Plan
Introduction
1. Culture of behavior – definition……………………...…...…4
1 .1. Moral education of a schoolchild……………………..4
1.2. Aesthetic culture………………………………………….7
1.3. Creativity……………………………………………………..8
1.4. I came, I saw and................................................... ......................10
2. The art of conversation at the table…………………………………….13
3. And I had tea, samovar............................................... .......17
4. Etiquette, behavior, politeness. "Culture of Behavior". 6th grade………………………………………….……………………….…22
Conclusion
Literature
“Take care of these lands, these waters,
loving even a small epic.
Take care of all animals within nature,
Kill only the beasts within you."
E. Yevtushenko
Introduction
Analysis of the problems of the spiritual life of a society, issues related to its culture, largely depend on the characteristics of the approach to defining the latter. Nowadays there are more than 360 definitions of this concept. This diversity is primarily due to the objective polysemy of culture. “The richer the object to be defined,” Hegel wrote, “that is, the more different aspects it presents for consideration, the more different the definitions given to it turn out to be.”
Each of the sciences that study cultural issues, based on its subject of research, identifies those aspects and relationships that fall within the spectrum of consideration of this science. The increasing role of culture in the life of society, the successes achieved in scientific and theoretical thought, have largely determined the increased attention of social scientists to theoretical and methodological issues of spiritual culture.
The history of the development of philosophical theoretical problems of culture dates back to the 18th – 19th centuries. Schelling, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Herder, and many other philosophers viewed culture in line with classical idealism, where, as K. Marx wrote, “only one type of labor, namely abstract spiritual labor,” was taken as the basis.
In contrast to nature, culture denoted the spiritual principle, spiritual abilities and capabilities of a person, all of whose cultural and creative practice was recognized in pre-Marxist cultural studies “as a purely spiritual practice, entirely determined by the activity of consciousness and summing itself up in the ideological products of this consciousness.” With the emergence of materialist dialectics, which recognizes the fundamental role of material production in the life of society, the concept of a dual structure is naturally affirmed culture - material and spiritual.
The formation of the spiritual world of a comprehensively, harmoniously developed personality involves the use of comprehensive and systematic approaches in the process of her upbringing. A comprehensive and systematic influence on all factors in the formation of spiritual culture - from socio-economic relations to the moral and psychological atmosphere surrounding the student - is necessary in the process of vocational guidance of schoolchildren.
1. Behavioral culture - definition
A culture of behavior is a set of formed, socially significant personality qualities, a person’s everyday actions in society, based on the norms of morality, ethics, and aesthetic culture.
The culture of behavior expresses, on the one hand, the moral requirements of society, on the other, the assimilation of provisions that guide, regulate and control the actions and actions of students. The rules learned by a person turn into the education of the individual. The culture of behavior organically merges the culture of communication, the culture of appearance, and everyday culture (satisfaction of needs); The culture of speech, the ability to participate in polemics and discussions occupy a large place.
Children need to discover the deep inner meaning of a culture of behavior, to understand that following decency indicates respect for people and traditions, otherwise they will see them as empty conventions. The behavior style of a teenager or young man is largely influenced by public opinion Therefore, it is important that the culture of behavior enters the sphere of public assessments. Cultural values are of great importance national characteristics, formed as a result of the moral development of plural. generations and are an indispensable attribute of universal human culture.
1.1. Moral education of a schoolchild
The enormous importance of moral education in the development and formation of personality has been recognized in pedagogy since ancient times. Many outstanding teachers of the past noted that the preparation of a benevolent person cannot be reduced only to his education and mental development, and moral formation was brought to the forefront in education. In his treatise “Instruction of Morals,” the Czech teacher quoted the ancient Roman philosopher Seneca, who wrote: “Learn first good morals, and then wisdom. For without the former, it is difficult to learn the latter.” There he also quoted a well-known popular saying: “Whoever succeeds in the sciences, but lags behind in good morals, falls behind more than he succeeds.”
The outstanding Swiss democratic teacher Pestalozzi assigned a major role to moral education. He considered moral education to be the main task of children's education. In his opinion, only this forms a virtuous character, perseverance in life’s adversities and a sympathetic attitude towards people.
However, of the classic teachers of the past, he most fully and vividly characterized the transformative role of moral education in the development of the individual. He wrote: “Of course, the education of the mind and the enrichment of its knowledge will bring a lot of benefits, but alas, I in no way believe that botanical or zoological knowledge ... could make Gogol’s mayor an honest person, and I am completely convinced that if Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov was dedicated to all the secrets of organic chemistry or political economy, he will remain the same weasel very harmful to society.
...No intelligence alone and knowledge alone is not enough to root in us that moral feeling, that social cement, which sometimes, in accordance with reason, and often in contradiction with it, binds people into an honest, friendly society.” (On the moral element in education.)
He pointed out the enormous role of moral education in the process of learning and personality formation. He noted that education and the knowledge and skills acquired by a person will bring more or less benefit depending on what kind of morality he learns.
The child is in a state of quiet, hidden from prying eyes, mental work - the work of growth and development. In rain and hail, as well as in the scorching rays of the sun, a young tree grows poorly. Likewise, constant emotional shocks, including scolding and excessive praise, are harmful to a child’s normal development.
The Bulgarian writer P. Vezhinov has a fantastic story “Blue Butterflies”. Butterflies and caterpillars live on a distant planet. Butterflies are endowed only with a refined emotional nature, and caterpillars are endowed with only a mental principle. Butterflies live sublimely - frivolously; in the end, their life comes down only to procreation. They are light, slender, graceful, their body seems to be covered with delicate, soft, iridescent fabric. They look at the astronauts with curiosity, excitement and lively interest, flocking to the music sounding from the tape recorder, as if enchanted. Meek and trusting, they approached the tape recorder closer and closer, forgetting about everything in the world, they were worried about music, nature, love. Caterpillars are blind, deaf and dumb, they are devoid of emotions and passions. lead a dull and joyless existence. They are blind to the miracle that surrounds them; they do not hear the voice of truth. Ice bound their hearts. They have a cold mind and a dead heart.
The life of both is devoid of creativity, because it requires harmony of mind and feeling.
In the same fairy tale, there is the robot Dirac, who flew with the astronauts in a spaceship. He showed no interest in the beautiful planet: he was deprived of the ability to feel. Everything around him was only a reason for conclusions. Once on the new planet, the robot first of all killed a butterfly in order to take the strange specimen to Earth; he did not want to take into account that this was not an insect, but an intelligent creature.
Only the unity of intellectual, emotional, moral development makes a person capable of beautiful, sublime forms state of mind that need to be preserved and cherished in a child are feelings of patriotism, love for nature, people, and the Motherland.
Moral education begins with exercises in moral actions, with manifestations of feelings of love and gratitude, and not by teaching moral truths. Conversations about duty, teachings, if they precede moral actions, - like shadows appearing at sunset before real things, argued Pestalozzi.
Developed moral and mental demands encourage the child to be diligent in work.
Belinsky assessed inharmonious development as a ugliness hidden from view. In one person, he noted, the mind is barely noticeable because of the heart, in another the heart seems to be located in the brain; This one is terribly smart and capable of action, but he can’t do anything, because he has no will: but this one has a terrible will, but a weak head, and either nonsense or evil comes out of his activities.
The extremely important task of the teacher is the volitional development of each student. The will will not be formed - the person will grow up to be an empty flower, a creature fit for nothing. All his good impulses will be dashed by his own cowardice, cowardice and laziness.
During the career guidance process, schoolchildren can be asked to answer a questionnaire that allows them to assess the level of development of volitional qualities.
It is the achievement of a goal, overcoming obstacles on the way to it that indicates a strong will. However, one must distinguish between will and stubbornness. It happens that the desire to achieve something, to insist on one’s “I”, becomes painful and becomes more important than the final result of the planned activity. Remember the main characters of Gogol - Ivan Ivanovich and Ivan Nikiforovich - real stubborn people. Stubbornness - inappropriate persistence - is a negative personality quality. When developing your will, you must remember about one of the most important laws of life - the law of expediency.
Ethics and aesthetics electives conducted at school allow students to more deeply study the history of the culture of human behavior in society and in everyday life, learn about honor and duty, justice and the manner of communication.
Students need to know that when they come to work, colleagues will form their first impression of their character based on their manner of communication with others. To do this, you need to teach schoolchildren to organize their communication, observing the following rules.
1. It is important to learn to listen to another person without interrupting him during a conversation.
2. It is important to understand the other person. Hindu philosophers came up with such a rule of argument. Each interlocutor must first state the thought of his opponent in a dispute and only after receiving confirmation from him that his thought is understood can he refute it. This rule is very useful to use, at least in cases where disputants put different meanings into the same words.
3. You need to learn to sincerely appreciate people. A cultured and developed person will always find good qualities in another.
It is important to be generous with praise, to highly appreciate the true merits of people.
4. You need to be attentive to people. They say: it is better to deprive a person of food than attention.
5. Communication is education good habits, training of actions, worthy behavior. Therefore, everything in communication is important: how you dress, how you sit, how you walk, dance, talk to your neighbors.
All this and much more shapes a child’s character.
Analysis of the above shows that from a social and aesthetic point of view, the content of education moral culture should first of all include the involvement of students in such activities as socio-political, patriotic, labor, material, environmental and communication.
1. 2. Aesthetic culture
“For a person, knowledge alone is not enough. It is necessary to educate the very feelings of people, their souls. One of the main human feelings, which distinguishes him from the beast and brings him closer to heaven, is the aesthetic feeling... completely forgotten in our upbringing. Meanwhile, aesthetics gives life. Science, devoid of aesthetics, dries it out; religion without aesthetics does not touch the soul; war, not ennobled aesthetic sense, turns knights into killers; revolution without aesthetics takes ugly forms and turns freedom into licentiousness. Aesthetics ennobles and enlivens everything it touches.”
The goal of educating an aesthetic culture cannot be deciphered in isolation from other aspects of personality formation, all possible manifestations of its relations to the surrounding world. Aesthetic education is an essential element in the formation of the entirety of an individual’s spiritual wealth. The very process of aesthetic growth in the formation of the consciousness of youth must be democratic. It is necessary to introduce into the consciousness of children the aestheticization of various spheres of social life, as a way of identifying self-fulfilling creative inclinations.
Aesthetic education is carried out by the entire system of purposeful activities, focused on achieving the development of relevant abilities, skills, as well as obtaining knowledge, which in their totality constitute necessary for society level of aesthetic culture of the individual.
The task of aesthetic development in the process of career guidance is to identify and develop creatively aesthetic inclinations that are inextricably linked with initial work skills.
The problem of aesthetic perception is revealed in the works of psychologists, who emphasized that the aesthetic assimilation of reality is, first of all, an active-emotional perception.
In concept artistic education and education of B. Nemensky, it is noted that the foundation of aesthetic education of schoolchildren should be the teaching of subjects artistic cycle, lasting throughout school life child. However, at different stages of training this should happen in different ways, both in terms of content emphasis and in organizational terms, taking into account the logic of the subject itself and age characteristics children. The artistic development of schoolchildren is considered as part of the system of aesthetic education, beginning in kindergarten, in the process of introducing children to the surrounding reality and preparing for entry into adulthood.
1.3. Creation
The fact that there have been creative eras and creative societies in history, that in our schools first-graders have more pronounced creative abilities than tenth-graders, suggests that social, including school, conditions can be favorable and unfavorable for creative education.
In the lower grades, excessive regulation, strict discipline, and routine are harmful, as a result of which the creative ability itself is sharply suppressed.
In high school, lack of initiative, the inculcation of tailism (“like everyone else, so am I”) and, again, the routine suppress intellectual activity and, at the same time, creative productivity, which can be simplistically considered as creative ability multiplied by intellectual activity.
In adulthood, creative productivity continues to be suppressed by routine and highly regulated work, and by the persecution of innovators.
Creative education is, first of all, a fight against routine: one day should not be like other days, not a single lesson should be like other lessons. The child’s day is planned in such a way that there is no time for doing nothing, but all the time there is an alternation of tasks: planned, necessary, unplanned necessary and optional.
Each person, according to his temperament, has a norm of “unity” - large or small, and everyone must fulfill his norm: be alone, collect his thoughts, fantasize, communicate with friends, play with abstract toys, cubes, buttons, nuts, transform them with the power of his imagination into real objects.
If a child is very prone to solitude, the teacher from time to time organizes communication with peers and adults. If on the contrary, the child is taught to spend some time alone - with a game, with a book, with a drawing.
Creative education itself is carried out on this basis. A probabilistic-statistical worldview is instilled: do not divide everything into black and white, bad and good, wrong and right: strive not for the maximum, but for the optimum, making a choice from many options, while losing in one and winning in another; calculate the probability of possible events, understanding that
0% and 100% - there is never a guarantee; and for this you should look at the world through the eyes of an extra. This means that there are authorities, but there are no indisputable authorities; Literary characters cannot be divided into absolutely positive and absolutely negative: new idea is always unusual, controversial, contradicts an old idea, and when it wins, an even newer idea will appear that will contradict it and in turn win - this is the dialectic of the nature of development.
It is important for a person to develop the habit of getting up from the “all fours” of current affairs, looking around, looking at things from above, connecting them with global affairs, thinking, thinking through and inventing. To do this, try to see the unusual in ordinary things: dramatically change the scale (as Swift did), endow them with unusual properties, place them in an unusual setting, make them mysterious and funny.
The main task of labor education and vocational guidance in particular is to form in each student a general orientation towards conscientious creative work, to bring him to the line of spiritual choice of profession.
Even before a teenager or high school student begins to come to grips with the question: “Who should I be?”, he must have formed a strong conviction about what he should be like in any profession (conscientious, disciplined, tirelessly improving his skills).
1. 4 . I came, I saw and...
Theater is a great opportunity for a class teacher to better understand their children.
Pedagogy and theater. The art of education and training and the art of performance and transformation. These concepts are no longer conceivable without each other. Stanislavsky also included pedagogy. The basis of his system of training an artist was “maieutics” - the Socratic method of education, the art of nurturing one’s own independent creativity. Theater has enormous educational power. The magic of the stage can perform real miracles: transport viewers through time and space, teach them to feel deeper, understand themselves and each other.
Theater is a great opportunity for class teacher, and for parents to get closer to their children, understand them better and achieve mutual understanding. Many school librarians note that after visiting the theater, schoolchildren’s reading interests become more active and the demand for literature, at least indirectly related to the performance, increases. And literature teachers say that theater helps children analyze this or that work.
But most often you have to deal with something else: the class teacher is required to do a certain number of activities, and he chooses what he thinks is the easiest thing - going to the theater. Have you ever been flatly refused by a theater manager who learned that you would like to purchase tickets for a class? Theaters began to fear schoolchildren, knowing for sure that their presence in the auditorium would ensure the disruption of the performance. Why? Apparently, children, finding themselves in the same crowd at the theater as at school, cannot adjust to a different level of communication. The hall is filled with schoolchildren - the hum almost never stops. Are they really not interested? Why do they behave this way?
The video generation has come to the theater: I watch, I drink beer, I comment. These boys and girls accurately identify the type of weapon in action films and detective stories, but do not know how to look and perceive art, and cannot afford the luxury of empathy and compassion. Suddenly the hall fell silent, hearing from the stage: “Have a heart, have a soul.” Then you understand: it is not the children who are to blame for their impenetrable deafness to art, but their parents and teachers, and teachers, perhaps, even in to a greater extent. After all, it was they who organized this cultural trip to the theater, putting a plus sign or a tick in their plan of educational work. It’s funny to repeat once again that any visit to the theater must be carefully prepared. Laziness, lack of time, reluctance force you to take the shortest and simplest route. But such is the fate of the class teacher - not to work, but to “plow” by the sweat of his brow for the sake of the good.
Of course, it would be ideal to watch the performance first yourself. But if this is very difficult, you can limit yourself to collecting information about the theater, performance, director and actors. Most often, children are taken to program works: “The Minor,” “The Inspector General,” “Woe from Wit,” “ The Cherry Orchard", etc. But sometimes it’s better to start getting acquainted with the theater, even if not with the program, but with a bright and memorable performance.
The second step is to prepare and set up the children by telling them about the history and repertoire of this theater, the director of the play and the actors playing in it, the theatrical fate of the play, the culture and historical setting depicted in it. But even after such a conversation, you still can’t go to the theater. In order for the children’s perception to be more accurate and deep, you can give them tasks. For example:
Pay attention to the scenery, costumes, music, lighting design;
Pay attention to any detail;
Pay attention to the interpretation of the role or the entire play;
Monitor the implementation of the director's and author's plans;
Explore the character of the hero;
Compare with other productions, etc.
But even this is not all. It would be good to introduce the children to theater vocabulary (buffet, not a dining room; foyer, not a corridor; armchairs, not seats; and also stalls, mezzanine, amphitheater, backstage, orchestra pit, ramp, proscenium, etc.). The game “We Came to the Theater” is of keen interest, especially among younger schoolchildren, where young spectators play out all the “dangerous” moments associated with the culture of behavior in transport and in the theater. But the main thing is to create an atmosphere of celebration, and not just another obligatory event.
The performance is over, the music is still playing in my head, some kind of grace is spilling in my soul. There is no need to ruin this with the command: “Hurry, we have a long way to go.” Try to linger in the hall (15-20 minutes won’t save you anyway), watch how the decorations are dismantled, listen to the silence. Try to talk at least a little about the performance, about first impressions. And then, already at school, return to what you saw during the discussion of the play, paying attention to the work of the director and actors, composer and artist. Discussion is possible not only in the form of a conversation, it can be playing individual scenes from memory, quizzes, essays that continue the fate of the characters, recreating the logic of thought, the motives of the character’s behavior. You can publish a newspaper, write reviews, organize an exhibition of drawings based on the play, prepare cartoon sketches “How we went to the theater.” And finally, the culmination is a meeting with the artists. They prepare for it for a long time: they come up with questions, rehearse the skit, bake pies... So another holiday appears in the school life of the children.
2 . The art of conversation at the table
A little history.
In Ancient Rus' in the 12th century, in his “Teaching to Children,” Prince Vladimir Monomakh taught how to conduct a conversation like this: “Be silent with elders, listen to the wise, talk without evil intent, think more, and not rage with words, do not condemn with speech, do not laugh a lot.”
Empress Catherine II forced her courtiers to comply with the rules of the “Hermitage Charter”. One of the paragraphs called for speaking moderately and not very loudly, “so that the ears and heads of others there would not hurt.”
In the old days, the greatest honor for a scientist in Iran was to become a member of the Academy of Silence. Only one hundred wise men could be "Silent" academicians at the same time. Their motto is worth remembering: “Think a lot and say little!”
One chatterbox stopped the philosopher Aristotle on the street and told him a lot of nonsense, all the time saying: “Isn’t it wonderful?” “It’s not as wonderful,” answered the philosopher, “as the fact that a person with legs can stand and listen to your idle talk.” Perhaps the philosopher did not act very politely. But what can you do?
"The Art of Conversation Kindly and Gallantly" - such a book was published in England in 1713. Here's what it says: "You need to start a conversation skillfully. The most common topic of conversation is the weather: it is either good or bad. If they agree with you, the conversation has begun."
Here are some general rules for a pleasant conversation, which will help the student (and not only!) to be a pleasant interlocutor not only at the table, but also in any situation.
1. First, let’s define what we shouldn’t talk about. Try not to talk about things that might offend your interlocutor. Don't talk disparagingly about, for example, an actor vertically challenged“a meter with a cap” if the one with whom you are discussing it is himself short. Don’t praise your dog in front of a friend whose dog recently ran into a car. Don’t describe the beauty of a vacation in the Bahamas if you know that the parents of your fellow interlocutor are not able to take him out even to the nearest village.
2. Don't humiliate others. Do not hurt the feelings of your interlocutor, do not try to tease him, offend him, or rise at his expense.
3. Don't gossip. Only speak well of those who are absent. Not only is it generally shameful to gossip, but your words can be conveyed “for their intended purpose” and even add something of their own. How will you look into the eyes of someone at whose expense you “innocently walked” a couple of days ago in a tete-a-tete conversation.
4. Do not discuss too narrow problems that are of no interest to anyone except you.
5. Each interlocutor has his own topic. You can discuss with a classmate the problems of the new “mathematics” and the peculiarities of its teaching. And from all this, grandma will only understand that you are not on good terms with the teacher and you are facing a bad grade. A stye on your cousin's eye is unlikely to interest the school principal. And the scandal between mom and aunt, because of who better remembers the events of ten years ago, is better not to discuss with anyone at all.
6. In a conversation, you should not touch on scandalous topics or problems that may affect someone’s moral principles.
7. On the street and in public places, you should not talk too loudly for others to hear. Don’t think that strangers will pay admiring attention to you: “Oh, how brave they are!” or “Oh, so witty,” or “Oh, my God, so cool!” Most likely they will think: “What bad manners!” And they will turn away boredly.
8. In general, you should not speak too loudly. If people don’t pay attention to your words, it’s most likely not because you speak too quietly, but because you speak in an uninteresting or confusing way. Or maybe your interlocutor doesn’t know how to listen. Then you shouldn't waste your vocal cords on it.
9. Also, do not speak too quietly, so that people are not forced to strain their ears. Don't mutter under your breath. Don't speak too quickly, but don't draw out your sentences either. If you are not confident in your artistry, do not pronounce words with excessive affectation (if you don’t know the word, ask an adult).
10. Do not answer or react to questions tactlessly.
11. In a company you should engage in conversation. different people, especially those who are new and feel awkward.
12. If you didn’t understand or didn’t hear something, then don’t ask again, like at the market, “What?” (and even more so “Sho?”) Say: “Sorry, I didn’t hear.”
13. In a dispute, do not strive to be right in everything, do not demonstrate your insult if your point of view is not accepted by everyone. Take into account the arguments of others. This does not mean that you should give up your point of view. It’s just that the form of disagreement must be correct (if you don’t know the word, ask your elders). You shouldn’t express your rejection with words like “Bullshit!”, “Lies!” and “What are you driving?”
14. Many ancient manuals on the art of being pleasant in society advise avoiding topics that could split those present into two camps. Political and national topics are especially sensitive. If you want peace and quiet, find a topic that is of interest to everyone, but does not cause sharp disagreements: love of pets, parents and teachers, future profession, science, literature, sports.
15. There are, however, companies where they are just going to argue. After all, both the new book and the prospects for the development of medical science can become a subject of debate. In such a company, you should not reduce the conversation to generally accepted truths. You don't have to be afraid of your originality. But don’t forget about the culture of controversy
16. Let's say you are a wonderful speaker! As they said not so long ago: rubbish. You know how to capture everyone's attention, you are witty, you learn stunning news before anyone else, you brilliantly imitate famous actors, you are a true erudite... But in order to become a truly unsurpassed interlocutor, you need to give others the opportunity to speak in time. “If you have a fountain, give the fountain a rest,” said Kozma Prutkov. Let your interlocutor express himself with the best side, “play along” with him, throw in a remark that you suspect he can respond to successfully. And they will love you even more! The real interlocutor is not the one who sings “solo”, but the one who conducts the orchestra.
17. If a third person joins two people talking, find a topic that will be interesting to all three.
18. If you notice that two people talking are discussing something intimate, not for someone else’s ear, gracefully exit the conversation, do not disturb the tête-à-tête. Under no circumstances should you ask: “What were you talking about here without me? If you don’t tell me, I’ll be offended!”, “It’s not good to keep secrets...” But you shouldn’t answer such truly stupid questions too rudely. "None of your damn business!" won't do. Say better: “About the properties of the hyperactive superfield of the synchrophasotron under conditions of irradiation with quarked mu-mesons. The topic is somewhat special, but maybe you know something new?”
19. It is a very bad manner to answer a question with a question. It always sounds like you think your friend is a complete fool. For example, they ask you: “Have you had lunch yet?”, and you answer: “Why should I sit without lunch, or what?” It's pointless and impolite.
20. Don’t litter your speech with curse words. Muttering through clenched teeth “dark words” for which our great-grandmothers could drag a criminal to wash his mouth with soap, some guys - and sometimes girls! – seem mature and experienced. In fact, this causes disgust and horror in others. Magicians believe that those who use dirty expressions in speech attract the forces of evil to themselves and spoil their destiny.
There are such sophisticated personalities who try to express themselves in tricky ways. You can’t really blame them for communicating using interjections. On the contrary, they want to flaunt their education. And in their speech every now and then words appear that are difficult to understand even for themselves.
Such lovers of intricate words are reminiscent of the characters from Anton Pavlovich Chekhov’s play “The Wedding”: the telegraph operator Yat and the midwife Zmeyukina, who desperately wanted everyone to appreciate their “education.”
Here's how they explained it:
Yat: What are human tears? Craven psychiatry, nothing more!
Zmeyukina: I’m suffocating near you! Give me atmosphere!
Expanding the vocabulary you use: of course, it is necessary, but you should do it wisely. When you hear a new word, ask an elder to explain its meaning to you. Better yet, look in the dictionary! And only after you have well understood the meaning of the new word, begin to use it.
Then your language will gradually become richer and purer. It will become easier for you to express your thoughts and you will become a pleasant conversationalist both at the table and in life.
3. And I had tea, samovar...
Game lesson in 6th grade
Topic: "Tea drinking."
Goal: to familiarize students with the peculiarities of national traditions of tea evenings, to strengthen the skills of making tea and setting the table. Build creativity and develop your horizons. Foster a culture of behavior.
Visual aids: tea preparation table, illustrations of table setting in national traditions.
Equipment, tools and utensils: electric stove, teapots, teaspoons, tea set, cutlery and dishes, flower vases, samovar, jam vases.
Products: tea, herbs, sugar, honey, jam, cookies, pies, cake.
Practical work: preparing tea and setting the table, calculating the amount of food.
The host starts the game, introduces the teams and the jury. The teams introduce themselves and say humorous greetings:
Team I "Valerian":
"Cat weed" -
Correction for patients:
Spine for the first aid kit
To help the heart.
Team II "Ginseng":
There is a crooked and horned root,
Rich in healing power.
And maybe two centuries
He's waiting for a man
In the thicket of the forest,
Under the cedar and pine.
Team III "Lipa":
It grows in spring, blooms in summer,
It crumbles in autumn, in winter
is getting some sleep.
And the flower is like honey,
Treats flu, cough and wheezing.
The presenter talks about the history of tea:
The leaf was green - black
became languid
The leaf was jagged - it became
leaflet tubular.
He was on Lozin -
stood in the store.
Teacher's opening remarks:
Tea is a Chinese word. It came to the languages of Europe in two ways: the peoples of the West brought tea from Southern China, where this plant is called te, while the Russians traded with the Chinese from the northern provinces. There they called tea "cha-e".
The custom of drinking tea originated almost six thousand years ago in the territory of modern China and Burma, where you can still find wild tea bushes on the mountain slopes.
China was the only tea producer, and the secret of its production was protected under pain of severe punishment. Nevertheless, one Englishman managed not only to steal tea seeds, but also to learn the secret of its complex processing. Thanks to this almost detective story Europeans began to grow tea in the colonies.
Since 1696, tea began to be supplied to Russia by caravan route from China, and by the beginning of the 18th century, tea firmly entered into the life of Russian people and became a national drink.
Stage I. Two people from each team go to prepare the chosen dish. The jury members monitor the tea preparation technology, compliance with labor safety rules, sanitary and hygienic requirements, and become familiar with the visual part homework. The rest of the team members begin warming up.
Guessing sayings
1. Six sets of cards of different colors are made (9 in each set). From these you need to add up six Russian sayings. Hint: each saying can be made from cards of the same color. (See Attachment).
1. A good seed is a good seed.
2. Repetition is the mother of learning.
3. Learning to read and write is always useful.
4. Drop by drop - a sea, by a blade of grass - a haystack, by a grain - a heap.
5. Craftsmanship is held in high esteem everywhere.
6. Time for business, time for fun.
2. Presenter: a long time ago there were no books about good manners, and the rules of human life were enshrined in proverbs and sayings - so precise that we can still learn worldly wisdom from them. Try to restore the full text of the proverb or saying.
1. Don’t feel sorry for the guest, but rather... (lei).
2. In someone else’s house, don’t be observant, but be... (friendly).
3. Do not be afraid of a guest sitting, but be afraid of a guest... (standing).
4. The guest often takes his hat - not soon... (will leave).
5. He who is greedy for food will end up... (in trouble).
6. They greet the guest by their dress... (they see them off according to their mind).
7. The host is cheerful - the guests... (joyful).
8. Frequent feasts will plague... (half-hearted).
9. The welcome guest is calling... (not waiting).
10. If you want to eat rolls, don’t sit... (on the stove).
3. Given keywords proverbs, you need to compile their full text.
1. Golden hands. (He who has studied well has golden hands. Golden hands will not spoil the torment.)
2. Hands-work. (For a skilled hand, all work is easy.)
3. Hands-head. (The hands work, but the head feeds.)
4. Work-treatment. (Work with passion is the best treatment. The cure for insomnia is work.)
5. Work-food. (If you grow rye, you’ll chew bread. If you work until you sweat, you’ll eat when you want. If you work hard, you’ll be full; if you’re lazy, you’ll howl.)
6. Labor-honors. (Work comes first, and honors will come later. People honor those who love work.)
7. Case-master. (The master’s work is afraid. Love the work - you will be a master. A master of the work takes on everything boldly.)
8. Sits and stares. (The diligent sows, the lazy man gazes at the moon.)
9. Izba-pies. (The hut is red in corners, and lunch is pies.)
10. From a rooster - an ear. (A good housewife will cook fish soup from a rooster.)
Captains competition
1. A purely Russian invention - a method of serving tea in PAIRS. Question: how did they do it? (A small teapot with tea leaves was placed on a samovar or on a kettle with boiling water.)
2. Which place at the table is considered the most honorable? (In the middle of the table.)
The final stage
Presentation of ready-made dishes and national tea drinking traditions.
The Valerian team talks about the French tea ceremony.
Tea banquet in French
According to tradition, the tea table should be round or oval in shape and covered with a linen colored tablecloth in soft pastel colors (most often yellowish, but can also be white). Napkins are selected to match the tablecloth. If a tea banquet is held in honor of the bride and on the occasion of meeting her parents, then the tea table is covered with a white lace tablecloth and decorated with bouquets of roses in delicate shades.
The teapot is placed on a large cupronickel tray; a sugar bowl, a vase of jam, a creamer and a small special plate or bowl for lemon are also placed here. Dessert plates and rosettes for jam stand in piles on the table and correspond to the number of invited guests. Other utensils, such as tea and dessert spoons, cake forks, fruit knives, are arranged in rows on napkins. Fruits are served in tall vases, which are placed in the middle of the table.
First, older guests are invited to the table.
The task of the housewife is to pour tea into cups and serve it to the guests. Next, the guests are looked after by the hostess’s daughter or her relative. They help you choose a treat, offer cream, sugar, honey, cookies, refill the tea, and clear the dishes after eating.
It is not recommended to add tea to an unfinished cup, but if the guest wants more tea, the hostess should grant his wish. If there are berries, a slice of lemon or tea grounds left in the guest’s cup, it is better to replace this cup with a clean one.
Usually after tea, guests are offered fruit, ice cream, and roasted nuts. Then dances, games, and other entertainment are organized.
The Ginseng team presents a tea evening in Japanese.
Tea evening in Japanese
Japanese tea traditions are not widespread due to the complexity of the ceremony.
The method of preparing green and yellow tea, when the tea is brewed in preheated round porcelain teapots, is a small part of Japanese tea ceremonies, with which the residents of our Central Asian republics are familiar. This separate round teapot and bowl are offered to each guest. The Japanese never serve sugar, jam, or honey with tea, with the exception of dried fruits and dry flour baked goods.
The entire tea drinking ceremony takes place in complete silence; guests and hosts never have conversations - they are in deep introspection or thinking about the laws of existence and the harmony of the surrounding nature. Many argue that it is this introspection and deepening into the surrounding nature that gives the Japanese tea ceremony its special beauty. The Japanese have four principles of the tea ceremony: respect, modesty, purity, silence (silence).
Team "Lipa" - tea evening in Russian.
Tea evening in Russian
Particular interest in tea drinking arose at the beginning of the 18th century, when the first sugar factories were built in St. Petersburg, Moscow and Kaluga. One of the foreign travelers noticed: the Russians had been practicing making excellent tea for so long that they completely unexpectedly invented the samovar. And those who have tasted tea from a real samovar believe that this is the only way a real drink should be and all other methods of preparation cannot compare with it.
Before guests arrive, you need to warm up the samovar, first pour fresh water into it, prepare dishes: dessert plates, rosettes or vases for jam or honey, tea cups and saucers.
The table is covered with a colored tablecloth, and a napkin is placed next to the dishes for each guest. For cutlery, you need sugar tweezers, dessert knives and forks for cake, fruit knives, and a spatula for cakes. The jam is placed in sockets in advance and placed in front of the invitee. Lump sugar, lemon, and fruit are also served on the table.
The hostess takes a place to the right of the samovar. The samovar is a symbol of the entire banquet. The hostess serves the guests at the table and is assisted by her daughter or another person close to the family.
The jury evaluates the taste of the tea, then, based on the results of the teams’ activities (see control table), sums up the results and names the winners of the competition.
4 . Etiquette, behavior, politeness. Theme: "Culture of Behavior". 6th grade
The purpose of the lesson:
attract students' attention to the rules of etiquette, interest fifth-graders in the rules of etiquette;
expand students’ knowledge about the culture of behavior and the rules of etiquette;
promote the formation of behavioral and appearance culture skills;
promote the development of students' communicative skills.
Basic concepts:
Etiquette, behavior, politeness, mutual respect, humanism.
Examination group assignment"New Society". What is the main purpose of the rules you have developed? Do you think there must be rules in society?
Lesson motivation.
GAME SITUATION. Let's imagine that there are no restrictions or rules of behavior. Play it out a small scene“Day of Disobedience” (task performed in groups for 4-5 minutes)
Moral rules determine what can and cannot be done. But how to do what is possible, and how to avoid unpleasant situations for yourself and others, is determined by the rules of etiquette.
Recording the topic of the lesson in a notebook.
Vocabulary work.
DICTIONARY WORK. Select words with the same root for the concept of etiquette (label, ethics).
Label - a tag indicating the characteristics of the product (quality, price).
A cultured person also has a kind of label - his behavior. Rules of behavior are etiquette. Ethics are the standards of human moral behavior.
Etiquette is an established order of behavior.
Behavior is a way of life and action.
Politeness - adherence to the rules of decency and courtesy.
(Cards with these definitions are posted on the board).
A person who knows and follows the rules of behavior and etiquette can be called polite. The word "etiquette" comes from the French "etiquette" - label, behavior. Indeed, a person’s behavior is his unique calling card. IN different time and different nations had different etiquette. You can hear: “court etiquette”, “knightly etiquette”, “diplomatic etiquette”.
Sometimes the rules of behavior in public places were unwritten, and sometimes they were written down. Thus, in the 16th century, Domostroy appeared in Rus'. Rules of conduct play such a big role in the life of society that Emperor Peter I personally wrote a collection of etiquette rules, “An Honest Mirror of Youth.”
Group work
Read the text carefully. Which etiquette rules do you like and which ones don’t? Which ones do you consider outdated, which ones do you consider necessary to observe today?
1st group. Domostroy (XVI century).
2nd group. "An honest mirror of youth" (XVIII century)
Domostroy
“The book, called Domostroy, contains very useful things, for teaching and instruction to every Christian, husband and wife, and children...” Written in the 16th century. Its author is often called Sylvester. Most likely Sylvester was one of the authors and editors of the book...
A father and mother must take care of their children: take care of them and raise them in good instruction, and teach... politeness (politeness, courtesy) and all decorum; and depending on the time of the children, and according to age, teach handicrafts: mothers - daughters, and fathers - sons, who is worthy of what, to whom God will give what opportunity... Teaching and instructing, and reasoning, lay wounds: instruct children in their youth, May they give you rest in your old age... And if children pay no attention to the instructions of their fathers and mothers, if they sin or do any evil, both fathers and mothers and their children will suffer a sin from God, and from people a lesson and ridicule, and a loss to their home, sorrow and loss, and from the judges tax and shame...
Love your father and mother, and listen to them, and obey them... in everything; and honor their old age; and bear their weaknesses and all sorts of illnesses with all your heart on your shoulders... If anyone silences or insults his parents, or curses, or barks, he is a sinner before God, cursed by the people...
And every day the wife would ask her husband and consult about everything in her daily life... And go on a visit and invite her to her place, communicate with whom the husband tells... to protect the wife from drinking intoxicating... And talk with guests about handicrafts and homemade structure: how to put things in order and what handicrafts to do... and they argue about what about whom sometimes, and they begin to test their minds, then they answer: “I don’t know anything about that, and I haven’t heard, and I don’t know; and I myself don’t talk about unnecessary things.” I ask, not only about princesses, but also about noblewomen, but I don’t talk about neighbors.”
...From good people, from loving wife the house is always clean and organized; everything is in order, everything is hidden (lies in place), where it is useful, everything is cleaned, swept; Everything is always in order: how to enter heaven! The wife must oversee all this order and teach the servants and children good and evil; If they don’t understand the words, then hit them.
And if the husband sees that his wife and servants are dishonest, or not as everything is written in this memo, then he would be able to instruct his wife with all kinds of reasoning and teach...
An honest mirror of youth
These rules of conduct were written by Emperor Peter I (XVIII century) in his own hand and were intended for noble children. Peter I, fighting against the remnants of antiquity, wanted to introduce the Russian nobles to European etiquette, whom he himself met during his stay abroad.
"...The youth must be very courteous and polite both in words and in deeds; not insolent and not pugnacious...
Young boys should always speak foreign languages among themselves so that they can become proficient: and especially when they happen to say something secret, so that the servants and maids cannot find out and so that they can be recognized from other ignorant fools...
When it happens that you sit at the table with others, then keep yourself in order according to this rule:
First of all, cut your nails, so that they don’t appear to be lined with velvet. Wash your hands and sit decently, sit straight, don’t grab the dish first, don’t eat like a pig, and don’t blow into your ear (brew, soup, soup) so that it splashes everywhere, don’t sniff when you eat. Don’t drink first, be abstinent, and avoid drunkenness, drink and eat (eat) as much as you need, be the last in the dish. When they offer you something, take part of it, give the rest to someone else and thank him... Do not wipe your lips with your hand, but with a towel... do not lick your fingers and do not gnaw your hair, but cut it with a knife. You can’t clean your teeth with a knife... Don’t slurp over food (food) like a pig, don’t scratch your head, don’t swallow a piece, don’t talk, because that’s what peasants do. It is not good to sneeze, blow your nose and cough often... Near your plate, do not make a fence of bones, crusts of bread, etc...."
Sharing information and teacher addition.
Some rules of etiquette have not only reached us, but also retained their original meaning. For example, if an adult enters the room, children stand as a sign of respect.
Other rules of etiquette have survived to this day, although they have changed their original meaning. If a primitive man was the first to let a woman into the cave, then he took care of himself - the hunter, without whom the tribe could die of hunger; women did not get much food, so it was not a big loss for the tribe if the woman who entered the cave first was attacked by a cave bear. Today, a man allows a woman into the room, holding the door open, as a sign of attention to her.
In the Middle Ages, knights took off their helmet and combat gloves when entering a home, demonstrating to the owner their peaceful intentions. A knight in a helmet with a lowered visor and gloves was dangerous - he was ready for battle.
Today, a well-mannered man takes off his hat when entering a room.
Game "Did you know"
rules of etiquette?"
To play this game, a game table is prepared, divided into sectors (they can be replaced by game cards laid out in a circle with task numbers) and a toy top.
The class is divided into groups according to the rows in which students sit during regular lessons. One of the teams sits down at the gaming table. The other two can play from the spot. If the main player does not give the correct answer, the players of the team in which the raised hand appeared first answer.
To conduct the game, teacher assistants are selected: a secretary (writes down the results of the game on the board, counts the points, which are simultaneously entered into the team’s score sheets) and a timekeeper (watches the clock to ensure that it does not take more than 30 seconds to prepare an answer). The number of questions must correspond to the number of players.
Everyone takes turns spinning the top. The right to choose the correct answer belongs to the one who spun the top. In case of difficulty, a player can turn to his team for help. If the answer is given immediately, the time saved goes to another question and can be used by another player on the team (strong students can thus help slow-witted students).
After all the team players have answered the questions, the next team sits down at the gaming table. After all teams have taken part in the game, we sum up the results. Based on the results of the game, you can give ratings to the most effective players, as well as to those who most often put forward the correct versions of answers during the discussion. When summing up, the completeness, accuracy, correctness of answers, and their originality are taken into account.
As a rule, there are 3-4 minutes left at the end of the lesson. Depending on the situation, you can invite either guys who didn’t play very well (give them an extra chance) or team captains to the gaming table.
The game will be noticeably livened up if the teacher prepares the appropriate props (for example, a chair, gloves, hat) in advance for some questions and tasks. In this case, the question is not just asked, but played out.
Below are tests for running the game. It is advisable to select tests in accordance with specific educational tasks, facing a specific class. To spice up the game, you can group the tests under the headings “For you, boys” and “For you, girls.” You can play the game simultaneously with two teams competing with each other. In some cases, you can ask students to comment on their answer.
Do you know the rules of etiquette?
Game No. 1. On the street and in a public place.
1. How do the boy and girl greet each other?
a) the girl gives her hand first;
b) the young man is the first to offer his hand;
c) it is better to limit yourself to a nod of the head;
d) it is better to limit yourself to a verbal greeting.
2. Who extends their hand first when meeting someone?
a) junior - senior;
b) senior to junior;
c) superior to subordinate;
d) subordinate - to the boss.
3. Does a young man always stand up during an introduction?
a) always;
b) only when meeting a girl;
c) at your own discretion.
4. Can a young man, when meeting a girl, keep his free hand in his pocket?
a) can;
b) can only if he has a wallet with a large sum of money in his pocket;
c) cannot - he must take his hand out of his pocket.
5. Can a young man say hello with a cigarette in his mouth?
a) maybe, especially if the cigarette is imported and expensive;
b) it is better to hold a cigarette in your hand, not in your mouth;
c) greetings and conversation with a cigarette are not acceptable.
6. Do you need to look a person in the eyes when greeting them?
a) of course, all your attention should be focused on the interlocutor;
b) not at all necessary - looking into the eyes can confuse your interlocutor;
c) giving for greeting right hand, it is better to look slightly to the left of the head of the person you are greeting - this will help both of you to avoid embarrassment.
7. Should you smile when greeting someone?
a) of course not - it’s not serious;
b) depending on your mood;
c) a friendly smile is always desirable.
8. Can a young man offer his gloved hand for a handshake?
a) maybe, if he shakes hands with a peer;
b) cannot;
c) maybe in severe frost.
9. Should a girl take off her glove when saying hello?
a) should not;
b) must if she wants to show respect to the person she greets, especially if this person is older than her;
c) may not be removed if the air temperature is below -50.
10. Is it possible not to accept a hand extended for a handshake?
Can i;
b) it is impossible;
c) a woman can afford this in some cases.
11. What should a handshake be like when meeting someone?
a) strong and long lasting;
b) weak and short-lived;
c) tightly squeeze the hand of a new acquaintance and shake it for a few seconds, as if sealing the alliance;
d) the handshake should be friendly, but short.
12. How many times a day can you say hello to the same person?
a) only once - at the first meeting;
b) every time we meet;
c) several times, if meetings are separated by more or less significant periods of time.
13. Should you say hello to people you don’t know but meet often?
a) of course, it’s so natural;
b) why say hello if the person is unfamiliar?
c) this is possible if this person shows increased interest in you;
d) under no circumstances.
14. Should you say hello to an acquaintance when you see him in a car?
a) not necessary;
b) mandatory;
c) only if the acquaintance is not driving.
15. stranger On the street he greeted you, identifying himself. What should I do?
a) pretend that you did not notice the greeting;
b) respond with a greeting;
c) explain to the person his mistake.
16. You overtake a friend walking down the street in front of you. Which of you two should say hello first?
a) the one who is overtaken;
b) the one who overtakes.
17. What should you do if you saw a friend too late and didn’t have time to say hello or respond to a greeting?
a) catch up, apologize and say hello;
b) pretend that everything is fine;
c) at the next meeting, explain everything and apologize.
18. Is it possible to introduce two people by simply bringing them near each other and without naming names, asking them to introduce themselves?
a) it is quite possible;
b) the person introducing them to each other is obliged to introduce everyone;
c) the person introducing them can do as he pleases.
19. Who greets first: those entering or those present?
a) of course, incoming;
b) the one who is more polite greets first;
c) the first to greet is the one present who first noticed the person entering.
20. Who says hello first: the one waiting or the one who is late?
a) of course, the one who is waiting - he is more ready for this;
b) of course, late in order to mitigate his tardiness;
c) if a girl is late, she still doesn’t say hello first.
21. How to introduce your friends to your parents?
a) introduce parents to friends;
b) introduce friends to parents;
c) as if by chance, bring your parents and friends together and leave them alone - let them get to know each other themselves.
22. How does the child introduce himself?
a) states his full name;
b) says first and last name;
c) names the first name, last name and patronymic.
23. What to do if you have an “emergency” on the street (a shoe lace comes undone, the strap of a sundress comes off, the handle of a bag, etc.)?
a) ask passers-by for help;
b) without paying attention, carefully continue moving;
c) apologize to your companion, step aside and correct.
24. How to behave if you meet a good friend on a crowded street?
a) go to a cafe to talk there;
b) step aside and talk;
c) find a park and sit down for a conversation on a bench.
25. Is it possible to touch your interlocutor during a conversation, clap him on the shoulder or knee?
a) it is indecent, especially if the interlocutor is an unfamiliar person;
b) it is possible, since by doing this you express a special attitude towards your interlocutor;
c) is possible only in response to similar gestures from your interlocutor.
26. You sneezed, and those nearby wished: “Be healthy!” What should I do?
a) pretend that they didn’t hear;
b) thank;
c) apologize.
27. At what distance should the interlocutors be?
a) the farther the better - but not further than the distance that requires shouting;
b) the closer, the better; if you listen to the other person's breathing, you will be able to understand him better;
c) the optimal distance is about half a meter, this is the distance that allows you to speak calmly and naturally.
28. Which side should you keep when walking down a street or corridor?
a) left;
b) right;
c) middle.
29. Is it possible to eat outside?
a) it’s impossible;
b) you can, if you really want to;
c) it’s possible if it’s something special (candy, ice cream, bun, etc.).
30. There is a crush at the classroom door. Children from one class enter, and children from another leave. Who should give in?
a) those who enter;
b) those who go out;
c) those entering and exiting move carefully towards each other.
31. What should you do if you need to say something from a long distance - across the corridor, across the street?
a) shout louder;
b) do not shout, but show with gestures;
c) come closer and say.
32. On which side should you avoid oncoming pedestrians?
a) it doesn’t matter, the main thing is not to disturb passers-by;
b) on the right;
c) from the left.
Game 2. "Away".
1. If you come to visit someone and they invite you to dinner or treat you to something, should you refuse or accept the invitation?
a) of course, refuse;
b) unconditionally accept the invitation;
c) accept the invitation, but then leave soon, without burdening the hosts with a long stay.
2. Is it fashionable to come to visit with a person completely unknown to the hosts?
a) it’s possible if you just met him on the street;
b) it is possible by first asking the owners’ permission;
c) you can’t - it’s impolite.
3. It's your holiday. Is it possible to greet guests in house slippers?
a) of course you can, it emphasizes the comfort and warmth of a home environment;
b) you need to wear the most elegant shoes intended for special occasions;
c) in no case is it possible; you need to take off your slippers and put on your shoes.
4. It's your holiday. Should invited guests be offered slippers?
a) of course, they will be pleased with your concern;
b) slippers are offered only if you have several pairs of new slippers in stock for this purpose;
c) there is no need to offer slippers; Guests must take care of their own shoes.
5. Is it possible to talk on the phone when guests arrive?
Can i; let them know how many friends you have and what an irreplaceable person you are;
b) it is impossible; apologize and ask to call you back at another time;
c) it is possible; towards the end of the evening, when you are pretty tired of the guests and there is no other way to let them know that you are tired of them.
6. Should the TV be on when receiving guests?
a) yes, especially if the TV is a prestigious brand;
b) no, the TV cannot be turned on if there are guests in the house;
c) you can turn on the TV if there is a program that interests the majority of guests.
7. How long should late guests wait?
a) as much as the guests who have already arrived will endure;
b) 15 minutes;
c) you shouldn’t wait at all, guests shouldn’t be late.
8. You are late, and the guests are already sitting at the table. How to behave in this case?
a) you need to go around all the guests and say hello to everyone;
b) sit in the seat assigned to you, as if nothing had happened;
c) say hello to the owners and apologize for being late.
9. Your guest accidentally broke a cup. How to proceed?
a) rejoice - “The dishes beat for happiness”;
b) remove the fragments and replace the cup without comment;
c) pretend that you didn’t notice anything.
10. If guests brought cake or sweets, is it necessary to treat them to the guests?
a) optional, if cake and sweets have already been prepared for dessert;
b) necessarily, out of politeness.
11. What to do if you need to leave your guests early?
a) prepare all guests for your departure in advance;
b) ask the hosts to explain your situation to all guests;
c) leave unnoticed, saying goodbye to the owners.
Homework
Group task: think through skits on the topic “Etiquette for every day” (1st group - “In a public place”,
2nd group - "In the theater"
3rd group - "In transport",
4th group - "At Home"
5th group - "Friend's Birthday"
6th group - "Acquaintance"). It is desirable that each scene has both a positive and a negative character.
Application of knowledge
Release of the wall newspaper "Ah, etiquette, etiquette, etiquette!.."
Participation in Etiquette Day.
Conclusion
Since the supports of all ideological structures disappeared in the school, as the system of pioneer and Komsomol work disappeared, a vacuum has formed in the school, which cannot now be completely filled. Today, schools are a kind of educational centers where a child comes to study physics, chemistry, biology... and leaves. The school has ceased to be an educational institution. Therefore, it is necessary to bring art into the school - in different proportions, types and forms. The entire ideology of school work, including career guidance, should be built primarily on culture, traditions, aesthetic education and artistic development. Where, if not at school, can this culture be taught to everyone?
“Beauty will save the world” - we quote with hope from Dostoevsky. And some - with the usual dependent note: there is someone to blame the care on - beauty will save and pull us out of the swamp in which we sit due to our laziness and undemanding spirit. But beauty also needs help! Only action will save a person and a country.
The school needs a psychologist. On the one hand, a school psychologist is a narrow specialist: he is a child psychologist. on the other hand, he is a specialist of a wide profile: also a social psychologist, sociologist, specialist in the scientific organization of student and teacher work and career guidance. Career guidance is now turning into an independent profession, and the time will come when both a psychologist and a career guidance counselor will work together. When preparing reforms in pedagogy, the problem of training teaching staff was not given due attention. It must be emphasized that without decisive changes in this regard, the state solution to the problems of aesthetic education and art education of schoolchildren is absolutely impossible. A radical change in the aesthetic consciousness and professional level of teachers is the only lasting opportunity to break through the vicious circle when one aesthetically undeveloped generation “educates” others.
Literature
1. Academy of Polite Sciences Professor Bonus / Comp. , – D.: Stalker, 1997.
2. Maslyuni N. Please come to the table. Riga, 1985.
3. Bachinin personality culture. M. Politizdat. 1986.
4. Bondarevsky V., Formation moral consciousness high school students. M., Education, 1978.
5. Borev Yu., Esthetician. M., Politizdat, 1988.
6. Vorobyov of the future begins today. M., Education, 1991.
7. Guseinov A. The Golden Rule of Morality. M., Young Guard, 1979.
8. Dale Carnegie. The path to happiness. Kyiv Book Factory. 1991.
9. Unity of training and education in the process of preparing young people for work. Ed. M., 1972.
10. Aesthetic culture of the individual. K. Vishcha school, 1988.
11. Kuznetsova, development of the personality of a junior schoolchild. M., Education, 1988.
12. Prosulenko and the city. Donetsk "Donbass", 1990.
13. Joiners of creativity. M., Pedagogy, 1981.
14. Uledov life of society. M. Education, 1986.
15. About the moral element in education. M. Education, 1978.
16. Aesthetics. Dictionary. M. Politizdat, 1989.
The rules and norms of cultural behavior begin long before two people have the opportunity to meet. In most cases, people who enter into communication remain unfamiliar with each other. But this does not prevent them from being polite and tactful.
The basic rules and norms of a culture of behavior are instilled in a person from childhood.
However, if for some reason you were not instilled with them, or you have forgotten some of them, follow the simplified and basic version of how to become a cultured person:
The gait should be confident and smooth. You need to sit straight, without leaning on anything, without rocking on the chair or spreading your legs wide. It is necessary to get up without unnecessary noise and body movements;
Hand position is a problem for many people. It is better to keep your fingers calm, and possible gestures should be clear and smooth. It is strictly unacceptable to keep your hands on your stomach or in your pockets;
Facial expression should be natural and friendly, without grimaces or antics;
Laughter should not be offensive or attention-seeking. You should only sneeze and cough into a handkerchief and preferably away from your interlocutor. By the way, according to etiquette, the phrase “be healthy” adopted in our country should not be said to the interlocutor. This could put him in an awkward position. You should also not yawn in front of people;
When visiting various establishments with auditoriums, you need to go to your seat facing the seated spectators. The woman sits down first, then the man accompanying her;
Despite the fact that a man must let a woman through, the exception in this case is transport, staircases or unfamiliar premises. In this case, the man goes first, offering his hand to the woman;
According to cultural behavior, a woman should always be to the right of a man, and a man to the left of a woman;
While on the street, it is not advisable to walk against the general traffic and touch people passing by with your hands. Also beyond the bounds of decency is smoking on the street, drinking drinks and making comments about the clothes and appearance of passers-by;
It is not advisable to enter public transport with food and drinks. Also, you should not occupy seats with bags, and it is advisable to give way free place elderly people and mothers with children.
These simple rules will not only facilitate relationships with people, but will also help you become a cultured person in the face of those around you, which is very rare today.
Culture of behavior- a set of forms of everyday human behavior (in work, in everyday life, in communication with other people), in which moral and aesthetic values find external expression norms this behavior. If moral norms determine the content of actions and prescribe what exactly people should do, then moral norms reveal how specifically the requirements of morality are implemented in behavior, what is the external appearance of a person’s behavior, and to what extent organically, naturally and naturally these norms merged with his way of life, have become everyday life rules.
For example, the requirement of respect for people in relation to everyday behavior is expressed in the form of rules of politeness, delicacy, tact, courtesy, the ability to take care of other people’s time, etc. Loyalty to one’s obligations in terms of K. p. means accuracy in fulfilling promises and returning what was borrowed, timeliness and accuracy in implementing agreements, etc. Honesty in the form of its manifestation coincides with directness, sincerity, and the ability to unambiguously and openly express one’s thoughts.
In broad terms, the concept of competitiveness includes all areas external and internal culture person: etiquette, rules of dealing with people and behavior in public places; everyday culture, including the nature of personal needs and interests, relationships between people outside of work ( Everyday morality), organization of personal time, hygiene, aesthetic tastes in the choice of consumer goods (ability to dress, decorate a home); aesthetic properties inherent in man facial expressions and pantomimes, facial expressions and body movements (grace).
They especially highlight the culture of speech, the ability to competently, clearly and beautifully express one’s thoughts without resorting to vulgar expressions. In a certain sense, labor culture, the ability to properly organize work time and place, find appropriate techniques and operations to achieve the most beneficial results and obtain High Quality industrial products. In Marxist ethics and pedagogy K. p. is considered as an organic unity ethical and aesthetic in the spiritual and external appearance of a person.
Attempts to contrast these two concepts are a relic of ideas associated with class society, where manner behavior, dressing and possessing refined aesthetic taste served as an external sign of belonging to the “highest circle”, while at the same time external culture often did not correspond to the internal appearance of a person. Politeness and generally adherence to a certain etiquette in a society based on the principles of selfishness often concealed mutual indifference and alienation, an indifferent or even dismissive and hostile attitude towards people.
Therefore, etiquette, taking into account the nature of a purely external ritual was not based on a truly humane attitude towards people. Such a formal understanding of socialism is completely alien to the socialist society, in which it is considered as a generally accepted form of external expression of true humanity. Here, the cultural heritage of this or that person to a certain extent characterizes his spiritual, moral and aesthetic appearance, shows how deeply and organically he has assimilated the cultural heritage of humanity, making it his own property.
Etiquette (from French etiquette) means an established order of behavior somewhere. This is the most general definition of etiquette.
Culture of behavior is the actions and forms of communication of people based on morality, aesthetic taste and adherence to certain norms and rules. A true culture of behavior is the organic unity of a person’s internal and external culture, the ability to find the right line of behavior even in a non-standard, and sometimes even in an extreme situation.
Business Etiquette — the most important aspect of the morality of professional behavior of a business person, entrepreneur. Knowing it is necessary professional quality, which must be acquired and constantly improved. Almost 70% of deals profitable for business people did not take place due to the fact that Russian businessmen They do not know the rules of business communication and do not have a culture of behavior. This figure is confirmed by international experience. So, back in 1936, Dale Carnegie wrote: “The success of this or that person in his financial affairs 15 percent depend on his professional knowledge and 85 percent depend on his ability to communicate with people.” .
Quite a few careers collapse and money is lost due to improper behavior or bad manners. Knowing this, the Japanese spend hundreds of millions of dollars a year on teaching good manners and advice on etiquette and behavioral culture. They know well that the success of any company largely depends on the ability of its employees, on their ability to work together to achieve a common goal.
We emphasize that adherence to business etiquette and the ability to behave culturally are especially important when working with representatives of foreign companies, when traveling abroad to conclude transactions. Many “new Russians” have a noticeable bad taste in clothing, jewelry, and behavior. Foreign entrepreneurs who respect themselves and the honor of their company often stop all negotiations after the first meeting. The behavior of such “new Russians” can be assessed in words from the famous fairy tale by A.S. Pushkin about the old woman who “He can neither step nor speak.”
To avoid getting into an awkward situation, you need to know the rules good manners. In the old days they were taught “strongly” by Peter the Great. In 1709, he issued a decree according to which anyone who behaved “in violation of etiquette” was subject to punishment. Perhaps it is necessary to introduce punishment for those domestic businessmen who expose not only themselves to ridicule, but also cast a shadow on Russian entrepreneurship.
So, knowledge of business etiquette and the ability to behave culturally are the basis of entrepreneurial success.
Etiquette- a historical phenomenon. The rules of people's behavior changed with changes in the living conditions of society and the specific social environment. Etiquette arose during the birth of absolute monarchies. Adhering to certain rules of behavior and ceremonial was necessary to exalt royalty: emperors, kings, tsars, dukes, princes, dukes, etc., to consolidate the hierarchy within class society itself. Not only a person’s career, but also a person’s life often depended on knowledge of etiquette and compliance with its rules. This was the case in Ancient Egypt, China, Rome, and the Golden Horde. Violation of etiquette led to enmity between tribes, peoples and even wars.
The process of mutual enrichment of rules of conduct made it possible to develop mutually acceptable etiquette, recognized in its main features, and enshrined in customs and traditions. Etiquette began to prescribe standards of behavior at work, on the street, at a party, at business and diplomatic receptions, in the theater, in public transport etc.
Rules of etiquette, clothed in specific forms of behavior, indicate the unity of its two sides: moral and ethical And aesthetic. The first side is an expression of a moral norm: thoughtful care, respect, protection, etc. The second side - aesthetic - testifies to the beauty and grace of forms of behavior.
But in addition to the rules of cultural behavior, there is also professional etiquette . There have always been and will remain relationships in life that provide the highest efficiency in performing professional functions. Participants in any interaction always try to maintain the most optimal forms of this interaction and rules of behavior.
For example, in an organization, a newcomer will be required to strictly adhere to proven and proven rules of business communication, since they facilitate the performance of professional functions and contribute to the achievement of their goals. In this or that team, group of workers, employees, business people, certain traditions develop, which over time acquire the force of moral principles and constitute the etiquette of this group, community.
Etiquette of business relations is defined, in particular, as a set of rules of behavior in business, which represents the external side of business communication.
Business Etiquette — the result of a long selection of rules and forms of the most appropriate behavior that contributed to success in business relations. Business etiquette includes strict adherence to the rules of a culture of behavior, which presupposes, first of all, deep respect for the human person. This sincere respect should become an integral part of the nature of a leader or businessman. He needs to learn to believe in the integrity of people. It is impossible to detect even a sign at the first meeting that you suspect that your interlocutor may deceive you. Behavior should be based on a moral assessment: a business partner - good man! Unless, of course, he has proven otherwise by his actions.
Culture of behavior in business communication unthinkable without following the rules verbal (verbal, speech) etiquette , associated with forms and manners of speech, vocabulary, i.e. with everything speech style, accepted in communication among this circle of business people. There are historically developed stereotypes of speech communication. They were previously used by Russian merchants and entrepreneurs, and now they are used by cultured Russian and foreign business people. These are the words: “ladies”, “gentlemen”, “sirs” and “madams”, “dear colleagues”.
In a business conversation it is necessary be able to give an answer for any question. Even with the simplest questions, asked several times every day, “How are you?”, you must always remember a sense of proportion. Not answering is impolite; muttering “fine” and walking past is also impolite, if not rude; to engage in long discussions about one's affairs is to be considered a bore. In such cases, business etiquette prescribes answering something like the following: “ Thank you, it's ok», « Thank you, for now it’s a sin to complain", and in turn ask: " I hope everything is fine for you too?" Such answers are neutral, they reassure everyone, they follow the norms established in Russia: “Don’t jinx it when things are going well.”
In verbal (verbal, speech) communication, business etiquette involves the use of various psychological techniques. One of them - "stroking formula" These are turns of phrase type: “Good luck to you!”, “I wish you success”, famous phrases: “For a big ship, a long voyage”.
The etiquette and tact of a business person are manifested at every step - during a fleeting conversation with a subordinate, colleague, at a production meeting, etc. Unfortunately, sometimes officials abuse the form of addressing “you”. They address “you” to subordinates who are much older than them in age, but say “you” to a young superior. In the form of addressing “you”, disdain for the subordinate is manifested.
The etiquette of official and business relations requires strict adherence to speech norms both in interpersonal communication and during business conversations and meetings. When you talk to people (or even just one person), conduct the conversation without being interrupted. All matters, with the exception of urgent, sudden ones, can wait.
IN speech etiquette business people are of great importance compliments - pleasant words expressing approval, a positive assessment of business activities, emphasizing the taste in clothing, appearance, the balance of the partner’s actions, i.e., an assessment of the business partner’s intelligence.
Business etiquette requires strict adherence during negotiations rules of conduct for a country that is a business partner . The rules of communication between people are related to the way of life, national customs and traditions. All this is the result of centuries life experience, the life of previous generations of a particular people, Whatever the traditions, rules of behavior, they have to be followed if, of course, you want to succeed. The proverb “You don’t go to someone else’s monastery with your own rules” is especially true here. Often you have to follow all the rules even if you don’t like them. The interests of the business are higher than your tastes and preferences.
There are many examples of the peculiarities of the rules of behavior of businessmen in different countries. If, for example, Americans, emphasizing their affection, pat you on the shoulder in a friendly manner and willingly accept the same gesture from you, then by patting a Japanese on the shoulder or trying to give a friendly hug to a Chinese or Vietnamese, you can ruin your deal.
During business conversation With Italians, try not to demonstrate your rejection of their loud, overly animated speech, or the heated discussion of even an insignificant issue, and when communicating with the Japanese, do not be surprised by their use of super-polite turns of phrase. Over-politeness towards a partner and “humiliation” of one’s own “I” (for example, “I, unworthy, and my insignificant wife invite you, the Highly Honored and Noble One, to visit us”) do not interfere, but help the Japanese to conduct their affairs well. It is difficult to find another business partner who would calculate in advance with such scrupulousness the most incredible options for the upcoming transaction and set so many different (financial, legal, etc.) traps for his negotiating partner, like the Japanese. Japanese super politeness- a kind of drug that lulls the vigilance of a negotiating partner.
It is also important to follow certain rules regarding clothes And appearance . A trendy suit is completely optional. It is important that it is in decent condition, not hanging like a bag, and the trousers should not resemble a greasy old accordion. The costume must be in place and at the right time. If negotiations with partners are scheduled for daytime, a light suit will do. Pants and jacket can be of different colors. But if negotiations take place in the evening, the suit should be dark, the shirt should be fresh and ironed, the tie should not be flashy, and the shoes should be cleaned. A business man's elegance is determined by his shirt, tie and shoes, not by the number of suits he brings with him.
To travel abroad, it is enough to have three sets of clothes: dark and light suits, a decent jacket and a sweater for walking. If your trip route passes through the countries of the East, then remember that women should not wear trousers, they should not appear on the street, in public places without stockings or tights (especially in countries professing Islam), and men should not wear bright ties.
It must be remembered that there are no trifles in business relationships. Etiquette means a lot for business. The clothes and behavior of an entrepreneur or manager are his calling card. They begin to formulate an idea about the guest in advance, collecting information about him. The sources of information are the behavior of a businessman on the way to the place of a business meeting, behavior in the hotel, and during the meeting itself. Remember, you are surrounded by people everywhere who are studying you with varying degrees of bias.
Compliance the most important rules behavior with strangers- a sign of your respectability, good manners, self-confidence. There are a number rules of conduct in various types transport — on a plane, train, car. A long journey encourages leisurely conversation. You have to be able to lead it. First of all, you should not abuse the attention of your fellow travelers, do not strive to take over all sides of the conversation as quickly as possible, and do not be too talkative: talkativeness is a sign of bad taste, the other extreme is isolation.
The culture of human behavior in society - raising a child. She goes through the influence national culture, the carriers of which are the people around the child. Adults would like to see a child as they themselves are, so education is a process of assimilation.
The culture of human behavior in society comes down to the formation of a child’s personality and his adaptation to life in a given society, as a result of which the child comprehends the culture within which he is placed and learns to act without violating generally accepted rules of behavior.
We all seem to have a good idea of the culture of human behavior in society. What is behind the words culture of behavior? Still, it is useful to turn to the scientific definition of the concept. The Dictionary of Ethics will help us here. Culture of behavior is a set of forms of everyday human behavior (in work, in everyday life, in communication with other people), in which the moral and aesthetic norms of this behavior find external expression.
The culture of human behavior in society, how exactly the requirements of morality are implemented in behavior, what is the external appearance of a person’s behavior, to what extent organically, naturally and naturally these norms merged with his way of life and became everyday life rules. For example, the requirement of respect for people is expressed in the form of rules of politeness, delicacy, tact, courtesy, the ability to take care of other people’s time, etc.
The culture of behavior includes all areas of a person’s external and internal culture. Such as etiquette, rules of dealing with people and behavior in public places; culture of life, including the nature of personal needs and interests, relationships between people outside of work.
And also, organization of personal time, hygiene, aesthetic tastes in the choice of consumer goods (the ability to dress, decorate a home). And such as the aesthetic properties of facial expressions and pantomimes inherent in humans, facial expressions and body movements (grace). They especially highlight the culture of speech - the ability to competently, clearly and beautifully express one’s thoughts without resorting to vulgar expressions.
Culture of behavior is considered as a generally accepted form of external expression of true humanity. Here, the culture of behavior of a person to a certain extent characterizes his spiritual, moral and aesthetic appearance, shows how deeply and organically he has assimilated the cultural heritage of humanity, making it his own property.
It turns out that the culture of human behavior in society is the whole person, in the entirety of not only external manifestations, but also internal qualities. And this means that each of us bears responsibility for our own culture of behavior for the people around us and especially for those who are growing, for those who are taking their place.
Morality and culture of behavior.Ethics, morality, ethics
Ethics is one of the oldest and most fascinating fields human knowledge. The term “ethics” comes from the ancient Greek word “ethos” (ethos), which meant the actions and actions of a person, subject to himself, having varying degrees of perfection and presupposing the moral choice of the individual. Initially, back in the time of Homer, ethos was a dwelling, a permanent residence. Aristotle interpreted ethos as the virtues of human character (as opposed to the virtues of the mind).
Hence the derivative of ethos is ethos (ethicos - related to character, temperament) and ethics is a science that studies the virtues of human character (courage, moderation, wisdom, justice). To this day, the term “ethos” is used when it is necessary to highlight universal human moral principles that manifest themselves in historical situations that threaten the existence of world civilization itself. And at the same time, from ancient times, ethos (the ethos of the primary elements in Empedocles, the ethos of man in Heraclitus) expressed the important observation that the customs and characters of people arise in the process of their living together.
Professional ethics —term used to refer to:
Systems of professional moral standards (for example, “professional ethics of a lawyer”);
Directions for ethical research regarding grounds professional activity.
Currently, the meaning of the term is usually determined from the context or specified specifically.
Professional ethics is a system of moral principles, norms and rules of conduct for a specialist, taking into account the characteristics of his professional activity and specific situation. Professional ethics should be an integral part of the training of every specialist.
General principles of professional ethics, based on universal human moral standards, presuppose:
a) professional solidarity (sometimes degenerating into corporatism);
b) a special understanding of duty and honor;
c) a special form of responsibility determined by the subject and type of activity.
Particular principles arise from specific conditions, content and specifics of a particular profession and are expressed mainly in moral codes - requirements for specialists.
Professional ethics, as a rule, concern only those types of professional activities in which there is various kinds of dependence of people on the actions of a professional, that is, the consequences or processes of these actions have a special impact on the lives and destinies of other people or humanity. In this regard, traditional types of professional ethics are distinguished, such as pedagogical, medical, legal, scientist ethics, and relatively new ones, the emergence or actualization of which is associated with the increasing role of the “human factor” in this type of activity (engineering ethics) or the strengthening of its influence in society (journalistic ethics, bioethics).
Professionalism and attitude to work are important qualitative characteristics of a person’s moral character. They are of paramount importance in the personal assessment of an individual, but at different stages of historical development their content and assessment varied significantly. In a class-differentiated society, they are determined by the social inequality of types of labor, the opposition of mental and physical labor, the presence of privileged and unprivileged professions, and depend on the degree of class consciousness of professional groups, the sources of their replenishment, the level of general culture individual and so on.
Professional ethics is not a consequence of inequality in the degree of morality of different professional groups. But society places increased moral demands on certain types of professional activities. There are professional areas in which the labor process itself is based on high coordination of the actions of its participants, exacerbating the need for solidarity behavior.
Dedicated Special attention the moral qualities of workers in those professions that are associated with the right to manage people’s lives, significant material assets, some professions in the service sector, transport, management, healthcare, education, and so on. Here we are not talking about the actual level of morality, but about an obligation, which, if left unrealized, can in any way interfere with the performance of professional functions.
Profession - certain type work activity, requiring the necessary knowledge and skills acquired as a result of training and long-term work practice.
Professional types of ethics are those specific features professional activities that are aimed directly at a person in certain conditions of his life and activities in society.
Professional moral norms are guidelines, rules, samples, standards, the order of internal self-regulation of an individual based on ethical and humanistic ideals. The emergence of professional ethics preceded the creation of scientific ethical theories about it. Everyday experience and the need to regulate relationships between people in a particular profession led to the awareness and formulation of certain requirements of professional ethics. Public opinion plays an active role in the formation and assimilation of professional ethics standards.
Professional ethics, having initially emerged as a manifestation of everyday, ordinary moral consciousness, later developed on the basis of the general practice of behavior of representatives of each professional group. These generalizations were summarized both in written and unwritten codes of conduct of various professional groups, and in the form of theoretical conclusions, which indicated a transition from ordinary to theoretical consciousness in the field of professional morality.
The main types of professional ethics are: medical ethics, pedagogical ethics, ethics of a scientist, ethics of law, entrepreneur (businessman), engineer, etc. Each type of professional ethics is determined by the uniqueness of professional activity, has its own specific aspects in the implementation of norms and principles of morality and in collectively constitutes a professional code of morality.
The attitude towards a person largely depends on his behavior among others. It is no coincidence that the overwhelming majority have a negative attitude towards boors, or arrogant individuals. Cultured people, on the contrary, are desirable in any society.
There are generally accepted standards of decency and rules of behavior, compliance with which is the key to successful communication. All these norms and rules can be combined under one term - the culture of human behavior.
Culture of behavior and personality
The concept of cultural behavior and ethics has existed for many centuries, and in our time has not lost its relevance. This concept includes rules of behavior in society, actions and forms of communication of people, which are based on morality, as well as the internal and external culture of a person. Norms of behavior are a determining factor in the correctness or incorrectness of a person’s actions in society. First of all, the main factor of cultural behavior is good manners, i.e. a person’s willingness to comply with norms of behavior, his goodwill and tactfulness towards others. Ethics and culture of behavior are a kind of standard, a system of rules accepted in society. Etiquette is intended to serve people for everyday communication, representing a set of polite intonations of colloquial speech.
The culture of communication and behavior is an ambiguous concept. Etiquette can always be realized in communication, but not all communication can be recognized as etiquette. Communication is much broader than etiquette. In any cultural communication, partners may differ in gender, age, nationality, social status, as well as the degree of acquaintance and relationship. The culture of behavior is built according to these criteria. For example, a younger person is obliged to listen to an older one and not interrupt him, and a man in the presence of a woman has no right to speak rudely. To some extent, ethics is a system of cultural restraint to ensure positive communication between unequal partners. The culture of behavior is almost always designed for two recipients - the partner and the public. Thus, its rules and regulations extend in two directions at once.
Rules of culture of behavior
The rules and norms of cultural behavior begin long before two people have the opportunity to meet. In most cases, people who enter into communication remain unfamiliar with each other. But this does not prevent them from being polite and tactful.
The basic rules and norms of a culture of behavior are instilled in a person from childhood. However, if for some reason you were not instilled with them, or you have forgotten some of them, follow the simplified and basic version of how to become a cultured person:
These simple rules will not only facilitate relationships with people, but will also help you become a cultured person in the face of those around you, which is very rare today.
- child education. It passes through the influence of national culture, the bearers of which are the people around the child. Adults would like to see a child as they themselves are, therefore education is a process of assimilation.
The culture of human behavior in society boils down to the formation of a child’s personality and his adaptation to life in a given society, as a result of which the child comprehends the culture within which he is placed and learns to act without violating generally accepted rules of behavior.
We all seem to have a good idea of the culture of human behavior in society. What is behind the words culture of behavior? Still, it is useful to turn to the scientific definition of the concept. The Dictionary of Ethics will help us here. Culture of behavior is a set of forms of everyday human behavior (in work, in everyday life, in communication with other people), in which the moral and aesthetic norms of this behavior find external expression.
The culture of human behavior in society, how exactly the requirements of morality are implemented in behavior, what is the external appearance of a person’s behavior, to what extent organically, naturally and naturally these norms merged with his way of life and became everyday life rules. For example, the requirement of respect for people is expressed in the form of rules of politeness, delicacy, tact, courtesy, the ability to take care of other people’s time, etc.
The culture of behavior includes all areas of a person’s external and internal culture. Such as etiquette, rules of dealing with people and behavior in public places; culture of life, including the nature of personal needs and interests, relationships between people outside of work.
And also, organization of personal time, hygiene, aesthetic tastes in the choice of consumer goods (the ability to dress, decorate a home). And such as the aesthetic properties of human facial expressions and pantomimes, facial expressions and body movements (grace). They especially highlight the culture of speech - the ability to competently, clearly and beautifully express one’s thoughts without resorting to vulgar expressions.
Culture of behavior is considered as a generally accepted form of external expression of true humanity. Here, the culture of behavior of a person to a certain extent characterizes his spiritual, moral and aesthetic appearance, shows how deeply and organically he has assimilated the cultural heritage of humanity, making it his own property.
It turns out that culture of human behavior in society- this is the whole person, in the entirety of not only external manifestations, but also internal qualities. And this means that each of us bears responsibility for our own culture of behavior for the people around us and especially for those who are growing, for those who are taking their place.
Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation.
Department of Science and Technology Policy and Education.
Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University"
ABSTRACT
Culture of behavior
Completed by: Art. Polyakova E.A.
IAPPP 3rd year Tx-32
Checked by: Ph.D. ist. Sciences, Associate Professor
Bochkarev V.P.
Krasnoyarsk 2010
Plan
1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..... 3
2. From the history of etiquette………………………………………………………4
3. Culture of behavior and morality…………………………………… 7
4. Modern norms of behavior in different countries………………….……. eleven
5. Conclusion………………………………………………………...………… 15
6. Literature……………............................................... ...................................……. 16
1. Introduction
When assessing the cultural level of a person, we first of all have in mind his external manifestations, that is, behavior. Random, fleeting encounters with strangers on the street, in public transport, in a store can be pleasant for us or, on the contrary, upsetting.
A cultured person, first of all, must be polite. Cervantes is often quoted as saying: “Nothing costs us so little or is valued so dearly by people as politeness.” Politeness may not be the most important of virtues. It is much more difficult to be, for example, principled, fair, courageous. But it’s worth remembering how much politeness makes life easier for people and how much rudeness and rudeness complicate and even poison it. The importance of politeness in human communication is difficult to overestimate.
From the history of etiquette
Etiquette is a word of French origin. At one of the magnificent and elegant receptions of King Louis XIV, guests were given cards listing some of the rules of behavior required of them. The word “etiquette” came from the French name for cards – “labels”, which later entered the languages of many countries. The concept of “etiquette” includes the form, demeanor, and rules of politeness accepted in the society where each of us lives.
A significant part of the rules of etiquette came to us from the past, and even from the ancient world. Useless and insignificant rules were eliminated as historical development progressed, and only the most rational of them, time-tested, were preserved for posterity.
For example, from the Scandinavians we also borrowed the rule of giving honorable places at the table to women and the most respected guests.
The morals of the French nobility in the 17th century were a mixture of insolence and gallantry, familiarity and ceremony. Even a society lady, making a curtsy, should have performed it gracefully and at the same time coordinated with the rank of the person to whom he belonged. Men wore their hats during visits and even at the table. They drank to someone's health while standing or kneeling, but always with a naked sword in their hand and without a hat.
At ceremonial dinners, the diners were seated in one row: the noblest of those present took a place at the honorary end of the table and had no neighbors with right side. The next most distinguished guest sat on his left hand, and so on to the opposite end of the table. The owner of the house occupied a place depending on his title and position.
Kissing was very common. They served not only as a usual greeting, but together with hugs they replaced congratulations, expressions of gratitude and friendly outpourings.
A guide to good manners in 1640 recommended washing one's hands every day and one's face almost as often, and a guide in 1673 advised courtiers to "keep their hair, eyes, teeth, hands, and even feet clean, especially in summer, so as not to cause nausea in their interlocutors."
Of course, the etiquette of today is far from the good manners of the times of the French king. But still, we note that a significant part of its rules came to us from history, and some even from ancient history. Modern etiquette inherits the customs and traditions of behavior of all peoples. Since the times of Ancient Rome, the custom of hospitality has come to us. Cutlery, the rules for using which are sometimes neglected, was already held in high esteem by the ancient Egyptians. And the ability to eat beautifully and silently has always been considered a necessary component of culture, a great virtue.
In the late Middle Ages, the rules of etiquette acquired the character of law, of course, only for the nobility. Since the 18th century, manuals on etiquette began to be printed. Under Peter I, a book for youth, “An Honest Mirror of Youth, or Indications for Everyday Conduct,” was published three times. Following the alphabet and arithmetic, it set out the rules on how to sit at the table and handle a fork and knife, at what distance to take off your hat when meeting friends, etc. Interesting recommendations about behavior in public places and at the table: “No one has the right to walk down the street with your head hanging and your eyes downcast, or to look askance at people, but to walk straight and without bending over.” Or another: “Don’t slurp over your food like a pig and don’t scratch your head, don’t speak without swallowing a piece, because that’s what the ignorant do. It’s not good to sneeze, blow your nose and cough often.” Etiquette was directly related to moral relations.
Great educators and writers were involved in developing the rules of etiquette in combination with criticism of its class-based, degrading character for ordinary people.
Modern etiquette inherits the customs of almost all nations from hoary antiquity to the present day. Fundamentally, these rules of behavior are universal, since they are observed not only by representatives of a given society, but also by representatives of the most diverse socio-political systems existing in the modern world. The people of each country make their own amendments and additions to etiquette, determined by the social system of the country, the specifics of its historical structure, national traditions and customs.
3. Culture of behavior and morality
In recent decades, interest in the culture of behavior has been actively reviving, especially among young people. Young people want to know how to behave in different situations in life, how to speak, how to move, how to behave in a public place...
But interest did not arise immediately. We meet many people every day. And the mood of people and our future relationships with them largely depend on how these meetings proceed. There are no trifles in etiquette. The same act, even a slight violation of generally accepted norms, is perceived by some with indifference, and by others with resentment. Therefore, it is better to strive for maximum politeness in all situations.
Polite is behavior that corresponds to the rules of decency and manners accepted in a given society, which have changed significantly historically, and even today are very different among different peoples. But behind all this diversity of rules and forms of behavior, what is most important in politeness emerges: attention and respect for others.
What about good manners? How is it different from politeness? We can say this: good manners are politeness that has become a habit, which has become second nature. There is a difference between being simply polite and being human.
A well-mannered person, without thinking, automatically does what a “simply polite” person knows about, but does not always do: when an elder addresses him, he rises from his seat if he speaks while standing; lets a woman go ahead; removes headwear where it is supposed to be removed; gives way, etc. “Just being polite” will sometimes do this, sometimes not. Depending on your mood and circumstances. I think it is clear that real culture takes place only where good manners appear, where the rules of etiquette, external culture, polite behavior become an internal need, are embodied in character, and become its integral features.
There are several types of etiquette, the main ones being:
Court etiquette is a strictly regulated order and forms of behavior established at the courts of monarchs;
Diplomatic etiquette is a specific form of behavior of diplomats and other officials when contacting each other at various diplomatic receptions, visits, negotiations;
Military etiquette is a set of rules, norms and behavior generally accepted in the army by military personnel in all areas of their activities;
General civil etiquette is a set of rules, traditions and conventions observed by citizens when communicating with each other.
Most of the rules of diplomatic, military and civil etiquette coincide to one degree or another. The difference between them is that greater importance is attached to compliance with the rules of etiquette by diplomats, since deviation from them or violation of these rules can cause damage to the prestige of the country or its official representatives and lead to complications in relations between states.
Court etiquette is strictly observed as an established order and form of behavior at the courts of monarchs, but is preserved only in monarchical countries.
As the living conditions of mankind change, education and culture grow, some rules of behavior are replaced by others. What was previously considered indecent becomes generally accepted, and vice versa. But the requirements of etiquette are not absolute: compliance with them depends on the place, time and circumstances. Behavior that is unacceptable in one place and under some circumstances may be appropriate in another place and under other circumstances. The ability to behave correctly in society is very important: it facilitates the establishment of contacts, promotes mutual understanding, and creates good, stable relationships.
Each action, each appeal must, as you know, be accompanied by rituals appropriate to the occasion, “magic words”: please, thank you, etc. This is elementary politeness, which, in my opinion, everyone must perform. After all, it’s not so difficult to wish a person good morning and good night, good health and bon appetit, thank him for his help or service, and be able to say words of apology if he’s wrong.
One wise saying must always be remembered: “The basic tenet of all morality: do for your neighbor what you want him to do for you...” (K. Liebknecht). It is only important to always remember that the essence and meaning of etiquette are determined by the internal readiness of one person to help another and what is called delicacy and tact. In other words, do not impose your company while remaining polite; strive not to interfere with others, remaining free to carry out their own actions. And this means, in the end, that you cannot make noise and interrupt others in conversation. If you want to express your opinion (including objections, disagreement with the words or actions of others), you must first inquire whether the interlocutor said everything he wanted, whether he is ready to listen to you.
Etiquette includes not only verbal forms of expressing politeness and sympathy. Etiquette of words and actions should not conflict with a person’s appearance or clothing. In other words, etiquette is not completely observed if, despite all the correctness and politeness of behavior, young people come to the theater in jeans and colorful T-shirts. It is even worse if someone wearing bright, extravagant clothing joins the funeral procession. A good impression is made by a well-dressed, polite person who knows how to behave in any circumstances and behaves accordingly.
When dressing (and even earlier - purchasing clothes), one must keep in mind that clothing, gait, manner of standing, sitting, even laughing, form a kind of sign system; a person dressed in one way or another declares something, communicates something about himself to others. For example, a wedding dress, a festive suit are signs of an upcoming celebration; a tracksuit, a tennis racket in his hands “say” that the person is an athlete; a careless hairstyle and untidy jeans indicate that a person neglects the aesthetic feelings of others. Dirt under the fingernails and soiled clothes do not at all signal that a person belongs to the working class. They are simply slobs who have neither the rules of personal hygiene nor the concept of aesthetics of appearance. Loud negotiations during a film show, or a hat left on in the room are signs of bad manners and selfishness.
“They meet you by their clothes, they see you off by their mind,” says Russian folk wisdom. In other words, both appearance and spoken words are important in communication. Etiquette, as already mentioned, regulates communication and interaction between people. To be a good conversationalist means to know the subject of the conversation, that is, to understand what you are talking about, and to express your own opinions not only correctly, but also interestingly, without being boring. You need to take etiquette and the ability to communicate seriously and wisely. The rule is quite simple: what may be unpleasant to you is unpleasant to others.
The ability to manage your emotions becomes important when communicating with people. A well-mannered and cultured person never takes out his bad and very good mood on others. Good manners imply that the owner will not show his irritation or dissatisfaction by word, action, or look, and the best way to suppress unpleasant emotions is goodwill, attention, the ability to listen to the interlocutor, and help him if necessary. A smile is highly valued in etiquette.
4. Modern norms of behavior in different countries
The rules of politeness of each nation are a very complex combination of national traditions, customs and international etiquette. And no matter where you are, no matter what country you are in, the hosts have the right to expect attention from the guest, interest in their country, and respect for their customs.
In the manner of behavior a person shows the level of his culture and upbringing (manner of smoking, shaking hands, speaking, etc.). Many Russian businessmen, once abroad, throw away huge sums of money on a truly Russian scale, buying mansions or losing in casinos and restaurants. This is not accepted in a civilized society. There is no desire to demonstrate wealth here. This is a purely barbaric trait.
His attitude towards you depends on his behavior and way of communicating with a representative of another culture. Therefore, it seemed necessary to me to consider the basic norms of tourist behavior.
TRAVEL BY TRAIN.
In England, boarding a train is a fairly strict ritual that all visitors to the country must follow. At the entrance to the carriage, people line up; it is not customary to crowd here, pushing each other, pushing aside children and women. The British respect queues everywhere - at bus stops, in cinemas, in shops and in other establishments. So if you don’t want to be considered an ignoramus, it’s better not to forget about this little rule.
English trains usually have two classes of carriages - first and third. On long-distance trains, the carriages are divided into compartments, which open into a corridor (as in Russia). In the UK, the ticket inspector first checks the ticket, and then you give it back when passing through the turnstile at the final station of your journey.
Technological advances are rapidly spreading throughout the world, and train equipment is changing before our eyes. In Spain, for example, there is a wonderful Talygo express train running from Madrid to San Sebastian and Barcelona. This is one of the most fast trains in the world (the carriages are made of aluminum), food is served on sealed trays. And the Swedish train "Cruise to the Land of White Nights", connecting Stockholm with the Arctic, is so luxurious that it is difficult to imagine. It provides everything: laundry, shower, music room, stops during which you can sightsee.
In Japan, railway lines connect all the islands. The trains there are clearly divided into classes. Japanese trains are some of the most comfortable and fastest in the world. Keep your tickets - you will be asked for them at the end of the trip. Stops in Japan are very short, so you have to be prepared to get off in time. The station is announced in Japanese and English. Information on the platform is also published in two languages. So, if by the time of your trip you have not mastered the Japanese language, then at least take care of English, it will certainly be useful to you.
TRADITIONS CONCERNING FOOD CONSUMPTION.
Some nations attach great importance to behavior at the table. Violation of table customs is regarded as a deliberate demonstration of disrespect for the owners of the house.
An interesting tradition exists among the peoples of Buryatia. A well-mannered Buryat will not drink a drink without first sprinkling “sacrifice to the spirits” from his finger. However, it is not at all necessary to believe in the existence of spirits.
The Japanese, like the Chinese, use chopsticks at dinner - this is a well-known fact. They come in several types: the simplest are made of wood, and the most expensive are made of ivory. But even in a national restaurant you can ask for a knife and fork; in large restaurants they are always served. But I would still like to note that oriental dishes taste better if they are eaten with chopsticks. Eating with chopsticks is very interesting, but until you have become a master, do not try to use them the entire lunch: you will have time to starve before you manage to take even a piece, it is better to practice well beforehand.
Another Japanese tradition is to serve a hot towel before eating. Don't try to put it on your lap or tuck it into your collar. This will only amuse your Japanese friends and show your ignorance of oriental etiquette. When the waiter hands you a basket or tray of hot napkins, take one and dry your hands; you can also refresh your face and neck. After a second, the waiter will present you with a tray where you can throw your used napkin.
RUSSIAN WOMAN ABROAD.
Although city dwellers in different countries have already become accustomed to us, sometimes the appearance and behavior of Russian girls and women can be perceived as an open invitation that promises us not very pleasant prospects. In Romanesque countries (France, Italy, Spain, etc.) women never get together to drink, as is customary in Russia. Any girl or group of women visiting a bar that sells strong drinks should expect unpleasant remarks addressed to them.
In all Romance countries, men, as a rule, indulge in extraordinary exaggerations regarding the merits of their lady, especially in public: “You are absolutely magnificent!” or “Angels have eyes like these!” All detailed outpourings must be accepted with an allowance for southern exaltation and calmly thanked. In Romanesque etiquette, all public outpourings of feelings are very personal and vivid, but it’s all a game. Not every man falls madly in love with every woman he is introduced to.
HOW TO VISIT.
As a rule, in Western European countries, unlike in America, it is not considered good manners for guests to lavish praise on the house to which they are invited. Until you are asked for your opinion about the situation, it is best to remain silent. The lady of the house might say, “I want you to look at the garden. I spend a lot of time there—flowers are my hobby.” The reason for restraint is that well-mannered people are afraid of humiliating less wealthy guests by admiring other people's wealth. I would like to note once again that this remark does not apply to the United States.
5. Conclusion:
Traditions and customs have developed over centuries, passed on from generation to generation, and each nation has its own. From ancient folk traditions, the laws of celebrations, hospitality, and table etiquette were gradually developed and improved.
Etiquette has been and remains necessary for modern man; it has not become outdated over the centuries, but rather the opposite. It is necessary to be able to behave at home and in society in such a way as to earn everyone's respect.
Intelligence consists not only of knowledge, but also of the ability to understand others. It manifests itself in a thousand and a thousand little things: in the ability to argue respectfully, to behave modestly at the table, in the ability to quietly help another, to take care of nature, not to litter around oneself - not to litter with cigarette butts or swearing, bad ideas.
At the heart of all good manners is the concern that one does not disturb another, so that everyone feels comfortable together. We must be able to not interfere with each other. You need to cultivate in yourself not so much manners as what is expressed in manners, a caring attitude towards the world, towards society, towards nature, towards one’s past.
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