THE FIRST MILITARY OF 1611 is a military and political formation created with the goal of liberating Moscow from Polish-Lithuanian troops and further fighting them.
Tra-di-tion of the name of military militias (see also the Second militia of 1611-1612) established, restored goes to see S.M. So-lov-e-vu and more than once -niya of military people, acting in the composition of various state-political organizations. la-ge-ray in the Time of Troubles, known earlier - in 1604-1606 and especially at the end of 1608 - 1609.
The formation of the first militia in Yan-va-re - on March 1611, in a considerable degree of spi-hii-noe, became from -that's a drastic change in the situation in the Russian state. From the end of August 1610, two processes took place in parallel. On the one hand, pro-is-ho-di-lo in most cases voluntarily when-not-see-sya- gi ko-ro-le-vi-chu Vla-di-sla-vu (future Polish king Vla-di-slav IV) as the Russian tsar on the basis of do-go-vo -ra dated August 17 (27), 1610, under-pi-san-no-go get-man S. Zhol-kev-sky with “Se-mi-bo-yar-schi-na”, you-stu -fallen on behalf of “all ranks” of the Russian state. The agreement should have been confirmed in the translations of the Russian “great” words and the Polish king and pre-po-la-ga-lo, in particular, the transfer of ko-ro-le-vi-cha to the right-to-glory, his quickest arrival in Russia, You are from the country of the Ko-ro-lion-skih ranks. On the other hand, Vladimir's father, the Polish king Si-gis-mund III, sought to establish personal power in the Russian state. He did not intend to recognize the agreement either as a whole or in its individual articles (with the exception of the article) about the election of his son by the Russian Tsar), he considered it necessary to pro-ve-de-de-en-the-second time at the same time on his name and in the name of Vla-di-sla-va. To fight against the forces of False Dmitry II and establish control over the loyal False Dmitry II cities Ro-lyu would not-about-ho-di-ma be free from other military actions of the army, to maintain something he is on-me-re -was funded by funds from the Russian treasury. From-here-you-are-on-stay-chi-voe-tre-bo-va-nie Si-giz-mun-da III about ka-pi-tu-la-tion gar-ni-zo- to Smo-len-ska (with no-se-no-gi only in his name). Ka-pi-tu-la-tsia and the further fate of Smo-len-ska became, on the initiative of the Polish se-na-to-ditch, from November 1610 Ti-che-ski single-st-ven-noy theme on the per-re-go-vo-rah with the Russian “great-in-salt-st-vom”. “Se-mi-bo-yar-schi-na” under-keep-zhi-va-la in the main points according to the position of Si-giz-mun-da III in its gram-mo-ts to in Slam and to Smolensk (November 1610 - January 1611). She actually recognized the king as the pre-ro-ga-ti-you of the supreme power to govern the country (August before -the thief did not give any right for this).
Separate assignments to various posts (including in the pri-kazy) in Moscow on behalf of the king began from the end of August 1610 years, masses - from September September. Beginning in September 1610, Si-gis-mund III began to implement numerous complaints in the localities and even here rank without real consideration of the layers of life on earth in this or that county. At the end of the year, at the Ko-ro-Levo headquarters near Smo-lensk, they were already middle and lower for official positions -next level both in the capital and in the places (then where-after-were the individual com-plaints in the city- before the wars of the Polish and Lithuanian roads).
Under the pre-log-gom of the fight against the detachments of False Dmitry II S. Zhol-kev-sky on the initiative of “Se-mi-bo-yar-schi-ny” » introduced the Ko-ro-levsky gar-ni-zon into Moscow on the night of September 21 (October 1), 1610 (in October 1610 he took the key -vye-zi-tions in the Krem-le, Ki-tai-go-ro-de and Bel-lom go-ro-de). The decisions of “Seven-bo-yar-schi-ny” and the activity of the call from the se-re-di-ny of November - December 1610 control Li-ro-va-lis commander of the Ko-ro-lev-sky gar-ni-zon A.K. Gon-sev-sky and sent-by Si-giz-mun-dom III of his becoming-len-ni-ka-mi. The assassination of False Dmitry II on December 11 (21), 1610, which caused a crisis in the troops of the self-proclaimer and in the territories under his control. ri-to-ri-yah, let Si-giz-mun-du III uk-re-drink their influence there too.
Information about the na-me-re-ni-yahs and actions-st-vi-yahs of the Polish king as they entered the cities of the Russian state as from Mo- sk-you, and from “ve-li-ko-go po-sol-st-va” from near Smo-len-ska (in December 1610 it turned out to be actually under arrest stoma).
The re-establishment in Moscow is prin-tsi-pi-al-but from-me-ni-lo lo-zun-gi and political program first militia. In the April crucifixion grams, disseminated on behalf of P.P. La-pu-no-va according to the cities, sfor-mu-li-ro-va-ny renunciation of the pri-ne-se-niya of the pri-sya-gi and Si-giz-mun-du III , and ko-ro-le-vi-chu Vla-di-sla-vu, a ban on providing them with any help, any service, demand -the idea of an armed struggle with the goal of expelling the Russian state from the territory (mostly from Moscow and from near Smo-lensk) all military for-mi-ro-va-niya Re-chi Po-spo-li-toy. In ideological terms, this trak-va-lo is like the restoration of the su-ve-re-ni-te-that royal power and non-za-vi -si-mo-sti of the Russian state, as the preservation of the official status of the Russian Orthodox Church. Discussion of questions about the no-si-te-le of the supreme power, deadlines, possible can-di-da-tahs and us- lo-vi-yah from-bra-niya no-vo-go mo-nar-ha from-cla-dy-va-elk.
Resurrection in Moscow and the arrival of the first militia to the capital of the sti-mu-li-ro-va-li you-stu-p-le-niya and in other regions nah. So, in the ap-re-le, a number of Russian nobles of the western counties rebelled (Smo-len-sko-go, Do-ro-go-buzh-sko-go, Bel -sko-go, To-ro-pets-ko-go, Vya-zem-sko-go, etc.) led by the military leader I.N. Sal-you-to-you (formerly the active side of the co-ro-la), directed by Si-giz-mun-dom III with not-pain- we'll move from a number of Lithuanian roads on a march to uk-re-p-le-niya the Ko-ro-Leo-gar-ni-zo-nov along the road to Mo -sk-ve. Already in the beginning of whose way you were killed, and Sal-ty-kov wrote a letter from the co-ro- for you are his troops from the Russian state. This performance was largely connected with the mass of you con-fi-ska-tsiya-mi in-place and ra-zo-rit. re-press-siya-mi against the Smolensk nobles, once again by the spring of 1611. Soon Sal-ty-kov, together with other individuals, attempted to form an army in Bryansk for military operations against the Royal troops near Smolensk. As a result, most of the nobles of the western counties ended up by the end of June in the first militia near Moscow.
Practically at the same time with the movement from the ranks of the first militia to Moscow, not later than on March 1611, in Nov-go-ro-de po-sa-di-li in the prison of the ko-ro-lion-skogo before-sta-vi-te-lya - battle-ri-na I.M. Sal-you-ko-va, actually fulfilling the functions of the 1st Voivodeship (arrived in the city in early October 1610, brought almost the entire Novgorod land to the throne in the name of Vla-di-sla-va, later executed as a traitor). For example, in the se-re-di-not March of the 1st Vo-vo-da Nov-go-ro-da Prince I.N. Odo-evsky Bolshoy and Nov-gorod promised military help the first militia. Rat-ni-ki set off from Nov-go-ro-da to Moscow on April 21 (May 1), 1611, but it’s unlikely that they managed to get there before the camp of the first militia, the Novgorod authorities were hardly the first in the country to recognize in the se-re-di-not ap-re-la not-behind-us all the lands in the name of Vla-di-sla-va, and before-everyone in the estate of the palace lands. At the beginning of May, full-fledged representatives of the first militia arrived in Novgorod - so-called V.I. Bu-tur-lin (from the vicinity of La-pu-no-va), Prince S.G. Zve-ni-go-rod-sky and others.
In May 1611, the formation of new military and state administration bodies in the first militia continued.
Most likely, according to the “Co-ve-ta of the whole earth”, P.P. became the official leaders of the first militia. Lya-pu-nov (played the leading role), as well as the Tu-shin battles, Prince D.T. Tru-bets-koi and I.M. Za-ruts-ky; no later than May 22 (June 1), 1611, all official decrees began to be issued on behalf of these individuals. A new deadline was set for arrival [no later than May 25 (June 4)] to serve in the first militia of nobles and children of the Boyars from under the con- troll districts for him. For example, when was the decision made about the restoration of state-administrative activity in the first militia under the call (already in the se-re-di-not of May - the local order and one of the pri-ka-call-of-the-fourths did not act). This was facilitated by the fact that during and after the uprising in Moscow, the ranks of the first militia became more than the lo-vi-noy of Moscow clerks and the big-shin-st-vom of the devil-sneeze. In the official press of the first militia from March to the end of July 1611, the personal seal La-pu-no was used va. In the first militia, along with the regiments (by the end of June there were at least five of them), with one hundred nobles, Strel-tsov, serving Cossacks, do separate groups of district children of Bo-Yarsky continue to exist, “ servants ta-tars,” as well as the hundred-nine ka-za-kovs led by ata-ma-na-mi. By July 1611, the first militia numbered approximately 12-14 thousand soldiers with very different qualities -vu-ru-same-ne-em, not-alone-with-military experience and s-s-st-ve-ven-but-did-chav-shi-mi-sya or- ga-ni-tational and dis-tsi-p-li-nar-ny-mi ha-rak-te-ri-sti-ka-mi. The artillery park of the first militia was limited and practically did not have siege weapons of large calibers.
Since June 1611, the strategic situation began to change not in favor of the first militia. On June 3 (13), 1611, the army of Si-gis-mun-da III took Smolensk. New re-go-vo-ry 15-16 (25-26) June before-sta-vi-te-lei Lya-pu-no-va with the way to Mo- sk-ve 7(17) June Ya.P. Sa-pe-goy (received fi-nan-so-vye ga-ran-tii from the commander of the Ko-ro-lev-sky gar-ni-zon in Moscow A.K . Gon-sev-sko-go) pro-va-li. Sa-pe-ga window-cha-tel-but moved to the hundred-ro-well co-ro-la (in his presence “co-lo” of his co-pu-sa at -nya-lo decision about this back in May 1611) and on June 23 (July 3) he began active actions against the first militia. In battles with a foreign gar-ni-zon in Mo-sk-ve and sa-pe-zhin-tsa-mi from the ranks of the first militia ut-ra-ti-li part of the Nya-tykh earlier in-zi-tions.
At one time, from the beginning of June, there were in-ten-siv-nye re-go-vo-ry of the new city military waters and representatives of the vi-te-lei co-words with the active participation of V.I. Bu-tour-li-na with the commander of the Swedish corps Y.P. De la gar di; Bu-tur-lin mentioned the possible marriage of one of the two Swedish princes, the sons of Charles IX - Gus-ta, to the Russian Tsar -va Adol-fa or Kar-la Fi-lip-pa. The Swedes proposed to take Gus-ta-va Adolf, to conclude a Russian-Swedish military alliance against Re-chi Po-spo-li-that and provide military assistance in the fight against the ko-ro-lion-military forces, etc. After a few days, the discussion in “With the whole earth” of the Swedish proposals, the marriage of Gus-ta-va Adolf to the Russian Tsar took place. The official text of the “So-ve-ta...”, verified under-pi-sya-mi and pe-cha-cha-mi teaching-st-ni-kov for-se -yes, was accepted on June 22 (July 2) or June 23 (July 3) (on this day in Nov-gorod there was a right-le-na gra-mo from the first militia and a copy of the copy).
Acute shortage of ma-te-ri-al-no-go provision of rat-ni-kov of the first militia, not-ure-gu-li-ro-van-nost completely -powerful and functions of military pre-di-te-leys and government officials at different levels brought to the court -mi, as well as some of the ka-za-kov's number of human beings with the required solutions to these problems . The result of their consideration of the “With-the-whole-of-the-earth” was the adoption of “The-of-the-whole-of-the-earth” dated June 30 (July 10) 1611, which was confirmed by the government representatives P.P. La-pu-no-va, Prince D.T. Tru-bets-ko-go and I.M. Za-ruts-ko-go “in all sorts of zemstvo and military de-lekhs.” However, “Pri-go-vor...” limited their full power with the right of the “Co-ve-ta of the whole earth” to recall these persons in case of inappropriateness. over-their fulfillment of their responsibilities and from taking new hands, and also not about-ho-di-mo-stu-speak with “So-ve-that...” mortal decisions and decisions on land matters -lamas of public-state significance. With the same “Pri-go-vo-rum...” us-ta-nav-li-va-elk, that fi-nan-with-you, please. and others, upon entering the general treasury of the first militia, must give orders, not war - water and floors. In this case, it would also be necessary to formalize the complaint of new or return of previous locations (and from time -you and here are the rank) of the nobles and the Bo-Yar children who came to serve in the first militia. Were you clear principles of con-fi-ska-tion of land ownership of the parties to the kingdom in Mo-sk-ve, before everything received from him or “Se-mi-bo-yar-schi-ny” (in the name of Vla-di-sla-va ); ut-ver-expected-on-the-norm about the return of all the palace and black-mow lands as the main ones of the de-gentle and na-tu-ral - fees. The lands of Tsar Va-si-lia Iva-no-vi-cha Shui-sky and False -Dmit-ria II, but “in the measure” of pro-is-ho-zh-de-niya, service units and position in the district corps -ra-tions. The action of the April 1610 decree of Tsar Vasiliy Shui-sky about the transfer of 1/5 of the local ok-la-da children of the Bo-Yar-skikhs for military services in the status of “you-have-served rank.” “Pri-go-thief...” for-cre-sawed the higher so-ci-al-no-go sta-tu-sa ka-za-kov: often ka-za-kov would- la ga-ran-ti-ro-va-possibility, if desired, and you have not met many conditions, enter into the number of cases living people “according to their father-st-vu” (that is, the city-born children of the Bo-Yars) with use-by-location and I lu-che-ne-eat de-tender sting. The remaining part of the Ka-za-kovs co-maintained the general status of the service people “according to the pri-bo-ru” (according to the birth of the Ka-za-kovs, they were composed of archers, push-ka-ri, etc.) with ga-ran-ti-de-tender and pro- permission provision, and in both cases there was no possibility of restoring their former status by dat-no-go or behind-vi-si-mo-go person. The price of logs, other payments and at-stations is connected with the rigid kim for-pre-that and s-ro-vym on-ka-za-ni-em self-free collections dep. from-rya-da-mi ka-za-kov (that practically was common in the Tu-shin la-ge).
During the course of Ya.P.’s strength. Sa-pe-gi for pro-vol-st-vi-em from a number of ladies of the first militia managed to regain control over the uk-re-p-le-niya-mi Be- lo-go-ro-da and again recapture the No-vo-de-vi-chiy monastery. Starting from July 5 (15), the detachments of the first militia continued to set up islands and other forts. construction in Za-mo-sk-vo-river, opposite the Kremlin (the first ones were launched back in May). Once upon a time, in accordance with the norms “When-go-ra...” on-ka-za-za-kov you- called for a sharp increase in their not-to-will-st-va (on-right-len-no-go per-so-nal-but against P.P. La-pu-no-va as before -sta-vi-te-lya served the nobility and ini-tsia-to-ra pri-nya-tiya “Pri-go-vo-ra...”) and different -gla-sia ka-za-kov with the serving nobility. At one time, there was a meeting between the first militia, how many I.M.’s secret plans are known. For-ruts-ko-go about the re-da-che tro-on the son of False Dmitry II and M. Mni-shek “tsa-re-vi-chu” Ivan Dmit-rie-vi -chu Wo-ryong-ku. On-the-neck of the pro-ti-standing service of the nobility and the Ka-za-kov, mustache-lip-linen practical-ti-coy at -me-not-niya of the article “Pri-go-vo-ra...” about the payment for self-free collection of feed for ka-za-ka-mi and pro-vo -ka-tsi-ey A.K. Gon-sev-sko-go (in ka-za-whose ta-bo-ry under-bro-si-li under-del-ku - gra-mo-tu “in all cities” supposedly from named La-pu-no-va with the call to “beat the ka-za-kov”), led to a political explosion. On ka-zach-em kru-gu July 22 (August 1) La-pu-nov, despite the ar-gu-men-you about not-under-lin-but -sti gra-mo-you “in all cities”, was za-rub-len. Un-legal lordship over him lived na-cha-lo so-tsi-al-no-mu, and as a result, a political race -lu in the ranks of the first militia. In fact, the leadership of the first militia passed to Za-ruts-ko-mu. Departure from the district of the nobility (mostly on its own, and also under the authority of servants on -meaning and from the official permission to travel to the estate) and change-to-officials in most of the st-st-ve- the call (now they are headed by the dia-ki of Tu-shin-sko-go la-ge-rya) led to an intensification of the role of the ka-za-kov in the first militia, which became the first step in the formation of the service of the ka-za-che-st-va as a leading military -words in the country. Since 1611, there are known facts of their capture in localities of district children of the Bo-Yars and foreigners in the Russian service, using -sche-niy department ka-za-kov with the change of so-tsi-al-no-go sta-tu-sa, the establishment of official Russian de-gentle and pro-liberties. collections from the high-lying volosts and monastery districts in the central region in favor of one or another Cossack village.
Not-good-for-the-first militia came from-me and in the north-of-the-pas-de-de-country, where it was captured kor-pu-som Ya.P. De-la-garde New-ro-da July 16-17 (26-27) the active phase of the Swedish inter-ven-tion continued in the 17th century. Soon De-la-gar-di us-ta-no-wild control practically over the entire New-Gorod land. After this, on July 25 (August 4), 1611, the Russian new city authorities (1st Voivode Prince I.N. Odoevsky Bolshoi and others. ), Metropolitan Isidor, the local church council and local communities, relying on the co-responsibility of -go-thief of the first militia, under-pi-sa-li on behalf of “the whole New-rod-go-su-dar-st-va” before-go-thief with De-la -gar-di about the election of one of the two sons of the Swedish king Charles IX go-su-da-rem Nov-go-ro-da with per-spec -ti-voy dis-pro-str-string action-st-vie do-go-vo-ra for the whole “Mo-s-kov-go-su-dar-st-vo”. One day before the first militia in August 1611, fact-ti-che-ski de-non-si-ro-va-li the former pri-govor “Co-ve” -that of the whole earth" about the election of Gus-ta-va Adolf to the Russian throne.
At the end of the summer - in the autumn of 1611, the possibility of the first militia was active and effective military action. za-li-za-met-but og-ra-ni-chen-ny-mi. Three-day battles in Moscow on August 4-5 (14-15) and 7 (17) did not bring any decisive advantage - one of the sides, one part of the UK-re-p-le-niy in the southern part of the White city again came under the control of the ko-ro -Lion's troops, and most importantly - the foreign gar-ni-zo-nu in the Krem-le was to become pro-free-st-vie. Since av-gu-sta-la, the ter-ri-to-riya has become co-creased, con-tro-li-rue-may before-in-di-te-la-mi and at-ka-za -mi of the first militia. So, for example, the cities of the Volga region (Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, etc.) decided not to let into their territory to-riu near-Mos-kov-nyh Ka-za-kov and on-the-name “With-the-whole-of-the-earth” war-vods. It turned out that the collection of fur coats in all counties for the winter for the militias was ineffective, we had big problems with the management that na-log-gov, with the supply of pro-vol-st-viya, bo-e-pri-pa-sov, additional forces. At the end of August and September 15 (25), after the art-ob-st-re-la, for-zhi-ga-tel-ny-mi poison-ra-mi from the ranks of the first militia before two unsuccessful attempts at assault on Ki-tai-go-ro-da. The Ko-ro-Left troops in August-September numbered from 5-6 to 8-9 thousand people, pro-fes-sio-nal-but under-go-to-len -nyh to a long-term military campaign (one of the most important pro-blems was conflicts with ko-ro -lem and his pre-sta-vi-te-la-mi because of not-you-pays sting-lo-va-nya). On September 24 (October 4), the corps of the great get-man of Lithuania, Y.K., approached the capital. Ho-ke-vi-cha, that you-well-di-lo militia-chen-tsev will abandon the No-vo-de-vi-chiy monastery and burn it, leaving no-one -rye other uk-re-p-le-nia. In the battle on September 25 (October 5), 1611, from the dam of Khod-ke-vi-cha and the sa-pe-zhin-tsam, they failed to win a decisive victory. troubles, at the same time, pro-vol-st-vie to the left-handed gar-ni-zo-nu in the Krem-le was again available, and he himself became stronger because of the death of Ya.P. Sa-pe-gi. Ko-ro-Left troops outside the Krem-la z-mo-va-li and co-bi-ra-li pro-vol-st-vie in Tver, Suz-dal and Russia Comrade's lands, without fear of military actions from the side of the militia.
In September 1611, in Nizhny Novgorod, the Second Militia of 1611-1612 began to form with the same troops. tic goals, but on wider social bases and with greater financial resources possible -tyakh. Despite the gradual strengthening of the Kri-zi-sa in the first militia, his power in the fall of 1611 recognized about 50 cities, and in Russia, the half of Prince D.T. Tru-bets-ko-go (November) all the ranks of the city-su-da-re-va yard and servants were practically represented lye novo-rya-not 13 district cor-po-ra-tions.
In December 1611 - January 1612, military actions of the first militia were involved in attempts to prevent the delivery of food and fu-ra to the Polish-Lithuanian gar-ni-zo-nu in the Krem-le, who turned out to be quite successful in the 1st de-ka- de de-cab-rya. The collapse of the first militia prompted recognition of its la-mi - K.D. Be-gi-che-vym and N.V. Lo-pu-hi-nym in January 1612 in Pskov False Dmitry III was saved by the tsar “Di-mit-ri-em Iva-no-vi-chem”, what did you call - a sharp re-action of the ru-ko-vo-di-te-ley of the Second militia. They are out of a strategy of action and instead of immediately moving to Moscow along the direct route then came to the formation of a large army and plan-to-measure how-to-get-away-from-them- ranks of the first militia from the cities of Verkh-nego and Middle Volga region, central and border districts with Novy-gorod, to co-call in Yaro-slav-le “Co-ve-ta of the whole earth” with a wide representation of the territory and co-words groups, the creation of a system of the most important pri-ka-calls. When I came to the camps of the first militia of False Dmitry III in March 1612 (according to some data, I.M. Za-rutsky contributed to this, according to others, he and D.T. sa-li in Ju-not in gra-mo-te to the ru-ko-vo-di-te-lyam of the Second militia) led-to to the new mass -I am leaving from under Moscow the military forces, the noble detachments and most of the government officials (mainly in Yaro- Slavl) and to the open rift with the Second opol. In the April district towns of the Second Militia, before the First Militia, before all the Trans-Ruts cue, we talked about “many wrongs”: the murder of P.P. La-pu-no-va, ka-zach-their gra-be-jah and kill-st-wah “on the road”, without permission once-yes-than the great authorities niya “with their advice”, in the presence of False Dmitry III. From the position of the pre-di-te-ley of the first militia in relation to the self-invitation (at the end of May his arrest wa-li in Gdo-ve, then do-ta-vi-li in Mo-sk-vu and s-sa-di-li in prison), public acknowledgment of their mistakes -what a cross for him, their June-salt in Yaro-Slavl (trying to maintain their influence and find someone -pro-miss with whether-de-ra-mi of the Second militia) did not lead to any significant results there. In general, the military actions of the first militia in the beginning of June 1612 were unsuccessful. Although the militias managed to keep most of their positions, Ya. K. Khod-ke-vich again supplied the Polish-Lithuanian gar-ni-zo-nu with food and fodder, carried out a change of gar-ni-troops zone, ensured care in Rech Po-spo-tu re-placed the half.
The final collapse of the first militia occurred after July 28 (August 7), 1612 I.M. Za-ruts-kiy, at the head of ka-zach-their squads (2.5-3 thousand people), left the camps of the first militia near Moscow when they were approaching -nii avan-gar-da of the Second militia. Regiment of Prince D.T. Tru-bets-koy settled in his own places (mainly in Trans-Mo-sk-vo-river) and actively studied in decisive battles with the squads of Y.K. Hod-ke-vi-cha August 22-24 (September 1-3). At the end of September 1612, the administrative structures of both militias merged.
The first militia became the first to torture the self-mo-or-ga-ni-za-tion of so-words and so-word groups (mainly different layers of “services” living people of the military rank" headed by the district nobility) for the decision of the public tasks of the state-political ha-rak-te-ra, formation of the military on a free basis, restoration of new institutes of management with shi-ro-kim at-me-no-choice-on-cha-la.
Prerequisites for the creation of the second militia
The initiative to organize the Second People's Militia came from the crafts and trade people of Nizhny Novgorod, an important economic and administrative center in the Middle Volga. At that time, about 150 thousand male people lived in the Nizhny Novgorod district, there were up to 30 thousand households in 600 villages. In Nizhny itself there were about 3.5 thousand male residents, of which about 2.0–2.5 thousand were townspeople.
Disastrous situation in the Nizhny Novgorod region
Nizhny Novgorod, due to its strategic location, economic and political significance, was one of the key points in the eastern and southeastern regions of Russia. In conditions of weakening of the central government and the rule of the interventionists, this city became the initiator of a nationwide patriotic movement that swept the Upper and Middle Volga regions and neighboring regions of the country. It should be noted that Nizhny Novgorod residents joined the liberation struggle several years before the formation of the second militia.
Collapse of the First Militia
The rise of the national liberation movement in 1611 resulted in the creation of the first people's militia, its actions and the March uprising of Muscovites, led by the Zaraisk governor, Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky. The failure of the first militia did not weaken this rise, but, on the contrary, strengthened it. Many of the first militias already had experience fighting the invaders. Residents of cities, counties and volosts who did not submit to impostors and invaders also had this experience. And it is no coincidence, in connection with the above, that Nizhny Novgorod becomes the stronghold of the further national liberation struggle of the Russian people for their independence and the outpost for the creation of a second people's militia.
In the summer of 1611, confusion reigned in the country. In Moscow, all affairs were managed by the Poles, and the boyars - rulers from the “Seven Boyars”, sent letters to cities, counties and volosts calling for an oath to the Polish prince Vladislav. Patriarch Hermogenes, while imprisoned, advocated the unification of the country's liberation forces, punishing not to obey the orders of the military leaders of the Cossack regiments near Moscow, Prince D. T. Trubetskoy and Ataman I. M. Zarutsky. Archimandrite Dionysius of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, on the contrary, called on everyone to unite around Trubetskoy and Zarutsky. It was at this time that a new upsurge of the patriotic movement arose in Nizhny Novgorod, which already had its own tradition and again found support among the townspeople and service people and the local peasantry. A powerful impetus for this popular movement was the letter of Patriarch Hermogenes, received by Nizhny Novgorod residents on August 25, 1611. The undaunted elder from the dungeon of the Chudov Monastery called on the people of Nizhny Novgorod to stand up for the holy cause of liberating Rus' from foreign invaders.
The role of Kuzma Minin in organizing the second militia
An outstanding role in organizing this movement was played by the Nizhny Novgorod zemstvo elder Kuzma Minin, who was elected to this position in early September 1611. According to historians, their famous calls for liberation struggle Minin started first among the townspeople, who warmly supported him. Then he was supported by the Nizhny Novgorod city council, voivodes, clergy and service people. By decision of the city council, a general meeting of Nizhny Novgorod residents was appointed. Residents of the city, at the sound of bells, gathered in the Kremlin, in the Transfiguration Cathedral. First, a service took place, after which Archpriest Savva gave a sermon, and then Minin addressed the people with an appeal to stand up for liberation Russian state from foreign enemies. Not limiting themselves to voluntary contributions, the residents of Nizhny Novgorod accepted the “sentence” of the entire city that all residents of the city and county “for the formation of military people” must give part of their property. Minin was entrusted with managing the collection of funds and their distribution among the warriors of the future militia.
Military leader of the second militia, Prince Pozharsky
“Elected person” Kuzma Minin in his appeal raised the question of choosing a military leader for the future militia. At the next meeting, Nizhny Novgorod residents decided to ask to head militia Prince Pozharsky, whose family estate was located in the Nizhny Novgorod district, 60 km from Nizhny Novgorod to the west, where he was recovering from his wounds after being seriously wounded on March 20, 1611 in Moscow. The prince, in all his qualities, was suitable for the role of militia commander. He was of a noble family - Rurikovich in the twentieth generation. In 1608, as a regimental commander, he defeated the gatherings of the Tushino impostor near Kolomna; in 1609 he defeated the gangs of Ataman Salkov; in 1610, during the dissatisfaction of the Ryazan governor Prokopiy Lyapunov with Tsar Shuisky, he kept the city of Zaraysk in allegiance to the tsar; in March 1611 he valiantly fought the enemies of the Fatherland in Moscow and was seriously wounded. The residents of Nizhny Novgorod were also impressed by such traits of the prince as honesty, selflessness, fairness in making decisions, decisiveness, balance and thoughtfulness in his actions. Nizhny Novgorod residents went to him “many times so that I could go to Nizhny for the zemstvo council,” as the prince himself said. According to the etiquette of that time, Pozharsky refused the offer of the Nizhny Novgorod residents for a long time. And only when a delegation from Nizhny Novgorod, headed by Archimandrite Theodosius of the Ascension-Pechersk Monastery, came to him, did Pozharsky agree to lead the militia, but with one condition: that all economic affairs in the militia be managed by Minin, who, by the “sentence” of the Nizhny Novgorod residents, was awarded the title “ elected person by the whole earth."
Beginning of the organization of the second militia
Pozharsky arrived in Nizhny Novgorod on October 28, 1611 and immediately, together with Minin, began organizing a militia. In the Nizhny Novgorod garrison there were about 750 soldiers. Then they invited from Arzamas service people from Smolensk, who were expelled from Smolensk after it was occupied by the Poles. The Vyazmich and Dorogobuzh residents found themselves in a similar situation, and they also joined the militia. The militia immediately grew to three thousand people. All militiamen received good pay: servicemen of the first article were assigned a salary of 50 rubles per year, the second article - 45 rubles, the third - 40 rubles, but there was no salary less than 30 rubles per year. The presence of a constant monetary allowance among the militia attracted new servicemen from all surrounding regions to the militia. People from Kolomna, Ryazan, Cossacks and Streltsy came from Ukrainian cities, etc.
Good organization, especially the collection and distribution of funds, the establishment of its own office, establishing connections with many cities and regions, involving them in the affairs of the militia - all this led to the fact that, unlike the First Militia, the unity of goals and actions was established in the Second from the very beginning. Pozharsky and Minin continued to collect the treasury and warriors, turn to different cities for help, sent them letters with appeals: “... let us all, Orthodox Christians, be in love and in unity and not begin the previous civil strife, and the Moscow state from our enemies ... cleanse unremittingly until your death, and do not inflict robberies and taxes on Orthodox Christianity, and do not plunder the entire land of the Moscow State with your arbitrariness without the advice of the sovereign” (letter from Nizhny Novgorod to Vologda and Sol Vychegda in early December 1611). The authorities of the Second Militia actually began to carry out the functions of a government that opposed the Moscow “Seven Boyars” and the Moscow region “camps” independent of the authorities, led by D. T. Trubetskoy and I. I. Zarutsky. The militia government initially formed during the winter of 1611-1612. as "Council of all the earth." It included the leaders of the militia, members of the Nizhny Novgorod city council, and representatives of other cities. It finally took shape when the second militia was in Yaroslavl and after the “cleansing” of Moscow from the Poles.
The government of the Second Militia had to act in a difficult situation. Not only the interventionists and their henchmen looked at him with fear, but also the Moscow “Seven Boyars” and the leaders of the Cossack freemen, Zarutsky and Trubetskoy. All of them created various obstacles for Pozharsky and Minin. But they, in spite of everything, strengthened their position with their organized work. Relying on all layers of society, especially on the district nobility and townspeople, they restored order in the cities and districts of the north and northeast, receiving in return new militias and the treasury. The detachments of princes D.P. Lopata-Pozharsky and R.P. Pozharsky, sent by him in a timely manner, occupied Yaroslavl and Suzdal, preventing the detachments of the Prosovetsky brothers from entering there.
March of the second militia
The second militia set out for Moscow from Nizhny Novgorod at the end of February - beginning of March 1612 through Balakhna, Timonkino, Sitskoye, Yuryevets, Reshma, Kineshma, Kostroma, Yaroslavl. In Balakhna and Yuryevets, the militias were greeted with great honor. They received replenishment and a large cash treasury. In Reshma, Pozharsky learned about the oath of Pskov and the Cossack leaders Trubetskoy and Zarutsky to the new impostor, the fugitive monk Isidore. Kostroma governor I.P. Sheremetev did not want to let the militia into the city. Having removed Sheremetev and appointed a new governor in Kostroma, the militia entered Yaroslavl in early April 1612. Here the militia stood for four months, until the end of July 1612. In Yaroslavl, the composition of the government - the “Council of the Whole Earth” - was finally determined. It also included representatives of noble princely families - the Dolgorukys, Kurakins, Buturlins, Sheremetevs and others. The Council was headed by Pozharsky and Minin. Since Minin was illiterate, Pozharsky signed the letters instead: “Prince Dmitry Pozharsky put his hand in Minin’s place as an elected person with all the land in Kozmino.” The certificates were signed by all members of the “Council of the Whole Earth”. And since at that time “localism” was strictly observed, Pozharsky’s signature was in tenth place, and Minin’s in fifteenth.
In Yaroslavl, the militia government continued to pacify cities and counties, liberating them from Polish-Lithuanian detachments and from Zarutsky’s Cossacks, depriving the latter of material and military assistance from the eastern, northeastern and northern regions. At the same time, it took diplomatic steps to neutralize Sweden, which had seized the Novgorod lands, by negotiating the candidacy for the Russian throne of Charles Philip, brother of the Swedish king Gustav Adolf. At the same time, Prince Pozharsky held diplomatic negotiations with Joseph Gregory, the ambassador of the German emperor, about the emperor’s assistance to the militia in the liberation of the country. In return, he offered Pozharsky the emperor’s cousin, Maximilian, as Russian tsar. These two claimants to the Russian throne were subsequently rejected. The “stand” in Yaroslavl and the measures taken by the “Council of the Whole Earth”, Minin and Pozharsky themselves, yielded results. Joined the Second Militia large number lower and Moscow region cities with counties, Pomorie and Siberia. Government institutions functioned: under the “Council of the Whole Land” there were orders Local, Discharge, and Ambassadorial. Order was gradually established over an increasingly large territory of the state. Gradually, with the help of militia detachments, it was cleared of gangs of thieves. The militia army already numbered up to ten thousand warriors, well armed and trained. The militia authorities were also involved in everyday administrative and judicial work (appointing governors, maintaining discharge books, analyzing complaints, petitions, etc.). All this gradually stabilized the situation in the country and led to a revival of economic activity.
At the beginning of the month, the militia received news that Hetman Khodkevich’s twelve thousand-strong detachment with a large convoy was advancing towards Moscow. Pozharsky and Minin immediately sent detachments of M.S. Dmitriev and Lopata-Pozharsky to the capital, which approached Moscow on July 24 and August 2, respectively. Having learned about the arrival of the militia, Zarutsky and his Cossack detachment fled to Kolomna, and then to Astrakhan, since before that he had sent assassins to Prince Pozharsky, but the assassination attempt failed, and Zarutsky’s plans were revealed.
Speech from Yaroslavl
The second people's militia set out from Yaroslavl to Moscow on July 28, 1612. The first stop was six or seven miles from the city. The second, July 29, 26 versts from Yaroslavl on Sheputsky-Yam, from where the militia army went further to Rostov the Great with Prince I.A. Khovansky and Kozma Minin, and Pozharsky himself with a small detachment went to the Suzdal Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery, - “ to pray and bow to my parents’ coffins.” Having caught up with the army in Rostov, Pozharsky stopped for several days to gather warriors who had arrived in the militia from different cities. On August 14, the militia arrived at the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, where they were joyfully greeted by the clergy. On August 18, after listening to a prayer service, the militia moved from the Trinity-Sergius Monastery to Moscow, less than five miles away, and spent the night on the Yauza River. The next day, August 19, Prince D.T. Trubetskoy with a Cossack regiment met Prince Pozharsky at the walls of Moscow and began to call him to camp with him at the Yauz Gate. Pozharsky did not accept his invitation, as he feared hostility from the Cossacks towards the militia, and stood with his militia at the Arbat Gate, from where they expected an attack from Hetman Khodkevich. On August 20, Khodkevich was already on Poklonnaya Hill. Along with him came detachments of Hungarians and Hetman Nalivaiko with the Little Russian Cossacks.
Fight of militias with the troops of Hetman Khodkevich
Cleansing of Moscow
However, not all of Moscow was liberated from the invaders. There were still Polish detachments of Colonels Strus and Budila, entrenched in Kitai-Gorod and the Kremlin. The traitorous boyars and their families also took refuge in the Kremlin. The future Russian sovereign Mikhail Romanov, who was still little known at that time, was in the Kremlin with his mother, nun Marfa Ivanovna. Knowing that the besieged Poles were suffering terrible hunger, Pozharsky at the end of September 1612 sent them a letter in which he invited the Polish knighthood to surrender. “Your heads and lives will be spared,” he wrote, “I will take this upon my soul and ask all military men to agree to this.” To which an arrogant and boastful response followed from the Polish colonels with a refusal to Pozharsky’s proposal.
On October 22, 1612, Kitay-Gorod was taken by attack by Russian troops, but there were still Poles who settled in the Kremlin. The famine there intensified to such an extent that the boyar families and all civilian inhabitants began to be escorted out of the Kremlin, and the Poles themselves went so far as to start eating human flesh. Pozharsky and his regiment stood on the Stone Bridge at the Trinity Gate of the Kremlin to meet the boyar families and protect them from the Cossacks. On October 26, the Poles surrendered and left the Kremlin. Budilo and his regiment fell into Pozharsky’s camp, and everyone remained alive. Later they were sent to Nizhny Novgorod. Coward and his regiment fell to Trubetskoy, and the Cossacks exterminated all the Poles. On October 27, the ceremonial entry into the Kremlin of the troops of princes Pozharsky and Trubetskoy was scheduled. When the troops gathered at Lobnoye Mesto, Archimandrite Dionysius of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery performed a solemn prayer service in honor of the victory of the militia. After which, to the ringing of bells, the winners, accompanied by the people, entered the Kremlin with banners and banners.
Thus the cleansing of Moscow and the Moscow state from foreign invaders was completed.
Historiography
The Nizhny Novgorod militia has traditionally been an important element of Russian historiography. One of the most thorough studies is the work of P. G. Lyubomirov. The only job, which describes in detail the initial period of the struggle of the Nizhny Novgorod residents (1608-1609), is the fundamental work of S. F. Platonov on the history of the Time of Troubles.
In fiction
The events of 1611-1612 are described in popular historical novel M. N. Zagoskina Yuri Miloslavsky, or Russians in 1612.
Notes
Sources
- Chronicle of many revolts. Second edition. - M.: 1788.
- Zabelin I. E. Minin and Pozharsky. Straight lines and curves Time of Troubles. - M.: 1883.
- Russian biographical dictionary: In 25 volumes / under the supervision of A. A. Polovtsov. 1896-1918. Korsakova V. I. Pozharsky, book. Dmitry Mikhailovich. - St. Petersburg: 1905. P.221-247.
- Bibikov G. N. The battles of the Russian people's militia with the Polish invaders on August 22-24, 1612 near Moscow. Historical note. - M.: 1950. T.32.
- Buganov V.I.“The elected man of the whole earth” Kuzma Minin. Questions of history. - M.: 1980. No. 9. P.90-102.
The summer of 1611 brought new misfortunes to Russia. In June, Polish troops took Smolensk by storm. In July the Swedish king Charles IX captured Novgorod land. The local nobility came to an agreement with the interventionists and opened the gates of Novgorod to them. The creation of the Novgorod state was announced with the son of the Swedish king on the throne.
Failure of the First Militia
The headman of Nizhny Novgorod, Kuzma Minin, having collected the necessary funds, offered to lead the campaign to Dmitry Pozharsky. After his consent, the militia from Nizhny Novgorod headed to Yaroslavl, where for several months they gathered forces and prepared for a march on Moscow.
Kuzma Minin
In the fall of 1611, the creation of the Second Militia began in Nizhny Novgorod. Its organizer was the zemstvo elder Kuzma Minin. Thanks to his honesty, piety and courage, he enjoyed great respect among the townspeople. Nizhny Novgorod zemstvo elder Kuzma Minin called on citizens to donate property, money and jewelry to create armed units capable of fighting traitors and invaders. At Minin’s call, fundraising began for the needs of the militia. The townspeople raised considerable funds, but they were clearly not enough. Then they imposed an emergency tax on the residents of the region. Using the money collected, they hired service people, who mainly consisted of residents of the Smolensk land. The question arose of who should be the leader.
Dmitry Pozharsky
Soon an experienced governor was found, ready to take over the leadership of the military side of the enterprise - Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. He took part in the popular uprising against the Poles in Moscow in March 1611 and was then seriously wounded.
Why was it difficult to choose a leader? After all, there were many experienced governors in the country. The fact is that during the Time of Troubles, many service people moved from the king’s camp to the “Tushinsky thief” and back. Cheating has become commonplace. Moral rules- fidelity to word and deed, inviolability of an oath - have lost their original meaning. Many governors could not resist the temptation to increase their wealth by any means. It became difficult to find a governor who would “not appear in treason.”
When Kuzma Minin proposed Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky, the residents of Nizhny Novgorod approved this choice, since he was among the few who had not stained themselves with treason. Moreover, during the Muscovite uprising in March 1611, he took part in street battles in the capital, led a detachment and was seriously wounded. In his estate near Suzdal, he was treated for wounds. Nizhny Novgorod envoys were sent there with a request to lead the fight. The prince agreed.
Formation of the Second Militia
In the spring of 1612, the second militia left Nizhny Novgorod and moved towards Yaroslavl. There it stayed for four months, forming an army from troops from all over the country. Prince Dmitry Pozharsky was responsible for the military training of the army, and Minin was responsible for ensuring it. Minin was called “the man elected by the whole earth.”
Here, in Yaroslavl in April 1612, from elected representatives of cities and counties, they created a kind of zemstvo government “Council of the Whole Land”. Under him, the Boyar Duma and orders were created. The Council officially appealed to all subjects of the country - “Great Russia” - with a call to unite to defend the Fatherland and elect a new Tsar.
Relationship with the First Militia
The relations between the leaders of the Second Militia and the leaders of the First Militia, I. Zarutsky and D. Trubetskoy, who were near Moscow, were very difficult. While agreeing to cooperate with Prince Trubetskoy, they categorically rejected the friendship of the Cossack ataman Zarutsky, known for his treachery and fickleness. In response, Zarutsky sent a hired killer to Pozharsky. It was only by luck that the prince remained alive. After this, Zarutsky and his troops moved away from Moscow.
A trained, well-armed army moved towards Moscow. At the same time, a large army under the leadership of Hetman Chodkiewicz, one of the best Polish commanders, marched from the west to the capital to help the Poles. Chodkiewicz's goal was to break through to the Kremlin and deliver food and ammunition to the besieged Polish soldiers, because famine had begun among them.
In August 1612, the forces of the Second Militia approached Moscow. Together with Trubetskoy’s Cossacks, they repelled the advance of a large Polish army under the command of Hetman Jan Chodkiewicz, who arrived from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. A fierce battle took place on August 22, 1612 at the Novodevichy Convent. Pozharsky resisted and did not allow Khodkevich’s troops to reach the Kremlin. But the hetman was not going to resign himself. He decided to strike next.
On the morning of August 24, the Poles appeared from Zamoskvorechye. They were not expected from there. Out of surprise, the militia began to retreat. The Poles have almost approached the Kremlin. The besieged were celebrating their victory; they had already seen the banners of the hetman’s attacking troops. But suddenly everything changed. Even during the battle, Minin begged Pozharsky to give him people for an ambush. Material from the site
In battles with Khodkevich, Kuzma Minin personally led hundreds of noble cavalry into the attack. The monks of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery provided great assistance to the militia. Appealing to the religious feelings of the Cossacks, they convinced them to temporarily forget about self-interest and support Minin and Pozharsky.
The attack led by Minin, which was supported by the Cossacks, decided the outcome of the battle. As a result, Khodkevich’s detachment lost its convoy and was forced to move away from Moscow. The Poles in the Kremlin remained surrounded.
On October 22, 1612, the Cossacks and Pozharsky’s troops took Kitai-gorod. The fate of the Poles holed up in the Kremlin and Kitai-Gorod was decided. Suffering greatly from hunger, they did not last long. Four days later, on October 26, the Moscow boyars and the Polish garrison in the Kremlin capitulated.
Thus, as a result of the Second People's Militia, Moscow was liberated.
King Sigismund III tried to save the situation. In November 1612, he approached Moscow with an army and demanded that his son Vladislav be elevated to the throne. However, this prospect has now caused widespread outrage. Having failed in several battles, the king turned home. He was driven by severe frosts and food shortages. The attempt at a new intervention failed at the very beginning.
From the very beginning of 1611 there was a movement that finally brought the state out of ruin. It arose in the district, township and volost worlds (communities) of the North, accustomed to independence and self-government. These communities, which received district and zemstvo institutions of the 16th century, broader organization and involvement in the tasks of the state administration, built their own way of life, developed their internal relations and even were in charge of defense against enemies, maintaining Cossacks and datochny people who were recruited among themselves, under very soft leadership and influence of the central government.
Historical background
The cities and regions of the North, not affected by the development of service land ownership, were free from the sharp class division of the population. There was no strong division between rich and poor, so they were a socially cohesive force. The prosperous and energetic population of the Pomeranian cities awakened to the fight against the reorganization of the land and the defense of the state, as soon as they encountered an insight from the thieves' gangs of the Tushino thief.
That is, these forces were patriotic, but you need to remember that in history there is very little idealism. Despite the fact that among these people there were many sincerely Orthodox and patriotic, it was absolutely clear that the control of the Poles in Moscow, the weakening of state power, was leading them to material losses and disrupting their trade. That is, they had not only a national-class, but also a material interest in driving the Poles out of Moscow, and so that there would be a strong Central Power in Moscow. Strictly speaking, the first wave of this movement arose back in 1609, and objectively, Skopin-Shuisky could have become its leader. But in 1609 the situation was still too complicated. But in 1610 the situation changed.
First Zemstvo Militia
The so-called first Zemstvo militia arose. It was led by the Lipunov brothers (Prokopiy and Zakhar), as well as Ivan Zarutsky, who was once for the Tushintsev, and Prince Dmitry Timofeevich Trubetskoy (the so-called triumvirate). These were all adventurers, but this is a normal feature for the Time of Troubles in Russia. It is precisely such People who come to the fore during the Time of Troubles.
At this time, the Poles are in the Kremlin. In March 1611, the first militia led by the triumvirate began to storm Moscow to drive the Poles out of there. It was not possible to take the city, but the blockade of the Kremlin continued. The Poles have gone so far as to eat corpses. Why did it take on a very organized character? If a person in one company dies, only representatives of this company eat him. It was truly terrifying.
But the Poles held out. By the way, during this uprising the Poles set fire to the city, and almost all of Moscow burned down. And here the conflict begins between the Cossacks and the nobles, because the Lipunovs were the leaders of the noble part, and Zarutsky and especially Trubetskoy were the Cossacks. The Poles used it. They planted a letter according to which Lipunov was supposedly going to enter into some kind of agreement with the Poles. The Cossacks believed this and killed Lipunov. After the death of Lipunov, the noble part left, and the Cossacks were left alone. Meanwhile, another Tsarevich Dmitry appeared in Pskov. True, everyone knew that it was not Dmitry, but Sidorko from the locals. But Trubetskoy recognized him. In some areas, they kissed the cross for Marina Mniszek and her son, whom the official authorities called “Vorenko,” that is, the son of a thief. It was believed that he was the son of False Dmitry 2, but in fact he was the son of Ivan Zarutsky. Under these conditions, a new stage of the Zemstvo movement began in the province.
Second Zemstvo Militia
A second Zemstvo militia arose, led by Kuzma Minin, who at first simply raised funds and, first of all, the infantry was equipped, but a military leader was needed. The military leader was Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky, who came from the Starodubsky princes. That is, he was a descendant of Vsevolod the Big Nest. And he had more than serious reasons to sit on the Russian throne.
Actually, the second militia marched on Moscow under the coat of arms of Prince Pozharsky. Another thing is that Pozharsky failed to become the Russian Tsar, and the Romanovs then did everything to slander him and never pay attention to the fact that the coat of arms of the second militia was the coat of arms of Pozharsky. That is, the second militia marched in order to place Pozharsky on the throne. But this was not part of the Romanovs’ plans. The movement led by the second militia covered the entire Volga region and this entire army came to Yaroslavl, where they stayed for 4 months. Alternative governing bodies were created in Yaroslavl. Here funds were raised and the Council of All the Earth was convened. This Council became a provisional government. Temporary orders were established. An embassy from Novgorod arrived in Yaroslavl, which proposed to invite the Swedish prince Karl Philip to the kingdom. The cunning merchants in Yaroslavl refused nothing to anyone. They were simply stalling for time, making vague promises.
At this time, Zarutsky and Trubetskoy declare Minim and Pozharsky rebels. In addition, there is a conflict between Trubetskoy and Zarutsky himself. Zarutsky takes Marina Mnishek and leaves first for Kaluga, and then to the south. In 1614 he will be captured on Yaik and impaled, and his son will be hanged. That is, the reign of the Romanovs began with the murder of a child. And this is historical symmetry... When they say that they feel sorry for Tsarevich Alexei, who was shot by the Bolsheviks in 1918, they forget that there is some kind of historical symmetry in this. The Romanovs began their reign with the murder of a child, because many people kissed the cross for this child, the son of Marina Mnishek, as a possible heir to the throne. And it was like a historical boomerang that came back after many, many years. Marina herself was either drowned or strangled, but she also disappeared in 1614.
Expulsion of Poles from Moscow
But let's get back to current events. Trubetskoy remained in Moscow, who sent hired killers to Minin and Pozharsky so that they would kill at least Pozharsky. Nothing came of this, and in August 1612, the militia led by Minin and Pozharsky approached Moscow. The situation in Moscow is this: the Poles are sitting in the Kremlin, Trubetskoy and his Cossacks are also sitting in Moscow (but not in the Kremlin). Minin and Pozharsky come to Moscow, but Hetman Khodkevich comes to the rescue of the Poles. Hetman Khodkevich and the militia of Minin and Pozharsky meet near the Crimean Ford (where the Crimean Bridge is now). There was no bridge there then, there was a ford. And here they are standing opposite each other. On August 22, the first battle took place (it was more of a reconnaissance battle), and on August 24, the main battle unfolded. The Russian cavalry could not withstand the blow, but the Nizhny Novgorod infantry saved the situation.
The Poles began to reorganize for the next attack, and Pozharsky explained to Minin that the militia would not withstand the second blow. Then Pozharsky turned to Trubetskoy for help. But Trubetskoy refused, because the Cossacks strongly hated everyone who had or could have had at least a slightly better financial situation. And then Minin cheated... The battle began, success began to lean on the side of the Poles, and then Minin decided the matter. He sent Trubetskoy a messenger to the Cossacks with the promise that if the Cossacks help and hit the flank, then Khodkevich’s entire convoy will be theirs. For the Cossacks, this decided everything (the convoy is a sacred matter). The Cossacks struck the flank, Hetman Khodkevich was defeated and as a result the Cossacks entered Russian history with a convoy. Looking ahead, the Cossacks will leave Russian history on the wagon.
Definitions of the Troubles
Causes of the Troubles
Board of the False Dmitrievs
Seven Boyars
First militia
Second militia
Accession of the Romanovs
End of the intervention
RUSSIAN TROUBLES AND THE PEOPLE'S MILITARY.
1.1 Definitions of the Troubles
The concept of "Troubles" came into historiography from the popular vocabulary, meaning primarily anarchy and extreme disorder in public life.
According to K. S. Aksakov and V. O. Klyuchevsky, at the center of events was the problem of the legality of the supreme power. N.I. Kostomarov reduced the essence of the crisis to the political intervention of Poland and the intrigues of the Catholic Church. A similar view was expressed by the American historian J. Billington; he directly spoke of the Troubles as a religious war. I. E. Zabelin viewed the Troubles as a struggle between herd and national principles. The representative of the herd principle was the boyars, who sacrificed national interests for the sake of their own privileges. Such an idea was not alien to Klyuchevsky.
A significant block in the historiography of the Troubles is occupied by works where it is presented as a powerful social conflict. S. F. Platonov saw several levels of this conflict: between the boyars and the nobility, between landowners and the peasantry, etc. N. N. Firsov in 1927 spoke about the peasant revolution as a reaction to the development of commercial capital.
V. B. Kobrin defined the Time of Troubles as “a complex interweaving of various contradictions - class and national, intra-class and inter-class.”
EndXVI- XVIIV. - the time of the Troubles, the most severe political, social, spiritual, moral crisis that gripped Russian society and brought it to the brink of collapse.
1.2 Causes of the Troubles
The most significant causes of the Troubles are associated with the tragic consequences of the oprichnina and the Livonian War: the ruin of the economy, the growth of social tension, the silent ferment of almost all segments of the population. Russian historian S.F. Platonov found the exact words to describe the mood that arose in the country: “There was not a single public group that was happy with the way things were going... Everything was shocked... everything lost stability.” The reign of Ivan the Terrible's son Fyodor Ioannovich (1584-1598) did not change the situation for the better: the tsar was sick and weak, and he could not restrain the enmity of the boyar factions. Death in Uglich youngest son Ivan the Terrible deprived Dmitry of the throne in 1591, the last legitimate heir from the Rurik dynasty. Fyodor Ioannovich (1598), who died childless, was its last representative. The Zemsky Sobor elected Boris Godunov (1598-1605) as Tsar, who ruled energetically and, according to historians, wisely. But he failed to stop the intrigues of the disgruntled boyars. Rumors about the tsar's involvement in the murder of Dmitry excited the country. The most severe crop failure of 1601-1603. and the subsequent famine made an explosion of social discontent inevitable.
TO internal reasons external ones were added: the neighboring Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was in a hurry to take advantage of the growing weakness of Russia. The appearance in Poland of a young Galich nobleman, a monk of the Kremlin Chudov Monastery, Grigory Otrepiev, who declared himself “the miraculously saved Tsarevich Dmitry,” became a real gift for King SigismundIIIand many tycoons. At the end of 1604, having converted to Catholicism, having achieved the tacit support of SigismundIII, having enlisted the help of the Polish magnate Mniszek (whose daughter Marina was declared his bride), False Dmitry entered the southern regions of Russia. Troubles have begun.
1.3 Reign of the False Dmitrievs
In the fall of 1604, False Dmitry invaded Russia, many cities in the south of Russia went over to the side of the impostor, he was supported by Cossack troops and thousands of disgruntled peasants. In April 1605, Boris Godunov suddenly died, and the boyars did not recognize his son Fedor as tsar; The army under the command of the tsarist governors Basmanov and Golitsyn goes over to the side of False Dmitry, Fedor and his mother are strangled. In June, the impostor becomes Tsar DmitryI. His further fate was predetermined: he could not fulfill the promises made to the Poles (convert Russia to Catholicism, give Poland significant territories). The boyars no longer needed Otrepyev. On May 17, 1606, dissatisfied with the arrogance of the Poles who gathered for the wedding of False Dmitry and Marina Mniszech, and with the wedding itself, which awarded the royal crown to a Catholic, the boyars rebelled.
The Muscovites, led by the Shuisky boyars, killed more than 1,000 Poles. Marina Mnishek was saved by the boyars. She and her entourage were exiled to Yaroslavl. False Dmitry, pursued by the rebels, jumped out of the window of the Kremlin Palace and was killed. Three days later, his corpse was burned, his ashes were placed in a cannon, from which they were fired in the direction from which the impostor came.
The Zemsky Sobor elected boyar Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky as the new king, who gives a sign of the cross with a promise to rule together with the Boyar Duma, not to impose disgrace and not to execute without trial. Rumors are spreading again about Dmitry's new miraculous salvation. In the summer of 1606, an uprising broke out in Putivl, which was joined by very different segments of the population - peasants, townspeople, archers, nobles. The uprising is led by the fugitive military slave Ivan Bolotnikov. The rebels reach Moscow, besiege it, but are defeated (one of the reasons is that the nobles, led by the Ryazan governor Prokopiy Lyapunov, went over to the side of the Tsar). Bolotnikov with his loyal supporters retreats to Tula and for several months resists the royal regiments. In the summer of 1607, the rebels surrendered, Bolotnikov was captured, exiled to Kargopol and killed there.
Meanwhile, the turmoil is growing. A new impostor, False Dmitry, appearsII(there is no exact information about who he was), the surviving participants in Bolotnikov’s uprising, the Cossacks led by Ivan Zarutsky, and Polish detachments unite around him. Marina Mnishek also recognizes the impostor as her husband. From June 1608 False DmitryIIsettles in the village of Tushino near Moscow (hence his nickname - “Tushino thief”) and besieges Moscow. The Troubles lead to the actual split of the country: two kings, two boyar dumas, two patriarchs (Hermogenes in Moscow and Filaret in Tushino), territories recognizing the power of False DmitryII, and territories remaining loyal to Shuisky.
1.4 Seven Boyars
The successes of the Tushenians forced Shuisky to conclude an agreement with Sweden, hostile to Poland, in February 1609. In exchange for the Russian fortress of Korela, the tsar receives military assistance, the Russian-Swedish army liberates a number of cities in the north of the country. But the participation of the Swedish corps in Russian events gives the Polish king SigismundIIIreason to start an open intervention: in the fall of 1609, Polish troops besieged Smolensk. Meanwhile, the actions of the Tushins (siege of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, robberies, looting) deprive False DmitryIIpopulation support. The impostor flees from Tushino, and the Tushino residents who left him conclude an agreement with the Polish king at the beginning of 1610 on the election of the eldest son of the prince, Vladislav, to the Russian throne. The Poles, having inflicted a crushing defeat on the tsarist army near the village of Klushino, are rapidly approaching Moscow. In July 1610, the boyars forced Vasily Shuisky to abdicate the throne and announced that power was passing to a government of seven boyars - the Seven Boyars.
The Seven Boyars in August 1610 signed with SigismundIIIan agreement on the election of Vladislav as king, provided that he converts to Orthodoxy. In September, Polish troops enter Moscow.
The turmoil has not been overcome. The Seven Boyars have no real power; Vladislav refuses to fulfill the terms of the agreement and accept Orthodoxy. Patriotic sentiments are growing, and calls for an end to strife and restoration of unity are intensifying. The Moscow Patriarch Hermogenes becomes the center of gravity of patriotic forces, calling for a fight against the interventionists.
1.5 First militia
In 1611, the First Militia was created. Participating in it are the noble detachments of P. Lyapunov, the Cossacks of D. Trubetskoy and I. Zarutsky, and former Tushino residents. A temporary government body is established - the “Council of the Whole Earth”. In February of the same year, the militia moved towards Moscow. It was headed by the “Council of All the Earth”. The leading role in the militia was played by the Cossacks under the leadership of Ataman I. Zarutsky and Prince D.T. Trubetskoy and the nobles, headed by P.P. Lyapunov. The militia managed to capture the White City, but the Poles held Kitay-Gorod and the Kremlin.
The siege of Moscow dragged on. In the camp of the besiegers, contradictions grew between the nobles and the Cossacks. Adopted on June 30, 1611 on the initiative of Lyapunov, the “Sentence of the Whole Land” prohibited the appointment of Cossacks to positions in the management system and demanded that fugitive peasants and slaves be returned to their owners. This caused indignation among the Cossacks. Lyapunov was killed. In response, the nobles abandoned the militia, and it disintegrated.
On June 3, 1611, Smolensk fell. Sigismund announced that not Vladislav, but he himself would become the Russian Tsar. This meant that Russia would be included in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In July, the Swedes captured Novgorod and surrounding lands.
1.6 Second militia
In the fall of 1611, at the call of the Nizhny Novgorod merchant elder K.M. Minin, the formation of the Second Militia began. The leading role in it was played by the townspeople. Prince D.M. became the military leader. Pozharsky. Minin and Pozharsky headed the “Council of the Whole Earth”. Funds for arming the militia were obtained thanks to voluntary donations from the population and mandatory taxation on a fifth of property. Yaroslavl became the center for the formation of the new militia.
In August 1612, the Second Militia united with the remnants of the First Militia, still besieging Moscow. At the end of August, the militia did not allow Polish Hetman Y.K. to break into Moscow. Khodkevich, who went to the aid of the garrison with a larger convoy. At the end of October, Moscow was liberated.
1.7 Accession of the Romanovs.
In January 1613, in order to elect a new tsar, the Zemsky Sobor was convened, at which the question of choosing a new Russian tsar was raised. The Polish prince Vladislav, the son of the Swedish king Karl Philip, the son of False Dmitry, were proposed as candidates for the Russian throne.IIand Marina Mnishek Ivan, nicknamed “Vorenko”, as well as representatives of the largest boyar families.
From many candidates, the Council selects the 16-year-old grand-nephew of Ivan the Terrible’s first wife Anastasia Romanova, Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, a representative of an ancient and popular boyar family among various segments of the population, with whom hopes are associated for a return to order, peace and antiquity. An embassy was sent to the Ipatiev Monastery near Kostroma, where Mikhail and his mother were at that time. Mikhail arrived in Moscow and was crowned king on July 11. Soon, the leading place in governing the country was taken by his father, Patriarch Filaret, who “mastered all royal and military affairs.” Power was restored in the form of an autocratic monarchy. The leaders of the fight against the interventionists received modest appointments. D.M. Pozharsky was sent by the governor to Mozhaisk, and K. Minin became the Duma governor.
End of the intervention
The government of Mikhail Fedorovich faced the most difficult task - eliminating the consequences of the intervention. The greatest danger to him was posed by the Cossack detachments that wandered around the country and did not recognize the new king. Among them, the most formidable was Ivan Zarutsky, to whom Marina Mnishek moved with her son. The Yaik Cossacks handed over I. Zarutsky to the Moscow government in 1614. I. Zarutsky and “Vorenok” were hanged, and Marina Mnishek was imprisoned in Kolomna, where she probably died soon.
The Swedes posed another danger. After several military clashes and then negotiations, the Peace of Stolbovo was concluded in 1617 (in the village of Stolbovo, near Tikhvin). Sweden returned the Novgorod land to Russia, but retained the Baltic coast and received monetary compensation. After the Peace of Stolbovo, King Gustav Adolf said that now “Russia is not a dangerous neighbor... it is separated from Sweden by swamps, fortresses, and it will be difficult for the Russians to cross this “trickle” (the Neva River).
The Polish prince Vladislav, who sought to gain the Russian throne, organized in 1617-1618. march to Moscow. He reached the Arbat Gate of Moscow, but was repulsed. In the village of Deulino near the Trinity-Sergius Monastery in 1618, the Deulino truce was concluded with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which retained the Smolensk and Chernigov lands. There was an exchange of prisoners. Vladislav did not give up his claims to the Russian throne.
Thus, basically the territorial unity of Russia was restored, although part of the Russian lands remained with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden. These are the consequences of the events of the Time of Troubles in Russian foreign policy. In the internal political life of the state, the role of the nobility and the upper classes of the town increased significantly.
During the Time of Troubles, in which all layers and classes of Russian society took part, the question of the very existence of the Russian state and the choice of the path of development of the country was decided. It was necessary to find ways for the people to survive. Troubles settled primarily in the minds and souls of people. Under specific starting conditionsXVIIV. a way out of the Troubles was found in the regions and the center realizing the need for strong statehood. The idea of giving everything for the common good, rather than seeking personal gain, has prevailed in people's minds.
After the Time of Troubles, a choice was made in favor of preserving the largest power in eastern Europe. In the specific geopolitical conditions of that time, the path was chosen further development Russia: autocracy as a form of political government, serfdom as the basis of the economy, Orthodoxy as an ideology, the class stratum as a social structure.
The long and difficult crisis was finally broken. According to many historians, the Troubles were the first civil war in the history of Russia.