16.11.2018

Figure country work contents table. Renaissance and humanism, culture and worldview of Europeans in the 15th-17th centuries

Features of the Renaissance: Secularization of consciousness, i.e. gradual liberation from a religious view of the world. Spreading the ideas of humanism, i.e. attention to the human personality, faith in the strength of man himself. Dissemination of scientific knowledge. Reliance on the achievements of the culture of Antiquity.

The main goal of human life. Middle AgesModern times (Renaissance) Salvation of the soul. To do this, it is necessary to believe in God, observe church rituals and not sin. Success. Become famous in art, science, trade, entrepreneurship, travel, etc. But be sure to benefit people!!!

Humanism Humanus (man), humanoid, humane, humanitarian, humanism; Man is like God, he is beautiful and harmonious: educated, physically developed, interested in art and philosophy; Basic virtues: honesty, valor, creativity, patriotism!

Lyubimov “The Art of Western Europe”: Italian humanists discovered the world of classical antiquity, searched for the works of ancient authors in forgotten book depositories and painstakingly cleared them of distortions introduced by medieval monks. Their search was marked by fiery enthusiasm. When the silhouette of a monastery loomed in front of Petrarch, who is generally considered to be the first humanist, he literally trembled with the thought that there might be some kind of classical manuscript there. Others dug up fragments of columns, statues, bas-reliefs, and coins. The abstract beauty of the Byzantine icon paled in front of the warm, living beauty of the marble Venus, to the joy of all Florence or all of Rome, extracted from the ground where it had lain for more than a thousand years. “I raise the dead,” said one of the Italian humanists, who devoted himself to archeology. Why did Italy become the birthplace of the Renaissance?

Dante Alighieri () Dante is the forerunner of the Italian Renaissance, at the center of his main work, The Divine Comedy, the fate of the people whose souls he meets during his imaginary journey through Hell, Purgatory and Heaven.

Petrarch Francesco () Petrarch's lyrics represent a new stage in the development of Italian and European poetry. His image of his beloved woman became concrete and life-like, and his love experiences were shown in all their inconsistency and variability.

Which statement best reflects the views of humanists on human nature? The Lord created man from the dust of the ground, which is more insignificant than other elements, as confirmed in the Bible; If the beauty of the world is considered so wonderful and great, then what kind of beauty and grace should a person be endowed with, for whose sake the most beautiful and most decorated world was created.

Erasmus of Rotterdam () Dutch humanist scientist, writer, philologist, theologian, the most prominent representative of the Northern Renaissance. He lived in France, England, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, and enjoyed pan-European recognition. He wrote in Latin. Of the vast heritage of E.R., the most famous are “Praise of Stupidity” (1509) and “Easy Conversations” (151930). The first work is a philosophical satire, the second is primarily an everyday one. Lady Stupidity, singing her own praise, easily turns into wisdom, self-satisfied nobility into stupid baseness, unlimited power into the worst slavery, therefore the most precious rule of life becomes the call “nothing in excess!”

Thomas More (). English humanist, statesman and writer. Son of a judicial officer. In 1504 More was nominated to parliament from the London merchants, in 1510 he became an assistant sheriff of London, in 1518 he joined the Royal Council, the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, and the Chancellor of England. More refused to swear allegiance to the king as "supreme head" English Church, after which he was imprisoned in the Tower (1534), accused of treason and executed.

"Utopia". More's greatest fame was brought to him by his dialogue “Utopia” (1516), which contains a description of the ideal structure of the fantastic island Utopia (Greek, literally “Nowhere”, a place that does not exist; this word, invented by M., later became a common noun). Here More, for the first time in the history of mankind, depicted a society where private (and even personal) property was eliminated and not only equality of consumption was introduced (as in early Christian communities), but production and life were socialized. Labor in Utopia is the responsibility of all citizens, distribution occurs according to need, the working day is reduced to 6 hours; The hardest jobs are performed by criminals. The political system of Utopia is based on the principles of election and seniority.

Literature of Francois Rabelais (). Writer. The most famous work is the novel

William Shakespeare If you stop loving, it will be now, Now that the whole world is at odds with me. Be the most bitter of my losses, But not the last drop of grief! And if it is given to me to overcome grief, do not strike from an ambush. Let the stormy night not be resolved into a rainy morning in the morning without joy. Leave me, but not at the last moment, When I weaken from small troubles, Leave me now, so that I immediately understand that this grief is the most painful of all adversities. That there are no adversities, but only one misfortune: losing your love forever.

Let's check the table Area of ​​culture Cultural figure Works, ideas Philosophy Erasmus of Rotterdam () “Easy conversation” “Praise of stupidity” Ideas: humanism, ridiculing the vices and errors of the Middle Ages Thomas More () “The Golden Book, as useful as it is pleasant, on the best structure of the state and about the new island of Utopia." Ideas: glorifying the physical beauty and spiritual perfection of man. LiteratureFrançois Rabelais () “Gargantua and Pantagruel” Heroes are wise giant kings. The novel revived the ancient traditions of folk performances. William Shakespeare () “Romeo and Juliet” Ideas: to express the high and bright feelings of a person.

Leonardo da Vinci () Leonardo da Vinci is considered the most famous scientist, artist, and poet of the Renaissance. He can be safely called the embodied ideal of personality of modern times.

An outstanding historian and politician was the author of the famous treatise “The Prince”, a Florentine Niccolo Machiavelli(1469-1527), who repeatedly repeated that his favorite pastime was “talking about the art of statesmanship” - politics. A devout patriot of his fatherland, Machiavelli lived in an era when Italy remained fragmented and repeatedly suffered from invasions by foreign armies. Considering the selfish policy of the papacy to be the main obstacle to unification, Machiavelli had no doubt that in such conditions only a strong ruler was capable of saving the country and creating a single powerful Italy. Moreover, in order to achieve a great goal, he could act treacherously, ruthlessly and dishonestly.

Quite a few people thought the same thing, but it was Machiavelli who dared to declare this openly. Therefore, it is often believed that by praising the negative qualities of rulers, he rid politics of morality. Even the concept of “Machiavellianism” arose - political unprincipledness. In fact, Machiavelli was the first to say that politics is an independent sphere of activity with its own laws and principles. It is difficult to combine it with the concepts of morality, and loud moral slogans of politicians often only cover up unattractive goals. Machiavelli dreamed of a united Italy and outlined the path and means to achieve this goal. His work is not a utopia, but a book about real political actions.

From the middle of the 16th century. new culture goes beyond Italy and begins to develop in other European countries - Germany, France, England, the Netherlands, Spain. Beyond the Alps, in the vast expanses of the former “barbarian world,” the traces of ancient Roman civilization were not as deep as in Italy. Here the humanists were also fascinated by antiquity, but they paid much more attention to their own past - the history of the Germanic peoples and the Middle Ages in general. Universities - centers operated everywhere scientific knowledge. The invention of book printing made the book the main source of knowledge, which contributed to the successful dissemination of the ideas of humanism.

The true leader of humanists at the beginning of the 16th century. became Erasmus of Rotterdam(1469-1536) - the most outstanding personality of the Northern Renaissance.

The son of a Dutch priest, Erasmus (real name Gerhard Gerhards) was born in Rotterdam. He lost his parents early and was forced to make his own way in life. After finishing school, Erasmus became a monk, but eventually left the monastery to study at the university. Monarchs from different European countries invited him to serve, but Erasmus refused all of them, not wanting to lose his independence. He believed that he did not belong to one people, and called himself a “citizen of the world.” Indeed, Erasmus lived, studied and wrote his works in many European countries. Particularly popular was Erasmus’s work “In Praise of Folly,” which he dedicated to his best friend - Thomas More.

Thomas More was an extremely decent, fair and respected man. Observing the suffering of the people, he wrote his famous “Utopia”. The story is told on behalf of seasoned traveler Hythlodea. He talks about the cruel order in England at that time and, right there, about a happy island, where there is no private property and poverty, everyone works and lives in peace and harmony. There is no money here, everyone gets “everything according to their needs.” Utopians live in large families in equipped houses, eating together in public dining halls-palaces. However, this does not at all mean a primitive general equalization. Gifted youth are freed from physical labor and study science. Everyone else, after a six-hour working day, can study, play sports, or have fun if they wish. Utopians are convinced that human happiness lies in its harmonious development, as well as in the reasonable combination of work and rest. The state is ruled by respected scientists, and a bunch of ears of grain serves as a sign of their power instead of a crown. "Utopia" was a huge success among readers. There were even people who believed in the existence of a happy country and were ready to go in search of it.

The pinnacle of Spanish literature of the 16th century. and at the same time the beginning European literature Creativity has become a new time Miguel Servantes (1547-1616).

Cervantes came from an impoverished noble family. Without the opportunity to receive a serious education, Miguel read everything and managed to acquire extensive knowledge. Throughout his stormy life, Cervantes remained a soldier, and then became a tax collector. Having no skill in this activity, the poor guy even found himself temporarily behind bars.

Having freed himself, he left the service and took up literary creativity. Material from the site

Monument to Don Quixote and Sancho Panza in Madrid

Cervantes’s novel “The Wise Hidalgo Don Quixote of La Mancha” immediately brought the author universal recognition. The work was conceived as a parody of chivalric romances. His hero, the semi-impoverished nobleman Alonso Cojano, lives in the rural wilderness, constantly reads chivalric novels and dreams of his own exploits in the spirit of these novels. A lonely hidalgo makes an ordinary peasant, Sancho Panza, his squire - a smart and simple-minded man at the same time. Together they go in search of glory.

The exploits of the fearless hidalgo look senseless and ridiculous, but he dreams of “friendship, love and harmony reigning everywhere.” And gradually, irony is replaced by sympathy for the Knight of the Sad Image, who generously protects the weak and helps the disadvantaged. Today, Don Quixote is the second book after the Bible in terms of the number of languages ​​into which it has been translated.

Questions about this material:

Questions at the beginning of a paragraph

Cultural figures of the Enlightenment can be considered the heirs of the humanists of the Renaissance, since they affirmed the value of man as an individual, his right to freedom, happiness, development, just like the humanists. In their views on society, the humanists of the 15th–16th centuries, like the enlighteners of the 18th century, called for the construction of a humane society through ethics based on human and other natural values, in the spirit of reason and free inquiry, through the use of human abilities. As an example, we can compare the humanists - the doctrine of the high purpose of man, of his dignity (dignitas, which stated that a person endowed with reason and an immortal soul, possessing virtue and boundless creative possibilities, free in his actions and thoughts, placed at the center of the universe by nature itself) and Rousseau’s idea that morality and kindness are inherent in man from birth.

Questions at the end of the paragraph

Question 1. What do you think the enlighteners saw as the goal and main purpose of art?

The purpose and main purpose of art is to serve humanistic ideals. The center of attention of art should be the human person, free and possessing rights.

Question 2. Like the literary heroes of the Renaissance, the characters of many educational novels also set off on a journey. What calls Robinson and Gulliver to distant lands?

Robinson and Gulliver in distant countries called for an interest in learning new things.

Question 3. How does the work of “painters of the nobility” and “singers of the third estate” differ?

The work of the “painters of the nobility” and the “singers of the third estate” has significant differences. The canvases of the former are far from reality, full of carefree lightness. And the “singers of the third estate” depict the real life around them; often the heroes of the paintings are ordinary workers.

Question 4. Prepare a report on the life and work of one of the artists of the Enlightenment mentioned in the paragraph.

Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) – great German composer, organist, music teacher, master of polyphony. Bach's work includes more than 1000 works of various genres.

Born (21) March 31, 1685 in the city of Eisenach, his ancestors were professional musicians.

At the age of ten, Johann Bach was taken in by his brother Johann Christoph. He taught the future composer to play the clavier and organ. At the age of 15, Bach entered the St. Michael vocal school in the city of Lüneburg. There he gets acquainted with creativity modern musicians, is developing comprehensively. During 1700-1703, the musical biography of Johann Sebastian Bach begins, the first organ music was written.

After completing his studies, Bach was sent to Duke Ernst to serve as a musician at court. Dissatisfaction with his dependent position forces him to change jobs. In 1704, Bach received the position of organist New Church in Arndstadt. At this time he created many talented works. Collaboration with the poet Christian Friedrich Henrici and the court musician Telemachus enriched the music with new motifs.

In 1707, Bach moved to Mülhusen and continued to work as a church musician and engage in creative work. The authorities are satisfied with his work, the composer receives a reward.

In 1707, Bach married his cousin Maria Barbara. He again decided to change jobs, this time becoming court organist in Weimar. In this city, six children are born into the musician’s family, three of whom become famous musicians in the future.

In 1720, Bach's wife died, but a year later the composer married again, now to famous singer Anna Magdalene Wilhelm.

In 1717, Bach entered the service of the Duke of Anhalt-Köthen, who highly valued his talent. During the period from 1717 to 1723, Bach's magnificent suites (for orchestra, cello, clavier) appeared.

Bach's Brandenburg concertos, English and French suites were written in Köthen.

In 1723, the musician received the position of cantor and teacher of music and Latin in the Church of St. Thomas, then became music director in Leipzig. Johann Sebastian Bach's wide repertoire included both secular and wind music. During his life, Johann Sebastian Bach managed to be the head of a music college. Several cycles of the composer Bach used all kinds of instruments ("Musical Offering", "The Art of Fugue")

In the last years of his life, Bach was rapidly losing his sight. His music was then considered unfashionable and outdated. Despite this, the composer continued to work. In 1747, he created a cycle of plays called “Music of the Offering”, dedicated to the Prussian king Frederick the Second. The last work was the collection of works “The Art of Fugue”, which included 14 fugues and 4 canons.

Johann Sebastian Bach died on July 28, 1750 in Leipzig, but his musical legacy remains immortal.

Assignments for the paragraph

Question 1: Hogarth's self-portrait shows three books. The authors of two are already familiar to you - Shakespeare and Swift. Is this a coincidence? How can you explain the artist's choice?

It is no coincidence that Hogarth's self-portrait depicts the books of Shakespeare and Swift. Hogarth was the author of illustrations for books by these authors

Question 2. Suggest what modern viewers would appreciate in the works of court painters, and what might cause criticism.

In the works of court painters, modern viewers could highly appreciate the level of skill of the artists. Beautifully painted landscapes, light and pleasing to the eye; masterfully conveyed moods of the characters; the general dreamy mood of the paintings. Criticism could be caused by a feeling of unreliability, unreality of the presented plots, far from real life.

Question 3. Beethoven said about Bach: “Not a stream! The sea should be its name” (“Bach” in German means stream). Do you agree with this statement?

Beethoven greatly appreciated Bach’s music, calling him “the true father of harmony.” I agree with his statement, because Bach’s talent is limitless, “like the sea,” his creative heritage is enormous, including more than 1000 works of various genres. Bach's work represents everything significant genres of that time, except opera; he summarized the achievements musical art Baroque period. Bach is a famous master of polyphony, a successor of ancient traditions; in his work polyphony reaches its peak.

Question 4. Which work mentioned in the paragraph have you read? Tell us about your impressions. What changed in your attitude towards the work or its characters after studying the topic?

Novel "Gulliver's Travels". It seemed very good. The countries that Gulliver visited seem unusual and interesting to read. The inhabitants of the countries described in the novel ridicule human and social vices. After studying the topic, I came to the understanding that the countries described have their prototypes in real European states. So, Lilliput is a parody of England.

Question 5. Using additional material from the textbook, characterize the architectural styles of Baroque and Classicism. What ideas of the era were reflected in these architectural styles? Think about what kind of music could accompany your inspection of an architectural monument of the Baroque or Classicist style. Explain your point of view.

The Baroque style is distinguished by its complexity, whimsicality and splendor of forms, abundance of decorations and details. Baroque is ideal for embodying the greatness of the Catholic Church and absolutism; it is no coincidence that the main customers of Baroque buildings were the church and kings.

In these buildings, special attention was paid to the decoration of the premises, which architects and artists tried to give an elegant, lush appearance. The refined and aristocratic style of the Baroque was little in keeping with the philosophy of the Enlightenment thinkers. The calls of Voltaire, Rousseau, Locke to be guided by reason and morality, to return to nature, predetermined art's fascination with antiquity. The fashion includes strict lines and noble simplicity, imitation of the calm grandeur of Greek designs. Supporters of classicism in architecture reject baroque pomp and take as a model the naturalness and harmony of ancient buildings: smooth surfaces, modest decor, porticoes and columns give the buildings a cool elegance.

Area of ​​culture	Cultural figure, country	Works and their main ideas
Literature	Daniel Dafoe, England	"The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe"
Literature	Jonathan Swift, Ireland	"Gulliver's Travels"
Painting	William Hogarth, England	Self-portrait; series of engravings "Fashionable marriage", "Girl with shrimps", "Conclusion of a marriage contract"
Painting	Antoine Watteau, France	"Tricky Proposal"
Music	Ludwig van Beethoven	“Sonata in a kind of fantasy”, “Moonlight”, “Appassionata”, “Kreutzer Sonata”
Music	Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart	Opera "The Marriage of Figaro", "Requiem"

2. Read an excerpt from Daniel Defoe’s novel “The Life and Amazing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe” and complete the tasks: 1) Underline with one line the father’s arguments in favor of the destiny of the average person, with two lines (italics) - the thoughts with which Robinson could not agree. 2) Come up with and write Robinson’s answer to his father. 3) After the publication of the novel, Defoe enjoyed great popularity, especially readers liked adventures and travel. This greatly upset the author; he said that he was misunderstood: it’s not about adventure at all. Write possible objections to Defoe to your readers. Try writing an imaginary preface to a novel in Defoe's name.

• Answer:
• 1) My father, a sedate and intelligent man, guessing about my intentions, warned me seriously and thoroughly... my destiny is the middle, that is, what can be called the highest level of modest existence, and it, as he was convinced from many years of experience, better than anyone else in the world and more than anything adapted for happiness, for a person is not oppressed by the need and deprivation, hard work and suffering that befall the lower classes, and is not confused by the luxury, ambition, arrogance and envy of the upper classes... One has only to observe, my father assured me, and I will understand that all the hardships of life are distributed between the higher and lower classes and that people of moderate income, who are not subject to as many vicissitudes of fate as the higher and lower circles of human society, endure them least often; even from illnesses, physical and mental, they are protected more than those whose illnesses are caused either by vices, luxury and all kinds of excesses, or by exhausting labor, poverty, meager and bad food, and all their ailments are nothing more than natural consequences lifestyle. The middle position in society is most conducive to the flourishing of all virtues and all the joys of life... moderation, temperance, health, peace of mind, sociability, all kinds of pleasant entertainment, all kinds of pleasures are his blessed companions. Middle income person passes his life path quietly and serenely, without burdening yourself with either physical or mental labor... He glides freely and easily through life, rationally tasting the sweets of life that do not leave a bitter aftertaste, feeling that he is happy, and every day comprehending this more clearly and deeply.
• 2) If all the people around tried to live their lives quietly, calmly and serenely, then society to this day would remain in ignorance, not knowing the great geographical discoveries etc.
• 3) Dear reader. In this novel, behind the description of colorful adventures, long journeys and exotic countries, an attempt is made to show the image of a contemporary of the era.

3. Here are four illustrations by artists S. Kharlamov and J. Granville for Jonathan Swift's novel "Gulliver's Travels". Determine what kind of travel they refer to. Find the corresponding fragments of text in the novel and write captions under the pictures.

4. Take a close look at the first sheet of the series "Fashionable Marriage" ("Marriage according to the fashion of its time") by artist William Hogarth. Complete the tasks: 1) What details of the work, seen in the illustration, allow you to say that the author depicted the conclusion of a marriage contract? 2) What could become the subject of conversation between the heroes of the work? 3) Come up with and record their dialogue. 4) You have only looked at the first of four sheets in the “Fashionable Marriage” series. How could events develop further? Give each print a title. 5) Draw your version last sheet series "Fashionable Marriage". 6) Try to find reproductions of the series in books or albums. Compare William Hogarth's engraving and your drawing. What did you guess correctly? What did they change?

• Answer: 1) The presence of a solicitor presenting the aristocrat, probably, with promissory notes and a rich man carefully studying the document. 2) Conditions of marriage and the amount of dowry. 3) "-You have a lot of debts. My name and position are worth a lot. -And how much do you want? -Well... 10,000 pounds. -Excuse me, how can you demand so much?" 4) Marriage contract; The Count's Adventures; Boudoir of the Countess; Sad end.

5. Here are works created by artists of the 18th century. Also look at the illustrations in the textbook. Complete the tasks: 1) Write the numbers of those works whose heroes, from your point of view, can be called people who personify the Age of Enlightenment. 2) Write down some evidence for your point of view, starting a sentence with the words: “The people of the Enlightenment are depicted here because...”

• Answer: People of the Age of Enlightenment are depicted here, because the artists were able to convey the mood of the heroes, immersed in their thoughts and experiences.

6. Before you are two still lifes. 1) Look at them and briefly describe what is depicted. 2) What do you think the artists set for themselves when creating these works?

• Answer: 1) In Klas's painting we see a set table, laden with expensive dishes and delicacies, while in Chardin's painting simple food and unpretentious household items are depicted. 2) Two features of the era are reflected: a sharp property stratification of society and attention to the life of the lower classes.

7. In Beaumarchais's comedy Barber of Seville"There is this dialogue:

Rosina. You are always scolding our poor age.

Bartolo. Please forgive my insolence, but what did he give us that we could praise him for?

Think about the comedy character’s question and give your answer in writing.

• Answer: The comedy ridiculed the unsightly sides of French aristocratic society and government system, which slowed down the modern development of the country and caused social contradictions.

8. Contemporaries compared the "Encyclopedia of Sciences, Arts and Crafts" with a huge arsenal in which weapons were obtained for the assault on old France. How do you understand this comparison?

• Answer: The authors of the Encyclopedia were outstanding educators of that time, who expressed the ideas of enlightenment in their articles. It became clear to the reader that the country’s prosperity was impossible while maintaining the old order.

9. From the course on the history of the Middle Ages, you know that an emblem is a conventional image of a concept or idea. Having summarized your knowledge about the Age of Enlightenment, its culture, come up with and draw an emblem in which the Age of Reason and Light would be most fully embodied. Write comments for your logo.

For Europeans, the period of the dark Middle Ages ended, giving way to the Renaissance. It made it possible to revive the almost extinct heritage of Antiquity and create great works of art. Scientists of the Renaissance also played an important role in the development of mankind.

Paradigm

The crisis and destruction of Byzantium led to the appearance of thousands of Christian emigrants in Europe, who brought books with them. These manuscripts contained knowledge ancient period, half-forgotten in the west of the continent. They became the basis of humanism, which placed man, his ideas and the desire for freedom at the forefront. Over time, in cities where the role of bankers, artisans, traders and craftsmen increased, secular centers of science and education began to emerge, which not only were not under the authority of the Catholic Church, but often fought against its dictates.

Painting by Giotto (Renaissance)

Artists in the Middle Ages created works of predominantly religious content. In particular, for a long time the main genre of painting was icon painting. The first who decided to depict ordinary people on his canvases, and also to abandon the canonical style of painting inherent in the Byzantine school, was Giotto di Bondone, who is considered a pioneer of the Proto-Renaissance. On the frescoes of the Church of San Francesco, located in the city of Assisi, he used the play of chiaroscuro and departed from the generally accepted compositional structure. However, Giotto's main masterpiece was the painting of the Arena Chapel in Padua. It is interesting that immediately after this order the artist was called to decorate the city hall. While working on one of the paintings, in order to achieve the greatest authenticity in the depiction of the “celestial sign,” Giotto consulted with the astronomer Pietro d’Abano. Thus, thanks to this artist, painting stopped depicting people, objects and natural phenomena according to certain canons and became more realistic.

Leonardo da Vinci

Many figures of the Renaissance had versatile talent. However, none of them can compare with Leonardo da Vinci in his versatility. He distinguished himself as an outstanding painter, architect, sculptor, anatomist, natural scientist and engineer.

In 1466, Leonardo da Vinci went to study in Florence, where, in addition to painting, he studied chemistry and drawing, and also acquired skills in working with metal, leather and plaster.

Already the artist’s first paintings distinguished him among his fellow workers. During his long, at that time, 68-year life, Leonardo da Vinci created such masterpieces as “Mona Lisa”, “John the Baptist”, “Lady with an Ermine”, “ last supper"etc.

Like other prominent figures of the Renaissance, the artist was interested in science and engineering. In particular, it is known that the wheel pistol lock he invented was used until the 19th century. In addition, Leonardo da Vinci created drawings of a parachute, a flying machine, a searchlight, a telescope with two lenses, etc.

Michelangelo

When the question of what the Renaissance figures gave to the world is discussed, the list of their achievements necessarily contains the works of this outstanding architect, artist and sculptor.

Among the most famous creations of Michelangelo Buonarroti are the frescoes of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, the statue of David, the sculpture of Bacchus, the marble statue of the Madonna of Bruges, the painting “The Torment of St. Anthony” and many other masterpieces of world art.

Rafael Santi

The artist was born in 1483 and lived only 37 years. However, the great legacy of Raphael Santi puts him at the top of any symbolic rating of “Outstanding Figures of the Renaissance.”

The artist’s masterpieces include “The Coronation of Mary” for the Oddi altar, “Portrait of Pietro Bembo”, “Lady with a Unicorn”, numerous frescoes commissioned for the Stanza della Segnatura, etc.

The pinnacle of Raphael's work is considered to be the "Sistine Madonna", created for the altar of the church of the monastery of St. Sixta in Piacenza. This picture makes an unforgettable impression on anyone who sees it, since the Mary depicted on it in an incomprehensible way combines the earthly and heavenly essences of the Mother of God.

Albrecht Durer

Famous figures of the Renaissance were not only Italian. These include the German painter and engraver Albrecht Dürer, who was born in Nuremberg in 1471. His most significant works are the “Landauer Altar”, a self-portrait (1500), the painting “Feast of Rose Wreaths”, and three “Workshop Engravings”. The latter are considered masterpieces graphic art of all times and peoples.

Titian

The great figures of the Renaissance in the field of painting left us images of their most famous contemporaries. One of the outstanding portrait painters of this period European art there was Titian, who came from the famous Vecellio family. He immortalized on canvas Federico Gonzaga, Charles V, Clarissa Strozzi, Pietro Aretino, architect Giulio Romano and many others. In addition, his brushes include canvases on subjects from ancient mythology. How highly the artist was valued by his contemporaries is evidenced by the fact that one day Emperor Charles V hastened to pick up a brush that had fallen from Titian’s hands. The monarch explained his action by saying that serving such a master is an honor for anyone.

Sandro Botticelli

The artist was born in 1445. Initially, he was going to become a jeweler, but then he ended up in the workshop of Andrea Verrocchio, who once studied with Leonardo da Vinci. Along with works of religious themes, the artist created several paintings of secular content. Botticelli's masterpieces include the paintings "The Birth of Venus", "Spring", "Pallas and the Centaur" and many others.

Dante Alighieri

The great figures of the Renaissance left their indelible mark on world literature. One of the most outstanding poets This period is Dante Alighieri, born in 1265 in Florence. At the age of 37 he was expelled from hometown because of their political views and wandered until recent years own life.

Even as a child, Dante fell in love with his peer Beatrice Portinari. Having matured, the girl married another man and died at the age of 24. Beatrice became the poet’s muse, and it was to her that he dedicated his works, including the story “ New life" In 1306, Dante began creating his " Divine Comedy", which he has been working on for almost 15 years. In it, he exposes the vices of Italian society, the crimes of the popes and cardinals, and places his Beatrice in “paradise.”

William Shakespeare

Although Renaissance ideas arrived somewhat late in the British Isles, outstanding works of art were also created there.

In particular, one of the most famous playwrights in human history, William Shakespeare, worked in England. His plays have been performed on theater stages in all corners of the planet for more than 500 years. His pen includes the tragedies “Othello”, “Romeo and Juliet”, “Hamlet”, “Macbeth”, as well as the comedies “Twelfth Night”, “Much Ado About Nothing” and many others. In addition, Shakespeare is famous for his sonnets dedicated to the mysterious Dark Lady.

Leon Battista Alberti

The Renaissance also contributed to changing the appearance of European cities. Great architectural masterpieces were created during this period, including the Roman Cathedral of St. Peter's, the Laurentian staircase, the Florence Cathedral, etc. Along with Michelangelo, the famous scientist Leon Battista Alberti is one of the famous architects of the Renaissance. He made enormous contributions to architecture, art theory and literature. His areas of interest also included problems of pedagogy and ethics, mathematics and cartography. He created one of the first scientific works on architecture, entitled “Ten Books on Architecture.” This work had a huge influence on subsequent generations of his colleagues.

Now you know the most famous cultural figures of the Renaissance, thanks to whom human civilization entered a new stage of its development.

Renaissance or Renaissance - era in history
culture of Europe, which replaced the culture
Middle Ages and pre-modern culture
time. Approximate chronological framework eras:
beginning of the 14th - last quarter of the 16th century and in
in some cases - the first decades of the 17th century
(eg in England and especially in Spain).
A distinctive feature of the Renaissance is secular
the nature of culture and its anthropocentrism (i.e.
interest, first of all, in man and his
activities). There is an interest in antique
culture, there is, as it were, its “revival” - so
and the term appeared.

Proto-Renaissance (2nd
half of the XIII century - XIV
century)
Early Renaissance
(beginning of XV - end of XV
century)
High Renaissance
(late XV - first 20 years
XVI century)
Late Renaissance
(mid XVI - 90s
XVI century)

Early Renaissance – (XIV-late XV centuries)
High Renaissance – (XV-early 16th century)
When culture
reached the highest
heyday

Renaissance Features:
Secularization of consciousness, i.e. gradual release from
religious view of the world i.e. gradual release from
religious view
Spreading the ideas of humanism, i.e. appeal to human
personality, faith in the strength of the person himself. i.e. appeal to human
personality, faith in the strength of man himself.
Dissemination of scientific knowledge.
Reliance on the achievements of the culture of Antiquity.
.

Miguel Cervantes

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
LEONARDO
DA VINCI

Actor
A country
Produced
and I
Contents of works,
creativity
Michelle
Montaigne
(1533 – 1592),
philosopher,
publicist
France
"Experiments" meeting
reasoning
about morality,
philosophy and
labor Work
popular and
to this day.
To a wise and kind man,
it is necessary to know and
evaluate yourself. Life -
the greatest gift, you need it wisely
behave in everyday life,
live in peace and appreciate everyone
moment. Montaigne warns against
idleness, first of all,
mental. Called for
religious tolerance.
William
Shakespeare
(1564-1616),
poet, playwright
England
"Romeo and
Juliet",
"Hamlet",
"King
Lear."
The world is a theater, and the people in it are
actors. Theater is a school that
will teach you not to bend under blows
fate. His heroes love and
suffer, make mistakes,
fighting for their happiness.
Man is a miracle of nature.
Miguel
Cervantes
(1547 – 1616),
writer
Spain
"Don Quixote"
In the image of Don Quixote Knight
He is a sad figure
praises wisdom
nobility, humanity
the knight who roams the world
injustice, helping
people get better.

Rome - the eternal city

Music by Lorenzo the Magnificent

Music has always been the main thing
part of a religious service;
the church was watching
performing musical
works in the temple, not
allowing for the slightest deviations
from the rules. At the end of the 16th century
spiritual works have become
appeal to human
feelings - broad development
receive secular
works. Musical
creativity is part of life
courtiers and educated
townspeople In a good manner
it was considered for young people to be able to
play music
instruments. Madrigals –
lyrical vocal
works, predecessor
operas.

Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi (Donatello)

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

Madonna Litta
(Madonna with
baby)
Hermitage, St. Petersburg

Mona Lisa
(Gioconda)
Louvre, Paris

last supper
Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan

"Madonna Benois". "Madonna with a Flower"

"Madonna Litta"

Michelangelo Buonarroti
(1475-1564)

David
Academy,
Florence

Creation of Adam
Fragment of the painting of the vault of the Sistine Chapel,
Vatican

Poem from the Sonnet Cycle
Who created everything, who also created the parts -
And then I chose the best one,
So that here you can show us the miracle of your deeds,
Worthy of his high power...

Raphael Santi (1483-1520)

Madonna
Conestabile
Hermitage, St. Petersburg

Sistine
Madonna
Art Gallery,
Dresden

Sandro Botticelli. Birth of Venus. 1482-1486

Sandro Botticelli. Birth
Venus. 1482-1486

Northern Renaissance
The Italian Renaissance had virtually no
influence on other countries before 1450
After 1500
the style spread across the continent, but
many late Gothic influences
persisted even before the onset
Baroque era.
Renaissance period in the area
The Netherlands, Germany and France accepted
highlight in a separate style direction,
which has some differences with
Renaissance in Italy

Northern Renaissance
Prominent Representatives
- Albrecht Durer,
Hans Holbein the Younger
Lucas Cranach the Elder
Pieter Bruegel the Elder. Prev
some are also imbued with the Renaissance spirit
works of late Gothic masters such as
like Jan van Eyck and Hans Memling.

Pieter Bruegel the Elder
(1525/1530-1569)

Peasant dance

Harvest
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Hunters in the snow
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

Albrecht Durer (1471-1528)

Four
apocalyptic
rider
Engraving from the series
"Apocalypse"

Hans Holbein the Younger (1497-1543)

Portrait
William
Wareham
Louvre, Paris

Member portrait
Wedig family
Museum
Metropolitan,
NY

Rembrandt Harmens van Rijn
(1606-1669)

Portrait
old man in
red
Hermitage, St.
Petersburg

Return
prodigal son
Hermitage, St. Petersburg

Diego Velazquez (1599-1660)

Breakfast
Hermitage, St. Petersburg

spinners
Prado Museum, Madrid

Actor
A country
Works
Content
works,
creativity
Leonardo yes
Vinci
(1452-1519),
artist, poet,
architect,
sculptor,
musician
France
About 7 thousand
post pages,
drafts,
manuscripts.
"Madonna with
Baby", "Mona
Lisa", "Secret
supper."
The artist is a man
endowed
divine
power. His heroes
works - ordinary
People.
Michelangelo
Buonarotti
(1475-1564),
sculptor, poet
Italy
David sculpture
poems about love and
art.
Sculpture – the best of
arts, glorifying
the beauty of a person.
Glorified earthly
beauty and beauty
art.
Rafael Santi
(1483 – 1520),
painter
Italy
"Madonna
Conestabile",
"Sistine
Madonna"
Portrayed the world
harmonious and
beautiful,
perfect and
calm.

Actor
A country
Works
Contents of works,
creativity
Pieter Bruegel
Senior
(1530 -1569),
painter
Netherlands
"Peasant
dance", "Times
of the year",
"Harvest".
peasant painter,
portrayed real
characters, simple
people and folk scenes,
peaceful life of the inhabitants.
Albrecht Durer
(1471-1528),
painter, engraver,
scientist
Germany
Engravings, landscapes.
Engraving "Four
rider."
An artist is a thinker.
Man is the crown of nature.
"Portrait of a King"
Henry VIII."
He pretended to be calm and
at the same time complexity,
inconsistency
human nature.
Hans Holbein
Jr
(1497-1543),
artist
Germany
Rembrandt Harmens
van Rijn
(1606 – 1669),
artist
Holland
"Portrait of an old man in
red",
"Return
prodigal son"
Tried to convey to
canvas inner world
man, his thoughts,
state of mind.
Diego Velasquez
(1599-1660),
artist,
courtier
painter of the king
Spain
Portraits of the king and
courtiers,
"Breakfast", "Spinners".
Spain - country
medieval remnants.
Portrayed the king
cruel, arrogant,
ordinary people - kind,
cheerful.

The birth of a new European science

In modern times, human interest in the world around us has increased. Great
geographical discoveries expanded the boundaries of the world, gave new knowledge,
including the sphericity of the Earth. The growth of cities, the development of manufacturing
production and the world market gave rise to the need for precise scientific
knowledge.
Man is becoming more and more interested in earthly, worldly life.
If in the Middle Ages European science followed the principle
authority - the thoughts of the great scientists of antiquity were accepted as truth
(geography was studied according to Ptolemy, medicine - according to Hippocrates, etc.), then in
Early modern people strive to observe natural phenomena for themselves, etc.
Humanists say that the human mind is capable of understanding and
explain the world.
Educated people strive to find a reasonable explanation for phenomena
nature, in their research no longer relying on religion.
The Renaissance gave Europeans independence of thought and
the belief that humanity can improve the world in which it lives, and for
This requires substantiated, reliable knowledge.
In the XVI-XVII centuries. there is a rapid development of science, primarily in the field
mathematics and natural sciences. Laws discovered by modern scientists
are universal, new methods of studying nature are born
– a combination of experience (practice) and theory (reason).

Scientists and
thinkers
A country
Main ideas.
Discoveries
Nicolaus Copernicus
(1473-1543),
astronomer
Poland
He made a revolution in science by abandoning
doctrine accepted for thousands of years
immobility of the Earth. I've been watching for 30 years
heavenly bodies.
Book “On the Rotation of the Celestial Spheres” (1543).
Giordano Bruno
(1548-1600),
astronomer
Italy
The universe has no edge, it is immeasurable and
infinite. It has no center - neither does the Earth,
neither the Sun are the centers of the world.
The Universe is an infinite multitude
stars The universe exists forever and
cannot disappear.
Galileo Galilei
(1564-1642),
scientist, astronomer,
physicist, poet,
playwright
Italy
Observation celestial bodies through a telescope
(discovery of mountains on the Moon, sunspot,
satellites of Jupiter, etc.). Formulated
laws of falling bodies, movement of a pendulum, etc.
laws of physics. Proceedings of the Star Messenger,
"Dialogues about two systems of the world."

Scientists and
thinkers
A country
Main ideas.
Discoveries
Isaac Newton
England
(1643-1727),
scientist, became
academician
at about 30 years old.
Discovered the law of universal gravitation, created
optical laboratory. Constructed
mirror telescope. The book "Mathematical Principles"
natural philosophy": outlined the main
concepts – mass, quantity, force, acceleration, three
law of motion, etc. Discovery of the universal law
gravity marked the transition to an explanation
laws of motion Solar System and approved
victory of the teachings of Copernicus. Nature obeys
exact laws of mechanics. The scientist completed
Creation new painting peace.
Francis Bacon
(1561-1626),
lawyer, diplomat,
politician, historian
England
Creator new philosophy. New method studying
nature – reasoning from the particular to the general,
based on experimental data. True
knowledge can only be gained by connecting
theory with practice.
Rene Descartes
(1596-1650),
scientist, philosopher,
mathematician
France
The goal of science is for man to achieve
dominion over the forces of nature, which
should be made to serve the people. The science
must be of practical benefit. "I
I think, therefore I exist."

Rene Descartes

Francis Bacon
GALILEO
GALILEO
Nikolai
Copernicus
GIORDANO
BRUNO
Isaac
Newton

Answer left by: Guest

The famous Hammurabi, the sixth king of the 1st Babylonian dynasty, having ascended the throne of a small kingdom located in the middle reaches of the Euphrates, ended his days as the ruler of a huge state by the standards of that time. The wise Hammurabi found techniques that allowed the king to control the activities of his subjects, becoming the author of the most famous collection of laws in the Ancient East, called by historians the Code of Hammurabi. The laws of Hammurabi continued to be in force throughout Babylonian history.

Hammurabi made Babylon the main city of the country. Babylon of this period was huge and noisy eastern city. It was surrounded by a powerful and thick wall. The city had 24 large avenues, the landmark was the Tower of Babel - one of the seven “wonders of the world”. The landscaped terraces of the Tower of Babel are known “as the hanging gardens” of Semiramis, an Assyrian queen who lived in the 9th century BC. e. The scale of its structures, the power of the fortress walls - all this amazed the eyes of strangers. By the name of the city, the Greeks, and after them other peoples, began to call the country Babylonia, and its inhabitants Babylonians. From the time of Hammurabi until the beginning of the 3rd century. BC e. , for as long as 15 centuries, Babylon remained an economic, political, cultural and intellectual center Ancient East He left an indelible mark on human history. And it was not for nothing that Alexander the Great subsequently wanted to make Babylon the capital of his huge empire. However, the fate of this city turned out differently.

About 4 thousand years ago, in the territory between two deep rivers, where the Tigris and Euphrates almost approached each other, the Amorite people created their own state of Babylonia with the capital city of Babylon (which translated from the ancient language means “gate of God”).
At the same time, there were many powerful and wealthy city-states in Mesopotamia, but it was Babylon that, in a fair fight, won the right to be considered the main state of Mesopotamia.
The prosperity and glory of Babylon was brought by its ruler Hammurabi, who, trying to expand his own kingdom, annexed all the surrounding states - Ashur, Elam, Susiana, etc. Very soon Babylon became a large and strong state, the inhabitants of which were successfully engaged in agriculture, and also led a lively trade in metals, wool, timber, grain and other goods

Answer left by: Guest

Hinduism is the study of India

Answer left by: Guest

Napoleon Bonaparte, born in 1769 in Corsica, was the son of a Dutch lawyer from Corsica who was in the service of Louis XIV. He was sent to Paris to receive his education, where he attended a prestigious military school Ecole Military. And finally, in 1785, at the age of 16, he received the rank of lieutenant. When it happened in 1789 French revolution, he returned to Corsica. However, in 1793 he clearly sided with the Republicans. Napoleon, who at birth received the name Napoleone Buonaparte, began to call himself Napoleon Bonaparte in the French manner. He walked quickly up career ladder, earning authority and popularity. In 1796, he took command of a demoralized army on the Italian border and secured victory over the Austrians at the Battle of Lodi. This was Napoleon's first victory over a foreign army. Thanks to the tactical tricks of the commander, the French defeated the Austrians many times, although they were worse armed. Napoleon's victories allowed France to force Austria into negotiations and the subsequent signing of a peace treaty. In 1798, Napoleon captured British-occupied Egypt, but Lord Nelson defeated the French fleet at Abicourt. Napoleon's Egyptian campaign, in which he was accompanied by scientists and artists, aroused interest in the Near and Middle East throughout Europe. Thus, during Napoleon’s Egyptian campaign, a fragment of an ornament was found, with the help of which it was possible to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphs.