Any national creativity quite interesting to study. After all, it was formed by absorbing the traditions of the people, its important features, attitude towards life, nature, and each other. Through folk arts and crafts one learns national history. In this context, we will consider the Bashkir ornament. Let's get acquainted with its distinctive features, history, pattern complexes and much more.
What is this?
Let's start the conversation with a definition.
Bashkir ornament is a pattern that is based on the harmonious repetition of plant, geometric or zoomorphic elements. This is creativity that belongs to applied art. Craftsmen and craftswomen decorated dishes, weapons, and clothing - festive and everyday - with similar patterns.
Story
Having examined the photo of the Bashkir ornament, the reader, of course, will ask the question: why are these particular patterns used? The fact is that in the ornament, folk craftsmen expressed their idea of the threefold structure of the world. If you are familiar with the samples applied creativity other nations, you will find noticeable similarities. And this is no coincidence: the triple rhythm of existence is characteristic of many ethnic groups.
Ornament itself is one of the most ancient forms of creativity and artistic activity of man. As a component of fine art, the composition of such patterns among the Bashkirs was formed gradually. The first images were quite simple and naive: a twig or flower, a plant stem, a shell fragment or seeds pressed into damp clay.
Over time, the images became more complex. The artist thought through their composition and harmonious relationship. Then the authors began to attach a certain symbolic meaning to the Bashkir ornament.
The Bashkirs have the following variants of images:
- Geometric patterns.
- Plant patterns.
- Curvilinear patterns.
We can find ancient examples of Bashkir ornaments and patterns on various materials: leather, linen, wood or metal.
Features of the Bashkir pattern
Let's introduce the main distinctive features Bashkir ornament:
- Bright, multicolored, with various elements.
- Symmetric.
- The patterns are arranged as borders, rosettes, and mesh. Sometimes all of these are used together.
- The compositional zone is determined by the size, purpose, and shape of the product.
- The elements are arranged in 2-4 rows, the outline is made up of rhythmically repeating elements.
- The central field is decorated with larger elements, and the upper zones with smaller ones, the design on them is mirrored.
Color preferences
Let's consider the shades characteristic of the Bashkir ornament:
- Polychrome: Multi-colored and vibrant.
- Coloristic image - contrast of bright pure colors.
- Red, yellow, black, green predominate. Less common are blue and blue, scarlet, orange.
- The background of the product is black or red. White and yellow are much less common.
Central symbolic meaning
We indicated above that ancient masters applied patterns for a reason. The ornament carried a certain meaning.
If we look at the stencils of the Bashkir ornament, we will be amazed at their geometric correctness and symmetry. The pattern reflects the people's perception of the world. In this reality, everything is opposed: day - night, life - death, light - darkness, male - female, left - right. Such pairs determine the symmetry of the pattern.
The figures depicted here seem to oppose each other. But in order to determine their integrity and connection with each other, the master must introduce a central object into the ornament. It acts as a connecting element between oppositions.
Let us turn again to the stencils of Bashkir ornaments and patterns. The central figures here are:
- Woman. Symbolizes the goddess, the mother of all things on earth.
- Tree image. Here, too, everything is clear - the plant signifies the tree of life.
- Rhombus. And this geometric figure is difficult for modern people to understand. The ancients believed that the rhombus was a symbol of the earth and arable land.
Curious pattern elements
The ornament of the Bashkir people also includes the following elements that are interesting to study:
- ¥. This symbol is called "kuskar". It figuratively depicts a curl of ram's horns. In addition, among ancient peoples, kuskar often acted as a symbol of both herbs and plants in general.
- ֔֕. One of the solar signs that were characteristic of almost all peoples of the world. The ancients revered the sun and worshiped it. The star, as today, was considered the source of life. This solar sign resembles a circle with rays diverging from it.
- . The symbolic image of the heart, so familiar and modern people. However, among the Bashkirs this symbol did not mean tenderness, passion and love, but hospitality.
It is important to note that Bashkir folk ornament reflects the very first stages of development national culture. This is the period when the Bashkirs had not yet converted to Islam.
Application in applied arts
Bashkir national ornaments were widely used in the following:
- Decoration of collars, fasteners, cutouts, hems of clothes, edges of sleeves. However, aesthetics were not in the first place here. If the edge of a garment was decorated with an ornament, this supposedly made the person protected from damage and the evil eye.
- Decoration of elements of houses and residential buildings. This was also done not only for external attractiveness. This is how the ancient Bashkirs sought to protect their home from evil spirits. Shutters, gates, window frames, and roofs were covered with ornaments.
- Many household items were made into amulets for their owners, with a symbolic image of an eye painted on them. In this case, the rhombus was drawn from the front, and the triangle from the profile. By the way, the Bashkirs paid attention to the last geometric figure great value. They revered the triangle as a symbol that could protect them from enemies, dark forces, evil spirits and other negative influences.
Ornamental complexes
If you purchase a coloring book with a Bashkir ornament, you will find in it one of six (or a collection of several at once) main ornamental complexes characteristic of the arts and crafts of this people.
Let's list them:
- Simple geometric patterns. Masters depicted triangles, rectangles, squares, crosses, rhombuses, circles, and geometric swirl rosettes. All these figures intricately formed into an overall complex picture. Such an ornamental pattern, for example, could be a border or a rosette.
- Spirals, horn-shaped and heart-shaped figures, palmettes, running waves and constant triangles. All kinds of amulets were decorated with such patterns.
- Plant patterns. The ornament, copying the natural patterns of nature, was most characteristic of the design of the national clothing of the Bashkirs and the tambour embroidery on it.
- Eight-pointed stars of complex design, polygons, horn-shaped paired curls, multi-step rhombuses, fancy polygons with “shoots”. These elements of the pattern were combined, according to the master’s plan, into a more complex ornament. Most often - in grids, complex sockets.
- Heraldic compositions. The family coats of arms contained symbolic images of animals, birds, and plants. There were also eight-pointed stars. Another common option is nail-shaped, fork-shaped figures.
- Diamonds, squares, images of eight-pointed rosettes, X-shaped figures and even stylized sketches of a person. All this was typical for weaving, line and counted embroidery.
Features of Bashkir embroidery
And today the embroideries of Bashkir craftswomen still amaze admiring spectators. These works are characterized by the following:
- Most often it is the floral pattern that is used.
- The preferred color scheme for drawing is yellow, green and red. Moreover, the shades do not flow smoothly, but always contrast with each other.
- Fabric appliqué and the bias mesh embroidery technique are characterized by the frequent use of spiral patterns.
- Non-contour satin embroidery and weaving is a choice of X-shaped and diamond-shaped patterns.
- The following distinctive techniques are often used: ornamental elements are arranged as a border, a solid mesh or rosettes.
Knitting shawls
It is impossible to imagine Bashkir decorative and applied art without down shawls. The fishery was developed in several areas at once:
- Baymaksky.
- Abzelilovsky.
- Khaibullinsky.
- Beloretsky.
- Zianchurinsky.
- Kugarchinsky.
Orenburg down scarves are also known throughout the country. The natural and climatic conditions of these regions made it possible to keep a certain breed of goats, whose fluff was both thin and strong, elastic. Its spinning qualities were recognized as the highest. It was from this kind of fluff that the yarn for the amazing Bashkir shawls was made.
They belong to a unique type of weaving. After all, these shawls were woven on looms. Patterned openwork shawls are closer to our theme. They were knitted only by hand on just two long knitting needles. The middle and border of the product were distinguished, and teeth were made on the sides. The pattern is a Bashkir geometric ornament. Family down-knitting craft is still popular in the republic.
Applied arts can tell a lot about the earliest history of a people. Each element of the ornament here is not accidental - it performs a specific task. This is what we saw in the example of Bashkir patterns.
Ornament- one of the oldest forms visual arts humans, known since Paleolithic times. Translated from Latin, ornament means “decoration”, “pattern”. The initial images were simple: a twig, a fragment of a shell, drawn across damp clay, or plant seeds pressed into it. Over time, real seeds were replaced by images of them. Already in the Neolithic era, the ornament of ceramics was not a random set of strokes, stripes, dashes, but a thoughtful, compositionally verified design filled with symbolic content.
The very special place of ornament in the culture of traditional society can be judged by the activity of its use. It was used to decorate clothes (everyday, festive, ritual), women's jewelry, various items (household utensils and religious objects), housing, its decoration, weapons and armor, and horse harnesses.
Bashkir ornament is characterized by both geometric and curvilinear floral patterns. The form depends on the technique of execution. Geometric motifs are made using the technique of counted embroidery and weaving. Curvilinear floral - using the technique of appliqué, embossing, silver notching, free embroidery technique (tambour, or “oblique mesh”). Usually patterns were applied to wood, leather, metal, and linen. There are a variety of ornamentation techniques: carving and painting on wood, embossing and carving on leather, metal processing, applique, swearing and mortgage weaving, knitting, embroidery.
Literature:
Essays on the culture of the peoples of Bashkortostan. Comp. Benin V.L. Ufa, publishing house: Kitap, 1994.
Beauty is inherent in human nature itself. A person strives to fill it with it the world around us, provide tools and items accompanying it in everyday life. This area of material culture is called decorative and applied arts.
fine arts The Bashkirs were very diverse both in technique and in motives. For him, one of the most characteristic techniques was the appliqué technique and the motifs associated with it.
Bashkir ornament is being successfully mastered by local craftsmen for the production of carpets, scarves, shirts, blouses, napkins, and wooden utensils.
The ornament sewn with threads was of three types: chain stitch, satin stitch, with an oblique inclined stitch, and less often looped.
The origins of Bashkir decorative applied arts lost in the depths of centuries. The needs of nomads for weapons and equipment, and farmers for tools, contributed to the widespread development of various folk crafts. This opened a wide path to the emergence of decorative and applied arts, which was embodied in weaving, embroidery, artistic and decorative processing of wood and metal, and design national costume and home decorations. Through all this, the Bashkirs expressed their attitude towards nature and the life of society.
In ancient times, all decorations of decorative and applied art played the role of talismans and amulets, protecting a person from the evil eye, from the influence of evil forces and spirits. Over time, people's ideas about the world have changed, and the purpose of jewelry has also changed. They gradually lost their original magical function and became simply objects of decoration.
The pre-revolutionary decorative and applied arts of the Bashkirs were most often limited to the needs of the family. An important event There was marriage in the life of the family. We were preparing for the wedding large number woven and embroidered items:
- patterned sharshaw (large curtains to divide the house into male and female halves);
- wedding suit for the girl and groom, towels, napkins, tablecloths, scarves.
During the preparation for the wedding, the girl’s creative abilities and her skills as an embroiderer and weaver were most fully revealed.
One of the varieties of decorative and applied art among the Bashkirs is knitting down shawls. This fishery was developed very well in the Abzelilovsky, Baymaksky, Beloretsky, Zianchurinsky, Kugarchinsky, Khaibullinsky districts, as well as in the Orenburg region. Thanks to the natural and climatic conditions in these areas, a special breed of goats was bred that produced fluff, thin and at the same time strong, fibrous-elastic, with high spinning properties: yarn was made from it for woven and knitted shawls. Bashkir woven shawls – unique look weaving. These shawls were not knitted but woven on looms. They also made openwork patterned shawls, knitted by hand on two long knitting needles.
Craftswomen distinguish between a center and a border in a scarf, and the edges end with cloves. Geometric pattern. The art of knitting down shawls is preserved and continues to develop in the republic - it is mainly a family down knitting craft. (Product display.)
One of the most important conditions for further and successful development modern decorative and applied arts is a deep and comprehensive study of folk art. That is why applied art is studied so diligently today, its origins and history of development are revealed. The best works of folk artists are identified, collected and published in the form of albums. A contemporary artists and folk craftsmen rely on this experience in their creativity.
Bashkir ornament is successfully mastered by local craftsmen for the production of carpets, scarves, clothing decoration elements, wooden utensils, gift souvenirs and other products. (Product display.)
One of the most popular types The decorative and applied art of the Bashkirs is a folk ornament.
Translated from Latin, “ornament” means “decoration, pattern.” The Bashkirs have long decorated horse harnesses, household utensils, clothes, shoes, and homes with varied, bright and colorful patterns. The bride's dowry included pillowcases, tablecloths and other household items embroidered with lush patterned ornaments. If the groom's family had elderly family members, the daughter-in-law would embroider a prayer rug for them on a dark blue or dark green linen. At the same time, patterns of ornaments were created, stored and passed on from generation to generation in the family.
Bashkir ornament is always symmetrical, the patterns are arranged either in borders, or in separate rosettes, or in a continuous mesh, or all of these examples are used simultaneously.
Ornament is the product of a long historical development. It preserves layers of different periods of cultural development, traces of complex interactions and mutual influences between tribes and peoples. The semantic ancient meaning of the ornament is mostly forgotten and modern man perceives it as decoration, pattern.
In folk art, ornament is the main type of art, representing a unique and important layer of the artistic memory of the people.
In terms of color, the Bashkir ornament is bright, multi-colored, based on contrasting, strong and pure colors, which predominates:
red
– the color of warmth and fire
yellow
– color of abundance and wealth
black
– the color of earth and fertility
green
– the color of eternal green,
white
- purity of thoughts, peacefulness
blue
- the color of love of freedom,
brown
– the color of old age and fading.
The field is made up of elements arranged in two, three, and sometimes four rows, and the outline is made up of a rhythmically repeating ribbon pattern. The canvas of the towel is decorated with three rows, the central field is brightly and colorfully decorated with larger elements, and the upper and lower stripes are smaller and mirror each other.
IN color wise Bashkir ornament is polychrome, i.e. bright, multi-colored. Coloristic image (i.e. color scheme) is built on contrasts of strong and pure colors: red, yellow, black, green predominate, less often blue, cyan, orange, lilac, scarlet. The background of the products is most often red, black, less often yellow and white. The Bashkirs identified these colors with the fertility of the earth, the luminary, the dawn and everything beautiful in nature.
Some symbols and elements of the ornament have their own semantic meaning: kuskar is a symbol of curled ram horns and a symbol of herbs.
The improvisation of this symbol through additional spiral curls led to the formation of various ornamental patterns and many other variations.
One of the elements of the Bashkir ornament is the solar sign - a circle, a simplified image of the sun in the form of a circle with rays or a vortex rosette.
The heart-shaped element denotes hospitality.
The origin of the ornament and its ancient meaning are connected with the religious worldview of people who sought to appease evil spirits by decorating clothes and household items, protect themselves from them, or give themselves strength. Many of these elements are found among other peoples.
When decorating their products, the people talked about themselves, about their family, about the surrounding life, nature, so we can give another definition to ornament - it is the symbolic-graphic language of the people, expressing their feelings and concepts.
Bashkir folk arts and crafts are rich in a variety of types: weaving, embroidery, appliqué.
The ornament is characterized by geometric and floral elements, as well as curvilinear elements, patterns in the form of curls, spirals, and heart-shaped figures.
See all crafts and ornaments here.
Ministry of Education of the Republic of Bashkortostan (Bashkiria)" href="/text/category/bashkortostan__bashkiriya_/" rel="bookmark">Bashkortostan
Subject area: history and culture of Bashkortostan
Head: teacher of Bashkir language and literature of the highest category
2012
1. Introduction 3-4
2. Bashkir folk ornament 5-8
3. Ornamental complexes of the Bashkir people 8-9
4. Wood carving among the Bashkirs 9-10
5. Embossing on leather 10-11
6. Bashkir national clothes 12-13
6.1. Women's national costume 13-14
6.2. Men's national costume 14-15
7. Conclusions 15-16
5. References 17
6. Application
Introduction
Beauty is inherent in human nature itself. With it, a person strives to fill the world around him, to provide tools and objects accompanying him in everyday life. This area of material culture is called decorative and applied arts.
Decorative and applied art is a great social and artistic phenomenon, which researchers of decorative art also call “a visual aesthetic and moral and ethical code of the people.”
The most ordinary things were done ordinary people in everyday life, bringing them joy. The concept of folk arts and crafts can be explained as a field of artistic creativity, initially associated with the people, their history, customs, festivals, with economic and commercial activities, with housing construction, the manufacture of clothing, utensils, and tools.
The word ornament comes from the Latin word ornamentum, which means “decorated.” The word decorative is also of Latin origin (Latin decoris), it means “decoration, beauty.” Ornament and decor only for modern people represent elements of decoration or the decorations themselves. In ancient times, the purpose of all these things was somewhat different. Ornaments and decorative ornaments played the role of talismans and amulets, protecting people from the evil eye and from the influence of evil forces and spirits. Over time, people's ideas about the world changed, and the purpose of ornaments and decorative adornments also changed.
Ornament is the product of a long historical development. It preserves layers of different periods of cultural development, traces of complex interactions and mutual influences between tribes and peoples. The semantic ancient meaning of the ornament is mostly forgotten, and modern people perceive it as a decoration, a pattern.
The art of every nation has its own traditions, its own original, historically established ornament, which is an important and unique layer of the artistic memory of the people and its symbolic and graphic language. The origins of the decorative and applied arts of the Bashkirs, just like other people, go back centuries.
Relevance of our work is that we live in a world of new designs. But we must not forget that folk art is a universal means of “spiritual communication for thousands and thousands of people”()
Object of study is the study of literature on this topic, the implementation of skills and abilities in the lessons of history and culture of Bashkortostan, in the lessons of the Bashkir language and literature, music and fine arts.
Research methods are observation, examination of museum exhibits, illustrations, use of the Internet, study of literature.
Research hypothesis: we will assume that studying the decorative and applied arts of the Bashkirs allows you to more effectively master program material on the history and culture of Bashkortostan. Promotes the study of cultural heritage in high school, develops observation and attentiveness in work.
Based on the hypothesis the purpose of our work is:
Promotion of the study of the cultural heritage of the Bashkir people;
The desire of peers for an in-depth study of the decorative and applied arts of the Bashkir people;
Education of aesthetic feelings.
To achieve this goal, we have put forward the following tasks:
1) review the literature on this research topic;
2) to form in students elementary ideas about cultural heritage Bashkir people;
3) reveal the various connections between man and nature.
2. Bashkir folk ornament
The folk arts and crafts of the Bashkirs absorbed cultural features different eras. It brought to us its best traditions, into which the people invested their understanding of beauty and the desire to create beauty.
The decorative and applied arts of the Bashkir people are diverse. The Bashkirs decorated household and household items, clothes, and shoes with patterns.
In the folk art of the Bashkirs there is no figurativeness due to the strong influence on the spiritual life of the religion of Islam, which prohibited the depiction of any material objects, but still the art itself has been preserved as “a rich storehouse of ornaments, materials, processing techniques and manufacturing techniques, giving rise to a variety of combinatorial methods and further stylization and schematization of the plot side of art"
In folk art, ornament is the main type of art, representing a unique and important layer of the artistic memory of the people.
In terms of color, the Bashkir ornament is polychrome, bright, multi-colored, the coloristic image is based on contrasts of strong and pure colors, which predominates:
red – the color of warmth and fire
yellow – the color of abundance and wealth
black – the color of earth and fertility
green is the color of eternal greenery,
white – the color of purity of thoughts, peacefulness
blue is the color of love of freedom,
brown is the color of old age and withering. The patterns of the haraus headbands featured yellow-orange and red-brown colors. The background of the products is most often red, black, less often yellow and white, which the Bashkirs identified with the fertility of the earth, the luminary, the dawn and everything beautiful in nature.
Ornament is an essential component decoration things. Among the Bashkirs, this is a pattern that is formed by a combination of geometric, zoomorphic and plant figures and elements. Depending on the purpose, the ornament was arranged as a border, individual rosettes or a continuous mesh. To decorate clothes, mainly ornaments of geometric and floral elements arranged in a border, or less often with rosettes, were used.
In the Bashkir ornament there are the following clearly defined groups of motifs:
kuskar- the symbol of curled ram horns and the symbol of herbs - the theme of the nomadic pastoral people and its later modifications: spiral and S-shaped curls,
as well as diamonds with its multifaceted variations. 
Kuskar – https://pandia.ru/text/78/007/images/image004_100.jpg" width="272" height="187">
The origin of the ornament and its semantic meaning are connected with the religious worldview of people who sought to appease evil spirits, protect themselves from the evil eye, or give themselves strength by decorating clothes and household items.
One of the elements of the Bashkir ornament is the solar sign - Ocircle, a simplified image of the sun in the form of a circle with rays or a vortex rosette ☼, which are mainly used to decorate elyans.
Swastika element 
, found in the Bashkir ornament, is a symbol of fertility, the sun, a crossed hammer, lightning, and is used as an ornamental motif in the folk art of many ancient cultures, in ancient world, in Central and South America, Medieval Europe. It was given a certain meaning as a guardian, a protector from evil forces, a symbol of the sun, life and goodness. A heart-shaped element denoting hospitality. Applique" href="/text/category/applikatciya/" rel="bookmark">applique.
This complex was most widespread in mountainous Bashkortostan.
Second complex represents curvilinear patterns: spirals, heart-shaped and horn-shaped figures, waves, which were mainly used to decorate objects of nomadic life. These types of ornaments are typical for the steppe regions of Bashkortostan.
Third complex distributed throughout the entire territory of the Bashkirs' settlement, it is represented by stylized floral patterns.
Fourth complex, experienced significant influence neighboring regions - Tatars, Chuvash, Mari, Russians and others - are represented in the western regions of Bashkortostan. It is a group of complex patterns associated with various types of weaving. This includes multi-stage compositions of rhombuses and triangles, which were complemented by paired spiral curls.
Fifth complex the ornamental one is represented by decorations in the form of women's headbands, appliqués on shoes in the form of paired images of animals and birds, separated by floral patterns. It was widespread in the southeastern part of Bashkortostan and the Urals.
Sixth complex includes geometric weaving and embroidery patterns:
Squares and rhombuses, simple, stepped, jagged, with extended sides, with paired horn-like curls at the tops, eight-pointed rosettes and others. Patterns of this group, common in the western and northern parts of Bashkortostan and the Trans-Urals, were used in the ornamentation of clothing and home decoration.
4. Wood carving among the Bashkirs
This is one of the earliest types of decorative art. In Bashkortostan, wood carving became more developed where there were many linden and birch forests. Saddles, stirrups, weapon cases, dishes, loom parts and others were decorated with carvings.
Among the various items of artistic craft, products made from wood and wood materials occupy a special place among the Bashkirs. It is enough to point out buckets with openwork handles or horse saddles with beautiful bows. The high technology of their finishing, the variety of forms and subjects attracted the attention of Russian and foreign researchers back in the 17th and 18th centuries. In these objects, on the one hand, enormous reserves of talent were revealed, on the other hand, they are the products of persistent and painstaking work, when rich human imagination and ingenuity were given wide scope. Speaking about objects of decorative and applied art of the Bashkirs, we must take into account one more important point: the minimum tools of a woodworker, in most cases an ax and a knife. These and other sides folk craft The Bashkirs are described in detail in the recently published book “Wood Carving and Painting among the Bashkirs.” Its author is a famous ethnographer who has devoted her entire life to the study of Bashkir traditional culture.
The rare gift of carving became the lifelong occupation of some men. Carved ladles, bowls and tubs for kumiss, made by their golden hands, were in great demand at local bazaars and fairs. Experienced carvers carefully preserved and passed on the secrets of applied art from generation to generation. Young masters enriched and improved it. The decorative and applied arts of the Bashkirs have undergone periods of rise and decline in their history. But still before today it brought wonderful examples of cultural works created by the hands of folk craftsmen from the Bashkirs. One of the important conditions for the further successful development of modern decorative and applied arts is a deep and comprehensive study of folk art. That is why scientists are studying Bashkir applied art so diligently today, finding out its origins and history of development. The best works of folk artists are identified, collected and published in the form of albums. And applied artists and folk craftsmen rely on this experience in their creativity.[1.31]
5.Embossing on leather
One of traditional types decorative and applied arts of all nomadic peoples. Before embossing, the leather was dyed red-brown using an infusion of willow or oak bark. The soaked blanks were placed on a wooden stamp and remained under pressure until dry. Sometimes the background was etched copper sulfate, and it became darker than the drawing. Carved ornaments were also widely used. Although the carved ornament is older than embossing, it was preserved in the life of the Bashkirs much longer, and the traditions of the carved ornament reached the beginning of the 20th century.
The main figure in leather ornamentation was the trefoil. In addition to embossing, leather products were decorated with metal overlays with silvering or gilding and embossing. Almost all items of nomadic life: flasks for kumiss, cases for weapons, bags for shot, powder flasks, ceremonial harness, belt and saddle bags were decorated various types ornament.
6.Bashkir national clothes
The national costume of the Bashkirs evolved over the centuries. There was not and could not be a single common Bashkir costume, because each Bashkir tribe had its own differences. The main materials in the manufacture of clothing were homemade cloth, fabrics made from plant fibers, leather, sheepskins, furs, wild nettles and hemp.
The costume of young and middle-aged people was distinguished by its brightness among the Bashkirs. Preference was given to red in combination with green and yellow; it was used less often blue. In ancient white clothes there was red trim - embroidery or appliqué. Black fabrics were used for outerwear, especially for older people.
6.1.Women's national costume
Women's clothing of all nations is distinguished by a wealth of decorative decoration. The basis of Bashkir women's suit makes up a body dress (kuldek) with frills, decorated with a woven pattern and embroidery. Frills, cuffs, and pintucks on the chest appeared on dresses only at the beginning of the 20th century. Preserved ancient dresses from the Bashkirsky collection Museum of Local Lore, made of bleached canvas, decorated with woven patterns and embroidery. They have whole flocks, side gussets, wide armholes, large square gussets. The turn-down collar was usually made from a factory, more soft fabric(satin, chintz), and the chest slit was fastened with a cord. The hem and sleeves are bordered by red stripes of a braided pattern, and the red satin collar is embroidered with counted satin stitch. The way the details are sewn together suggests that the dress was made at least a century and a half ago. The tunic-like cut of clothing is the most common in the national costume of the peoples of the region. The identity of each individual costume develops as the ethnic group develops. This is evidenced by the evolution of Bashkir women's dress. In the process of its formation by the 18th century. A gathered chintz or satin hem is sewn just below the waist, since narrow homespun canvas did not always allow a dress to be made of the required length. Women's camisoles with the same fitted cut are common throughout almost the entire area where the Bashkirs live. Only its finishing is different.
A special place in the folk wardrobe of Bashkir women was occupied by swinging bishmets (north) and elena (south) made of plain cloth. They were usually decorated with coins, applique and braid. On later samples "epaulets" appear. Elen and Bishmat have general features cut and belong to the Turkic traditional straight-back cuts. Elen is more flared at the hem and is longer almost to the ankles.
Women and girls stood out with elegant embroidered clothes. A dense pattern covered the skirt and sleeves of the dress, the hem and chest of the apron. Floral ornament made of intricately curved branches with leaves and flowers, made in a vestibule, located on dark (black, dark blue, purple) satin. The style of embroidery, outlining the outline with one color and filling the figures with another, gave the design a special three-dimensionality. Such sets (dress and apron) were prepared for a wedding; in the chests of the newlyweds one could find several pairs of embroidered clothes brought to the husband’s house as part of the dowry. The girl's skill was assessed by her ability to vary the pattern. Embroidery with beads, sequins, pearls, and metal thread on the brim of headdresses represented a unique art. Women's headdress primarily emphasized it social status, marital status. Before marriage, girls wore round hats (takiya), caps: sewn and knitted. Elderly women wore a cotton scarf (yaulyk) over a cap or quilted cap (duty). In wealthy families, women wore tall hats made of valuable furs (kamsat burek). Attire: young women wore bright bedspreads (kushyaulyk), white embroidered ones (tastar). The helmet-shaped caps with an occipital blade (kashmau) look distinctive. They were decorated along the helmet with coral netting and pendants, and the blade was embroidered with beads and cowrie shells. The pendants on the helmet reaching to the eyebrows hid half of female face, the blade covered the luxurious braids so as not to serve as a temptation. Kashmau perfectly illustrates the adherence to Sharia laws in everyday life, which defines a woman as a vessel of sin.
One of the significant elements of the women's costume were bibs (selter, yara), covering the slit of the dress. The shape of the bib is not the same in different areas: from triangular to round, from short to long, reaching to the hips. However, they all serve one purpose: to protect against the penetration of evil spirits, and at the same time to cover the same sinful essence of a woman. Women's jewelry (various kinds of earrings, bracelets, rings, braids, clasps) was made of silver, coral, beads, and coins. Turquoise, carnelian, and corals played the role of amulets.
6.2.Men's national costume
Bashkir men's national costume consisting of a shirt, trousers, woolen stockings and boots. A skullcap was put on the head, and a fur hat (burok) was placed on top of it. A camisole or Cossack was worn over the shirt. The outer clothing was a cloth sekmen and a fur coat; they were always belted.
Men's footwear was quite varied: boots, leather shoes, ichigi (sitek), shoe covers. Men's saryk shoes were decorated along the bottom of the shaft with small triangles made of leather.
The decorations of men's clothing were belts: bilbau, kaptyrga and kemer. With the help of bilbau, the Bashkirs belted their outerwear. This belt was made by the Bashkirs themselves; it was woven from threads of dark colors and trimmed with fringe.
Kaptirga - a narrow belt belt, with embossed on it outer surface patterned, with a hook-shaped buckle at one end and a hole at the other.
In great fashion, rich Bashkirs once had dandy sashes, called kemer, with rather expensive engraved copper or even silver buckles, richly decorated with plaques with semi-precious stones - agate, carnelian, turquoise. In the old days, sashes were also highly valued: for one kemer, the rich would give a couple of bulls.
Conclusions
Beauty is inherent in human nature itself. With it, a person strives to fill the world around him, to provide tools and objects accompanying him in everyday life. The fine art of the Bashkirs was very diverse both in technique and in motives.
Bashkir folk ornament had a great influence on the ornaments of other peoples and was itself enriched with designs transferred from other cultures. Bashkir ornament today is successfully mastered by local craftsmen for the production of carpets, scarves, shirts, blouses, napkins, wooden utensils, and gift souvenirs.
The Bashkir ornament is very ancient, but even now it has not lost its relevance. If you walk through the city or any village you can see Bashkir ornaments on houses, posters.
In the Bashkir ornament one can find motifs of Siberian, Central Asian, Volga origin, as well as analogues in the art of Hungary and Bulgaria.
Bashkir ornament has its own specific features, which distinguish it from the ornaments of even the closest peoples in terms of cultural and ethnic kinship. Despite the many motifs characteristic of other nations, the Bashkir ornament represents a unique formation. Some of its elements, the most ancient, are known among other peoples located thousands of kilometers to the west and east. There are elements characteristic of the art of most peoples of Eurasia. This indicates that the culture of the Bashkir people arose in the same direction of the development of world culture, in the process of active contacts with the tribes of the Turkic East and the Finno-Ugric population. This is the reason for the complexity and versatility of the figurative language of the Bashkir people, which tells about the history of the development of their culture.
The multinational people of Bashkiria highly respect the traditions of the region and love their culture - the culture of our ancestors. We think that the Bashkir ornament will be passed on from generation to generation.
Literature
1. Culture of Bashkortostan: educational and reference manual for 8th grade students. Ufa, State Unitary Enterprise "Ufa Printing Plant", 2002, pp. 31-34.
2. Folk arts and crafts of Bashkortostan-Ufa: Bashkir publishing house “Kitap”, 1995, pp. 6-12.
3.Essays on the culture of the peoples of Bashkortostan. Comp. Benin, publishing house: Kitap, 1994, pp. 4-8.
4.Native Bashkortostan: textbook for 6th grade / AznagulovR. G., -2nd ed. – Ufa: Kitap, 2008, pp. 86-102.
5. G History and culture of Bashkortostan: Textbook. village for students Wed specialist. uch. Z.-2nd ed. and additional - Ufa: Galem 2003, pp. 254-261.
6. Bashkir folk clothing.-1st ed. - Ufa: Kitap, 1995, pp. 5-16
7.information from the Internet:
« images. *****› Bashkir pattern
http://bashkort. *****/textbook/index. html
Gulnara Mukhametdinova
Ornaments in the life of the Bashkir people
Mukhametdinova Gulnara
Project activities « Ornaments in the life of the Bashkir people»
Project type:
- project implementation: short-term
Cognitive - creative
Group
- project participants: 23 pupils, teacher, parents.
Relevance:
Joining folk culture on the one hand and the development of creative abilities on the other.
Problem:
Based on acquaintance with folk art , children learn to understand beauty, acquire standards of beauty. Looking at works of decorative and applied art, they have a desire to learn how to create beauty themselves.
Target: creating conditions for the development of children’s cognitive and creative abilities. Develop interest in Bashkir folk art . Promote speech, artistic and creative social development children.
Tasks:
Continue to introduce children to folk art, introduce children to costumes, traditions, way of life Bashkir people.
Develop cognitive activity children, sense of color, compositional skills, develop fine motor skills, broaden your horizons, develop curiosity,
Replenish the active dictionary.
Develop skills in making patterns based on folk paintings, teach to compare and generalize.
Cultivate love for folk art, interest in popular applied arts.
Project hypothesis:
An active approach to introducing preschoolers to folk art will contribute to the development of children's cognitive and creative abilities.
Project implementation:
Health:
To develop cultural and hygienic skills, to consolidate the name of the word scarf on Bashkir language.
Introduce national dishes and drinks (baursak, bishbarmak, kumiss)
Physical culture:
To form in children the need for physical activity, through folk games.
- “Yurt”, "kurai", "green scarf"
Socialization:
- game situation: “The dolls Aigul and Arslan came to visit the kindergarten”. Target: look at the costumes, pay attention to what Aigul is wearing, what Arslan is wearing. Summarize: Bashkir national costumes are bright and beautiful.
Teach children to say hello and goodbye Bashkir language,
- Bashkir folk game"Sticky Stumps".
Role-playing game "Family"- form ideas about family composition and traditions.
Role-playing game "Grandma's Chest"- decoration of the national costume, Bashkir ornament.
Conversation "We live in Bashkortostan» .
Looking at the illustration Bashkir folk costume.
Work:
Getting to know the work of a seamstress and dressmaker. They sew clothes (regular, holiday, national)
Manual labor (crafts)
Cognition:
Develop children's ability to name elements Bashkir costume: (Kharaus, dress with frills, ichiki)
Conversation "My Babai's Skullcap"
Didactic game "Find the same one" (apron, skullcap, etc.)
Develop fine motor skills hands: finger games on Bashkir language(5 children with Timerbai)
Mathematical representations:
Exercise the ability to compare two objects - Skullcap (size and shape)
Cultivate attention. “Find an object by its appearance”
Construction:
Introduce children to design using elementary drawings - schemes: furniture for a doll.
Communication:
Learn to write a story on a topic "Granny's Outfit",
Looking at the illustrations for the book "Grandma's Chest",
Didactic game "Make up Bashkir ornament and pattern»
Reading fiction literature:
- "The Wise Old Man and the Foolish King",
- "Smart girl".
Artistic creativity:
Drawing "yurts": to introduce children to decorative activities, to show ways of coloring elements of national ornament, drawing Bashkir ornaments
Independent creative activity of children “We decorate the camisole with patterns Bashkir people»
Modeling "Baursak": develop the ability to tear small lumps from the main piece and roll them out in a circular motion.
Application “Decorating an apron for a doll”: develop the ability to cut out parts to decorate an apron Bashkir ornament and glue finished parts Bashkir ornament on the silhouette of an apron.
Working with parents:
Consultation “Customs and holidays « Bashkir people» .
Collaborative work of parents and children making crafts using Bashkir ornament, rug decoration Bashkir ornament
Final event: Exhibition of children's creativity.
Project methods:
Cognitive development (Conversations about culture Bashkir people, acquaintance with Bashkir patterns, national costumes)
Game activity ( "Make up Bashkir pattern» , "Patch the rug", « Bashkir Lotto» )
Productive activity (modeling, applique)
Artistic and aesthetic direction: drawings on the topic « Bashkir ornaments»
Interaction with parents: making crafts or decorations using Bashkir ornament, the work of parents together with children.
Project presentation:
Open display of OOD artistic creativity on topic: « Bashkir ornaments»
Exhibition of works by parents and children at topic: “Making crafts using Bashkir ornament».
Publications on the topic:
Open educational hour “National Ornaments” Regional sanatorium school - boarding school No. 4. Open educational hour: “National ornaments, what they talk about” Conducted by: teacher 1.
Summary of the Open lesson in the senior group “Decoration of a Bashkir house” Municipal budget preschool educational institution Kindergarten No. 218 urban district of the city of Ufa of the Republic of Bashkortostan Abstract.
Methodological recommendations “Means of folk (Bashkir) art in decorative drawing” Folk Bashkir decorative and applied art fosters a sensitive attitude to beauty and contributes to the formation of a harmoniously developed personality.
Theme directly-organized educational activities: “Journey into the past of the Bashkir people” 04/25/2012 /preparatory.
Generalization of family experience in developing a healthy lifestyle in children of the third year of life Early childhood is the foundation of a child’s overall development, the starting period of all human beginnings. It is at this age that the foundations are laid.