah is...
a) sacrifice
b) religious sect
c) Muslim court
d) a set of religious, ethical and legal precepts of Islam
9. The characteristic features of the Islamic mentality include...
a) individualism and rationality
b) mysticism and occultism
c) communalism and religiosity
d) asceticism and fatalism
10. The main types of Muslim architecture include...
a) mosque
b) madrasah
c) pyramid
d) mausoleum
d) minaret
e) ziggurat
11.Characteristic feature Arab-Islamic scientific thought is...
a) atheism
b) mythological
c) encyclopedic
d) anthropocentrism
12.Monuments of Muslim architecture on the territory of Bashkortostan are…
a) Mausoleum of Hussein Beg
b) Arkaim settlement
c) The first cathedral mosque in Ufa
d) Taj Mahal mausoleum
WESTERN CULTURE
First lesson
Ancient culture and its role in the formation
Foundations of Western Civilization
Name and characterize the value system ancient culture. What factor was most important for its development?
What are the differences between cultures Ancient Greece and Rome? What are the features of the mentality of the ancient Greeks and Romans?
Name the features of ancient Greek religion and mythology. What is their place and role in European art?
List the most famous monuments cultures of the ancient world.
What values of antiquity did the industrial civilization of the West inherit?
Give examples of the development of ancient heritage in Russian culture
Culture of the European Middle Ages. Christianity as the spiritual basis of culture
When did the term "Middle Ages" appear? What are chronological framework European Middle Ages?
What factors determined the uniqueness of culture? medieval Europe?
Name and characterize the main tenets of Christianity and show their influence on the mentality of Europeans
What is the essence of the moral teaching of Christianity? Which main idea is the basis of this doctrine? Remember the famous biblical truths that relate to human morality
What influence did the Christian religion have on the mentality and way of life of Europeans? How did Christianity and the Roman Catholic Church influence the development of science and education?
Briefly describe the first pan-European art styles- Romanesque and Gothic
What place does Christianity occupy in modern Western culture?
8.3 Culture of the Renaissance (Renaissance)
What is Renaissance? Name its characteristic features and values
What attracted Renaissance figures to the culture of antiquity?
What importance was attached to human personality? What were the requirements for it?
What is the role of the ideology of humanism in the formation and development of modern Western civilization?
Name the most famous architects, sculptors and artists Italian Renaissance. List their famous creations
What is Northern Renaissance? Name its main centers. What are distinctive features Northern Renaissance culture?
Message topics
1) Religion and mythology of Ancient Greece
2) The role of spectacle in ancient culture
3) Existence and mentality of a medieval European
4) Titans of the Renaissance: Michelangelo, Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci
Second lesson
Reformation ideological basis
Modern Western culture
Define the Reformation, briefly describe its course and results
What new ideas about the church and worldly life did Protestantism develop? What is the essence of the Protestant work ethic?
What is the influence of Protestantism on the personality culture of modern times?
Provide evidence that Protestantism contributed to the establishment of the industrial civilization of the West.
Enlightenment as the most important stage in development
Industrial civilization of the West
What is Enlightenment? Name and characterize his ideas and values. List the names of the most famous educators.
What impact did Enlightenment ideas have on the development of science and education? How did they influence the artistic culture of the West?
What fundamental principles and values of modern Western civilization were established thanks to the ideas of the Enlightenment?
8.3 Post-industrial (information) society:
Trends in culture change
What is post-industrial (information) culture? Name her features.
What changes are observed in such areas of post-industrial society as production and management, science and education?
What role in modern world does information play?
How does standardization, unification of life and working conditions affect culture?
How worldviews change spiritual world person?
Message topics
2) M. Weber on the Protestant ethic
3) The role of science and technology in the culture of the 20th – 11th centuries
4) Postmodernism in XX culture – beginning of the XXI V
5) Avant-garde and traditions in modern culture
Benchmark tests
1. A characteristic feature of the Western type of culture is...
a) fatalism
b) rationalism
c) collectivism
d) the desire for constancy and stability
2. Research position according to which European culture is a model or standard for the study of any other culture, called...
a) Eurocentrism
b) anthropocentrism
c) Westernism
d) sociocentrism
3. Characteristic feature of culture ancient Greece is…
a) elitism
b) agonality
c) symbolism
d) dogmatism
4. An indulgence is called...
a) the process of reforming the Catholic Church
b) religious rite in Catholicism
c) paper granting remission of sins
d) the fight against the reform of the Catholic Church
5. Bible from Latin to German translated...
a) Zwingli
b) J. Calvin
c) M. Luther
6. Representatives of Protestantism are...
a) people protesting against church reform
b) people protesting against something
c) representatives of medieval art
d) adherents of a branch of Christianity
7. The doctrine of deism is...
a) the doctrine of Divine predestination human life
b) the teachings of M. Luther and J. Calvin
c) direction in medieval church painting
d) the doctrine of God as a creator, after which he does not interfere with earthly life
8. The dominant role of the Christian church is characteristic of...
a) ancient culture
c) the culture of the Enlightenment
d) Renaissance culture
9. Baroque is...
a) a movement in modernism
b) architectural direction of the 20s. XX century, which developed the principles of construction public buildings using reinforced concrete structures, strictly geometric, simplified forms
c) the main stylistic direction in the artistic culture of Europe in the late 15th and mid 19th centuries, gravitating towards solemnity, pomp and variety of forms
10. Classicism is:
a) direction in artistic culture of the early twentieth century. opposed to modernism
b) style in painting
c) a direction in the artistic culture of the 17th - early 19th centuries, turned to ancient art as an aesthetic standard
11. Art direction V XIX culture century, associated with the desire to comprehend reality in all its completeness and diversity is called...
a) romanticism
b) expressionism
c) realism
d) baroque
12. The culture of postmodernism is characterized by... (at least two options)
a) denial traditional culture
b) eclecticism, mixing and coexistence of all genres, styles and trends
c) denial popular culture
d) regulation cultural processes from the state