The first human scientific discovery modern type was a headless skeleton found in Wells, England in 1823. It was a burial: the deceased was decorated with shells and sprinkled with red ocher, which subsequently settled on the bones. The skeleton was considered female and nicknamed “Red Lady” (a hundred years later it was recognized as male). But the most famous are later finds (1868) in the Cro-Magnon grotto (France), according to which all ancient people are often not quite named Cro-Magnons.

These were tall people (170-180 cm), practically no different from us, with large, ruggedly handsome features and broad faces. A similar anthropological type is still found among living people in the Balkans and the Caucasus. Subsequently, the remains of people of this type were found in many places in Europe, in our country from the Crimean caves to Sungir near the city of Vladimir.

In ancient times, humanity was no less diverse than it is now. Along with the Cro-Magnons, sometimes next to them, representatives of other forms lived in Europe and Asia.

Neoanthropes lived in the era of the so-called upper paleotype. Like the Neanderthals, they used more than just caves for housing. They built huts from tree trunks, mammoth bones and skins, and in Siberia even from stone slabs. Their tools are becoming more sophisticated; in addition to stone, horn and bone are used in their production. Modern man painted magnificent frescoes on the walls of caves depicting game animals: horses, mammoths, bison (probably for some kind of magical rituals), decorated himself with necklaces, bracelets and rings made of shells and mammoth bones; domesticated the first animal - the dog.

The Cro-Magnons lived in caves or huts at the very end of the last ice ages. At the same time, the climate was cold and winters were snowy; only short grasses and shrubs could grow in such conditions. Cro-Magnons hunted reindeer and woolly mammoths. Cro-Magnons learned to make many new types of weapons. They tied sharp points made of deer antler to their spears with the teeth pointing back so that the spear would stick deep into the side of the wounded animal. In order to throw a spear as far as possible, they used special throwing devices. These devices were made from deer antler, and some of them were decorated with different patterns.

They caught fish using harpoons carved from deer antlers, with tips and barbs curved back. Harpoons were tied to spears, and fishermen pierced fish with them right in the water.

Cro-Magnons built huts from long shin bones and mammoth tusks, covering the frame with animal skins. The ends of the bones were inserted into the skulls, since the builders could not stick them into the frozen ground. Many burials have been discovered in the earthen floors of Cro-Magnon huts and caves. This skeleton was covered with beads made from stones and shells that had previously been attached to its rotted clothing. The dead were usually placed in the grave in a bent position, with their knees pressed to their chins. Sometimes various tools and weapons are also found in graves.

These Cro-Magnons cut deer antlers using a chisel-shaped stone tool - a chisel.

They were probably the first people to learn how to make needles and sew. At one end of the needle they made a hole that served as an eye. Then they cleaned the edges and tip of the needle by rubbing it against a special stone. Perhaps they pierced the skin with a stone drill so that they could thread a needle through the resulting holes. Instead of thread, they used thin strips of animal skin or intestines. Cro-Magnons often sewed small beads made of colorful stones onto their clothes to make them look more elegant. Sometimes for these purposes they also used shells with holes in the middle.

Apparently, the Cro-Magnons and other people who lived at that time were practically no different from us in the development of higher nervous activity. At this level, human biological evolution is completed. The previous mechanisms of anthropogenesis have ceased to operate.

What were these mechanisms? Let us recall that the genus Homo originates from australopithecines - actually monkeys, but with a bipedal gait. Not a single monkey that moved from the trees to the ground did this, but not a single one, except our ancestors, made the main weapon of defense and attack, first selected in nature, and then artificially made. That is why natural selection for better tool activity is considered the main factor of anthropogenesis. This is exactly what F. Engels meant when he noted that labor created man.

As a result of the cruel selection of the most skillful craftsmen and skilled hunters, such achievements of anthropogenesis as a large and complex brain, a hand suitable for the most delicate labor operations, a perfect bipedal gait and articulate speech were developed. It is also important to emphasize the fact that from the very beginning man was a social animal - already Australopithecus, apparently, lived in packs and only because of this were they able, for example, to finish off a weakened and wounded animal and fight off the attack of large predators.

All this led to the fact that at the stage of neoanthropes such powerful factors of evolution as natural selection and intraspecific struggle lost their significance and were replaced by social ones. As a result, human biological evolution almost ceased.

Ah, m. Cro Magnon. From the name of the Cro Magnon grotto in France, where in the second half of the 19th century. Skeletons of these people were discovered. Mn. People of the Late Paleolithic era. BAS 1. We are civilized Cro-Magnons and will no longer understand the strange, stupid truth about... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

CRO-MANNON, nca, husband. Fossil man of the late Paleolithic era. | adj. Cro-Magnon, oh, oh. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

- (nyo), tsa, m., soul. (after the name of the Cro Magnon cave in France, where fossil remains were first found). Modern man who existed in Europe in the Upper Pleistocene. || Wed. archanthrope, neanderthal, neoanthrope,... ... Dictionary foreign words Russian language

Noun, number of synonyms: 1 person (86) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Synonym dictionary

Representative of an extinct race of people ( Homo sapiens), the remains of which were first discovered in 1866 in France in the Cro-Magnon cave. At the end of the Paleolithic, the Cro-Magnon race inhabited Europe, North Africa and Western Asia. Geological Dictionary: in 2 volumes... Geological encyclopedia

Common name for fossil people modern look, belonging to neoanthropes and living about 40 thousand years ago... Large medical dictionary

M. see Cro-Magnons Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova. T. F. Efremova. 2000... Modern Dictionary Russian language Efremova

Cro-Magnon, Cro-Magnon, Cro-Magnon, Cro-Magnon, Cro-Magnon, Cro-Magnon, Cro-Magnon, Cro-Magnon, Cro-Magnon, Cro-Magnon, Cro-Magnon, Cro-Magnon (Source: “Full accentuated paradigm according to A. A. Zaliznyak”) ... Forms of words

Cro-Magnon- (2 m), R. Cro-Magno/ntsa, TV. Cro-Magno/Ncem; pl. Cro-Magno/Ntsy, R. Cro-Magno/Ntsy… Spelling dictionary of the Russian language

Cro-Magnon- Cro-Magnon/ets/… Morphemic-spelling dictionary

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Cro-Magnon lifestyle.

Archaeological finds indicate that the weapons and methods of making them among the Cro-Magnons were much more advanced than those of the Neanderthals; this was of great importance for increasing food resources and population growth. Spear throwers gave human hand the gain in strength by doubling the distance the hunter could throw his spear. Now he was able to hit prey at a great distance before it had time to get scared and run away. Among the serrated tips was invented harpoon, with which it was possible to catch salmon coming from the sea to the river to spawn. Fish became an important food for the first time.

Cro-Magnons caught birds in snares; they were the ones who came up with it death traps for birds, wolves, foxes and much larger animals. Some experts believe that the hundred mammoths whose remains were found near Pavlov in Czechoslovakia fell into precisely such a trap.

Distinctive feature there were Cro-Magnons hunting large herds of large animals. They learned to drive such herds to areas where it was easier to slaughter the animals, and carried out mass slaughter. Cro-Magnons also followed the seasonal migrations of large mammals. This is evidenced by their seasonal residence in selected areas. Late Stone Age Europe was teeming with large wild mammals, from which much meat and fur could be obtained. After that, their number and variety were never so great.

The main sources of food for Cro-Magnons were the following animals: reindeer and red deer, aurochs, horse and stone goat.

In construction, the Cro-Magnons mainly followed the old traditions of the Neanderthals. They lived in the caves, they built tents from skins, built dwellings from stones or dug them into the ground. New steel light summer huts, which were built by nomadic hunters (Fig. 2.18, Fig. 2.19).

Rice. 2.18. Reconstruction of a hut, Terra Amata Fig. 2.19. Reconstruction of dwellings, Mezin

Opportunity to live in conditions ice age in addition to housing, they provided new types of clothes. Bone needles and images of people dressed in fur indicate that they wore tight-fitting pants, jackets with hoods, shoes and mittens with well-stitched seams.

In the era from 35 to 10 thousand years ago, Europe experienced great period of its prehistoric art.

The range of works was wide: engravings of animals and people made on small pieces of stone, bones, ivory and deer antlers; clay and stone sculptures and reliefs; drawings with ocher, manganese and charcoal, as well as images lined on the walls of caves with moss or painted with paint blown through a straw (Fig. 2.20).

A study of skeletons from burials suggests that two-thirds of Cro-Magnons reached 20 years of age, while among their predecessors, the Neanderthals, the number of such people was not even half; one in ten Cro-Magnons lived to be 40 years old, compared to one in twenty among Neanderthals. That is, Life expectancy among Cro-Magnons has increased.

Cro-Magnon burials also provide evidence of their symbolic rituals and growth in wealth and social status.

Rice. 2.20. Drawing of a bison, Niaux, France Fig. 2.21. Necklace of arctic fox teeth, Moravia

Buriers often sprinkled red ocher on the dead, which is believed to symbolize blood and life, perhaps indicating that the Cro-Magnons believed in an afterlife. Some corpses were buried with rich decorations (Fig. 2.21); these are early signs that in hunter-gatherer societies Rich and respected people began to appear.

Perhaps the most amazing things were found in the burial of hunters made 23 thousand years ago in Sungiri, east of Moscow. Here lay an old man in fur clothes, skillfully decorated with beads.

Two boys were buried nearby, dressed in beaded furs and wearing ivory rings and bracelets; near them lay long spears made of mammoth tusks and two strange rods carved from bone and scepter-like, of the type called “commander’s rod” (Fig. 2.22).

10 thousand years ago, the cold Pleistocene era gave way to the Holocene, or “entirely new” era. This is the time of the mild climate in which we live now. As Europe's climate warmed, the area occupied by forests expanded. Forests were advancing, occupying vast areas of the former tundra, and the sea, whose level was rising, flooded low coasts and river valleys.

Rice. 2.22. Burial of a man, Sungir 1, Russia

Climate change and increased hunting led to the disappearance of the huge wild herds on which the Cro-Magnons fed. But forest mammals remained abundant on land, and fish and waterfowl remained in abundance in the water.

The tools and weapons they made allowed the northern Europeans to use all these food sources. These specific groups of hunters and gatherers created Mesolithic culture, or " middle stone age" It was so named because it followed the ancient stone age, which was characterized by hunting huge herds of animals. Mesolithic culture laid the foundation for the emergence of agriculture V Northern Europe, characteristic of the new Stone Age. Lasting only from 10 to 5 thousand years ago, the Mesolithic was only a brief moment of the prehistoric period. From the bones found at Mesolithic sites, it is clear that the prey of Mesolithic hunters were red deer, roe deer, wild boar, wild bulls, beavers, foxes, ducks, geese and pike. Huge piles of mollusk shells indicate that they were fed on the coasts of the Atlantic and North Sea. Mesolithic people also collected roots, fruits and nuts. Groups of people apparently migrated from place to place following seasonal changes in food sources.

Archaeologists believe that Mesolithic people lived in smaller groups than their possible ancestors - the Cro-Magnons. But food production now remained at a more stable level during all year round, as a result of which the number of sites and, consequently, the population increased. Life expectancy also appears to have increased.

New stone tools and weapons helped Mesolithic people explore the forests and seas that occupied parts of Northwestern Europe after the melting of the northern ice sheet.

One of the main types of hunting weapons were Bow and arrows, which were probably invented in the Late Paleolithic. A skilled archer could hit a stone goat at a distance of 32 m, and if his first arrow missed the target, he had time to send another after it.

The arrows were usually serrated or tipped with small pieces of flint called microliths. Microliths were glued with resin to a shaft made of deer bone.

New examples of large stone tools helped Mesolithic people make shuttles, oars, skis and sleighs. All this taken together made it possible to develop huge areas of water for fishing and made it easier to move through snow and wetlands.

Hominid triad

Since the only modern representative of the family is man, three most important systems, considered truly hominid, have historically been identified from its characteristics.

These systems were called the hominid triad:

− upright walking (bipedia);

− a hand adapted for making tools;

− highly developed brain.

1. Upright posture. Many hypotheses have been put forward regarding its origin. The two most important are the Miocene cooling and the labor concept.

Miocene cooling: in the middle and end of the Miocene, as a result of global climate cooling, a significant reduction in area occurred tropical forests and an increase in the area of ​​savannas. This could have caused the transition of some hominoids to a terrestrial lifestyle. However, it is known that the oldest known erect walking primates lived in tropical forests.

Labor concept: according to the well-known labor concept of F. Engels and its later variants, the emergence of upright walking is closely related to the specialization of the monkey’s hand for labor activity- carrying objects, babies, manipulating food and making tools. Subsequently, labor led to the emergence of language and society. However, according to modern data, upright walking arose much earlier than the manufacture of tools. Upright walking arose at least 6 million years ago in Orrorin tugenensis, and the oldest tools from Gona in Ethiopia date back to only 2.7 million years ago.

Rice. 2.23. Human and gorilla skeleton

There are other versions of the origin of upright walking. It could have arisen for orientation in the savannah, when it was necessary to look over the tall grass. Also, human ancestors could stand on their hind legs to cross water obstacles or graze in swampy meadows, as modern gorillas do in the Congo.

According to C. Owen Lovejoy's concept, upright walking arose due to a special reproductive strategy, since hominids raised one or two young for a very long time. In this case, caring for the offspring reaches such complexity that it becomes necessary to free the forelimbs. Carrying helpless young and food over a distance becomes a vital element of behavior. According to Lovejoy, upright walking arose in the tropical forest, and bipedal hominids moved to the savannas.

In addition, it has been proven experimentally and using mathematical models that moving long distances with average speed It is energetically more beneficial to walk on two legs than on four.

Most likely, there was not one reason at work in evolution, but a whole complex of them. To determine upright posture in fossil primates, scientists use the following main features:

· position of the foramen magnum - in erect walkers it is located in the center of the length of the base of the skull, opening downwards. This structure has been known for about 4 - 7 million years ago. In tetrapods - in the back of the base of the skull, turned back (Fig. 2.23).

· structure of the pelvis - in upright walkers the pelvis is wide and low (this structure has been known since Australopithecus afarensis 3.2 million years ago), in tetrapods the pelvis is narrow, high and long (Fig. 2.25);

· the structure of the long bones of the legs - upright walkers have long legs, knee and ankle joints have characteristic structure. This structure has been known since 6 million years ago. In quadrupedal primates, the arms are longer than the legs.

· structure of the foot - in erect walkers the arch (instep) of the foot is pronounced, the toes are straight, short, the big toe is not laid aside, is inactive (the arch is already expressed in Australopithecus afarensis, but the toes are long and curved in all australopithecines, in Homo habilis the foot is flattened, but the toes are straight, short), in quadrupeds the foot is flat, the toes are long, curved, and mobile. In the foot of Australopithecus anamensis, the big toe was inactive. In the foot of Australopithecus afarensis, the big toe was opposed to the others, but much weaker than in modern monkeys, the arches of the feet were well developed, the footprint was almost like that of modern man. In the foot of Australopithecus africanus and Australopithecus robustus, the big toe was strongly removed from the others, the toes were very mobile, the structure was intermediate between monkeys and humans. In the Homo habilis foot, the big toe is completely adducted to the rest.

· structure of the hands - in fully upright hominids the hands are short, not adapted for walking on the ground or climbing trees, the phalanges of the fingers are straight. Australopithecuses have features of adaptation to walking on the ground or climbing trees: Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus africanus, Australopithecus robustus and even Homo habilis.

Thus, upright walking arose more than 6 million years ago, but for a long time it differed from modern version. Some australopithecus and Homo habilis also used other types of movement - climbing trees and walking with support on the phalanges of the fingers.

Upright walking became fully modern only about 1.6-1.8 million years ago.

2. The origin of the hand, adapted for the manufacture of tools. The hand that can make tools is different from the hand of a monkey. Although morphological characteristics working hands are not completely reliable, but the following labor complex can be distinguished:

Strong wrist. Australopithecus, starting with Australopithecus afarensis, has a wrist structure intermediate between apes and humans. An almost modern structure is observed in Homo habilis 1.8 million years ago.

Opposition thumb brushes The trait was known already 3.2 million years ago in Australopithecus afarensis and Australopithecus africanus. It was fully developed in Australopithecus robustus and Homo habilis 1.8 million years ago. Finally, it was peculiar or limited among the Neanderthals of Europe about 40-100 thousand years ago.

Wide terminal phalanges of the fingers. Australopithecus robustus, Homo habilis and all later hominids had very wide phalanges.

Attachment of muscles that move the fingers of an almost modern type is noted in Australopithecus robustus and Homo habilis, but they also have primitive features.

The hand bones of the oldest upright hominoids (Australopithecus anamensis and Australopithecus afarensis) have a mixture of ape and human features. Most likely, these species could use objects as tools, but not make them. The first makers of real tools were Homo habilis. The tools were probably also made by the massive South African australopithecus Australopithecus (Paranthropus) robustus.

So, the labor brush as a whole was formed about 1.8 million years ago.

3. Highly developed brain. The modern human brain is very different from the brain of apes (Fig. 2.24) in size, shape, structure and function, but many transitional variants can be found among fossil forms. Typical features of the human brain are:

Large overall brain size. Australopithecus had a brain size similar to that of modern chimpanzees. A rapid increase in size occurred in Homo habilis about 2.5-1.8 million years ago, and in later hominids there is a gradual increase to modern values.

Specific brain fields - Broca's and Wernicke's areas and other fields began to develop in Homo habilis and archanthropes, but apparently reached a completely modern form only in modern humans.

The structure of the lobes of the brain. In humans, the inferior parietal and frontal lobe, sharp corner convergence of the temporal and frontal lobes, the temporal lobe is wide and rounded in front, the occipital lobe is relatively small, hanging over the cerebellum. Australopithecines had the same structure and size of the brain as those of apes.

Rice. 2.24. Primate brain: a – tarsier, b – lemur, Fig. 2.25. Chimpanzee pelvis (a);

Cro-Magnons - common name early representatives of modern humans, who appeared much later than the Neanderthals and coexisted with them for some time (40-30 thousand years ago). In appearance and physical development they were practically no different from modern humans.

The term "Cro-Magnon" can mean in a narrow sense only the people discovered in the Cro-Magnon Grotto and living nearby 30 thousand years ago; V in a broad sense this is the entire population of Europe or the entire world of the era Upper Paleolithic.

The number of achievements and changes in the social organization of Cro-Magnon life was so great that it was several times greater than the number of achievements of Pithecanthropus and Neanderthal combined. The Cro-Magnons inherited from their ancestors a large active brain and quite practical technology, thanks to which they took an unprecedented step forward in a relatively short period of time. This manifested itself in aesthetics, the development of communication and symbol systems, tool-making technology and active adaptation to external conditions, as well as in new forms of social organization and a more complex approach to one's own kind.

Etymology

The name comes from the rock grotto of Cro-Magnon in France (the town of Les Eyzy de Taillac-Sireuil in the Dordogne department), where in 1868 the French paleontologist Louis Larte discovered and described several human skeletons along with tools from the Late Paleolithic. The age of this population is estimated at 30 thousand years.

Geography

The most important fossil finds: in France - Cro-Magnon, in Great Britain - the Red Lady of Pavyland, in the Czech Republic - Dolni Vestonice and Mladeč, Serbia - Lepenski Vir, in Romania - Peshtera ku Oase, in Russia - Markina Gora, Sungir , Denisova Cave and Oleneostrovsky burial ground, in Southern Crimea- Murzak-Koba.

Culture

The Cro-Magnons were the carriers of a number of cultures of the Upper Paleolithic (Gravettian culture) and Mesolithic (Tardenoise culture, Maglemose, Ertebølle) eras. Subsequently, their habitat areas experienced migration flows of other representatives of the Homo sapiens species (for example, the Linear Band Ceramics Culture). These people made tools not only from stone, but also from horn and bone. On the walls of their caves they left drawings depicting people, animals, and hunting scenes. The Cro-Magnons made various decorations. They got their first pet - a dog.

Numerous finds indicate the presence of a cult of hunting. The animal figures were pierced with arrows, thus killing the animal.

The Cro-Magnons had funeral rites. Household items, food, and jewelry were placed in the grave. The dead were sprinkled with blood-red ochre, hair nets were put on, bracelets were put on the hands, flat stones were placed on the face, and they were buried in a bent position (fetal position).

According to another version, modern representatives of the Negroid and Mongoloid races formed autonomously, and the Cro-Magnons spread for the most part only in the area of ​​the Neanderthals ( North Africa, Near East, middle Asia, Europe). The first humans with Cromanoid features appeared 160,000 years ago in East Africa (Ethiopia). They left it 100,000 years ago. They entered Europe through the Caucasus to the Don River basin. Migration to the West began approximately 40,000 years ago, and after 6 thousand years it appeared rock painting in the caves of France.

Migration of Cro-Magnons to Europe

Genetics

see also

• The Guanches are an extinct indigenous people of the Canary Islands, representatives of the afalu-mechtoid subrace, considered close to the Cro-Magnons in their anthropological type.

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Literature

• P.I. Boriskovsky. pp. 15-24 // STRATUM plus. 2001-2002. No. 1. In the beginning there was a stone;
• Roginsky Ya. Ya., Levin M. G., Anthropology, M., 1963;
• Nesturkh M.F., Origin of Man, M., 1958, p. 321-38.

Popular science literature

• Eduard Storch - "Mammoth Hunters". A book with links to real archaeological sources
• B. Bayer, U. Birstein and others. History of mankind, 2002, ISBN 5-17-012785-5

Notes

Links

• - Upper Paleolithic site ancient man near Vladimir, 192 km from Moscow

Extinct genera Hominini/Hominina People (genus Homo) Hominid finds Origin Spreading

An excerpt characterizing Cro-Magnons

- Why, it’s possible.
Likhachev stood up, rummaged through his packs, and Petya soon heard the warlike sound of steel on a block. He climbed onto the truck and sat on the edge of it. The Cossack was sharpening his saber under the truck.
- Well, are the fellows sleeping? - said Petya.
- Some are sleeping, and some are like this.
- Well, what about the boy?
- Is it spring? He collapsed there in the entryway. He sleeps with fear. I was really glad.
For a long time after this, Petya was silent, listening to the sounds. Footsteps were heard in the darkness and a black figure appeared.
- What are you sharpening? – the man asked, approaching the truck.
- But sharpen the master’s saber.
“Good job,” said the man who seemed to Petya to be a hussar. - Do you still have a cup?
- And over there by the wheel.
The hussar took the cup.
“It’ll probably be light soon,” he said, yawning, and walked off somewhere.
Petya should have known that he was in the forest, in Denisov’s party, a mile from the road, that he was sitting on a wagon captured from the French, around which the horses were tied, that the Cossack Likhachev was sitting under him and sharpening his saber, that there was a big black spot to the right is a guardhouse, and a bright red spot below to the left is a dying fire, that the man who came for a cup is a hussar who was thirsty; but he knew nothing and did not want to know it. He was in a magical kingdom in which there was nothing like reality. A large black spot, perhaps there was definitely a guardhouse, or perhaps there was a cave that led into the very depths of the earth. The red spot might have been fire, or maybe the eye of a huge monster. Maybe he is definitely sitting on a wagon now, but it may very well be that he is sitting not on a wagon, but on a terribly high tower, from which if he fell, he would fly to the ground for a whole day, a whole month - keep flying and never reach it . It may be that just a Cossack Likhachev is sitting under the truck, but it may very well be that this is the kindest, bravest, most wonderful, most excellent person in the world, whom no one knows. Maybe it was just a hussar passing for water and going into the ravine, or maybe he just disappeared from sight and completely disappeared, and he was not there.
Whatever Petya saw now, nothing would surprise him. He was in a magical kingdom where everything was possible.
He looked at the sky. And the sky was as magical as the earth. The sky was clearing, and clouds were moving quickly over the tops of the trees, as if revealing the stars. Sometimes it seemed that the sky cleared and a black, clear sky appeared. Sometimes it seemed that these black spots were clouds. Sometimes it seemed as if the sky was rising high, high above your head; sometimes the sky dropped completely, so that you could reach it with your hand.
Petya began to close his eyes and sway.
Drops were dripping. There was a quiet conversation. The horses neighed and fought. Someone was snoring.
“Ozhig, zhig, zhig, zhig...” the saber being sharpened whistled. And suddenly Petya heard a harmonious choir of music playing some unknown, solemnly sweet hymn. Petya was musical, just like Natasha, and more than Nikolai, but he had never studied music, did not think about music, and therefore the motives that unexpectedly came to his mind were especially new and attractive to him. The music played louder and louder. The melody grew, moving from one instrument to another. What was called a fugue was happening, although Petya did not have the slightest idea what a fugue was. Each instrument, sometimes similar to a violin, sometimes like trumpets - but better and cleaner than violins and trumpets - each instrument played its own and, not yet finishing the tune, merged with another, which started almost the same, and with the third, and with the fourth , and they all merged into one and scattered again, and again merged, now into the solemn church, now into the brightly brilliant and victorious.
“Oh, yes, it’s me in a dream,” Petya said to himself, swaying forward. - It's in my ears. Or maybe it's my music. Well, again. Go ahead my music! Well!.."
He closed his eyes. And from different sides, as if from afar, sounds began to tremble, began to harmonize, scatter, merge, and again everything united into the same sweet and solemn hymn. “Oh, what a delight this is! As much as I want and how I want,” Petya said to himself. He tried to lead this huge choir of instruments.
“Well, hush, hush, freeze now. – And the sounds obeyed him. - Well, now it’s fuller, more fun. More, even more joyful. – And from an unknown depth arose intensifying, solemn sounds. “Well, voices, pester!” - Petya ordered. And first, male voices were heard from afar, then female voices. The voices grew, grew in uniform, solemn effort. Petya was scared and joyful to listen to their extraordinary beauty.
The song merged with the solemn victory march, and drops fell, and burn, burn, burn... the saber whistled, and again the horses fought and neighed, not breaking the choir, but entering into it.
Petya didn’t know how long this lasted: he enjoyed himself, was constantly surprised by his pleasure and regretted that there was no one to tell it to. He was awakened by Likhachev's gentle voice.
- Ready, your honor, you will split the guard in two.
Petya woke up.
- It’s already dawn, really, it’s dawning! - he screamed.
The previously invisible horses became visible up to their tails, and a watery light was visible through the bare branches. Petya shook himself, jumped up, took a ruble from his pocket and gave it to Likhachev, waved, tried the saber and put it in the sheath. The Cossacks untied the horses and tightened the girths.
“Here is the commander,” said Likhachev. Denisov came out of the guardhouse and, calling out to Petya, ordered them to get ready.

Quickly in the semi-darkness they dismantled the horses, tightened the girths and sorted out the teams. Denisov stood at the guardhouse, giving the last orders. The party's infantry, slapping a hundred feet, marched forward along the road and quickly disappeared between the trees in the predawn fog. Esaul ordered something to the Cossacks. Petya held his horse on the reins, impatiently awaiting the order to mount. Washed cold water, his face, especially his eyes, burned with fire, a chill ran down his back, and something in his whole body was trembling quickly and evenly.
- Well, is everything ready for you? - Denisov said. - Give us the horses.
The horses were brought in. Denisov became angry with the Cossack because the girths were weak, and, scolding him, sat down. Petya took hold of the stirrup. The horse, out of habit, wanted to bite his leg, but Petya, not feeling his weight, quickly jumped into the saddle and, looking back at the hussars who were moving behind in the darkness, rode up to Denisov.
- Vasily Fedorovich, will you entrust me with something? Please... for God's sake... - he said. Denisov seemed to have forgotten about Petya’s existence. He looked back at him.
“I ask you about one thing,” he said sternly, “to obey me and not to interfere anywhere.”
During the entire journey, Denisov did not speak a word to Petya and rode in silence. When we arrived at the edge of the forest, the field was noticeably getting lighter. Denisov spoke in a whisper with the esaul, and the Cossacks began to drive past Petya and Denisov. When they had all passed, Denisov started his horse and rode downhill. Sitting on their hindquarters and sliding, the horses descended with their riders into the ravine. Petya rode next to Denisov. The trembling throughout his body intensified. It became lighter and lighter, only the fog hid distant objects. Moving down and looking back, Denisov nodded his head to the Cossack standing next to him.
- Signal! - he said.
The Cossack raised his hand and a shot rang out. And at the same instant, the tramp of galloping horses was heard in front, screams from different sides and more shots.
At the same moment as the first sounds of stomping and screaming were heard, Petya, hitting his horse and releasing the reins, not listening to Denisov, who was shouting at him, galloped forward. It seemed to Petya that it suddenly dawned as brightly as the middle of the day at that moment when the shot was heard. He galloped towards the bridge. Cossacks galloped along the road ahead. On the bridge he encountered a lagging Cossack and rode on. Some people ahead - they must have been French - were running with right side roads to the left. One fell into the mud under the feet of Petya's horse.

Cro-Magnons are early representatives of modern humans. It must be said that these people lived later than the Neanderthals and inhabited almost the entire territory of modern Europe. The name “Cro-Magnons” can only be understood as those people who were found in the Cro-Magnon grotto. These people lived 30 thousand years ago and were similar to modern humans.

General information about Cro-Magnons

The Cro-Magnons were very developed, and it must be said that their skills, achievements and changes in the social organization of life were many times superior to the Neanderthals and Pithecanthropes combined. This is what the Cro-Magnon man is associated with. The lifestyle of these people helped them take a big step forward in their development and achievements. Due to the fact that they were able to inherit an active brain from their ancestors, their achievements were manifested in aesthetics, technology for making tools, communication, etc.

origin of name

Associated with Homo sapiens, the number of changes in which was very large, is the Cro-Magnon man. The way of life of these differed from the way of life of their ancestors.

It is worth saying that the name “Cro-Magnon” comes from the Cro-Magnon rock grotto, located in France. In 1868, Louis Larte found several human skeletons in this area, as well as Late Paleolithic tools. He later described them, after which it was found that these people existed about 30,000 years ago.

Cro-Magnon body type

Compared to Neanderthals, Cro-Magnons had a less massive skeleton. The height of early human representatives reached 180-190 cm.

Their foreheads were straighter and smoother than those of Neanderthals. It is also worth noting that the Cro-Magnon skull had a high and rounded arch. The chin of these people was protruding, the eye sockets were angular, and the nose was rounded.

Cro-Magnons developed an upright gait. Scientists claim that their physique was practically no different from the physique modern people. And this already says a lot.

The Cro-Magnon man was very similar to modern man. early human representatives was quite interesting and unusual compared to their ancestors. The Cro-Magnons contributed great amount efforts to be as similar as possible to modern man.

The earliest representatives of humans are Cro-Magnons. Who are Cro-Magnons? Lifestyle, housing and clothing

Not only adults, but also children know who Cro-Magnons are. We study the peculiarities of their stay on Earth at school. It must be said that the first representative of man to create settlements was the Cro-Magnon man. The lifestyle of these people was different from the Neanderthals. Cro-Magnons gathered in communities that numbered up to 100 people. They lived in caves and also tents made of skins. IN Eastern Europe representatives who lived in dugouts met. It is important that their speech was articulate. The clothes of the Cro-Magnons were skins.

How did the Cro-Magnon hunt? Lifestyle, tools of early human representatives

It must be said that the Cro-Magnons succeeded not only in the development social life, but also in hunting. The item “Peculiarities of the Cro-Magnon lifestyle” includes an improved method of hunting - driven fishing. Early representatives of man hunted northern, as well as mammoths, etc. It was the Cro-Magnons who knew how to make special spear throwers that could fly up to 137 meters. Harpoons and hooks for fishing were also tools of the Cro-Magnons. They created snares - devices for hunting birds.

Primitive art

It is important that it was the Cro-Magnons who became the creators of European culture. This is evidenced, first of all, by the multicolor painting in the caves. Cro-Magnons painted in them on walls and ceilings. Confirmation that these people were creators primitive art, are engravings on stones and bones, ornaments, etc.

All this testifies to how interesting and amazing the life of the Cro-Magnons was. Their way of life has become a subject of admiration even in modern times. It should be noted that the Cro-Magnons took a huge step forward, which brought them significantly closer to modern man.

Funeral rites of the Cro-Magnons

It is worth noting that the early representatives of man also had funeral rites. It was customary among the Cro-Magnons to place various decorations, household items, and even food in the grave of the deceased. They were sprinkled on the hair of the dead, a net was put on them, bracelets were put on the hands, and flat stones were placed on the face. It is also worth noting that the Cro-Magnons buried their dead in a bent state, that is, their knees should have touched their chin.

Let us recall that the Cro-Magnons were the first to domesticate an animal - a dog.

One of the versions of the origin of Cro-Magnons

It must be said that there are several versions of the origin of early human representatives. The most common of them says that Cro-Magnons were the ancestors of all modern people. According to this theory, these people appeared in East Africa approximately 100-200 thousand years ago. It is believed that Cro-Magnons migrated to the Arabian Peninsula 50-60 thousand years ago, after which they appeared in Eurasia. According to this, one group of early human representatives quickly populated the entire coast of the Indian Ocean, while the second migrated to the steppes of Central Asia. According to numerous data, it is clear that 20 thousand years ago Europe was already inhabited by Cro-Magnons.

To this day, many are fascinated by the way of life of the Cro-Magnons. One can briefly say about these early representatives of man that they were the most similar to modern man, since they improved their skills and abilities, developed and learned a lot of new things. The Cro-Magnons made a huge contribution to the history of human development, because it was they who took a huge step towards the most important achievements.