Qualimetry as a science, its role, methods and areas of practical application. Product quality indicators. Stages of development of quality theory (qualimetry)

21.09.2019

Quality, as a characteristic of the essence of objects and their properties, has always been of great importance for people. practical significance. Currently, assessing the quality of social services and social services for the population is the most actual problem modern society.

The first known cases of assessing the quality of products date back to the 15th century BC, when potters on the island of Crete marked their products with a special sign indicating the manufacturers and the high quality of their products. This was a quality assessment using the so-called “name scale” or “address scale”. Brand names, as well as other quality marks, still serve as a guide, an evaluative sign of product quality. Later, as a type of expert method for assessing product quality, a method was used based on the generalized experience of consumers - the method of “collective wisdom”. The oldest example of expert quality assessment is wine tasting. The ever-increasing need to determine the compliance of labor products with the needs of consumers has led to the emergence of a special scientific discipline - commodity science. This was due to the appearance on the sales market of a large number of different goods that required classification, as well as assessment of their quality and cost.

For the first time in Russia, the famous shipbuilder, academician A. M. Krylov substantiated and applied the analytical method for assessing product quality. Using appropriate coefficients that take into account the degree of expression of each property of the ship and their unequal significance, he assessed the quality of the proposed ship construction projects. Combining these coefficients into a single system made it possible to quantify the quality of the projects under consideration.

In the 20-30s of the twentieth century in the USSR and other countries, methods for quantitative assessment of the quality of goods were successfully developed and used in practice. For example, in 1922, P. Bridgman proposed a way to reduce several quantitative assessments of various parameters characterizing quality to one indicator. In 1928, M. Aranovich solved the same problem. At the same time, P. Florensky proposed new methods of data processing for quantitative assessment of product quality.

Qualimetry as an independent science of assessing the quality of any objects was formed in the late 60s of the twentieth century. Its appearance was due to the urgent need for a more effective and scientific basis for managing the quality of manufactured products. During the Cold War between the two social systems, not only the military-political, but also the competitive economic struggle of various countries and firms, the victory of which depended largely on the quality of the products produced, especially intensified.

In the first half of the twentieth century, in economically developed Western countries, various empirical and mainly statistical and expert methods for numerically assessing the quality of various products appeared. Similar methods and techniques for quality assessments were used in the USSR. However, to solve many practical problems, unified methods were needed that would make it possible to more reliably and accurately determine quality levels and, on this basis, make adequate management, engineering, technological and other decisions regarding product quality.

In addition, the solution to various special problems of technology, for example, reliability, manufacturability, safety, aesthetics, etc., led scientists to realize the need to conduct integrated, comprehensive quality assessments for all the most important parameters of properties technical systems: machines, equipment, instruments, etc. On the other hand, methods for quantitative assessments of various objects were required. All this led to the fact that a group of Soviet scientists, including military civil engineer G.G. Azgaldov, mechanical engineers Z.N. Krapivensky, Yu.P. Kurachenko and D.M. Shpektorov, economists in the field of aircraft construction A.V. Glichev and V.P. Panov, as well as architect M.V. Fedorova, convinced of the methodological commonality of the existing various methods of quantitative assessments of various objects, decided to carry out a theoretical generalization of these methods by developing an independent scientific discipline called “qualimetry”. This essentially historic decision for science was made in November 1967 at an informal meeting of a group of enthusiasts in the Moscow restaurant “Budapest”. Already in the January 1968 issue. magazine “Standards and Quality” published an article outlining the collective position of the “group”, where qualimetry was presented as a science within which the problems of measuring qualities are studied and methodology and methods are developed for quantitative assessment of the quality of objects of any nature: material and intangible, animate and inanimate , objects and processes, products of labor and nature, etc. The article proved the fundamental possibility of expressing the quality of an object with one quantitative indicator, despite the multiplicity of its different properties and characteristics.

In 1971, the first “Methodology for assessing the quality level of industrial products” was published in Russia. In the same year, at the 15th International Conference of the European Organization for Quality Control (EOQC), one of the five sections was devoted to qualimetry issues. In 1972 The first all-Union scientific conference on qualimetry was held in Tallinn. In 1979, the USSR State Standard publishes Guiding Document RD 50-149-79 entitled “Guidelines for assessing the technical level and quality of industrial products.”

Since 1979, the term “qualimetry” has been standardized in GOST 15467-79 “Product Quality Management. Basic concepts. Terms and definitions". The EOCC has regularly discussed issues of qualimetry at its international meetings since 1971.

In subsequent years and to this day, dozens of monographs have been published in Russia, hundreds of articles have been published, scientific conferences and seminars are held, many doctoral and candidate dissertations have been defended on the problems and issues of qualimetry. Qualimetry is taught to students of many technical universities training engineers in the specialty “Metrology, standardization and quality management,” as well as to future engineer-managers of the new specialty “Quality Management.” In all universities where managers are trained, the discipline “quality management” is taught. There are textbooks and teaching aids on qualimetry. Gosstandart periodically issues guidelines and teaching materials on the use of qualimetry methods in practice.

Qualimetry methods are used quite effectively in practice where issues of product or service quality management are resolved on a scientific basis, and not just by organizational and economic methods.

Qualimetry, which originated and is actively developing in Russia, is now recognized and mastered by specialists foreign countries. For example, in the USA in October 1997, an international seminar was held to train managers in the use of qualimetry methodology and methods. At the same time, mainly Russian developments in the theory of qualimetry were taught, starting with the assessment of qualities.

A great contribution to the theory of qualimetry and the practice of its use was made by Yu.P. Adler, G.G. Azgaldov, V.G. Belik, G.N. Bobrovnikov, A.V. Glichev, V.V. Kochetov, G.N. Malt, A.V. Subeto, A.G. Suslov, M.V. Fedorov, I.F. Shishkin and many other scientists and specialists.

Qualimetry (from the Latin quails - which in quality and metric) is a scientific field that combines methods for quantitative assessment of the quality of various objects. Qualimetry is a science that studies theoretical and applied problems of assessing the quality of objects.

The objects of qualimetry can be any objects to which the concept of “quality” is applicable - products, services, processes, systems, intellectual products.

The subject of qualimetry is both quantitative and non-quantitative methods for assessing product quality.

The objectives of qualimetry are:

Development of methods for determining numerical values of product quality indicators, collecting and processing data to establish requirements for quality indicators;

- development of uniform methods for measuring and assessing quality indicators;

Development of single, complex and integral indicators of product quality;

Development of principles for constructing generalized quality indicators and justification of the conditions for their use in standardization and quality management tasks;

- development of principles and methods for quality assessment;

- forecasting and planning of needs, technical level and quality of products;

Determination of optimal (options) quality indicators, their standardization, development of technical specifications and standards for new products;

Optimization of the quality level of objects;

- optimization of standard sizes and parametric series of products;

- studying the dynamics of product quality and competitiveness;

- summing up the activities of the organization and its divisions;

- execution of reports and preparation of information materials on the quality and competitiveness of products, etc.

Qualimetry as a science combines quantitative methods for assessing quality, used to substantiate decisions on quality management and related issues of management activities. It includes an interconnected system of theories:

General qualimetry, which involves the development of general theoretical problems of the conceptual apparatus, measurement, assessment, qualimetric scaling, etc.;

Special qualimetry, classified by type of quality assessment methods and models (for example, expert, probabilistic-statistical, index, taxonomic qualimetry, etc.);

Subject qualimetry, differentiated by types of objects of assessment (products; services; labor; processes; project qualimetry, etc.).

IN recent years New directions have appeared in qualimetry: sociological, pedagogical, logistic qualimetry, etc. This is due to its “expansion” and “diffusion” into many areas of material and intangible types of human activity.

Qualimetry as a science has statuses: economic, technical, technical-economic, general scientific, systemic.

Economic status is determined by the economic content of quality and its interaction with use value. From this perspective, qualimetry involves the use of econometric methods to measure and further evaluate the economic properties of various objects.

The technical status is determined by the relationship of the technical aspect of quality with quantitative and qualitative changes in the specific technical properties of the measured objects.

The technical and economic status is determined by the focus of qualimetry on a generalized comprehensive measurement of the quality of the objects being assessed. Both technical and economic properties should be assessed.

The general scientific status reflects the relationship of the philosophical aspect of the quality category with all others, which determines the need and possibility of forming and using subject qualimetry along with the general theory and special types of qualimetry.

The systemic status of qualimetry implies the use of a systematic approach in the formation and provision of quality.

Along with the indicated statuses, qualimetry may have sociological and legal statuses. It is obvious that the listed statuses define qualimetry as a science that has a generally interdisciplinary status.

The most important issue in qualimetry is the objective determination of the level of quality. In relation to products, the quality level is a relative characteristic of product quality, based on a comparison of a set of indicators of its quality with the corresponding set of basic indicators.

The intensive development of qualimetry in recent years is associated with the massive number of quality assessment tasks that constantly arise in management practice. Among them, the most important are the following:

Forecasting needs, technical level and quality;

Development of methods for determining numerical values of quality indicators;

Development of principles and methods for quality assessment;

Selecting the optimal product option for its development and production;

Determination of optimal quality indicators, their standardization, development of specifications and standards for new products;

Determination of the scientific and technical level of scientific and technical documentation;

Calculation and acceptance of competitive product prices;

Establishing sales markets and the feasibility of entering the market;

Planning the development and introduction of new types of products;

Determining the most rational ways to improve and ensure quality;

Assessment of the quality of work of performers, departments, etc.;

Determination of commercial viability, justification for modernization and/or discontinuation of products;

Planning to improve product quality;

Planning of technical level and quality;

Carrying out inspections and tests;

Establishing the feasibility of major repairs and determining the quality of its implementation;

Selection of product certification models and QMS;

Conducting assessments of the QMS of subcontractors and suppliers (raw materials, materials, components, etc.) by external organizations;

Conducting internal assessments of their QMS and its various subsystems;

QMS certification;

Production certification;

Selection of products when purchasing them (for example, when purchasing equipment, machines, instruments, materials);

Determination and creation of optimal conditions for storage, transportation and recovery of products;

Studying the dynamics of product quality and competitiveness;

Summing up the activities of the enterprise and its divisions;

Completing reports and preparing information materials on the quality and competitiveness of products.

It is obvious that the listed tasks do not exhaust all the problems and the role of qualimetry in quality management.

Thus, to date, qualimetry is a relatively new, but fully formed science and academic discipline. This is the knowledge that is necessary for practitioners involved in the assessment and subsequent quality management of various objects. The history of the origin and development of qualimetry covers a fairly large period of time. This is due to the fact that the result of any activity must have a set of properties and characteristics, and, as a consequence, a set of indicators of these properties, the requirements for which are fixed in regulatory documents.

Security questions:

1. What is included in the concept of “qualimetry”?

2. Describe the history of the development of quantitative and qualitative assessment of the quality of goods.

3. Identify the objective conditions and subjective factors for the emergence of qualimetry as a science.

4. When did qualimetry appear as a science?

5. How and by whom did qualimetry develop in Russia? Name the latest works on qualimetry and their authors.

6. Extract at least 3 articles on qualimetry from journals included in foreign databases (Scopus, Web of Science, Wiley, Oxford University Press, Taylor and Francis, Springer, etc.).

Submitting your good work to the knowledge base is easy. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

subject: Quality Management

on the topic: Qualimetry

Introduction

5. Conceptual provisions and tasks of modern qualimetry

Conclusion

Introduction

Recently, a large number of scientific monographs and individual articles have appeared devoted to summarizing the experience of industrial enterprises in improving product quality and solving theoretical issues related to targeted quality improvement.

This indicates that a new science is currently being formed, the science of product quality.

What is the subject of this science? The subject of the science of product quality is the properties of labor products and their relationship with the needs and possibilities of social reproduction.

The problem of measuring and quantifying product quality is currently a key problem in the entire science of product quality.

Therefore, it is quite natural that the science of quantitative assessment of quality, qualimetry, attracts the attention of an increasing number of scientists and specialists employed in industry.

Qualimetry studies the methodology and technique for resolving issues that underlie the activities of regulating quality indicators in regulatory documentation, assessing the level of quality and quality control in the process of acceptance, periodic, type and certification tests.

Considerable attention in this area is paid to probabilistic and statistical methods, methods for assessing the level of quality, processing and analysis of test results, methods for interpreting results and making decisions. The structure of qualimetry consists of three parts:

1. General qualimetry.

2.Special qualimetry.

3. Subject qualimetry.

Qualimetry, as a science, can have the following statuses: economic, technical and economic, general scientific and systematic. Quality is the main and most general concept in the system of initial concepts of qualimetry.

The main goal of this work is to study the basic concepts, principles and tasks of qualimetry as a science.

1. Object, subject and structure of qualimetry

In the system of knowledge about quality, three areas can be identified that are interrelated and at the same time distinguishable by the objects of study and the methods used: qualimetry, quality management of products and services, certification.

Qualimetry is a scientific field that combines problems associated with measuring and assessing product quality. Qualimetry as a special field of science was developed by Dutch scientists J. Van Ettinger and J. Sittig.

The object of qualimetry can be anything that represents something integral that can be isolated for study, researched and known.

The subject of qualimetry is the assessment of quality in quantitative terms.

The structure of qualimetry consists of three parts:

General qualimetry

Special qualimetry

Subject qualimetry

General qualimetry - it examines general theoretical problems of the system of concepts, assessment theory (laws and methods), axiomatics of qualimetry (axioms and rules), theory of qualimetric scaling (including ranking, weight).

Special qualimetry examines assessment models and algorithms, the accuracy and reliability of assessments: expert qualimetry, probabilistic-statistical qualimetry, index qualimetry, qualimetric taxonomy, the theory of classifications and systematizations of complex-oriented objects that usually have a hierarchical structure.

Subject qualimetry - in the subject of assessment. Qualimetry of products and equipment, qualimetry of labor and activity, qualimetry of decisions and projects, qualimetry of processes, subjective qualimetry, qualimetry of demand, qualimetry of information, etc.

Theoretical (general) qualimetry. Abstracts from specific objects (subjects or processes) and studies only general patterns and mathematical models associated with quality assessment. The object of theoretical qualimetry is the philosophical and methodological problems of quantitative assessment of quality. The theoretical foundations and methods for assessing the quality of various objects and processes, used in various applied areas of qualimetry, are almost the same.

Special Development of specific methods and mathematical models for assessing the quality of specific objects different types and appointments. Here they distinguish: expert; probable-statistical; index; qualimetric taxonomy.

Applied or subject-based, taking into account the subject of assessment, are the qualimetry of products (equipment), labor and activities, projects, processes (in a broad sense), etc. Application sections qualimetry is also interconnected with other sciences: technical, social, medical, geological.

The improvement of qualimetry was the result of different ideas about its subject and content, the main features of which include:

1. the idea of qualimetry only as a theory of quantitative assessment methods;

2. narrowing the subject of qualimetry to the area of measuring and assessing the quality of objects that are products of labor or to the problem of constructing complex quality indicators;

3. expansion of the subject of qualimetry, its extension to quantitatively immeasurable objects;

4. emphasis in the subject of qualimetry on non-economic assessment methods.

Qualimetry, as a science, has the following statuses:

E economic;

Technical and economic;

General scientific;

Systematic.

Economic status is determined by the political economic content of the quality category in its interaction with use value and value. From the standpoint of economic status, qualimetry includes methods of econometrics as a theoretical measurement of the economic properties of created objects and processes.

The technical and economic status of qualimetry reflects its focus on comprehensive assessments of the economic and technical properties of objects and processes, which is reflected in cost-effective measures of efficiency, technical and economic indicators, technical and economic levels, etc.

The general scientific status is determined by the philosophical, methodological and general scientific functions of the quality category and is confirmed by the formation of a large number of subject qualimetries (products, technology, labor, etc.).

The systematic status of qualimetry defines it as a systematic theory. This is due to the fact that the category of quality has aspects of structure, dynamism, certainty, orderliness - all the main features of the system. Thus, it is possible here systematic approach and to the assessment, and to the analyzer, and to management. Quantitative quality assessment is necessary to make informed decisions at all stages life cycle products, from marketing research to making decisions about discontinuation. Quality qualimetry allows you to determine competitiveness, establish the relationship between quality and price, analyze the quality of production processes, determine ways to improve products and reduce costs. At the same time, the spread of qualimetric methods and approaches to the quality of processes, projects and solutions creates an effective apparatus for selecting the best options for multi-criteria solutions in all areas of quality management.

2. Principles and tasks of qualimetry

The main tasks of qualimetry:

a. justification for the nomenclature of quality indicators,

b. development of methods for their determination and optimization,

c. optimization of standard sizes and parametric series of products,

d. development of principles for constructing generalized quality indicators

e. justification of the conditions for their use in standardization and quality management tasks.

Since determining the quality of objects real world is, in essence, knowledge of their most important properties and in essence, then, therefore, qualimetry is a methodology with a complex of various techniques related to epistemology - the theory of knowledge. Qualimetry is considered an applied theory of cognition of the quality of all kinds of research objects.

So, qualimetry, like any scientific discipline, has its own methodological principles, the content of which is as follows.

1. Qualimetry must give practice economic activity people (i.e. the economy) socially useful methods for reliable qualified and quantitative assessment of the quality of various research objects. qualimetric qualitative quantitative product

With regard to assessing the quality of commercial products, the problem is that consumers and producers of products have significantly different interests. The manufacturer is not always interested and often cannot create high-quality products, but he strives to sell them at the highest price. The consumer is interested in cheap but high-quality products. Therefore, the appropriate methods for assessing product quality may be different. The task of qualimetry is to develop methods, techniques and means for assessing product quality that take into account the interests of both producers and consumers.

2. Priority in the selection of defining indicators for assessing product quality is always on the side of consumers. The fact is that quantitative assessment of quality, as a rule, is carried out not according to all possible indicators characterizing the properties of a product, but according to several of the most significant, defining indicators. Due to the fact that beneficial effect from a product is achieved during its operation or consumption, then when assessing the quality of a product, those indicators that characterize the product’s ability to “satisfy certain needs with its purpose” are predominantly used. Products are created for the consumer sector, therefore, in qualimetry, preference is given to indicators of consumer properties.

3. A qualimetric assessment of product quality cannot be obtained without a standard for comparison - without basic values of indicators of defining properties and quality in general.

The absolute values of individual quality indicators do not yet characterize quality and are not estimates. To quantitatively assess quality, it is necessary to know the values of similar quality indicators of others or another similar sample. The final result of assessing the quality of the product sample under study is the relative value of knowledge of the generalized indicator of its quality and the same indicator of the base, reference sample.

4. The indicator of any generalization, except for the lowest (initial) level, is predetermined by the corresponding indicators of the previous hierarchical level. The lowest hierarchical level of indicators should be taken as single indicators of the simplest properties that form quality. The quality indicator of the highest hierarchical level is the integral indicator.

5. When using the method of comprehensive assessment of product quality, all different-dimensional property indicators must be converted and reduced to one dimension or expressed in dimensionless units of measurement.

6. When determining a complex quality indicator, each indicator of an individual property must be adjusted by its weight coefficient.

7. The sum of the numerical values of the weight coefficients of all quality indicators at any hierarchical levels of assessment has the same value.

8. The quality of the whole object is determined by the quality of its component parts.

9. When quantitatively assessing quality, especially according to a complex indicator, the use of interdependent and, therefore, duplicating indicators of the same property is unacceptable.

10. The quality of products that are capable of performing useful functions in accordance with their intended purpose is usually assessed.

The above listed methodological principles of qualimetry do not exhaust all the conceptual provisions of this field of science. However, they are fundamental in solving general and specific issues related to methods for assessing the quality of objects of reality and technical products in particular.

3. Basic concepts and terms related to quality assessment

Quality is the main and most general concept in the system of initial concepts of qualimetry - the science of methods for quantitative assessment of the qualities of various objects.

The most common opinion is that quality is “the totality of the characteristics of an object.” However, numerous studies have proven that quality is not just a set of properties of an object and its characteristics, a single synergetic system of elements, which are properties with their characteristics. Therefore, it is fundamentally important to decide: the quality of an object is the totality of its properties or characteristics or is it the total characteristic of all properties of the object as a whole. If we consider that quality is a set of characteristics, then it should be assessed by a certain set of characteristics. But if quality is an independent characteristic of the essence of an object, there must be a level of quality of the evaluated object either in relation to the qualities of other homogeneous objects, or in relation to the standard quality. In fact, using qualimetric methods, the quality of an object is assessed by one general indicator. This proves that quality is a cumulative characteristic of the essence of an object, determined by its properties and characteristics. So, quality is an attribute, a certain essence of an object, the indicator of which is the combined characteristics of all its properties and characteristics.

Some fundamental terms in qualimetry and their definitions.

Objective evidence is data confirming the presence or truth of something. It can be obtained by observation, measurement, testing or other means.

Inspection is a procedure for assessing the conformity of a product, process or service to requirements by observation, measurement, testing or calibration.

Verification is confirmation, based on the provision of objective evidence, that specified requirements have been met.

Validation is confirmation, based on objective data, that the requirements for use or application have been met.

Qualification is a demonstration of the ability to perform specified requirements.

Requirements - a need or expectation that is stated, typically offered, or required.

A property is a feature of an object.

Size is the property of quantitative determination of an object and its properties. Dimensions and quantities are physical and non-physical. The size is expressed by the number of units of the corresponding dimension.

Magnitude - value, quantitative characteristic of size.

Measurement - determination of the quantitative value of a physical size using standard measuring instruments. Consequently, only physical dimensions are measured using any measure and their physical quantities are determined. The measured size and its numerical value are objective. The measurement error is regulated and detectable. Measurement is the subject of metrology - the science of measuring physical dimensions and determining their values, as well as methods and means of ensuring the uniformity of measurements and ways of achieving the required accuracy of measurement results. Assessment happens:

1. quantitatively uncertain, i.e. in content, in essence (often such assessment is called “qualitative”); 2.quantitative or qualimetric. Quantitative assessment - determination of numerical characteristics of dimensions (physical and non-physical) without using material resources. The estimation error is not regulated, but it can be calculated. The commonality between measurement and quantification is that in both cases their result is a numerical expression of a previously unknown size.

A unit of measurement is a conventional value, in comparison with which the value (size) of the size is determined.

Physical quantity - a quantitative characteristic of the size of a specific property material object(object, phenomenon or process), measured by physical units of measurement. A unit of physical quantity or a physical unit of measurement is a physical quantity of a fixed size, conventionally accepted for comparison with it of homogeneous quantities, which is assigned a numerical value equal to 1. For example: 1m is a unit of length, 1kg is a unit of weight, etc.

Non-physical quantity - a value of intangible size, estimated by non-instrumental methods, as well as the size of an intangible object or its features. Physical quantities are numerical values, for example, body weight, volume, temperature, etc. Non-physical quantities evaluate intelligence, knowledge, safety, attractiveness, etc. Measured quantities can be dimensional and dimensionless. Dimension is an indicator of the type of quantity in the corresponding units of measurement. .

Parameter is the value of a partial component of a measured physical quantity. For example, when measuring AC voltage electric current its amplitude and frequency are considered as voltage parameters. Another example. Usually, during the production of a product, its main parameters are measured - the values of the properties, which are used for parametric quality control. Consequently, the physical quantities of the properties of an object can be called parameters.

An indicator is a numerical value of size by which one can judge the condition, change or development of something.

4. System of concepts and definitions of qualimetry

The system of qualimetry concepts is mainly made up of the requirements presented in GOST 15467-79 “Product Quality Management. Basic concepts, terms and definitions”, as well as in ISO 8402.

To reveal the essence of the quality category used in qualimetry, it is necessary to consider it in connection with such system concepts as property, structure, dynamism, etc.

Property. To clarify the concept, it is advisable to highlight two concepts:

Attributive.

Functional-cybernetic.

Attributive reflects the interaction in the system of subject-object relations. In it, properties appear as the result of cognition of a certain attribute belonging to a given object. Synonyms for properties in this concept are attribute, feature, trait, etc. Quality itself acts as a complex property.

The functional-cybernetic concept defines properties through interaction in the object-object or object-environment system. Synonyms for property are: ability, opportunity, function, etc. Here the property turns out to be connected through interaction with forms of movement. It is in this aspect that physical, mechanical, informational and other types of properties simultaneously carry information about the peculiarities of the interactions of an object and the forms of movement in which this object is involved. Properties in this concept are represented as a dynamic element of quality, as a “function of time”. The division of interactions into internal and external, in relation to the object as a whole, determines the division of properties into external and internal.

Internal ones are the appearance of new properties in the whole, i.e. holistic elementary properties.

External ones are the source of changes in properties over time, the dynamism of quality. These include:

* design,

* production

* experimental environment.

Structure. The interaction of internal quality properties of parts of an object characterizes the internal structure of quality, and a set of external interactions characterizes external structure quality. The structure of quality in external and internal terms is revealed in two possible projections: in terms of properties (functions) and in terms of the qualities of parts. The first projection determines the functional structure of quality, according to which quality appears as a structurally dissected set of properties (functions), and the second determines the morphological structure.

The structure of quality is the basis of the principle of functional-cybernetic equivalence of quality. This principle states that quality for certain properties and within certain conditions, despite differences in structures, can be considered equivalent and has a multi-level nature. The more properties and levels of quality are included in the relationship, the narrower the set to which it is realized.

Quantity. The peculiarity of understanding the interaction between quality and quantity is a more differentiated disclosure of the concept of quality associated with its division into extensive and intensive.

Intensive quantity - allowing a deeper understanding of its interaction with quality.

Extensive quantity appears as an external quantity of quality, as a quantity of homogeneous in a certain sense properties and qualities.

Intensive quantity appears as an internal quantity of quality, characterizing the development and intensity of properties.

The external and internal quantity of quality forms a unity, revealing another facet of the principle of external - internal conditioning of quality and, accordingly, its moments.

Dynamism is a change in the intensity of a property and the corresponding intensive quantity over time. The deployment of the principle of quality dynamism leads to two interrelated principles: reflection and life cycle.

The principle of reflection captures the reflection (transfer) of the quality of a process onto the quality of the result formed at the output of this process and has the meaning of systemic research: the quality of the process produces the quality of the result, or, which is the same, the quality of the result inherits the quality of the process.

The life cycle of an object forms a cycle of its quality. It consists of main stages:

Design

Manufacturing

Operation

Each stage represents complex production processes, therefore, in relation to the life cycle, the principle of reflection is revealed as a chain of reflections of the qualities of processes in the qualities of the corresponding results.

5. Conceptual provisions and tasks of modern qualimetry.

Based on modern requirements, the following initial conceptual provisions of modern qualimetry can be formulated:

1. Qualimetry allows you to obtain information about the quality of the assessed object at any stage of its life cycle (in quantitative and qualitative forms), suitable for determination.

2. Qualimetry considers the assessment of the quality of an object as a dynamic category, i.e. takes into account the possibility of changes in its quality when market conditions change, the use of project quality taking into account operating experience, improvement of technical processes and means of production.

3. The main methodological principles of qualimetry are:

The principle of measurability of properties and assessment of the quality of an object both at the level of individual properties and at the level of the entire set of properties that form the quality of the object as a whole.

The principle of comparability of the quality of an object and the quality of a single reference sample or their combination.

The principle of comparing the quality of competing versions of different designs of an object of the same type.

With the reliability of the results of measurements and assessments, implemented through objective measurements. Comparison and comparison of the quality of the evaluated sample and the selected reference samples.

4. Qualimetry is formed and developed in two interrelated areas; in the field of theoretical qualimetry, general principles, methods and means of assessing quality, which is uniform for assessed objects of diverse nature; in the field of applied qualimetry, a working toolkit for assessing specific objects is formed, taking into account the provisions of theoretical qualimetry, while methods and tools for assessing quality take into account the nature of these objects and the real conditions for the manifestation of their qualities.

5. Each simple or complex property can be assessed by the absolute and (or) relative value of the quality indicator and the viscosity coefficient. The establishment of absolute values of quality indicators can be carried out on the basis of physical experiments (metrology methods), on the basis of psychological experiments (methods of experimental psychology), expert measurements of aesthetic and ergonomic properties based on the construction of analytical models of the functioning of the object (methods for determining efficiency developed in technical and economic sciences). The relative value of the quality indicator is determined by comparing the indicator values, reflecting the time-varying level of social error.

6. In qualimetry, the objects of assessment are: the quality of the finished product certain type or specific fulfillment of consumer requirements that determine the demand for products of a certain quality, quantity and price, the requirements of the current standard being developed or updated for products of a given type or specific design, the quality system operating at the manufacturer of these products.

7. From the standpoint of qualimetry, the main factors that are signs of classification of products in relation to the conditions for assessing their quality include the areas of manufacture and sale of these products, methods and forms of their intended use. These factors determine the choice of products appropriate for each type, the composition of its properties, evaluation indicators, tasks and methods for assessing quality.

Conclusion

Qualimetry as a relatively new and fundamental science is, firstly, relevant and basic for other related sciences aimed at solving quality management problems. Secondly, qualimetry still needs to be developed and used when making management decisions regarding the quality of something.

Currently, qualimetry has grown into an interdisciplinary (complex) discipline related to both technology and economics.

Due to the large scope of qualimetry, today it is considered a discipline that studies the problem of assessing the quality of any objects, objects and processes. At the same time, ensuring the quality and quality technologies of various products is the main direction of using qualimetry methods. Thus, qualimetry as a science combines quantitative methods for assessing quality used to substantiate management decisions and related issues of management activities.

Qualimetric assessment of qualities is only the basis and the initial stage of the complex process of managing the quality of objects. Without knowledge about the level of properties and qualities of the objects under consideration, there is no possibility for scientifically based adoption of the necessary management decision and subsequent implementation of the appropriate preventive or corrective impact on the object in order to change the quality.

This abstract reflected the basic concepts of qualimetry as a science, its characteristics, principles and main tasks.

List of used literature

1. Azgaldov G. G. “On the relationship between quality and consumer value. Standards and quality", Moscow, 1998.

2. Glichev A.V. “Applied issues of qualimetry”, “Standard”, Moscow, 1992.

3. Reichman “On qualimetry”, “Standards and Quality”, Moscow, 1993.

4. Fedyukin V.K. Qualintology: Textbook. Part 1. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house of St. Petersburg State University of Economics and Economics, 2002.

5. Fedyukin V.K. Fundamentals of qualimetry. - M.: Publishing house "FILIN", 2004.

6. Fomin V.N. Qualimetry. Quality management. Certification. - M.: Association of Authors and Publishers “TANDEM”. Publishing house "EKMOS", 2002.

Posted on Allbest.ru

...

Quality and qualimetry

For qualimetry important issue What remains is an objective determination of the quality level. For example, for products - this characteristic has a relative nature, based on a comparison of its quality indicators and basic indicators. Qualimetry plays an important role in quality management; it constantly has to solve a large number of problems:

forecasting needs, quality and technical level
development of methods that can be used to determine the numerical values of quality indicators
development of methods for quality assessment
selection of optimal products for development and production
definition optimal parameters quality, development of standards, specifications for new products
calculation of competitive product prices
determining the sales market, calculating the feasibility of it
planning the development and introduction of new products
identifying rational ways to improve quality
assessment of the quality of work of departments and performers
calculation of the commercial prospects of products, as well as justification for modernization or discontinuation of production
product quality improvement planning
technical level planning
carrying out tests
calculating the feasibility of major repairs and determining its quality
production certification
selection of purchased products
creation of necessary conditions for storage and transportation of products
summing up the activities of departments and the entire enterprise as a whole.

Qualimetry methodology

Qualimetry is an applied science with a set of techniques and methodological principles:

Qualimetry is obliged to provide methods for reliable quantitative assessment of quality. In the case of commercial products, the difficulty is that the manufacturer strives to sell a product of reduced quality at a high price, and the consumer wants to receive a high-quality inexpensive product. Qualimetry strives to develop methods that take into account the interests of both parties. At the same time, the choice of the most significant indicators for assessing quality is on the consumer side.
When conducting a qualimetric assessment, a standard for comparison is required. This is a relative value.
To use the method of comprehensive quality assessment, all property indicators must be reduced to one dimension, or expressed in dimensionless units. Indicators of individual properties need to be adjusted by a weighting coefficient. The sum of the weight coefficients of quality indicators at any hierarchical levels of assessment has the same value.
The quality of the component parts determines the quality of the object as a whole.
When making quantitative assessments, duplicate indicators of the same property cannot be used.
The quality of useful products is assessed more often.

These methods are fundamental in resolving issues in assessing the quality of objects.

Tasks and goals of qualimetry

The main tasks of qualimetry include:

Qualimetry allows you to evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively any object at any stage of production.
Quality assessment is a dynamic category; quality can change depending on market conditions, operating experience, and production improvement.
Qualimetry develops not only the theoretical aspects of quality assessment, but also ways to apply them in practice.
The object of assessment is the quality of the finished product, or the fulfillment of consumer requirements.

The goals of qualimetry are:

Marketing research stage: to establish compliance of product quality with needs, taking into account its market novelty, systematizing possible areas of application.
Development stage: determining competitiveness, technical level, analyzing its properties, the degree of use of the latest technical achievements in its production.
Production stage: determining the level of quality of manufactured products, taking into account its production novelty.
Operation stage: operation: determining the quality of products sold, taking into account the changing market, measures to maintain quality indicators, providing technical service.

The objectives of the assessment are:

assessment of production novelty
product safety level
To what extent is product quality stable?
Is the quality of the updated products maintained?
How environmentally friendly are the products?

Note 1

Quality assessment must be carried out taking into account the fact that it is necessary to produce competitive products and maintain a high level of products.

Qualimetry– a science that studies theoretical and applied problems of assessing product quality.

The role of qualimetry :1. Forecasting consumers of the technical level and quality of products; 2. Development of methods for determining and assessing product quality; 3 . determination of optimal options for quality indicators ; 4. determination of the scientific and technical level of scientific and technical documentation; 5 .establishing sales markets and the feasibility of entering the market for new products; 6 .identification of the most rational ways to improve and ensure product quality .

The industry is currently being formed research activities, which has a wide practical application to a wide variety of labor products. This industry has a specific object of research(general principles and methods of quality assessment), its specific subject of research(the set of properties of the products of human labor), its specific mathematical apparatus, their specific problems of a mathematical, physiological and sociological nature.

In qualimetry, two terms are used: measurement and evaluation. If in metrology measurement is considered as a special case of estimates, then in qualimetry they characterize two non-subordinate concepts. Quantitative assessment in qualimetry is understood as a certain function of the ratio (most often expressed as a percentage) of the quality indicator of the product under consideration to the quality indicator of the product taken as the standard.

Problems of qualimetry in science. V:

Forecasting needs, technological level and product quality;

Development of methods for determining the number of quality indicators;

Definition and development of principles and methods for quality assessment;

Determination of optimal options for quality indicators, their standardization, development of technological conditions, USTs for new products;

Determination of the scientific and technical level of scientific and technical documentation;

Calculation and acceptance of competitive product prices;

The mouth of sales markets and the feasibility of entering the product market;

Planning and development of new types of products;

Assessment of the quality of three performers, as well as all departments involved in the production of products;

Carrying out inspections and tests;

Selecting a product certification scheme;

Conducting internal assessments of their quality systems;

Certification of quality systems;

Studying the dynamics of product quality and competitiveness

Qualimetry is divided into:

General(system of terms, concepts, categories; scaling theory; assessment theory; axioms and consequences);

Special(expert; probabilistic statistical; index qualimetry);

Subject(qualimetry of processes and actions; demand; decisions and projects; personnel; information).

General qualimetry ® Special qualimetry ® Subject qualimetry

Qualimetry methods:

1. Instrumental (measuring)(carried out on the basis of technical measuring instruments; using this method, the values of such quality indicators as product mass, current strength, vehicle speed, etc. are determined);

2. Calculated(calculation of quality indicators based on the use of theoretical or empirical dependencies of product quality indicators on its parameters; the method is used to determine the values of the mass of the product, indicators of its productivity, power, strength);

3. Statistical(based on the use of rules of mathematical statistics);

4. Organoleptic(carried out on the basis of an analysis of the perceptions of the senses; used to determine the quality parameters of drinks, confectionery, tobacco, and perfumes);

5. Expert(carried out on the basis of a decision made by experts);

6. Sociological(carried out on the basis of collecting and analyzing the opinions of actual or potential consumers of products through surveys, marketing research, conferences, exhibitions, tastings);

7. Combined(using several methods).

8. differentiated (comparison of individual quality indicators of the evaluated product with the quality indicators of the base sample);

Currently, qualimetry is beginning to combine not only quality assessment methods various types products, but also methods for assessing the quality of items that are not products, and also various processes.

When finally systematizing, we can indicate the following areas of science about product quality:

Research into the nature of product quality;

Studying a range of issues related to product quality management;

Development of theoretical foundations and practical methods for measuring and quantifying product quality;

Studying the information aspects of the production and consumption of certain quality products;

Study of economic problems associated with changes in product quality;

Studying the sociological aspects of the problem of product quality.

Of all the listed areas, currently one of the most important is the one that is associated with the measurement and quantification of product quality. This gives the researcher the necessary tool with which to fruitfully solve all other problems of product quality.

These assessments are an integral element of any quality management system, since in order to manage any process one must, first of all, be able to measure its parameters. It is impossible to do without quantitative assessments of quality when studying the information aspects of the problem of product quality. And finally, the very nature of the economic problems of changing product quality predetermines the need to use quantitative methods to describe quality.

Quality indicators– these are quantitatively or indirectly established requirements by the nature or properties of an object, making it possible to implement and verify them.

Quality indicators:

1. single – relate to only one property:

1.1. basic - a quality indicator adopted as a standard for comparative quality assessments.

1.2. Relative – the ratio of the quality indicator of the assessed object to the basic quality indicator, expressed in relative units.

2. Complex – several properties (arithmetic mean):

2.1. Integral – the ratio of the total beneficial effect of using an object for its intended purpose to the costs of creation and use.

2.2. Generalizing – evaluates the quality as a whole.

Nomenclature of quality indicators is a set of product quality indicators based on characterized properties, normatively accepted to assess the level of its quality. The classification of quality indicators can be approached from different points vision (GOST 22851-77, GOST 15467-79):

1. By the number of characteristic properties: single; complex.

2. By stage of determination: design; production; operational.

3. By method of determination: calculated; expert; experimental.

4. By degree of dimension (by way of expression): dimensional; dimensionless.

5. By nature of use: basic; relative.

GOST 22851-77 lists 11 basic ones. groups of quality indicators products:

1. Destination indicators(characterize the beneficial effect of the operation and use of the product and serve the area of its application - indicators of composition, structure, functional and technical efficiency);

2. Transportability indicators(characteristics of the ability of products to move in space without operation or consumption using various types of transport - permissible temperature, humidity, pressure during transportation, transportation time, cost per unit of product during transportation, overall dimensions of the product);

3. Safety indicators(characteristics of product features related to ensuring safe conditions for its production, handling, consumption (operation) and restoration (repair) - the likelihood of an emergency, response time of protective devices, number of degrees of protection against counterfeiting, etc.) ;

4. Manufacturability indicators(characterize the effectiveness of design and technological solutions to ensure high labor productivity in the manufacture and repair of products - labor intensity of manufacturing, technological cost, etc.);

5. Reliability indicators(characteristics of products must be fulfilled specified functions, maintaining over time the value of operational indicators - indicators of durability, maintainability, storability);

6. Indicators of standardization and unification(characterize the degree of use of standardized parts, assembly units, blocks and other components in a specific product, as well as the level of unification of the component parts of the product - applicability coefficient by standard sizes, by component parts of the product, repeatability and applicability coefficients);

7. Aesthetic indicators(characterized by a variety of aesthetic properties of products: expressiveness, harmony, integrity, compliance with the environment and style, color design, etc. - values of rationality of form, informational expressiveness, holistic composition, perfection of production execution);

8. Economic indicators(reflect the costs of development, production and operation (consumption) of products, as well as the economic efficiency of its operation - the product itself, its price, reduced costs per unit of product, a relative economic indicator of product quality);

9. Ergonomic indicators(characterize the “person-product-environment” system and take into account the complex of hygienic, psychological, anthropometric, physiological, psychophysiological properties of a person, manifested in production and household processes - hygienic, anthropometric, physiological, psychophysiological, psychological indicators);

10. Patent and legal indicators(characterize the degree of patent protection of the product in the Russian Federation and abroad, the level of patent purity of the product - patent protection and patent purity);

11. Environmental indicators(characterize the level of harmful effects on the environment of manufactured and consumed products - the likelihood of harmful emissions into the environment, the concentration of harmful impurities released into the environment, the level of radiation, etc.).

Mandatory requirements for product quality are included in the state standards of the Russian Federation - product standards.

Quality indicators services can be divided into two large groups:

1. Quantitative: - waiting time and service provision;

Reliability of service provision;

Execution accuracy;

Completeness of service provision;

Level of automation and mechanization;

Security, etc.

2. Quality:

Politeness, accessibility, sensitivity and competence of staff;

Level of professional skill;

Effectiveness of contacts between performers and clients.

Based on the results of qualimetric assessments, the following is carried out: 1) optimization of indicators of properties and quality in general; 2) forecasting product quality; 3) determining the level and margin of competitiveness as a cumulative assessment of the levels of quality and price of a product or service, and much more.

Product quality analysis includes:

1) The nature of quality according to oral indicators and dynamics plans (by urgency, by quality categories, by product compliance with established GOST and TU, by the share of high-quality products in the total volume, by specific quality indicators for individual industries and industries).

2) Study of the main factors influencing quality (in accordance with the design of products and market requirements, the level of qualifications of workers involved in the organization and manufacture of these products, the quality of raw materials and supplies, material and moral incentives, organization of control over product quality, specific conditions of individual industries and organizational structure).

3) Calculation of the impact of quality on the volume of products in monetary terms (based on quality parameters, on the growth of the quality level over time, on the basis of a score of product quality on the market).

Qualimetry as a science, its role, methods and areas of practical application. Product quality indicators. Stages of development of quality theory (qualimetry)

Submitting your good work to the knowledge base is easy. Use the form below

Similar documents

Quality and qualimetry

Qualimetry methodology

Tasks and goals of qualimetry