A major is a parallel key. Parallel tonality: what is it and how to find them? Key signs in keys

Leonid Gurulev, Dmitry Nizyaev

SUSTAINED SOUNDS.

While listening or performing a piece of music, you probably noted somewhere in your subconscious that the sounds of the melody are in a certain relationship with each other. If this ratio did not exist, then it would be possible to simply beat something obscene on the keys (strings, etc.), and the result would be a melody that would make those around you swoon. This relationship is expressed primarily in the fact that in the process of development of music (melody), some sounds, standing out from the general mass, acquire the character supporting sounds. The melody usually ends on one of these reference sounds.

Reference sounds are usually called stable sounds. This definition of reference sounds corresponds to their character, since the end of a melody on a reference sound gives the impression of stability and peace.

One of the most consistent sounds usually stands out more than others. He appears as if main support. This sustained sound is called tonic. Listen here first example(I left it out on purpose tonic). You will immediately want to finish the melody, and I am sure that even if you did not know the melody, you would be able to hit the right note. Looking ahead, I will say that this feeling is called gravity sounds. Test yourself by listening second example .

In contrast to stable sounds, other sounds involved in the formation of a melody are called unstable. Unstable sounds are characterized by a state of gravitation (which I just talked about above), as if attraction, towards the nearest stable ones; they seem to strive to connect with these supports. I will give a musical example of this same song, “There was a birch tree in the field.” Steady sounds are marked with a ">".

The transition from unstable sound to stable sound is called resolution.

From the above we can conclude that in music the relationships of sounds in height are subject to a certain pattern or system. This system is called LADOM (lad). At the heart of a separate melody and piece of music in general, there is always a certain harmony, which is the organizing principle of the pitch relationship of sounds in music, which, together with others, gives expressive means, a certain character corresponding to its content.

For practical application(What is theory without practice, right?) After the material presented, play through any exercises that we studied in guitar or piano lessons, and mentally note stable and unstable sounds.

MAJOR MODE. GAMMA OF NATURAL MAJOR. STAGES OF A MAJOR MODE. NAMES, DESIGNATIONS AND PROPERTIES OF THE DEGREES OF THE MAJOR MODE

IN folk music There are a variety of modes. IN classical music(Russian and foreign) to one degree or another reflected folk art, and therefore its inherent variety of modes, but still the most widely used modes are the major and minor modes.

Major(major, in the literal sense of the word, means b O major) is called a mode, the stable sounds of which (in sequential or simultaneous sound) form a major or major triad - a consonance consisting of three sounds. The sounds of a major triad are arranged in thirds: the major third is between the lower and middle sounds, and the minor third is between the middle and upper sounds. Between the extreme sounds of a triad, an interval of a perfect fifth is formed.

For example:

A major triad built on the tonic is called a tonic triad.

Unstable sounds in this mode are located between stable ones.

The major mode consists of seven sounds, or, as they are commonly called, degrees.

A sequential series of sounds of a mode (starting from the tonic to the tonic of the next octave) is called a scale of a mode or scale.

The sounds that make up a scale are called steps because the scale itself is quite clearly associated with a ladder.

The degrees of the scale are indicated by Roman numerals:

They form a sequence of second intervals. The order of steps and seconds is as follows: b.2, b.2, m.2, b.2, b.2, b.2, m.2 (that is, two tones, a semitone, three tones, a semitone).

Do you remember the piano keyboard? There you can clearly see where in the major scale there is a tone and where there is a semitone. Let's take a more specific look.

Where there are black keys between white ones, there is a tone, and where there are not, then the distance between the sounds is equal to a semitone. Why, one might ask, do you need to know this? Here you try to play (by pressing alternately) first from the note To to note To the next octave (try to remember the result by ear). And then the same from all other notes, without resorting to the help of derivative (“black”) keys. Something will turn out wrong. In order to bring everything into an equally decent form, you need to follow the scheme tone, tone, semitone, tone, tone, tone, semitone. Let's try to create a major scale from the note D. Remember that you first need to build two tones. So, Re-Mi- this is the tone. Very good. But Mi-Fa... stop! There is no “black” key between them. The distance between sounds is half a tone, but we need a tone. What to do? The answer is simple - raise the note F up a semitone (we get F sharp). Let's repeat: Re - E - F sharp. That is, if we required that there be an intermediate key between the steps, but there was no black one between them, then let the white key perform this intermediate role - and the step itself “moves” to the black one. Next we need a semitone, and we got it ourselves (between F sharp And salt baker just the half-tone distance), it turned out Re - Mi - F sharp - Sol. Continuing to strictly adhere to the scheme of the major scale (let me remind you once again: tone, tone, semitone, tone, tone, tone, semitone) we get D major scale, sounding exactly the same as the scale from TO:

A scale with the above order of degrees is called a natural major scale, and a scale expressed by this order is called a natural major scale. Major can be not only natural, so such a clarification is useful. In addition to the digital designation, each fret step has its own name:

Stage I - tonic (T),
Stage II - descending introductory sound,
III stage - mediant (middle),
IV stage - subdominant (S),
V stage - dominant (D),
VI stage - submediant (lower mediant),
VII stage - ascending introductory sound.

The tonic, subdominant and dominant are called the main degrees, the rest are called secondary degrees. Please remember these three numbers: I, IV and V - the main steps. Don’t let it bother you that they are arranged in the scale so whimsically, without visible symmetry. There are fundamental justifications for this, the nature of which you will learn from the lessons on harmony on our website.

The dominant (translated as dominant) is located a perfect fifth above the tonic. Between them there is a third step, which is why it is called medianta (middle). The subdominant (lower dominant) is located a fifth below the tonic, which is where its name comes from, and the submediant is located between the subdominant and the tonic. Below is a diagram of the location of these steps:

The introductory sounds got their name due to their attraction to the tonic. The lower input sound gravitates in the ascending direction, and the upper one in the descending direction.

It was said above that in major there are three stable sounds - these are the I, III and V degrees. Their degree of stability is not the same. The first stage - tonic - is the main supporting sound and therefore the most stable. Stages III and V are less stable. II, IV, VI and VII stages major scale unstable. The degree of their instability varies. It depends: 1) on the distance between unstable and stable sounds; 2) on the degree of stability of the sound towards which gravity is directed. Less acute gravity is manifested at the stages: VI to V, II to III and IV to V.

For an example of gravity, let's listen to two options for resolving sounds. First- for major keys, and second for minors. We will study the minor in future lessons, but for now try to understand it by ear. Now, doing practical lessons, try to find stable and unstable steps and their resolutions.

KEY. MAJOR KEYS SHARP AND FLATS. CIRCLE OF FIFTS. ENHARMONISM OF MAJOR KEYS

The natural major scale can be built from any degree (both basic and derivative) of the musical scale (provided it retains the system of degrees that we discussed above). This opportunity - to obtain the desired scale from any key - is the main property and main purpose of the “tempered scale”, in which all semitones in the octave are completely equal. The fact is that this system is artificial, obtained as a result of targeted calculations specifically for this purpose. Before this discovery, music used the so-called “natural” scale, which did not at all have the advantage of symmetry and reversibility. At the same time, musical science was simply incredibly complex and unsystematic, and boiled down to a set of personal opinions and feelings, akin to philosophy or psychology... In addition, under the conditions of a natural system, musicians did not have the physical ability to perform music so freely in any key, in which any pitch, because with an increase in the number of accidental signs, the sound became catastrophically false. The tempered (that is, “uniform”) tuning gave musicians the opportunity not to depend on the absolute pitch of the sound, and to bring music theory almost to the level of exact science.

The absolute (that is, non-relative) height at which the tonic of a mode is located is called tonality. The name of the tonality comes from the name of the sound that serves as its tonic. The name of the key is made up of the designation of tonic and mode, that is, for example, the word major. For example: C major, G major, etc.

Major scale tonality built from sound to, called C major. Its peculiarity among other keys is that its scale consists precisely of the main steps of the musical scale, that is, simply, only the white keys of the piano. Let us recall the structure of the major scale (two tones, a semitone, three tones, a semitone).

If you build a perfect fifth upward from the note C, and try to build a new major scale from the resulting fifth (note G), it turns out that the VII step (note F) must be raised by a semitone. Let us conclude that in the key of G-dur, i.e. G major, one key sign - F sharp. If now we want to play a piece in C major in this new key (well, for example, due to the fact that your voice is too low and uncomfortable to sing in C major), then, having rewritten all the notes of the song to the required number of lines higher, we will have to raise the FA note that appears in the notes by a semitone, otherwise it will sound like nonsense. It is precisely for this purpose that the concept of key signs exists. We just need to draw one sharp at the key - on the line where the note FA is written - and after that the whole song automatically appears in the correct scale for the tonic SOL. Now we go further along the beaten path. From the note G we build a fifth upward (we get the note D), and from it we again build a major scale, although we don’t have to build it anymore, since we already know that we need to raise the seventh degree. The seventh degree is the note Do. Our collection of sharps in the key is gradually growing - in addition to F-sharp, C-sharp is also being added. These are the key signs of the key of D major. And this will continue until we use all 7 characters in the key. For training, those who wish (although I advise everyone) can perform an experiment of the same order. Those. (repeat) from note C we build a fifth upward, using the scheme: tone-tone, semitone, tone-tone-tone, semitone - we calculate the structure of the major scale. From the resulting note, we again build a fifth upward... and so on until we run out of money... oh, sharps. You should not be embarrassed when, when you next build a tonality, you discover that the sound of the tonic itself is on the black key. This will only mean that this sharp will be mentioned in the name of the key - "F sharp major" - everything else will work exactly the same. In principle, no one can forbid you to continue this construction AFTER the seventh sharp is written at the key. Music theory does not prohibit the existence of any tonality - even with a hundred signs. It’s just that the eighth character of the key will inevitably turn out to be “F” again - and all you have to do is replace the very first “F-sharp” with the sign “double-sharp”. With these experiments, you can get, for example, a major with 12 sharps - “B-sharp major”, and discover that this is nothing more than “C major” - the entire scale will again be on the white keys. Of course, all these “experiments” have only theoretical significance, since in practice it would never occur to anyone to clutter their notes with signs so much just to end up in C major again...

I bring to your attention a drawing to familiarize yourself with all these sharps, stable and unstable sounds in each key. Please remember that the order in which sharps “appear” is strictly regulated. Memorize: Fa-Do-Sol-Re-La-Mi-Si .

Let's go the other way. If from the note To build a fifth, but downwards, we get a note F. From this note we will begin to build a major scale according to our scheme. And we will see that the fourth degree (that is, the note si) already needs to be lowered (try building it yourself), i.e. B-flat. Having built the gamma F major from tonic (note F) again we build a fifth down ( B-flat)... I recommend constructing all the tonalities in full for practice. And I’ll show you everything in a picture flat tonality. The order of appearance (location) of key flats is also strict. Please memorize: Si-Mi-La-Re-Sol-Do-Fa , that is, the order is reverse to sharps.

Now let’s pay attention to stable sounds (of any key to choose from). They form the major triad of the tonic (review question: what is the tonic?). Well, we have already touched a little on the vast topic of “Chords”. Let's not get ahead of ourselves, but please learn how to build tonic triads (in in this case- major) from any note. By doing this, you will at the same time learn how to build, so to speak, the tonic chord - the main chord - of any key.

HARMONIC AND MELODIC MAJOR

In music you can often find the use of a major scale with a lowered VI degree. This type of major scale is called harmonic major. By lowering the VI degree by a semitone, its gravity in the V degree becomes sharper and gives the major mode a unique sound. Try playing the scale, for example, C major with a reduced VI stage. First, I will help you. Let us calculate that the VI degree in a given key C major- this is a note La, which must be lowered by a semitone ( A-flat). That's all the wisdom. Do the same in other keys. When playing a scale, that is, an uninterrupted sequence of steps, you will immediately feel that at the end of the scale it begins to smell of some kind of exotic. The reason for this is the new interval formed when the VI stage is lowered: an increased second. The presence of such an unexpected interval gives the fret such an unusual coloring. Harmonic modes are inherent in many national cultures: Tatar, Japanese, and in general almost all Asian countries.

The melodic variety of the major mode is formed by lowering two degrees of the natural scale at once: VI and VII. Thanks to this, both of these notes (they are both unstable) acquire an increased inclination towards the lower stable one - towards the V degree. If you play or sing such a scale from top to bottom, you will feel how in its upper half a special melody, softness, length, and inextricable connection of the notes into one melodious melody has appeared. It is because of this effect that this mode is called “melodic”.

MINOR MODE. THE CONCEPT OF PARALLEL TONALS.

Minor(minor, in the literal sense of the word, means smaller) is called a mode, the stable sounds of which (in sequential or simultaneous sound) form small or minor triad. I suggest you listen major And minor chords. Compare their sounds and differences by ear. The major chord sounds more “cheerful”, and the minor chord sounds more lyrical (remember the expression: “minor mood”?). Interval composition of a minor triad: m3+b3 (minor third + major third). Let's not bother with the structure of the minor scale, because we can get by with the concept parallel tones. Let's take for example the usual tonality C major(the favorite key of beginning musicians, because there is not a single sign on the key). Let's build from the tonic (sound - To) down minor third. Let's get a note La. As I just said, in the key there are no sharps or flats. Let's run dashingly across the keyboard (strings) from the note La until the next note La up. So we got the natural minor scale. Now let's remember: tonalities that have the SAME signs on the key are called parallel. For each major there is one and only one parallel minor - and vice versa. All keys in the world, therefore, exist in pairs of “major-minor”, ​​like two scales moving in parallel along the same keys, but with a lag of a third. Hence the name "parallel". In particular, in parallel tonality for C major is A minor(also a favorite key for beginners, since there is not a single key sign here) Tonic triad in A minor. From the note A upward we will build small third, we get a note To, and then an even larger third from the note To, will eventually sound Mi. So, the minor triad in A minor: A - Do - Mi.

Try to find parallel keys yourself for all the major modes that we went through above. The main thing to remember is that 1. you need to build from the tonic (the main stable sound) down the minor third to find a new tonic; 2. the key signs in the parallel key remain the same.

Briefly, for training, let's look at another example. Key - F major. At the key - one sign ( B-flat). From the notes F building down the minor third - note Re. Means, D minor is a parallel key F major and has a key sign - B-flat. Tonic triad in D minor: Re - Fa - La.

So, in parallel tonalities of the natural scale, the key signs are the same. We have already learned this. What about the harmonic mode? A little different. Harmonic the minor differs from the natural by the increased VII degree, which was caused by the need to sharpen the gravity of the ascending introductory sound. If you look closely or listen, you will easily find that the harmonic major and the harmonic minor, built from the same key, completely coincide in the upper half of the scale - the same increased second on the VI degree of the scale. It’s just that in order to get this interval in major, you have to lower the VI step. But in minor this level is already low, but the VII level can be increased.

Let's agree that the number of key signs for all keys must be remembered by heart. Based on this, let’s say in D minor (the key sign is B-flat) increased VII stage - C sharp.

You can see it visually in the picture above. Now let's listen (although you can play it yourself) how it will sound. a-moll And d-moll. If you pay a little more attention to viewing and listening, you can see that the dominant triad in a harmonic minor is major. I'm going to lose to you now three chords: Tonic, Subdominant, Dominant and Tonic in harmonic A minor. Do you hear? So study the structure of these three chords in all minor keys. By doing this you will achieve automatic identification of the main triads in any key. You and I already know how to construct major and minor triads; if you have forgotten, let’s repeat and clarify.

We build a tonic triad: we determine the mode (major, minor), and proceed from this. We build a major (minor) triad. Major: b.3 + m.3, minor - m.3 + b.3. Now we need to find the subdominant. From the tonic we build a fourth upward - we get the main sound, from which we will build a triad. IN F major- This B-flat. And from B-flat We are already building a major triad. We are now looking for a dominant. From the tonic - up a fifth. In the same key Dominant - To. Well, what about the triad? C major to build - this is no longer difficult for us. Parallel key F major - D minor. We build the tonic (T), subdominant (S) and dominant (D) in a minor key. Let me remind you that in harmonic and melodic minor the dominant is the major triad. Melodic minor differs from natural minor in that both the VI and VII steps are raised (play it on the piano or guitar, or at least in a MIDI editor). And in melodic major, on the contrary, a decrease in the same steps occurs.

Major and minor having the same tonic are called namesake(key of the same name C major - C minor, A major - A minor etc.).

As has already been said, the expressive capabilities of music consist of the interaction of the various means at its disposal. Among them great value There is a harmony in conveying certain content and character through music. Remember, I gave an example of the sound of a major triad and a minor one. Let me remind you, on occasion, that major is, so to speak, more cheerful, and minor is more sad, dramatic, and lyrical. Therefore - you can experiment yourself - a major melody played from the same key, but using a minor scale (or vice versa), takes on a completely different coloring, although it remains the same melody.

Scale E minor– one of the most popular scales on the guitar. Songs written based on this scale give off a homely warmth and evoke a feeling of comfort and coziness. This is what the E minor scale looks like on the fretboard:

Sounds included in the E minor scale

Guitar Neck Diagram

Names of notes included in the E minor scale

The sounds included in the E minor scale obey the following sequence: Mi(E) – Fa#(F#) – Sol(G) – A(A) – Si(H) – Do(C) – Re(D)

Practical instructions for quickly memorizing and subdividing scales!

To play E minor scale throughout the entire neck of the guitar, it is recommended to divide the scale into separate pieces. Each of these pieces must include three notes, and these notes must be on the same string. This is the most shortcut to memorize scales. Three-note fingering is ideal for developing your playing speed and practicing your technique.

Just below you will find E minor scale for guitar, presented in the form of seven small bar diagrams. Each of these diagrams shows you the fingering patterns for each of the three-note positions.

E minor scale, divided into positions. In each of these positions three notes are played on each string

Major key parallel to E minor

Please note that G major – major parallel to the E minor scale. This means that the sounds that make up the E minor scale are identical to the sounds that make up the G major scale.

Today I will tell you how to put the Em chord (E minor) in five positions on the guitar. Each position of the Em chord (E minor) is distinguished by its convenience, as well as the sound of the chord itself. For example: In the first and fourth positions, playing the Em chord (E minor) is much more convenient than in the third and fifth.

In any case, if you want to know and be able to play not only the Em chord (E minor), but also all major and minor chords, as well as play these chords on the guitar, then I advise you to get acquainted with.

The structure of the Em chord (E minor) on the guitar

If you look from the point of view music theory, then the Em chord (E minor) consists of minor E, G, B.

• Tonic or prima - E (E)
• Minor third - G (Salt)
• Perfect fifth - B (H) (B)

Explanations for fingerings

1. Index finger.
2. Middle finger.
3. Ring finger.
4. Little finger.

Fingerings of the Em chord (E minor) in five positions on the guitar

first positions:

Chord: Em:1

• 6, 3, 2 and 1 strings are open.
• We pinch the 5th string with our middle finger at the 2nd fret.
• We pinch the 4th string with our ring finger at the 2nd fret.

Fingering of the chord Em (E minor) in second positions:

Chord: Em:2

• The 6th string does not sound.
• We clamp 5 and 4 strings index finger on the 2nd fret using the barre technique.
• We pinch the 3rd string with our ring finger at the 4th fret.
• We pinch the 2nd string with our little finger at the 5th fret.
• We pinch 1 string with our middle finger at the 3rd fret.

Fingering of the chord Em (E minor) in thirds positions:

Chord: Em:3

• The 6th string does not sound.
• We pinch the 5th string with our little finger at the 7th fret.
• We pinch the 4th string with our middle finger at the 5th fret.
• We pinch the 3rd string with our index finger at the 4th fret.
• We pinch the 2nd string with our ring finger at the 5th fret.

Fingering of the chord Em (E minor) in fourth positions:

Chord: Em:4

• The 6th string does not sound.
• We hold the 5th, 4th, 3rd, 2nd and 1st finger on the 7th fret using the barre technique.
• We pinch the 4th string with our ring finger at the 9th fret.
• We pinch the 3rd string with our little finger at the 9th fret.
• We pinch the 2nd string with our middle finger at the 8th fret.

Fingering of the chord Em (E minor) fifth positions:

Chord: Em:5

• We pinch the 6th string with our ring finger at the 12th fret.
• We pinch the 5th string with our middle finger at the 10th fret.
• We pinch the 4th and 3rd strings with our index finger at the 9th fret.
• We pinch strings 2 and 1 with our little finger at the 12th fret.

Semantic (mode-phonic) unity

Multi-level units of classical harmony.

A.L. Ostrovsky. Methods of music theory and solfeggio. L., 1970. p. 46-49.

N.L. Vashkevich. Expressiveness of tones. Minor. (Manuscript) Tver, 1996.

The choice of tonality by the composer is not accidental. To a large extent it is associated with her expressive capabilities. The individual colorful properties of tonality are a fact. They are not always in unity with the emotional coloring of a musical work, but they are always present in its colorful and expressive subtext, as an emotional background.

Analyzing the figurative content of a large range of major works, the Belgian musicologist and composer François Auguste Gevart (1828-1908) presented his own version of expressiveness major keys, revealing a specific interaction system. “The color characteristic of the major mood,” he writes, “takes on shades that are light and brilliant in tones with sharps, strict and gloomy in tones with flats...”, essentially repeating the conclusion of R. Schumann made half a century earlier. And further. “Do - Sol - Re - A major, etc. - getting lighter and lighter. C – F – B-flat – E-flat major, etc. “It’s getting darker and darker.” “As soon as we reach the tone F sharp major (6 sharps), the ascent stops. The shine of tones with sharps, brought to the point of hardness, is suddenly erased and, through an imperceptible transfusion of shades, is identified with the dark color of the tone G-flat major (6 flats),” which creates a semblance of a vicious circle:

C major

Firm, decisive

F major G major

Courageous Funny

B flat major D major

Proud Brilliant

E-flat major A major

Majestic Glad

A flat major E major

Noble Shining

D flat major B major

Important Powerful

G flat major F sharp major

Gloomy Hard

Gewart's conclusions are not completely indisputable. And this is understandable; It is impossible to reflect in one word the emotional coloring of a tonality, its inherent palette of shades, its distinctive nuance.

In addition, it is necessary to take into account the individual “hearing” of tonality. For example, Tchaikovsky’s D-flat major can be confidently called the tonality of love. This is the tone of the romance “No, only the one who knew”, the scenes of Tatyana’s letter, P.P. (love themes) in Romeo and Juliet, etc.

And yet, “despite some naivety” (as Ostrovsky noted), for us the characteristics of Gewart’s tonalities are valuable. We have no other sources.

In this regard, the list of names of “tonal characteristic theorists” “whose works were in Beethoven” is surprising: Matteson, L. Mitzler, Klineberger, J.G. Sulzer, A.Hr.Koch, J.J. von Heinze, Chr. F. D. Schubart (Romain Rolland reports this in the book “Beethoven’s Last Quartets.” M., 1976, p. 225). “The problem of characterizing tonalities occupied Beethoven until the end of his life.”

Gevart's work “Guide to Instrumentation,” which contains material on tonality, was translated into Russian by P. Tchaikovsky. The great composer's interest in this speaks volumes.

"Expressiveness minor keys“,” wrote Gevart, “is less varied, dark and not so defined.” Are Gevart's conclusions correct? What makes me doubtful is the fact that among the tonalities that have undeniably specific and vivid emotional characteristics, minor ones are no less than major ones (it’s enough to name B minor, C minor, C sharp minor). Answering this question was the task of the joint course work of first-year students T.O. Tver Music School (1977-78 academic year) Inna Bynkova (Kalyazin), Marina Dobrynskaya (Staraya Toropa), Tatyana Zaitseva (Konakovo), Elena Zubryakova (Klin), Svetlana Shcherbakova and Natalya Yakovleva (Vyshny Volochek). The work analyzed pieces of instrumental cycles that involve all 24 keys of the circle of fifths, where the randomness of the choice of key is minimal:

Bach. Preludes and Fugues of HTC, Volume I,

Chopin. Preludes. Op.28,

Chopin. Sketches. Op.10, 25,

Prokofiev. Fleetingness. Op.22,

Shostakovich. 24 preludes and fugues. Op.87,

Shchedrin.24 preludes and fugues.

In our course work, the analysis was limited only to the first exposed topic according to a pre-agreed plan. All conclusions about the emotional-figurative content had to be confirmed by an analysis of the means of expressiveness, intonation features of the melody, and the presence of figurative elements in the musical language. Seeking help from musicological literature was mandatory.

The final stage of our analytical work was a statistical method of multi-stage generalization of all the results of the analysis of plays of a specific tonality, a method of elementary arithmetic counting of repeated words-epithets and thereby identifying the dominant emotional characteristic of the tonality. We understand that it is not at all easy to describe in words the complex, colorful flavor of tonality, especially in one word, and therefore there were many difficulties. The expressive qualities of certain keys (A minor, E, C, F, B, F-sharp) were revealed confidently, in others - with less clarity (D minor, cm-flat, G-sharp).

Uncertainty arose with D sharp minor. Its characterization is conditional. Of the 8 analyzed works in a key with 6 signs, in 7 the composers preferred E-flat minor. D-sharp minor, “very rare and inconvenient to perform” (as Y. Milstein noted), was represented in our country by only one work (Bach HTC, Fugue XIII), which made it impossible to characterize it. As an exception to our methods, we proposed to use the characteristic of D sharp minor by Ya. Milshtein as high pitch . This ambiguous definition contains both inconvenience for performance, psychological and physiological tension of intonation for string players and vocalists, and something sublime and something harsh.

Our conclusion: there is no doubt that minor keys, like major keys, have specific individual expressive qualities.

Following the example of Gevart, we offer the following, in our opinion, acceptable version of the monosyllabic characteristics of the minor:

A minor - easy

E minor - light

B minor - mournful

F sharp minor - excited

C sharp minor - elegiac

G sharp minor - tense

D-sharp - “high key”

E-flat minor - severe

B-flat minor - gloomy

F minor - sad

C minor - pathetic

G minor - poetic

D minor - courageous

Having received an affirmative answer to the first question (do minor keys have individual expressive qualities), we began to solve the second: is there (like major keys) a system of interaction of expressive characteristics in minor keys?, and if so, what is it?

Let us recall that such a system in major keys Gewart began to arrange them in the circle of fifths, revealing a natural brightening of their color when moving towards sharps and darkening towards flats. Denying the minor key individual emotional and colorful properties, Gevart, naturally, could not see any system of interconnections in minor keys, considering as such only the gradualness of emotional transitions: “their expressive character does not represent, as in major tones, such a correct gradualism” (5 , p.48).

Challenging Gevart in the first, we will try to find a different answer in the other.

In search of a system, various options for the arrangement of minor keys were tried, comparing them with major keys, options for connections with other elements of the musical system, namely, the location

on the circle of fifths (similar to major ones),

at other intervals,

according to the chromatic scale;

arrangement according to emotional characteristics (identity, contrast, gradualness of emotional transitions);

comparisons with parallel major keys,

with the same name,

analysis of the color of tonalities based on their pitch position on the steps of the scale relative to the sound C.

Six term papers – six opinions. Of all those proposed, two patterns found in the works of Dobrynskaya Marina and Bynkova Inna turned out to be promising.

The first pattern.

The expressiveness of minor keys is directly dependent on the major keys of the same name. The minor is a softened, darkened (like light and shadow) version of the major of the same name.

Minor is the same as major, “but only paler and vaguer, like any “minor” in general in relation to the “major” of the same name. N. Rimsky Korsakov (see p. 31).

C major firm, decisive

minor pathetic,

B major mighty

mournful minor,

B flat major proud

gloomy minor,

A major joyful

minor minor,

G major cheerful

poetic minor,

F sharp major hard

minor excited,

F major courageous

sad minor,

E major radiant

minor light,

E-flat major majestic

severe minor,

D major brilliant (victory)

minor is courageous.

In most major-minor comparisons the relationship is obvious, but in some pairs it is not. For example, D major and minor (brilliant and courageous), F major and minor (courageous and sad). The reason may be the inaccuracy of the verbal characteristics of tonality. Assuming that ours are approximate, we cannot fully rely on the characteristics given by Gevart. For example, Tchaikovsky characterized the key of D major as solemn (5. p. 50). Such amendments almost eliminate contradictions.

We do not compare A-flat major and G-sharp minor, D-flat major and C-sharp minor, since these pairs of keys are opposite. The contradictions in their emotional characteristics are natural.

Second pattern.

The search for brief verbal characteristics of tonality could not help but remind us of something akin to the “mental effects” of Sarah Glover and John Curwen.

Let us remember that this is the name of the method (England, 19th century) of personifying the degrees of the mode, i.e. verbal, gestural (and at the same time both muscular and spatial) characteristics of them, which is intended to provide a high effect (“mental effect”!) of modal ear training in the system of relative solmization.

MU students are introduced to relative solmization from the first year both in music theory (mental effects are an indispensable opportunity to explain the topic “Modal and phonic functions of mode degrees”), and in solfeggio from the first lessons. (Relative solmization is mentioned on page 8)

Let's compare the characteristics of Sarah Glover's steps with our pairs of keys of the same name, placing them on the white key C major:

major mode in

MINOR "mental effects" MAJOR

B minor - VII, B - piercing, B major -

Mournful sensitive - powerful

A minor - VI, A – sad, A major –

Lightly plaintive - joyful

G minor - V, G - majestic - G major -

Poetic, bright - cheerful

F minor V, F – sad, F major -

Sad Awesome - Courageous

E minor - III, E – even, E major -

Light calm - shining

D minor - II, D – motivating, D major –

Courageous, hopeful - brilliant (victorious)

C minor - I, C – strong, C major –-

Pathetic decisive - firm, decisive

In most horizontals, the similarity of emotional characteristics (with some exceptions) is obvious.

The comparison of the IV degree and F major, VI art is not convincing. and A major. But, let us note, it is precisely these steps (IV and VI) in the quality as “Kerwen heard” them, according to P. Weiss (2, p. 94), that are less convincing. (However, the authors of the system themselves “do not consider the characteristics they give to be the only possible ones” (p. 94)).

But a problem arises. In relative solmization the syllables Do, Re, Mi, etc. - these are not specific sounds with a fixed frequency, as in absolute solmization, but the name of the degrees of the mode: Do (strong, decisive) is the 1st degree in F-dur, Des-dur, and C-dur. Do we have the right to correlate the tonalities of the circle of fifths with the degrees of C major only? Can C major, and not any other keys, determine their expressive qualities? We would like to express our opinion on this matter in the words of Y. Milstein. Bearing in mind the significance of C major in Bach's CTC, he writes that this “tonality is like an organizing center, like an unshakable and solid stronghold, extremely clear in its simplicity. Just as all the colors of the spectrum, collected together, give a colorless white color, so the C-dur tonality, combining elements of other tonalities, to a certain extent has a neutral, colorless-light character” (4, p. 33-34) . Rimsky-Korsakov is even more specific: C major - key white(see below, p. 30).

The expressiveness of tonalities is in direct connection with the colorful and phonic qualities of the degrees of C major.

C major is the center of tonal organization in classical music, where scale and tonality form an inextricable, mutually defining mode-phonic unity.

“The fact that C-dur is felt as the center and basis seems to confirm our conclusions Ernst. Kurt in “Romantic Harmony” (3, p. 280) is a consequence of two reasons. Firstly, the sphere of C-dur is in historical sense homeland and the beginning of further harmonic development into sharp and flat tonalities. (...) C major has always meant - and this is much more significant than historical development - the basis and central starting point of the earliest musical studies. This position is strengthened and determines not only the character of C major itself, but at the same time the character of all other tonalities. E-dur, for example, is perceived depending on how it initially stands out against C-dur. Therefore, the absolute character of tonality, determined by the attitude towards C major, is determined not by the nature of the music, but by historical and pedagogical origins.”

The seven steps of C major are just seven pairs of the same keys closest to C major. What about the rest of the “black” sharp and flat keys? What is their expressive nature?

There is already a path. Again to C major, to its steps, but now to the altered ones. Alteration has a wide range of expressive possibilities. With the overall intensity of the sound, alteration forms two intonationally contrasting spheres: increasing alteration (ascending introductory tone) is the area of ​​emotionally expressive intonations, bright hard colors; descending (descending tone) – the area of ​​emotional-shadow intonations, darkened colors. Expression of the color of keys on altered degrees and the reason for the emotional polarity of sharp and flat keys in the same pitch position

tonic on the steps of C major, but not natural, but altered.

MINOR altered MAJOR

B-flat minor – SI B-flat major -

Gloomy - proud

A A-flat major –

Noble

G sharp minor – SALT

Tense

GR G flat major –

Gloomy

F sharp minor – FA F sharp major -

Excited - hard

E-flat minor MI E-flat major –

Severe - majestic

D sharp minor - D

High tone.

C sharp minor - C

Elegiac

In these comparisons, at first glance, only C-sharp minor does not justify. In its coloring (in relation to the pathetic C minor), in accordance with the increasing alteration, one would expect emotional clarification. However, let us inform you that in our preliminary analytical conclusions, C sharp minor was characterized as sublimely elegiac. The color of C sharp minor is the sound of the 1st movement Moonlight Sonata Beethoven, Borodin's romance “For the Shores of the Fatherland...”. These amendments restore balance.

Let's add our conclusions.

The coloring of tonalities on chromatic degrees C major is directly dependent on the type of alteration - increasing (increasing expression, brightness, hardness) or decreasing (darkening, thickening of colors).

On this course work our students was completed. But her final material on the expressiveness of tonalities quite unexpectedly provided an opportunity to consider semantics of triad(major and minor) and tones(essentially, individual tones in the chromatic scale).

PONALITY, TONE, TONE –

SEMANTIC (MOD-PHONIC) UNITY

Our conclusion (about direct connection between the expressiveness of keys and the colorful and phonic qualities of the degrees C major) discovered the unity of two units, - tonality, tone, having essentially united two independent systems: C major (its natural and altered degrees) and the tonal system of the circle of fifths. Our unification is quite obviously missing one more link - chord.

A related phenomenon (but not the same thing) was noted by S.S. Grigoriev in his study “Theoretical Course of Harmony” (M., 1981). Tone, chord, tonality presented by Grigoriev as three multi-level units of classical harmony, which are carriers of modal and phonic functions (pp. 164-168). In Grigoriev's triad, these “units of classical harmony” are functionally independent of each other; but our triad is a qualitatively different phenomenon, it is elementary, our units of harmony are the constituent elements of mode-tonality: tone is the 1st degree of the mode, the chord is the tonic triad.

We will try to find, if possible, objective mode-phonic characteristics chords(major and minor triads as tonic ones).

One of the few sources where there is the information we need, bright and accurate modal-phonic characteristics of chords (an acute problem in teaching harmony and solfeggio at school) is the above-mentioned work by S. Grigoriev. Let's use the research material. Will our characteristics of consonances fit into the modal-phonic triad of tone-consonance-tonality?

Diatonic C major:

Tonic (tonic triad)– center of gravity, peace, balance (2, pp. 131-132); “logical conclusion from the previous mode-functional movement development, the ultimate goal and the resolution of its contradictions” (p. 142). Support, stability, strength, hardness are the general characteristics of both the tonic triad and the tonality of Gewart's C major, and the 1st degree of Kerven's major.

Dominant– a chord of affirmation of the tonic as a support, the center of modal gravity. “The dominant is a centripetal force within the modal-functional system” (p. 138), “the concentration of modal-functional dynamics.” “Bright, majestic” (Kerven)VThe -th degree is a direct characteristic of the D chord with its major sound, with an active quart move in the bass when resolved in T and an ascending semitone intonation of the introductory tone, the intonation of affirmation, generalization, creation.

Gevart's epithet “cheerful” (G major) clearly does not live up to the coloring of D5/3. But in terms of tonality, it’s difficult to agree with him: it’s too simple for “G major, bright, joyful, victorious” (N. Eskin. j-l Muz. life No. 8, 1994, p. 23).

Subdominant, according to Riemann, is a chord of conflict. Under certain metrhythmic conditions, S challenges the tonic’s function of foundation (2, p. 138). “S is the centrifugal force inside the modal-functional system.” In contrast to the “effective” D, S– “counteraction” chord (p. 139), an independent, proud chord. Gevart has F major - courageous. According to the characteristics of P. Mironositsky (follower of Kerwen, author of the textbook “Notes-letters”, see about this 1, pp. 103-104) IV-I stage – “like a heavy sound.”

CharacteristicIV-I steps in "mental effects" - "dreary, fearsome"(according to P. Weiss (see 1, p. 94) is not a convincing definition) - does not give the expected parallel with the color of F major. But these are exact sound epithets minor harmonic subdominant and its projections - F minor sad.

TriadsVIth andIIIth steps– mediants, - middle, intermediate both in sound composition from T to S and D, and functionally: VI-I am softS(easy A minor), sad, plaintiveVI-I'm in "mental effects"; III-i - soft D (light E minor, smooth, calmIII-I stage. Secondary triads are opposite in modal inclination to the tonic. “Romantic thirds”, “delicate and transparent colors of mediants”, “reflected light”, “pure colors of major or minor triads” (2, pp. 147-148) - these subtle figurative characteristics are only part of those addressed to the chords III and VI th steps in the “Theoretical Course of Harmony” by S.S. Grigoriev.

TriadIIth stage, which has no common sounds with the tonic (as opposed to the “soft” mediant VI) - as if “hard” subdominant, active and effective chord in S group. Harmony II-th stage, motivating, full of hope(according to Curwen) - this is "courageous" D minor.

“Brilliant” D major is a direct analogy of major harmony onIIth stage, analogy chordDD. This is exactly how it sounds in the cadence DD – D7 – T, strengthening it, forming, as it were, a doubly authentic turn.

C major-minor of the same name:

Same name minor tonic –a softened shadow version of the major triad. Pathetic in C minor.

Natural (minor)d minor of the same name is a dominant, deprived of the “primary feature” (introductory tone) and losing its sharpness towards T 5/3, losing the tension, brightness and solemnity of the major triad, leaving only enlightenment, gentleness, poetry. Poetic G minor!

Medians of the same name in C minor. MajorVI-I(VIth low), - solemn chord, softened by the harsh coloring of the subdominant sound. A-flat major noble!TriadIII-its steps(III low) – major chord with fifth scale in C minor. E-flat major is majestic!

VII-I'm natural(eponymous minor) – a major triad with an archaic flavor of a harsh natural minor (B flat major proud!), the basis of the Phrygian phrase in the bass, - a descending movement with obvious semantics of tragic

Neapolitan accord(by nature it can be the 2nd degree of the Phrygian mode of the same name, it can be an introductory tone S), - sublime harmony with the harsh Phrygian flavor. D flat major in Gevart it is important. For Russian composers this tonality of serious tone and deep feelings.

C major parallel combination (C major-A minor):

Shining E major– direct illustration III-ey major (harmD parallel minor, - bright, majestic).

C major-minor in the chromatic system, represented by side D (for example, A dur, H dur), side S (hmoll, bmoll), etc. And everywhere we will find convincing sound-colorful parallels.

This review gives us the right to draw further conclusions.

Each row of our triad, each pitch level demonstrates the unity of interdependent mode-functional and semantic qualities of the elements of the triad tone, triad, tonality.

Each triad (major or minor), each individual sound (as a tonic) has individual colorful properties. Triad and tone are carriers of the color of their tonality and are capable of preserving it (relatively speaking) in any context of the chromatic system.

This is confirmed by the fact that the two elements of our triad , - consonance and tonality, - in music theory are often simply identified. For Kurt, for example, chord and key were sometimes synonymous. “The absolute action of a chord,” he writes, “is determined by the originality of the character tonality, finding its most distinct expression in the tonic chord that represents it” (3, p. 280). Analyzing the harmonic fabric, he often calls the triad tonality, endowing it with its inherent sound color, and what is important is that these harmonically sound colors are specific and independent of the context, the mode-functional conditions and the main tonality of the work. For example, about A major in “Lohengrin” we read from him: “The flowing enlightenment of the tonality A major, and in particular, its tonic triad, acquires a leitmotif in the music of the work...” (3, p.95); or: “...a light chord E major appears, and then a chord with a more matte, twilight coloring - As major. Consonances act as symbols of clarity and soft dreaminess...” (3, p.262). And indeed, the tonality, represented even by its tonic, is a stable musical color. A tonic triad, for example, F major “masculine” will retain the flavor of its tonality in different contexts: being D5/3 in B-flat major, and S in C major, and III major in D-flat major, and N5/3 in E major.

On the other hand, the shades of its color cannot but change. Gevart wrote about this: “The psychological impression made on us by tone is not absolute; it is subject to laws similar to those that exist in paints. Just as white appears whiter after black, so the sharp tone of G major will appear dull after E major or B major” (15, p. 48)

Of course, the phonic unity of consonance and tonality is most convincing and visual in C major, that original primordial tonality that took upon itself the mission of assigning a certain coloristic personality to other tonalities. It is also convincing in keys close to C major. However, with the removal of 4 or more characters, phonic relationships and harmonic colors become more and more complex. And yet, unity is not violated. In the shining E major, for example, a bright D5/3 is a mighty B major, a firm proud S (as we characterized it) is a joyful L major, a light minor VI is an elegiac C sharp minor, an active II degree is excited F-sharp minor, III – tense G-sharp minor. This is the palette of E major with a range of characteristic hard unique colors of complex shades inherent only to this key. Simple tonalities - simple pure colors (3, p. 283), distant multi-sign tonalities - complex paints, unusual shades. According to Schumann, “less complex feelings require simpler tonalities for their expression; more complex ones fit better into unusual ones, which are encountered less often by hearing” (6, p. 299).

On the phonic “personification” of tone in the “Theoretical Course of Harmony” by S.S. Grigoriev has only a few words: “The phonic functions of an individual tone are more vague and ephemeral than its modal functions” (2, p. 167). To what extent this is true, we are made to doubt the presence of specific emotional characteristics of the stages in the “mental effects”. But the colorful tone is much more complex, richer. The triad - tone, chord, tonality - is a system based on the unity of interdependent mode-functional and semantic qualities. Mode-phonic unity tone-chord-key- self-correcting system . Each element of the triad clearly or potentially contains the colorful properties of all three. “The smallest unit of mode-tonal organization - the tone - is “absorbed” (by the chord) - we quote Stepan Stepanovich Grigoriev, - and the greatest – tonality – ultimately turns out to be an enlarged projection of the most important properties of consonance” (2, p. 164).

Colorful sound palette MI, for example, is the smooth and calm (according to Curwen) sound of the third degree of C major; “pure”, “delicate and transparent colors” of the mediant triad, a special light-shadow “romantic” coloring of triads of the tertian ratio in harmony. In the color palette of the MI sound there is a play of colors in E major-minor, from light to shining

12 sounds of the chromatic scale - 12 unique colorful inflorescences. AND Each of the 12 sounds (even taken separately, out of context, as a single sound) is a significant element of the semantic dictionary.

“The favorite sound of the romantics,” we read Kurt, “is fis, since it stands at the zenith of the circle of tonalities, the arches of which rise above C major. As a result, romantics especially often use the D major chord, in which fis, as a third tone, has the greatest tension and stands out with extraordinary brightness. (...)

The sounds cis and h also attract the excited sonic imagination of romantics with their large tonal stratification from the middle - C major. The same goes for the corresponding chords. Thus, in Pfitzner’s “RosevomLiebesgarten”, the sound fis with its intense, characteristic coloring even acquires a leitmotif meaning (announcement of spring)” (3, p. 174).

Examples are closer to us.

The sound sol, cheerful, poetic, ringing with a trill in the upper voices in the song and dance theme of the refrain of the finale of Beethoven’s 21st sonata “Aurora” is a bright colorful touch in the overall picture of life-affirming sound, the poetry of the morning of life (Aurora is the goddess of the dawn).

In Borodin’s romance “False Note,” the pedal in the middle voices (the same “sinking key”) is the sound of FA, the sound of courageous grief, sadness, a psychological subtext of drama, bitterness, resentment, offended feeling.

In Tchaikovsky's romance “Night” to the words of Rathaus, the same FA sound at the tonic organ point (dull measured beats) is no longer just sadness. This is a sound that “inspires fear”, this is an alarm bell - a harbinger of tragedy, death.

The tragic aspect of Tchaikovsky's VI Symphony becomes absolute in the coda of the finale. Its sound is the mournful intermittent breathing of a chorale against the background of an almost naturalistically depicted rhythm of the dying heartbeat. And all this in the mournful tragic tone of the SI sound.

ABOUT THE CIRCLE OF QUINTS

The contrast in the phonism of the keys (as well as their modal functions) lies in the difference in the fifth ratio of their tonic: a fifth up is dominant brightness, a fifth down is the masculinity of a plagal sound. R. Schumann expressed this idea, E. Kurt shared it (“Increasingly intense enlightenment when moving to high sharp keys, the opposite internal dynamic process when descending to flat keys” (3, p. 280)), F. tried to practically implement this idea. Gevart. “The closing circle of fifths,” Schumann wrote, “gives the best idea of ​​rising and falling: the so-called tritone, the middle of the octave, that is, Fis, is, as it were, highest point, the culmination, from which - through flat tonalities - there is a fall again to the artless C-dur" (6, p. 299).

However, there is no actual closure, an “imperceptible overflow,” in Gewart’s words, “identification” of the colors Fis and Ges dur (5, p. 48). The concept of “circle” in relation to tonalities remains conditional. Fis and Ges major are different tonalities.

For vocalists, for example, flat tones are psychologically less difficult than sharp ones, which are harsh in color and require tension in sound production. For string players (violinists), the difference in the sound of these keys is due to the fingering (psycho-physiological factors), - “tight”, “compressed”, that is, with the hand approaching the nut in flats, and, on the contrary, with “stretching” in sharps .

Gevart’s major keys (contrary to his words) do not have that “correct gradualism” in changing colors. (The “cheerful” G major, the “brilliant” D and others do not fit into this series). Moreover, there is no gradualism in epithets, even in our minor keys, although the dependence of the color of the minor on the major of the same name naturally presupposes it (!!! the range of analyzed cyclic works would be too small; besides, the students did not and could not have 1st year of proper analysis skills for such work).

There are two main reasons for the inconclusiveness of the results of Gevart’s work (and ours too).

Firstly. It is very difficult to characterize in words the subtle, subtle emotional and colorful coloring of tonality, and in one word it is completely impossible

Secondly. We missed the factor of tonal symbolism in the formation of the expressive qualities of tonality (about this in Kurt 3, p. 281; in Grigoriev 2, pp. 337-339). Probably, cases of discrepancy between emotional characteristics and mode-functional relationships assumed in connection with T-D and T-S, facts of violation of the gradual increase and decrease of emotional expression are due precisely to tonal symbolism. It is a consequence of composers’ preference for certain tonalities to express certain emotional and figurative situations, and therefore stable semantics have been assigned to some tonalities. We are talking, for example, about B minor, which, starting with Bach (Mass hmoll), acquired the meaning of mournful, tragic; about the victorious D major, which appeared at the same time in figurative contrast to B minor, and others.

The factor of convenience of individual keys for instruments, such as wind instruments and strings, may have a certain significance here. For a violin, for example, these are the keys of open strings: G, D, A, E. They provide timbral richness of sound due to the resonance of open strings, but the main thing is the convenience of playing double notes and chords. Perhaps it was not without these reasons that the open timbre of D minor secured its significance as a tonality of serious, masculine sound, being chosen by Bach for the famous chaconne from the second partita for solo violin.

We conclude our story with the beautiful words expressed by Heinrich Neuhaus, words that have invariably supported us throughout our work on the topic:

“It seems to me that the tonalities in which these or those works are written are far from accidental, that they are historically substantiated, naturally developed, obeying hidden aesthetic laws, and acquired their own symbolism, their own meaning, their own expression, their own meaning, their own direction.”

(On the art of piano playing. M., 1961.p.220)