Decorative and applied arts. Research section

decorative arts, a type of plastic arts, the works of which, along with architecture, artistically shape the material environment surrounding a person and introduce an aesthetic, ideological and figurative beginning into it.

Includes various arts, serving to decorate works of architecture and landscape art (monumental and decorative art), creating artistic objects for public and private life (decorative and applied art), artistically designing festivals, spectacles, expositions, etc. (decorative art).

Arts and crafts

(from Latin decoro - I decorate) - a section of fine art covering creation of artistic products, having a utilitarian and artistic purpose. A collective term that conventionally unites two broad types of arts: decorative and applied. Unlike works of fine art, intended for aesthetic pleasure and related to pure art, numerous manifestations arts and crafts can have practical use in everyday life.

Works of decorative and applied art form part of the objective environment surrounding a person and aesthetically enrich it.

Works of decorative and applied art meet several requirements: have aesthetic quality; designed for artistic effect; serve for . Such products are: clothing, dress and decorative fabrics, carpets, furniture, art glass, porcelain, earthenware, jewelry and other artistic products. IN scientific literature Since the second half of the 19th century, a classification of branches of decorative and applied art has been established according to material (metal, ceramics, textiles, wood), according to the technique of processing the material (carving, painting, printing, casting, embossing, intarsia, etc.) and according to functional characteristics use of an item (furniture, dishes, toys). This classification is due to the important role of the design and technological principles in arts and crafts and its direct connection with production.

Having emerged in ancient times, decorative and applied arts became one of the most important areas folk art. Its history is connected with artistic craft, the artistic industry, with the activities of professional artists and folk craftsmen, and, since the beginning of the 20th century, with artistic construction and design.

History of the development of decorative arts

Arts and crafts existed already at an early stage of the development of human society and for many centuries was the most important, and for a number of tribes and nationalities, the main area of ​​artistic creativity. The most ancient works arts and crafts characterized by exceptional content of images, attention to the aesthetics of the material, to rational construction. In traditional folk art, this trend has persisted until the present day.

Man has long sought to decorate his home and everything he encountered in everyday life. When making any thing, the folk craftsman thought not only about its practical purpose, but also about its beauty. Of the most simple materials- wood, metal, stone, clay - he created true works of art that conveyed the master’s poetic understanding of the world around him.

Native nature has always been reflected in folk art. Herbs and flowers, familiar to everyone from childhood, images of birds and animals, sky and sun, earth and water, transformed by the artist’s imagination, were transformed into a bright, expressive ornament in the product.

Over time, interest in the wealth of material and... Products that serve the purpose of representation are singled out (objects for religious rituals or court ceremonies, for decorating the houses of the nobility), in which, in order to increase their emotional sound, the everyday expediency of constructing the form is often sacrificed.

Modern products of decorative and applied art are created taking into account both folk traditions So with the fashion trends of today. Until now, the most popular objects of this art, shrouded in the haze of ancient traditions, are products made of steel and bronze, handmade carpets and decorated with traditional patterns - in eastern countries; ceramics, items made from sea shells - in the south; ritual masks - in Africa; amber products - in the Baltic region; porcelain, cloisonne enamel, fabrics painted with flowers, fruits, fantastic animals - in China and Japan, Korea.

Stylization in arts and crafts

Decorative and applied art has its own language and its own laws. Expressing the idea of ​​beauty with its specific means, it never strives to blindly copy the world around it, but conveys only the most characteristic and expressive. The artist creatively reworks forms found in nature, taking into account a specific material, its decorative advantages and technological processing features.

The language of decorative and applied art is distinguished by stylization or, on the contrary, extraordinary precision of forms; identifying and playing with the texture and plastic properties of the material; the use of ornaments, including both motifs of traditional images and avant-garde forms. The compositional construction of decor in objects of decorative and applied art is always based on the harmony of parts and the whole.

Known since ancient times. As a method of artistic creativity, it reached a high level in Assyrian-Babylonian, Persian, ancient Egyptian and ancient Greek ornaments, in which, along with geometric lines and patterns, objects of flora and fauna, both real and fictitious, were often used, stylized with high artistry and taste, and even figures of people. Nowadays, ornamental compositions with elements of stylization are widely used in wall paintings, mosaics, stucco, carved, chased and forged jewelry and products, embroidery, and fabric colors.

Creative stylization in the fine arts is necessarily of an individual nature, implying the author's vision and artistic processing of phenomena and objects of the surrounding reality and, as a result, displaying them with elements of novelty.

Along with creative stylization, there is imitative stylization, which presupposes the presence finished sample for imitation and consists in imitating the style of a particular era, well-known artistic movements, styles and techniques of creativity of a particular people, the styles of famous masters. However, despite the existing sample, imitative stylization should not have the nature of direct copying. Imitating a particular style, the creator of a stylized work must strive to add his own individuality to it, for example, with a chosen plot, a new vision of color, or a general compositional solution. It is the degree of this artistic novelty that will, as a rule, largely determine the value of a stylized work.

When creating products of decorative and applied art, the most fruitful method is creative stylization. A more successful name for this important artistic method could be not stylization, but interpretation, which more accurately conveys the essence and peculiarity of this creative process: the artist looks at an object from the surrounding life, interprets it and emotionally conveys it as he feels it, senses it. In other words, he seems to re-create this natural object, but in the form of an artistic symbol. With this interpretation it is best to follow creative principle triad: “Know, evaluate and improve.”

A decorative composition is a composition that has a high degree of expressiveness and modified, stylized or abstract elements that give it decorative look, enhance her sensory perception. Thus, the main goal of a decorative composition is to achieve maximum expressiveness and emotionality with a partial or complete (in non-objective compositions) rejection of authenticity, which becomes unnecessary or even disturbing.

The main common features that arise in the process of stylization among objects and elements of a decorative composition are the simplicity of forms, their generality and symbolism, eccentricity, geometricity, colorfulness, and sensuality.

Decorative stylization is characterized by generality and symbolism of the depicted objects and forms. This artistic method implies a conscious rejection of the complete authenticity of the image and its detailed detailing. The stylization method requires separating from the image everything unnecessary, secondary, and interfering with a clear visual perception in order to expose the essence of the depicted objects, display the most important thing in them, draw the viewer’s attention to the previously hidden beauty and evoke in him the corresponding vivid emotions.

With the development of interior design, the need arose to create works of decorative and applied art that, without stylization, would not meet modern aesthetic requirements.

Decorative and applied varieties of arts and crafts

It is necessary to distinguish between decorative and applied varieties of decorative and applied art. Thus, if objects of applied art (furniture, utensils, dishes, jewelry) turn out to be artistically expressive mainly due to the aesthetic perfection of their form (beauty of silhouette, proportions, elegance of lines, masterful processing of material, etc.), then decorative works ( painting of walls and household objects, decorative sculptural reliefs, small figurines, tapestries, embroidery, carpets, carved decorations, etc.) are inherent in fine art, story compositions or ornamental decorations.

To ensure that the products are not devoid of aesthetic value, an artist is invited, whose functions do not include the production of the product as a whole, but only its decoration: the artist began to “apply” his art to the finished product. Thus, with the expansion of industrial production, an art industry arises, where the method of applied art finds its place - decorating products with painting, carving, inlay, etc. But the beauty of an object is not only in decoration, although this also requires great skill. The object must be expressive in its entirety - in its design, proportions and details.

In applied art, the form of a product, its architectural design, carries within itself both the utilitarian essence of the object and its aesthetic expressiveness. At the same time, the forms of applied art products are historically changeable: in different eras they are characterized by a difference in motives - luxury, mannerism or, on the contrary, simplicity, naturalness. Modern reality expresses a tendency towards simplicity, conciseness, refusal of excessive detail, towards small size and economy. Artistically designed things not only decorate everyday life, but also play a huge role in the formation of artistic taste.

Many wonderful examples of decorative and applied art can be seen in art, historical, ethnographic and local history museums, as well as in books, albums and on the pages of magazines. Each exhibition of folk art is always a discovery of the world of beauty and perfection. Products made by old masters and modern artists invariably arouse the admiration of visitors, and some have a desire to follow the example of folk craftsmen.

In order for an object to become a work of art, it must not only be processed “according to the laws of beauty,” but also carry a certain ideological and emotional content. For this purpose, the material is used properly, the most appropriate form of the object is taken into account (its proportions, rhythmic repetitions, tectonic structure), the ratio of scales between in separate parts object and person, a special method of processing the surface of the object is used - decor. Therefore, creating beautiful things is a significant manifestation of objective activity that carries deep aesthetic expressiveness. The impression made applied arts, can often be as strong as the impact of a painting or sculpture.

Unlike faceless mass-produced products, handmade items are always unique. Masterfully crafted household utensils, furniture, and interior elements are expensive. And if in the old days such things were objects of utilitarian purpose, then in our days they have passed into the category of art. A beautiful thing made by a skilled craftsman will always be valuable.

Influx of artistic forces into applied art

Craft techniques

In Western Europe, the position of the artist began to change in the 16th century. The decline of the urban economy, which covered almost the entire Western Europe, entailed a crisis in artistic life. In Italy, art workshops are losing their former importance. Indeed, what could be the real power of the guild if there were such independent people as Michelangelo or Titian? In some cities, workshops are subordinate state power, in others they are liquidated altogether, and artists find themselves without the usual class support, left to their own devices. Some of them turn into a declassed element, a kind of predecessors of bohemia. Some try to find shelter at courts and become servants of nobles. The desire to achieve court ranks and the title of nobility is widespread.

A consequence of the plight of the fine arts, created in connection with the spread of the Reformation, was the tide artistic forces into applied arts: jewelry, silversmithing, carpentry, making pottery and pewter, etc. flourished. Often (luxuriously designed watches, navigational instruments, weapons and armor). A characteristic feature of the 16th century in Northern European countries was the subordination of fine arts masters to applied craftsmen: draftsmen and engravers made special ornamental designs, sculptors made models for decorating furniture, appliances, and dishes. Craft techniques are becoming widespread: replicating sculptural samples, using etching techniques in engraving to speed up the processing of copper boards, etc.

Folk arts and crafts are a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. It includes a variety of directions, types, forms. But they are all united by a combination of the practical expediency of products with the natural beauty of their appearance, coming from the surrounding nature (69, p. 263).

Folk decorative and applied art is an integral part of culture, actively influences the formation of artistic tastes, enriches professional art and expressive means of industrial aesthetics.

Folk decorative and applied art is called art that has come to us from the depths of centuries, from the depths of generations, predominantly collective art, formed in the folk, peasant environment.

Traditions in the field of folk arts and crafts include the most expressive proportions and shapes of objects, their color scheme, selected and polished by many generations of craftsmen, in the ornament the artistic reflection of the natural environment, flora and fauna, on the basis of which this ornamental culture and the skills of craftsmanship accumulated over centuries were formed processing of various natural materials. From generation to generation, only what was vital, progressive, what people needed and capable of further development was passed on.

In Ancient Rus', the whole life of people was literally permeated with the desire for beauty and harmony with the natural environment. The house, hearth, furniture, tools, clothing, utensils, toys - everything that the hands of folk craftsmen touched embodied their love for their native land and innate a sense of beauty, And then ordinary household objects became works of art. The beauty of their form was complemented by decorative ornaments in the form of ornaments, images of people, animals, birds, and plot scenes.

Since ancient times, folk craftsmen in their creativity used what nature itself gave them - wood, clay, bone, iron, flax, wool. Nature has always served as the main source of inspiration for folk craftsmen. But, embodying images of nature in their works, the masters never copied it literally. Illuminated by folk fantasy, reality sometimes acquired magical, fairy-tale features; in it, reality and fiction seemed inseparable

It is this originality of folk arts and crafts, its unique expressiveness and proportionality that has inspired and continues to inspire professional artists. However, not all of them manage to fully comprehend and rethink its full depth and spiritual potential.

IN modern conditions The people's need for folk art, for its authenticity and spirituality, is growing. But finding ways to preserve folk art and its fruitful development is possible only by understanding its essence, creative and spiritual, and its place in modern culture.

Folk arts and crafts are varied. These are embroidery, ceramics, artistic varnishes, carpet weaving, artistic processing of wood, stone, metal, bone, leather, etc.

Artistic wood processing. The tree is one of the ancient symbols of Russia. In ancient Slavic mythology, the tree of life symbolized the universe. Since ancient times, shady groves and oak forests, mysterious dark thickets and the light green lace of forest edges have attracted connoisseurs of beauty and awakened the creative energy of our people. It is no coincidence that wood is one of the most favorite natural materials among folk craftsmen.

In different parts of Russia, original types of artistic woodworking have developed. Each of them has its own history and its own unique characteristics.

Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya carving.

Decorative vase

Bogorodsk products are made from soft wood - linden, alder, aspen. The main tools of folk craftsmen were an axe, a special Bogorodsk knife and a set of round chisels of various sizes. The blade of the Bogorodsk knife ends in a triangular bevel and is sharpened to a razor sharpness.

Bogorodskaya carving. I. K. Stulov.

"King Dodon and the Astrologer"

Over the centuries, so-called swing carving techniques have developed. Any product is cut with a knife “right away”, immediately clean, quickly, accurately, without any preliminary sketches prepared in drawing or clay.

Bogorodsk toys are interesting not only for their carvings, but also for their original design. Most often these are toys with movement. Their traditional hero is the Bogorodsk bear - a smart and active bear cub who performs in company with a person.

Bogorodskaya carving. V.S. Shishkin. Toy "Firemen"

Traditional look Russian folk arts and crafts is the production of artistically designed products from birch bark, birch bark.

Even in ancient times, birch bark attracted folk artists with its dazzling whiteness. When processed, birch bark retained its natural properties: softness, velvety, flexibility and amazing strength, thanks to which it was used to make vessels for liquids, milk and honey. It is known that in the forested territory of Russia - Vologda, Arkhangelsk, Olonetsk, Vyatka, Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod provinces, as well as in the Urals and Siberia - in the Perm and Tobolsk provinces, crafts became famous for birch bark products since ancient times.

These include low, wide, open vessels - checkmans, boxes, dials. A significant part is represented by wickerwork. These include salt shakers, wicker shoes - brodki, covers, bags - shoulder pads. The most complex and labor-intensive items of utensils are beetroot, boxes, and tueski.

Tuesok.

Veliky Ustyug. Tuesok. A.E. Markova

Expanded birch bark

Artistic stone processing. The specificity of the material - its hardness, strength, beauty and variety of colors - determines the widespread use of hard stone in the jewelry industry. This is a special area of ​​artistic processing of hard stone, which is currently very widespread. Necklaces, pendants, brooches, bracelets, rings, earrings, hairpins - a wide range of products made from hard stones.

Craftsmen working on the creation of jewelry rely on the richest traditions of this art in Russia. Artists strive to bring out the natural beauty of the stone, using an uncut surface, in which shades of color and natural inclusions are especially clearly visible.

In addition to jewelry, a fairly extensive range of products is made from hard stone. These are small decorative vases, trays for jewelry, tableware for writing instruments, and a miniature animal sculpture.

Stone carving.

L.N. Puzanov. Vase “Autumn” Stone carving.

T.Ch. Ondar. Goat with kid

Bone carving. Bone is a material that has been widely used since ancient times.

Art crafts for processing bones developed mainly in the North. The materials for artistic processing were elephant, mammoth, and walrus tusks. Folk craftsmen were able to identify and use the remarkable properties of the material for artistic products.

Mammoth ivory has a beautiful yellowish tone and a texture in the form of a miniature mesh. Due to its hardness, impressive size, and beautiful color, it is suitable for creating a variety of artistic products. You can use it to make vases, cups, tabletop decorative sculptures, and items with openwork carvings.

Walrus tusk is a beautiful white-yellow material. It was used to create miniature sculptures, various products with openwork and relief carvings, as well as for engraving. In addition to these main types of bone, simple animal bone - the tarsus, as well as cattle horn - are used to create artistic products. Although after bleaching and degreasing, a simple animal bone acquires a white color, it does not have the properties, beauty, color, and hardness that walrus and mammoth tusks have.

Kholmogory bone carving. Decorative vase “Spring”. Walrus bone. Openwork carving

Carved bone.

L.I. Teyutina. "Slaughter of walruses at the rookery"

Carved bone. Tabletop snuffbox

“On Tony”, 1976. A.V. Leontyev

Carved bone.

N. Kililo.

Bear family

Artistic metal processing has ancient traditions. The emergence of artistic metal processing centers in a particular region was due to a number of historical, geographical, and economic reasons.

Russian mob. Foot. XVII century Armory Chamber

Pos. Mstera.

Vase-candy bowl.

Copper, filigree, silver plating

Folk ceramics. Ceramics - various objects made of fired clay. They are created by potters. Wherever there were natural reserves of clay suitable for processing, master potters made bowls, jugs, dishes, flasks and other objects of various shapes and decorations, which were widely used by the people in everyday life.

Skopino ceramics. Jug.

Last quarter XIX century

Gzhel ceramics. In Gzhel, Moscow region, there has long been a production of ceramic products, which was carried out by almost the entire population of local villages.

Already in the 17th century. Gzhel craftsmen were famous for their pottery, and the clays they used were of high quality.

In the middle of the 18th century, Gzhel craftsmen began to produce products using the majolica technique, painted on raw enamel. They decorated dishes, kvass, and jugs with elegant paintings in green, yellow, and purple tones. They depicted flowers, trees, architecture, and entire plot scenes.

The vessels were also decorated with sculpture: conventionally rendered human figures, birds, and animals. The sculpture was done separately.

Ceramics. A.I. Rozhko.

Kvasnik on two birds Ceramics. Z.V. Okulova. Set of teapots

Lace making. Russian hand-woven lace has been known in the history of our folk artistic crafts since the end of the 18th century. Hand-made lace arose and was formed immediately as a folk craft, without going through the stage of home craft. Western European lace began to penetrate into Russia in the second half of the 17th - early 18th centuries; it served as decoration for the clothing of nobles and landowners. With the spread of fashion for lace and lace trim, many nobles set up serf lace-making workshops. Early lace, dating back to the 18th - first half of the 19th centuries, was often made from gold and silver threads with the addition of pearls.

Vologda lace

Yelets lace

Embroidery- one of oldest species applied arts. This art arose in time immemorial and was passed on from generation to generation. Over the centuries, a traditional range of patterns and colors gradually developed, and numerous embroidery techniques were developed.

Folk embroidery was done without preliminary drawing. The embroiderers knew their patterns by heart, learning them and memorizing them along with mastering the process of execution itself. Basic traditional patterns, characteristic of each locality, have survived to this day (69, pp. 263-304).

Mstera embroidery

Ivanovo embroidery Krestetsky embroidery

Creativity is a process of human activity, the result of which is the creation of new quality material and spiritual values, distinguished by uniqueness, originality and originality. It originated in ancient times. Since then, there has been an inextricable connection between him and the development of society. The creative process involves imagination and skill, which a person acquires by acquiring knowledge and putting it into practice.

Creativity is an active state and a manifestation of human freedom, the result of creative activity, it is a gift given to a person from above. You don’t have to be great and talented to create, create beauty and give people love and kindness to everything around them. Today, creative activities are available to everyone, since there are different types of arts, and everyone can choose an activity to their liking.

Who is considered a creative person?

These are not only artists, sculptors, actors, singers and musicians. Any person who uses non-standard approaches in his work is creative. Even a housewife can be like that. The main thing is to love your work and put your soul into it. Rest assured: the result will exceed all your expectations!

Decorative creativity

This is a type of plastic art, which includes decorative design of the interior (decorating a room using easel painting) and exterior (using stained glass and mosaics), design art (using industrial graphics and posters), and applied art.

These types of creativity provide a unique opportunity to get acquainted with the cultural traditions of their people, foster a sense of patriotism and great respect for human work. Creating a creative product instills a love of beauty and develops technical abilities and skills.

Applied creativity

It is a folk decorative art designed to decorate people's lives and everyday life depending on their requirements. By creating things of a certain shape and purpose, a person always finds a use for them and tries to preserve the attractiveness and beauty seen in them. Objects of art are inherited, from ancestors to descendants. They reveal folk wisdom, way of life, and character. In the process of creativity, a person puts his soul, feelings, and his ideas about life into works of art. This is probably why their educational value is so great.

Conducting archaeological excavations, scientists find various things, household items. They determine the historical era, relations in the society of that distant time, conditions in the social and natural environments, the capabilities of technology, financial situation, traditions and beliefs of the people. Types of creativity can tell us about the kind of life people led, what they did and were interested in, how they related to everything around them. The artistic features of works of applied art instill in a person respect for the culture and heritage of the nation.

Decorative and applied arts. Types of techniques

What types of applied creativity are there? There are a great many of them! Depending on the method of manufacturing a particular item and the material used, the following handicraft techniques are distinguished:

• Related to the use of paper: iris folding, or rainbow folding of paper, paper plastic, corrugated tubes, quilling, origami, papier-mâché, scrapbooking, embossing, trimming.
• Weaving techniques: ganutel, beading, macrame, bobbin weaving, tatting or knot weaving.
• Painting: Zhostovo, Khokhloma, Gorodets, etc.
• Types of painting: batik - painting on fabric; stained glass - glass painting; stamp and sponge printing; drawing with palms and leaf prints; ornament - repetition and alternation of pattern elements.
• Creating drawings and images: blowing paint through a tube; guilloche - burning a pattern onto fabric; mosaic - creating an image from small-sized elements; thread graphics - making an image with threads on a hard surface.
• Fabric embroidery techniques: simple and Bulgarian cross stitch, straight and oblique satin stitch, tapestry, carpet and ribbon embroidery, gold embroidery, cutwork, hemstitching and many others.
• Sewing on fabric: patchwork, quilting, quilting or patchwork; artichoke, kanzashi and others.
• Knitting techniques: fork; on knitting needles (simple European); Tunisian crochet; jacquard, fillet, guipure.
• Types of creativity associated with wood processing: burning, sawing, carving.

As you can see for yourself, there is huge amount various types of arts and crafts techniques. Just a few of them are listed here.

Folk art

In works of art created by the people, the main thing is selected and carefully preserved; there is no place for unnecessary things. Objects of folk art are endowed with the most expressive properties. This art embodies simplicity and taste. Therefore, it became understandable, loved and accessible to people.

Since ancient times, people have sought to decorate their homes with objects of folk fine art. After all, they retain the warmth of the hands of a craftsman who understands nature and skillfully selects only the most beautiful things for his objects. Failed creations are eliminated, only valuable and great ones remain alive.

Each era has its own fashion for the interior of a person’s home, which is constantly changing. Over time, strict lines and rectangular shapes become more and more preferred. But even today people draw ideas from a priceless storehouse - people's talents.

Oral folk art

This is folklore, which is reflected in the artistic collective creative activity of the common man. His works reflect the life, ideals and worldviews created by the people. They then exist among the masses.

Types of folk art:

• Proverbs are poetic mini-works in the form of short rhythmic sayings. The basis is conclusion, teaching and generalized morality.
• Sayings are figures of speech or phrases that reflect life phenomena. There are often humorous notes.
• Folk songs - they do not have an author or he is unknown. The words and the music chosen for them were formed during the historical development of the culture of a particular ethnic group.
• Chatushki are Russian folk songs in miniature, usually in the form of quatrains, with humorous content.
• Riddles - they are found at any stage of development of society among all peoples. In ancient times they were considered a test of wisdom.
• Pestushki - short melodies of mothers and nannies in poetic form.
• Nursery rhymes are songs and sayings that accompany games with a child’s hands and feet.
• Jokes are funny short stories in poetic form.
• It is impossible to imagine types of folk art without chants, with the help of which people during the spread of paganism turned to various phenomena nature, asking them for protection, or to animals and birds.
• Counting rhymes are small rhythmic rhymes. With their help, the leader of the game is determined.
• Tongue twisters are phrases built on a combination of sounds that make them difficult to pronounce quickly.

Creativity related to literature

Literary creativity is represented by three types: epic, lyrical and dramatic. They were created in ancient times, but still exist today, as they determine ways to solve the problems posed to literature by human society.

The basis of the epic is the artistic reproduction of the external world, when the speaker (the author or narrator himself) reports events and their details as something past and remembered, simultaneously resorting to descriptions of the setting of the action and the appearance of the characters, and sometimes to reasoning. Lyrics are the direct expression of the writer's feelings and thoughts. The dramatic method combines the first two, when characters with very different characters are presented in one play with direct lyrical self-revelation.

Literary creativity, represented by epic, lyricism and drama, fully opens up limitless possibilities for a deep reflection of people's lives and their consciousness. Every literary genre has its own forms:

• Epic - fable, poem, ballad, story, story, novel, essay, artistic memoir.
• Lyrical - ode, elegy, satire, epigram.
• Dramatic - tragedy, comedy, drama, vaudeville, joke, stage.

In addition, individual forms of any kind of poetry are divided into groups or types. For example, the type of literary work is epic. The form is a novel. Types: socio-psychological, philosophical, family, adventure, satirical, historical, science fiction.

Folk art

This is a capacious concept that includes various genres and types of artistic creativity. They are based on original traditions and unique methods and forms of creative activity, which are associated with human labor and develop collectively, based on the continuity of traditions.

Folk art reflects inner world a person, his spiritual appearance, the living memory of the people. There are several periods in its development:

• Pagan (until the 10th century).
• Christian (X-XVII centuries).
• Domestic history (XVII-XIX centuries).
• XX century.

Folk art undergoes a long development path, as a result of which the following types of artistic creativity were determined:

• Folklore is the worldview and moral beliefs of the people, their views on man, nature and society, which are expressed in verbal, poetic, musical, choreographic, and dramatic forms.
• Decorative and applied art is designed to satisfy the aesthetic needs and everyday needs of a person.
• Household amateur creativity is artistic phenomena in the festive and everyday life of a person.
• Amateur artistic art is organized creativity. It is focused on teaching people artistic skills.

Creativity associated with technology

Human labor activity is constantly improving and acquiring a creative character. Many people manage to rise to the highest level in their creations and inventions. So, what is technical creativity? This is an activity whose main task is to create technical solutions that will be novel and have social significance not only in their own country, but also beyond its borders, that is, worldwide. Otherwise, this is called invention, which is equivalent to the concept of technical creativity. And it is interconnected with scientific, artistic and other types.

Great opportunities are open for our contemporaries and all conditions have been created for doing what they love. There is a huge number of specialized clubs, palaces, circles, scientific societies. In these institutions, adults and children are engaged in aircraft and ship modeling, motorcycle sports, karting, auto design, programming, computer science, and computer technology. Such types of creativity as the development of designs for sports vehicles: mini-cars, autocars, equipment for fishermen, tourists and climbers are very popular.

In modern art criticism, a certain system of classification of arts has developed, although it can also be called relative. According to this system, all types of art can be divided into three groups.

First group: spatial or plastic arts: fine, decorative and applied arts, architecture, photography.

Second group: temporary or dynamic arts: music, literature.

The third group represents spatio-temporal types: choreography, literature, performing arts, cinematography.

Decorative arts (DI) Just like architecture, fine art belongs to the plastic arts. However, this is a special kind of artistic creativity, the goals of which differ from the goals of other types of plastic arts. Together with architecture, decorative art shapes the material and spatial environment surrounding a person, introducing into it an aesthetic, ideological and figurative principle. DI includes:

• monumental and decorative art directly related to architecture (decorative reliefs, statues, paintings, stained glass windows, frescoes, mosaics in interiors and facades, architectural decor, fountains, park sculpture, etc.)
• decorative and applied art (household items)
• design art (art design for exhibitions, showcases, festivals)

1.Monumental and decorative art (MDA) is always associated with a specific architectural design and is considered as a phenomenon of the ensemble, as an indissoluble harmony of architecture, sculpture and painting. The material-spatial environment is an important structure for a person, a structure in contact with him. The aesthetics and functionality of open space for people’s life and activities are one of the main goals of MDI. Frescoes, mosaics, panels, stained glass windows are organically included in the architecture, complementing and enriching the artistic design of the interior or the entire building. This is manifested in stylistic unity, in compositional structure, in accordance with the ideological and thematic design of the monumental work with the functional purpose and plastic image of the architectural structure.

Monumental and decorative art is part of monumental art, which is characterized by realistic objects dedicated to important historical events and famous personalities. Monumental withweapons are distinguished by ideological, political or socially significant content, embodied in a large-scale, expressive majestic (or majestic) plastic form, created from durable materials. MDI works are characterized by architectural and ornamental qualities and a desire for aestheticization. MDI solves problems on the decorative organization of various architectural elements, walls, facades and ceilings, garden and park ensembles or the landscape itself. And yet, it is difficult to draw a strict line between monumental art and monumentally decorative art. This is especially true for monumental painting. In some cases monumental painting is an integral part of the architectural ensemble, and in some cases it can be found as a decorative surface on walls, facades or various ceilings. It is no coincidence that wall painting is also called monumental and decorative, thereby emphasizing its huge role in the purpose of decorative paintings. Excellent examples of monumental painting are the frescoes of Raphael in the Vatican Palace, the paintings of Michelangelo in Sistine Chapel. The highest level monumental painting reached in Byzantine and Old Russian art.

Painting "The Creation of Adam" by Michelangelo

Nowadays, monumental painting is widely used in cultural palaces, clubs, theaters, metro stations, train stations, etc. The “muralism” movement, the monumental art of modern Mexico, has gained international fame. This movement originated in the 20s of the twentieth century, and in our time it has developed in other countries, where it has sparkled with new colors.

Mural “Girl in an embroidered shirt” by Guido van Helten. Kyiv, 2015

Concepts: monumental and monumental-decorative art do not apply to folk architecture. This is explained by the intimate volumes of architectural structures, the small size of piers, platbands, hens, etc., their compatibility with household objects, and the applied nature of the imagery of a peasant or suburban environment.

2.Arts and crafts - a section of fine art, covering the creation of artistic products that have utilitarian and artistic purposes. This is a collective term that conventionally unites two types of arts: decorative And applied .

Items applied arts: furniture, utensils, dishes, jewelry turn out to be artistically expressive mainly due to the aesthetic perfection of their form: the beauty of the silhouette, proportions, elegance of lines, masterful processing of the material, and then artistic design. While decorative works: wall paintings, decorative sculptural reliefs, small figurines, tapestries, embroideries, carpets, carved decorations, etc. are initially inherent in pictorial, plot compositions or ornamental decorations.

The Latin “decorare” is translated as “to decorate”, in the sense of “to magnify, to glorify”. It is believed that the concept of “decor” appeared in Ancient Rome. The richest empire reveled in its power and glorified its victories. The cult of decoration reigned everywhere.

However decor- not only a traditional definition of a jewelry system, but also a way of reflecting spiritual experience in a person’s mind.Decorative art, in fact, existed back in prehistoric times, when cavemen decorated their homes with rock paintings. For a long period, decoration was carried out

At all times, artisans were professionals in their activities, from generation to generation they improved their skills, carefully guarding secrets within the family. When creating household items - clothes, furniture, dishes, craftsmen decorated them with ornaments, patterns, carvings, and inlaid them with precious stones, turning them into real works of art.

IN academic literature concept of "decorative art" appeared only in50s of the 19th century. At this time, the industrial revolution occurred. As a result of the rapid growth of machine production, the production of goods from the hands of most artisans moved to factories and factories. Products have become unified and have lost their uniqueness and attractiveness. Her main feature It turned out to be only crude functionality. Under these conditions, the products that artisans continued to make significantly benefited in aesthetics and originality, and had high artistic value. Masters applied his art, creating exclusive decorated household items, which, in the context of industrial take-off, began to be in particular demand among wealthy buyers.

Decorative painting has much in common with easel painting.If scenic painting executed on the walls and ceilings of a building primarily for ornamental purposes (wall and ceiling paintings, frescoes) and the main element in it is, then we are talking about decorative painting. These can be beautiful combinations of geometric lines and figures, as well as combinations of forms of the animal and plant kingdoms, stylized or realistic (for example, wall paintings in the houses of Pompeii, Moorish arabesques of the Alhambra, grotesques of Raphael's boxes in the Vatican, etc.).

Arabesque. Alhambra Palace. Spain XIV century.

Also, painting that is intended to decorate or reveal the design and purpose of an object and does not clearly have independent meaning will also be called decorative. These are artistically made furniture, dishes, clothes, fabrics, carpets, embroideries, jewelry, etc.

Decorative painting. Tula samovar.

Over time, the motifs of decorative painting changed, it depended on the development of culture and art, on the taste and architectural style that prevailed at a certain time and among different peoples. The French came into use the name in the 19th century decorative arts(French l’art decoratif), in relation to various branches of craft production that need the help of art. Such as the production of elegant furniture, carpets, lace, glass and pottery, jewelry, bronze, wallpaper and other items of luxury and comfort - in a word, for everything that the Germans usually call “small arts”, and in Russia - applied arts or art industry.

Appliedart- a field of art covering a number of branches of creativity dedicated to the creation of artistic products intended

mainly for everyday use. However, the phrase “applied art” should be applied only to those objects of creative activity that carry not only artistic and figurative content, but are of a spiritual nature and evoke a certain emotional state.

Word " applied" arose with the advent of art, called easel, from the word “machine” (easel), on which the work was created. Easel art is independent, not tied to furniture or furnishings, it is addressed directly to the viewer and depends only on the feelings of the artist and the means he has chosen artistic expression.Size and format easel work, as a rule, are chosen by the artist himself, regardless of future proximity to the works of other authors.

IN Ancient world the term “applied art” was not used, there was no distinction between the concepts of “technology” and “art”, since all the functions of art were inseparable. IN Ancient Greece the statues were not objects to be admired, as in a museum. They were worshiped, offered food and drinks, decorated with flowers, dressed in expensive fabrics, and made requests.

In the middle of the 15th century. The artist with his apprentices and students, in addition to making paintings, painted signs for shops, flags, gift plates for Confirmation Day and Christmas, sculpture, made inlays, heraldic mottos, and designs for carpets. Fulfilling such orders was not yet considered as something unacceptable for the artist’s reputation. In the Middle Ages, such activities were called “artistic crafts” or “small forms of art,” for example, the “small forms” of traditional art in China and Japan.

Crown-reliquary of Louis the Holy King of France from 1226

During the 15th century. position Italian artists has changed. Painting from among the “mechanical arts” gradually acquires the status of “free”. Not without the influence of humanists, a wide range of customers begins to appreciate not the craftsmanship of things, but the mastery of design and execution. During the era of the Italian and Northern Renaissance, painting and sculpture tended to be more serious than decorative.

Trays for the birth of a child 14-15 centuries. in Tuscany

But in the 16th century, the decline of the urban economy, which affected almost all the countries of this region, led to a crisis in artistic life. In Italy, art workshops are losing their former importance. In some cities, the workshops are subordinated to state power, in others they are liquidated altogether, and artists find themselves without the usual class support, left to their own devices.

A consequence of the difficult situation of the fine arts that arose in connection with the spread of the Reformation, there was an influx of artistic forces in the applied arts: jewelry, silversmithing and carpentry, the manufacture of pottery and pewter, etc. flourished. Quite oftenthe artistic craft was intertwined with the craft of a mechanic, locksmith, and gunsmith (luxuriously designed watches, navigation instruments, weapons and armor). A characteristic feature of the 16th century in Northern European countries was the subordination of fine arts masters to applied craftsmen: draftsmen and engravers made special ornamental designs, sculptors made models for decorating furniture, appliances, and dishes. Craft techniques are becoming widespread: replicating sculptural samples, using etching techniques in engraving to speed up the processing of copper boards, etc.

Works of decorative and applied arts began to interact to act in the process of historical development. At the end of the Italian Renaissance, with the demarcation of architecture, painting and sculpture and the formation of easel art, painting and sculpture appeared, not associated with a specific place in the architectural environment. Since that time, a separate sphere of decorative and applied art has emerged.

Due to the variety of techniques for processing materials in the manufacture of products, DPI is very closely related to other types of art: painting, graphics, sculpture. For example, the technology for decorating DPI objects with multi-color painting is the same as in painting, decorating with carvings is a technique characteristic of sculpture, and engraving DPI products is the same as in graphics.

Modern products of decorative and applied art are created taking into account both folk traditions and today's fashion trends. Until now, the most popular objects of this art, shrouded in the haze of ancient traditions, are products made of steel and bronze, handmade carpets and decorated with traditional patterns - in eastern countries; ceramics, items made from sea shells - in the south; ritual masks - in Africa; amber products - in the Baltic region; porcelain, cloisonne enamel, fabrics painted with flowers, fruits, fantastic animals - in China and Japan, Korea.

Modern Isfahan carpet. Iran Handmade

Modern amber product

Areas such as design, design art, clothing modeling, the main content of which are not artistic, but aesthetic values, should not be called applied art. Contrary to the literal reading of the term, art is not applied anywhere; it exists by definition. Artistic value is not attached to material value, but one turns into the other.

3.Design art

Design art, with the help of expressive means of fine art and lighting technology, creates examples of a synthesis of arts that are distinguished by their emotional impact on a person. Design art usually includes programmatic, concrete, visual and propaganda content.

It is akin to theatrical scenery; but if in a traditional theater the scenery and other elements of the performance are perceived from the outside from the auditorium, then in the art of design the viewer is usually inside a multifaceted space (for example, an exhibition) or he himself becomes a participant in an artistically decided action. Design art is a quick, often journalistically acute reaction to today, in which the laconicism of images is combined with the lightness of materials, the mobility of structures, and the sharpness of spatial and color solutions.

Using the possibilities of expressive means of all arts, achievements modern technology, design art specialists strive to create ideologically rich and vividly emotional images, often using symbolism; are looking for new solutions for the artistic and aesthetic design of cities and towns; They are developing new methods of museum and exhibition display, new forms of visual propaganda.

Methodological development in fine art

Subject:

“Types of decorative and applied arts by materials and methods of their artistic processing (specific examples)”

Prepared by:

Rodionova Galina Leonidovna

Job title:

Teacher primary classes

Place of work:

MBOU "Okhvatskaya OOSH"

Okhvat village, Tver region

Russian Federation

INTRODUCTION 3

1. Artistic woodworking 5

   Vine weaving 8

   Ceramics, pottery 10

   Embroidery 12

   Patchwork technique 16

   Folk textile toy 17

   Folk costume 19

   Weaving, tapestry 20

   1. Beading 22

      Lace making 25

      Painting (on glass, faience, wood) 26

CONCLUSION 29

LIST OF REFERENCES USED 30

INTRODUCTION

Folk arts and crafts are the result of the creativity of many generations of masters. It is one in its artistic structure and is unusually diverse in its national characteristics, which are manifested in everything from the choice (use) of material to the interpretation of visual forms.

The folk artist’s deep understanding of the material allows him to create perfect works of decorative and applied art. Wood and clay, stone and bone, leather and fur, straw and wicker - all these materials find organic use in various household items. They are not counterfeited with expensive materials, but are processed and decorated in accordance with their own natural properties. Therefore, pottery made from simple clay cannot be confused with porcelain dishes, but a tinned copper vessel with an object made of silver.

This ability to use the natural qualities of the material was embodied in artistic and technical techniques that allow the most rational design and decoration of products with ornaments or plot images, combining in them real prototypes with the bold imagination of the creator. This is how traditional types of artistic crafts developed for many peoples of our country: wickerwork, pottery, lace-making, carpet weaving, weaving, embroidery, artistic processing of wood, bone, stone, metal and other materials.

This work presents various types and techniques of decorative and applied art.

When classifying products of masters of folk crafts and crafts, it is advisable to use such an important feature as material. For folk art products, the material dictates the methods of processing, finishing, and decoration.

Based on the material used to make artistic products, they are divided into artistic products made of wood, papier-mâché, metal, bone and horn, stone, ceramics, glass, leather, yarn and threads, fabrics, fur, and plastics.

According to the manufacturing method, artistic products are: cast, embossed, filigree, pressed, forged, electroplated, carpentry, turning, carved, wicker, knitted, woven, embroidered, blown. And so, let's look at the main types of decorative and applied arts.

1Types and techniques of decorative and applied arts

1.1 Artistic wood processing

Wood carving, which has long been used to decorate homes, ships, furniture, dishes, tools and objects for entertainment and recreation, is divided into the following main groups: flat-notched or in-depth, flat-relief, relief, slotted or openwork, sculptural or three-dimensional, house (ship) . In turn, each of these groups is divided into several varieties depending on the design and execution technique.

Flat-notched carving is akin to ancient petroglyphs or even primitive drawings on dense coastal sand, characterized by the fact that compositions of varying complexity are cut out (taken out) special techniques and methods from the plane of a wooden blank, the untouched areas of which are thus the background for the carving. Depending on the shape of the recesses and the nature of the pattern, flat carvings can be geometric or contour.

Geometric carving in essence, they are wedge-shaped recesses repeated in a certain composition, which can vary in size, depth, and the geometry of the angles at which the recess is made. There may also be differences in the number of edges of each notch. The most common are two- and three-sided notches. Less often, tetrahedral recesses, square and rectangular ones are used, because their execution will require more skill, although the technique is no different from the previous ones.

Contour thread represents a linear ornamental or story drawing on the plane of a wooden blank (everyday item), made in the form of thin dihedral (wedge-shaped) slits, applied to the surface along the contour of the pattern using cutters and various chisels. Unlike geometric carving, contour carving uses mainly figurative motifs: leaves, flowers, figures of animals, birds, humans, architectural motifs, objects, furnishings and household items. An image made with contour carving is similar to an engraved drawing: its cutting lines are rigid, and there is almost no play of chiaroscuro. Contour carving is most often used in combination with other types of carving - geometric flat-relief, as well as with painting. This technique is often used to make decorative panels.

Volumetric thread(high relief or sculptural) both in the nature of the plastic solution of the form and in the technique of execution stands on a par with sculpture. High relief carving is not widespread in Russia. An example of volumetric carving can be the so-called “okhlupen” - a figured carved image of the head and upper part of the body of a horse, deer, or large bird, which was cut from a whole rhizome with an ax and placed on the ridge of the roof above the pediment.

Flat relief carving. In flat-relief carving, the design goes deep into the thickness of the board; it is characterized by the fact that the carved image is in the same plane with the background of the board. An ornament made using the flat-relief carving technique can also be used using the sawing technique. Flat-relief carving has several varieties: carving with oval contours (oval or “oval”), carving with a cushion background, carving with a selected (selected) background, openwork invoice and with a removed background. A common feature for all types of this carving is a low conventional relief located in one plane at the level of the surface being decorated.

Bracket thread. Its main feature is that trimming (notching) is performed not with a straight, but with a semicircular chisel. Each trim is performed in two steps: first, trimming at a right angle, then at an acute angle, the value of which is determined by the nature of the pattern.

Saw thread- a type of decorative wood processing in which patterns outlined on a flat surface are cut out using a jigsaw or twist saw. In saw-cut carving, decorativeness is achieved by an openwork mesh. The kerf thread is a continuation of the flat-relief thread. Also, sawn thread is a type of slotted thread. The basics of saw-cut carving are planar through ornamentation. The most common motif is an S-shaped curl with twisted ends.

Slotted carving. IN slotted thread Most often, a flat pattern is used. Feature of the ornament for slotted carving: carving elements, devoid of background, must be in contact with each other and the frame. If the elements of the pattern have different heights, it is called openwork. In slotted carving, the areas of the background that are removed are insignificant in size, but in shape they are very beautiful and create their own pattern associated with the carving ornament. This carving technique uses large cuts of wood. The protruding relief of the carved ornament stands out against the wooden background. The difference between a slotted thread and a sawn thread is in the method of obtaining the falling parts. In a slotted thread, the mesh is formed using a cutter, in a cutting thread - with a twist saw, i.e. cutting with a cutter is replaced by sawing.

Forest sculpture. Forest sculpture refers to processed finds from obsolete or doomed forest material using its natural plasticity, texture and texture. The idea of ​​the image is suggested by the find itself. The main feature of forest sculpture is its uniqueness.

Nature cannot repeat the same bend in the branches and roots of trees, therefore a person cannot make two identical forest sculptures from natural finds. You can only repeat the theme, the idea, but in no case can you repeat the work. This is its advantage. The author invades the material very carefully - first he frees the workpiece from the bark, rubs it and gives it stability. It “helps” nature a little to reveal the image it has created.

1.2. wicker weaving

Wicker weave- traditional Russian craft. From twigs, branches, vines, cattails and even corn, craftsmen easily make a great variety of useful and beautiful things: from mushroom baskets to openwork fences made of brushwood, which in the old days every self-respecting Cossack used to fence the house.

Among the main weaving methods we can distinguish direct weaving,

rope, edges, openwork and border design.

Straight weave. This is one of the most famous types of weaving, which is used in the manufacture of the bottom, walls and lid of most products. Quite often it is called “braid”. With the help of direct weaving, you can easily and quickly complete any part of the product, especially if you have at least a little time to become familiar with it. This is the basis of any product and the connecting component of its constituent parts, this is what gives and holds the shape of any wicker thing, something that no weaver could do without, this is the beginning of the path to mastery.

Simple weaving. Simple weaving is used to make wicker

furniture. The braiding rod is passed through one gap according to the “in front” pattern

riser, behind the riser.” Simple weaving can be done with one or several rods at once.

Openwork spider. The openwork is woven using simple weaving from thin twigs.

Thin twigs 15-20 cm long are inserted in the intended place into the previous

weaving and braid 3-4 rows of 2-6 racks. Get the weaving of a square-

mi. A “spider” is formed from them.

1.3. Ceramics, pottery

The concept of "ceramics" includes all varieties of household or artistic products made from clay or mixtures containing clay, fired in an oven or dried in the sun. Ceramics include pottery, terracotta, majolica, faience, stone mass, porcelain. Dishes - jugs, bowls, plates, flasks, pots, as well as toys are the most typical products of folk ceramics.

Ceramic tableware- baked clay dishes. According to the manufacturing method, dishes are divided into hand-made and made on a potter's wheel.

Potter's wheel– a machine for molding ceramic products. Initially, the master rotated the circle on a vertical axis with his left hand. In the future potter's wheel began to be driven by the legs, which freed up the master’s hands and improved the quality of the products. One of the oldest techniques for decorating dishes is polishing. When “polishing”, the surface of the product is rubbed to a mirror shine with a bare stone, a bone, a steel spoon, or a glass vial. At the same time, polishing compacts the surface of the shard, making it less permeable and more durable. At the same time, the top layer of clay is compacted, becomes more durable and allows less water to pass through. In the old days, this easy method even replaced the more labor-intensive glazing.

There is red-polished and black-polished ceramics. The first is the natural color of red pottery clay. The second is smoky, burned in a smoky flame without access to oxygen. At the very end of the firing, resinous pine firewood, unnecessary rags, raw manure and grass were put into the pottery forge - in short, everything that produced thick black smoke. After simmering, the vessels acquired a deep black color. On a velvety black background, the patterns had a bluish tint.

steely sheen, for which such dishes were popularly called “blues”.

Chamotte– refractory clay (kaolin), fired until it loses its plasticity and

brought to some degree of sintering. In the practice of artistic ceramics, chamotte is often called finished fired products from this mass -

fireclay vases.

Porcelain– is a special type of ceramic that is impermeable to water

and gas. It is translucent in a thin layer. When lightly struck with a wooden stick

makes a high clear sound. Depending on the shape and thickness of the product, tone

may be different.

Porcelain is usually produced by high-temperature firing of finely divided

a mixture of kaolin, quartz, feldspar and plastic clay (this porcelain is called feldspathic).

Faience– these are dense, finely porous products, usually white. By

The composition of earthenware differs from porcelain in the greater presence of clay and less

the number of different components: kaolin, quartz, etc. This reduces

its transparency (vitreousness).

Small plastic or sculpture of small forms - a type of easel sculpture,

characterized by its small size. It uses a wide variety of materials: stone, clay, metal, porcelain, glass, semi-precious and precious stones, etc. Small plastic items include such products as a clay toy - one of the brightest manifestations of Russian culture. The traditions of crafts and the art of toys are passed on from generation to generation, and ideas about life, work, and beauty are passed on to the people. The toy is close to folklore and creates a feeling of the peculiarities of Russian national folk art.

1.4. Embroidery

Embroidery- one of the most widespread types of folk art. The ornamentation of folk embroidery has its roots in ancient times. It preserves traces of the time when people spiritualized the surrounding nature. By embroidering images of the sun, the tree of life, birds, and a female figure on clothes and household items, they believed that they would thereby bring prosperity to the house.

Cross stitch- one of the most ancient and at the same time the most simple types embroidery, and counted cross stitch is one of the oldest and simplest embroidery techniques. Counted cross stitch is made on a special type of fabric. In modern cross stitch, the basis of the embroidery is the canvas. This is a canvas specially produced at the factory, marked in a checkered pattern in such a way that each cell of the canvas is a place for drawing a cross with threads.

Surface is a type of embroidery in which the shape of the design is covered with dense stitches. There are many types of satin stitch in folk embroidery, but all of them can be divided into two large groups: double-sided satin stitch, in which the background of the pattern in the picture is covered with stitches on the front and back sides, and one-sided, in which the front side of the embroidery is very different from

purl.

There is also knotty stitch, in which the entire pattern is sewn up with simple knots with an infusion of tones. Most often, knotted satin stitch is used as a decorative addition in a wide variety of embroideries. Thus, when performing work with simple seams or satin stitch, individual elements (for example, flower cores, stamens, leaves, stems or tree trunks) are embroidered with different knotted stitches.

Chord embroidery– isonth or another image with thread, thread graphics is the creation of an image with thread on a solid base, paper, cardboard, CDs.

Richelieu– one of the most difficult to perform, but at the same time – amazing

beautiful types of embroidery, which is an openwork fabric in which the threads are matched to the tone of the fabric. The technique got its name thanks to a fan of lace scarves - the French Cardinal Richelieu. Openwork embroidery is used mainly to decorate table and bed linen, collars, frills and handkerchiefs made of thin fabrics. Embroidery has several varieties in the design of the jumpers, in the design of the pattern itself and in the presence of additional trims. The contour of the pattern in all types of embroidery is made with a “loop” stitch, or, as it was previously called, a “scalloped” seam.

Gold embroidery is called embroidery with metallic threads of gold and silver color. Until the 11th century, drawn gold was used in this type of sewing

and silver. Embroidery was done with a metal thread in the attachment, that is, a metal thread was applied to the fabric, while a linen or silk thread was sewn onto the metal thread. Close parallel stitches created a smooth, shiny surface. The effect of gold embroidery was the light and shadow play of metal threads. If you wanted to create a convex pattern, add paper or cotton wool. The richness of gold embroidery made it the main technique for decorating church items.

Beadwork. Since ancient times, Russian craftsmen have admired their magnificent embroidery skills, first with pearls, then, from the mid-17th century, with colored glass beads. Bugle beads were used to decorate clothes, and embroider paintings depicting various landscapes, churches, icons, etc. In our time, bead embroidery has become popular again. Beaded elements are used to decorate clothes, which gives them an original and elegant look. Many fashion styles are incomplete without beaded jewelry. Embroidery of paintings with beads, which depict flowers, birds and animals, is extremely popular.

Embroidery with silk ribbons- a type of artistic needlework, defined

a method of embroidering a design on canvas of varying density using a needle and colored silk ribbons. Embroidery with silk ribbons is widely used in creating original artistic paintings. In addition, it is the main attribute in the design of ceremonies and holidays: the bride’s wedding dress is embroidered with ribbons and ruffles,

handbags, handkerchiefs, napkins and tablecloths on the tables.

1.5. Patchwork technique

Patchwork (patchwork)) - a type of needlework in which, using the mosaic principle, a whole product is sewn together from multi-colored and variegated pieces of fabric (shreds) with a certain pattern. In the process of work, a canvas is created with a new color scheme, pattern, sometimes texture. In Russia, patchwork techniques have long been used, in particular for making quilts. Modern masters also perform in the technique

Patchwork three-dimensional compositions.

Crazy Quilt– a mixture of sewing and embroidery techniques, where you can use scraps of various shapes, sizes and colors, ribbons,

lace, buttons, beads, various methods of embroidery with anything: threads, silk ribbons and much more. A complete flight of fancy. Compatible with incompatible.

Quilting. Although there are countless variations of quilting among different peoples and cultures, they are based on the same technique - two or more layers of fabric are quilted using quilt stitches, resulting in a decorative piece. Depending on the needlewoman's choice, quilting can be simple or complex; it can be done by hand or using a sewing machine - in any case, it gives room for imagination and experimentation. Patterns in this technique are made with small forward stitches. Multi-colored threads allow you to highlight the central element

decor and create amazing borders.

1.6. Folk textile toy

Since ancient times rag-doll was a traditional toy of the Russian people.

Playing with dolls was encouraged by adults because... By playing in them, the child learned how to run a household and acquired the image of a family. The doll was not just a toy, but a symbol of procreation, a guarantee of family happiness. She accompanied a person from birth to death and was an indispensable attribute of any holidays.

More than 90 types of dolls are now known. The folk rag doll was

not just a toy, it carried a certain function: it was believed that

such a doll protects children's sleep and protects the child from evil forces. Often a doll

made faceless. According to ancient beliefs, a doll without a face (i.e. without a soul) cannot

evil spirits may take up residence. According to their purpose, dolls are divided into three

large groups: dolls - amulets, gaming and ritual.

Dolls - amulets

Amulet - an amulet or a magic spell that saves a person from various

dangers, as well as the object on which the spell is cast and which is

sit on the body as a talisman.

Bereginya is an example of a talisman doll - a symbol of the feminine principle. Bereginya

you can’t prick with a needle (sewing the flaps together), you can’t draw a face. If the amulet is intended for a small child, then the fabric is not cut with scissors, but torn by hand. The uniqueness of Beregini’s production lies in the fact that

that the flaps of which it consists are connected to each other using

knots and threads.

Play dolls intended for children's amusement. They were divided into

stitched and rolled. Rolled up dolls were made without needles and threads. On wooden stick they wrapped a thick layer of fabric and then tied it with rope. Then they tied a head with handles to this stick and dressed it in elegant clothes.

Ritual dolls had a ritual purpose and symbolized fertility and prosperity (“Vepskaya” doll - cabbage, jerky). The ritual multi-armed doll “Ten Hands” was intended to help girls preparing their dowries and women in various activities, such as weaving, sewing, embroidery, knitting, etc. The “Kupavka” doll is a ritual doll for one day.

“Kupavka” represented the beginning of bathing. The Maslenitsa ritual doll was made from straw or bast, but they always used wood - thin

birch trunk. Straw, like wood, personified the lush power of vegetation.

The doll's clothes should have a floral pattern. It was fixed on a cross made of wood.

1.7. Folk costume

Folk costume This is an invaluable, inalienable heritage of the culture of the people, accumulated over centuries. Folk costume is not only bright and original

element of culture, but also synthesis various types decorative creativity. Folk costume is a kind of chronicle of the life of the people. This link firmly connects the artistic past of the people with the present and future. And it is not so important whether it is used in the form of stage costumes for folk groups or to decorate a collection of folk toys.

1.8. Weaving, tapestry

The art of weaving is the oldest form of decorative and applied art.

Pattern weaving. In Russian patterned weaving, such types of weaving as mortgage, branoe, chosen, picked, heald were widespread . According to the types of weaving and style features of the ornament, it stands out especially

weaving of the Russian North, which includes the Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Pskov, Novgorod regions.

Tapestry– one of the types of decorative and applied art, a lint-free wall carpet with a plot or ornamental composition, hand-woven by cross-weaving threads. Tapestries are woven from colored silk and/or wool threads in separate pieces, which are then stitched together (often individual patches of color).

Carpet making. According to the technique of making, carpets are divided into rugs and pile. Carpet weaving is typical for the central Russian regions - Voronezh, Belgorod and especially Kursk regions.

1.9. Batik

Batik is a generic name in a variety of ways hand painted various fabrics. The basis of all these techniques, with the exception of technology

free graduated painting, lies the principle of reservation, that is

coating with a paint-impermeable composition those areas of the fabric that should remain unpainted and form a pattern. There are several techniques

batik, each varies in degree of complexity, the effect of the resulting image, materials and techniques used for painting the fabric.

Hot batik– the oldest and most complex of all fabric painting techniques. The work here is carried out with wax melted over a fire (and therefore hot in temperature) (most often), paraffin, stearin or a mixture of them. They are quickly applied to the fabric using a special bristle brush or a special device for applying a contour of molten wax. After the work is ready, the wax is removed from the fabric using a hot iron and a pile of old newspapers.

Cold batik-with the cold batik technique, the role of wax is played by special contours and reserves for batik, which can be bought at any craft supply store. The fact that there is no need to heat the substances, etch out the wax and apply it again greatly simplifies the technology of painting on fabric. Cold reserve can be applied with special glass batik tubes.

Knotted batik - is called an ancient type of fabric design. Its meaning

simple - knots are tied on the fabric (randomly or with no observance

drawing) using thread. You can create drawings using the

handmade materials - buttons, pebbles, round balls. The main thing is that

the item was not afraid of high temperature, because it was tied with

thread tightly, it will boil in water with a dye solution.

T-shirts, dresses,

tablecloths, napkins.

Free painting – This batik technique especially shows the talent of the artist; here it is impossible to create a drawing using a ready-made template. The individual uniqueness of the work is created. Basically, free-form painting is practiced using aniline dyes or oil paints with special solvents.

1.10. Beading

Beadwork has existed for a long time and keeps its secrets, namely: how small beads - beads - are made into uniquely beautiful products. At the request of the master, beads, beads and sequins are transformed into beautiful flowers, elegant jewelry, necklaces or unusual trees of the most bizarre shapes.

Weaving with crosses ( or squares) has been known and popular for quite some time. It is used to create pendants, necklaces, belts and bracelets, and beaded napkins. The products look like a dense mesh of crosses. This type of weaving requires quite a bit of skill and patience.

Weaving technique honeycomb quite complex and rare. It is performed with two needles. The product consists of regular hexagons and looks like a canvas of many flowers.

Multi-strand weaving-used in ancient times. In this way, strands were woven by connecting long threads with stringed beads in a predetermined order. To weave using this method, you must have a working

a place with a large free plane so that the threads with beads do not get tangled.

Mosaic technique- the densest weaving method. The beads are arranged in rows offset like brickwork. This weaving is used to make jewelry and accessories - bracelets, necklaces.

Mesh weaving– a very common method of weaving vessels, making Easter eggs, as well as beaded collars and covers. Beaded

covers made of mesh with small cells keep their shape perfectly, and lace beaded collars made of coarse mesh fit very beautifully on the dress.

You can also make necklaces, belts, and various jewelry using this technique.

Mesh weaving is mainly done in one thread.

Technique parallel weave It is most often performed on wire. Ra-

The botta is held with both ends of the wire (thread) towards each other in each row. This technique is used to make leaves and petals for beaded flowers, as well as various elements of three-dimensional beaded figures.

Volumetric weaving- appeared relatively recently and is actively developing. WITH

Using this technique, various bundles are made - round and square,

dense and openwork, with the inclusion of cuttings and bugles, voluminous necklaces, balls,

flowers, snowflakes, various figures of animals, butterflies, etc.

1.11 Lace making

Lace is working out in various ways: weaving, knitting,

embroidery, weaving, etc.

Hand lace is a patterned mesh fabric that is a work of decorative and applied art. Currently, the best traditions of folk lace making are being developed by lacemakers from the Vologda, Lipetsk, Kirov, Ryazan, Leningrad and Arkhangelsk regions. For the manufacture of lace and lace products, white or glossy cotton, bleached and gray linen, in small quantities, silk, wool, nylon threads, and yarn of different numbers are used. Metallic threads are used for elegant items of clothing.

On bobbins lace is woven according to special patterns - splinters. The craftswoman moves bobbins in a certain order, making intricate lace patterns. Handmade lace and lace products are classified according to purpose, material, nature of patterns and folk crafts.

Tatting- This is a technique of weaving lace by hand using special shuttles. Tatting lace is used for finishing items of clothing, tablecloths, napkins, bedspreads, etc. Products made from tatting justify the name of this lace technique as they are truly light and almost weightless.

1.12. Painting (on glass, faience, wood)

Glass painting attractive simply because you don’t need to be great artist. And the scope of application of this technique allows not only to create original paintings and frames in stained glass style, but also to give new life to all those old glass glasses, shot glasses, decanters, bottles and vials that are in every home.

Wood painting- This is one of the oldest types of decorative and applied art. Since ancient times, decorating various wooden products with color painting has been highly valued, and every home certainly had several painted boards or plates. Today, interest in wood painting is being revived. Almost anything can be decorated with wood painting. This could be dishes, various home accessories, boxes, vases, combs, bracelets, beads, earrings, toys. You can also paint wooden furniture and wooden sculptures.

The most famous types of painting are Khokhloma, Gorodets, Polkhovmaidan.

Lacquer painting. In each craft, lacquer painting has its own characteristics of execution, its own tradition of decorating things with ornaments.

Fedoskino lacquer painting was guided by examples of Russian classical painting. From her she learned the technique of multilayer painting with oil paints. The Fedoskino miniature is always performed surrounded by a black box background.

Palekh lacquer painting, following the ancient technique of icon painting, is performed with tempera paints (color pigments diluted with glue and egg yolk). The nature of the painting shows a continuation of icon painting traditions. Performed on a black background.

Painting ceramics, faience

Semikarakorsk ceramics. A distinctive feature of Semikarakorsk ceramics is that the production method uses a unique method manual labor, originality of forms, ingenuity and poetry in decoration. The peculiarity of the letter is expressed in the individual handwriting, the motive of which is the painting of bouquet and floral ornaments on a snow-white earthenware background. Landscape painting gives the products special sophistication and sophistication. At the same time, the ornament includes plot compositions of stylized flora and fauna of the Don, coming from Cossack folklore.

Gzhel ceramics. The name of the craft is associated with the Moscow region, where pottery, tiles, and tiles have been made for more than 8 centuries. The traditional decor is blue underglaze painting on a white background with gold linings.

Dymkovo toy. Dymkovo toy has characteristic features in painting. Molded from red clay, after firing it is painted with chalk diluted in milk. Painting is done on a white background with tempera paints.

Kargopol toy. The theme includes figures of bears, horses, deer, dogs. The figures of the people are squat, strong in a rustic way.

Filimonovskaya toy– it compensates for the elongated proportion of traditional figures by painting with horizontal stripes of red, yellow, and green colors.

Decorative painting on metal depending on the place of production has its own distinctive features.

Ural painted trays began to be manufactured at the beginning of the 18th century, during the period of development of metallurgical production, also associated with the production of sheet iron.

Zhostovo trays. At the beginning of the 19th century. trays were made in the villages and hamlets of Zhostovo, Troitsky, Novosiltsev (Moscow region), etc. Zhostovo craft was influenced by Ural painting, Fedoskino lacquer painting, and porcelain painting.

CONCLUSION

In this essay we have considered a far from complete list

types and techniques of decorative and applied arts. Modern life dictates its own rules. With the development of new technologies, changes are being made to the process of making arts and crafts, making them more interesting and modern. However, each technology is based on traditional manufacturing techniques and materials.

The creations of modern master craftsmen surprise with the variety of forms, vivid imagery, originality of execution, expressiveness of color, plastic, compositional solutions, and the unity of usefulness and beauty.

As a rule, most of their works are made from simple, commonly found materials: wood, clay, wool, linen, etc. But thanks to the unique, original craftsmanship contemporary performers In terms of their artistic merit, these works are valued much higher than many products made from expensive materials. It is in these, at first glance, simple works made from the most ordinary materials that the origins of the spiritual life of the people can be most fully traced. They are saturated with special meaning and rich content - kindness, wisdom and dignity.

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