Marina Trufanova
Arts and crafts program for children of middle and senior preschool age.
Arts and crafts program for children of middle and senior preschool age. Developer programs- Trufanova Marina Georgievna, teacher of the municipal budgetary preschool educational institution of a general developmental kindergarten with priority implementation of physical development activities No. 6 in the city of Zadonsk, Lshipetsk region.
Program
By
For children of middle and senior preschool age
Educator
Trufanova Marina Georgievna
Adopted at the meeting
pedagogical council
protocol No. 1
Zadonsk, 2012
Decorative and applied arts program
Explanatory note
"The highest view art,
the most talented, the most brilliant
is folk art,
that is, what is captured by the people,
preserved what the people carried through the centuries.”
M. I. Kalinin
The problem of developing children's creativity is currently one of the most pressing in both theoretical and practical terms. After all, we are talking about the most important condition for the formation of the individual identity of a person already in the first stages of its formation. On the role and significance of folk decorative arts in raising children Many scientists wrote (A.V. Bakushinskaya, P.P. Blonsky, T.S. Shatsky, N.P. Sakulina, Yu.V. Maksimov, R.N. Smirnova and others). They noted that art awakens the first bright, imaginative ideas about the Motherland, its culture, promotes the cultivation of a sense of beauty, develops creative abilities children.
The child absorbs the culture of his people through lullabies, nurseries, nursery rhymes, fun games, riddles, proverbs, sayings, fairy tales, works. Only in this case the folk art- this unclouded source of beauty will leave a deep imprint in the child’s soul and arouse lasting interest. The beauty of their native nature, the peculiarities of the way of life of the Russian people, their all-round talent, hard work, and optimism appear vividly and directly in the works of folk artists. It is impossible to imagine the culture of Russia without folk art, which reveals the original sources of the spiritual life of the Russian people, clearly demonstrates their moral, aesthetic values, artistic tastes and is part of their history.
Getting to know art folk masters helps children look at familiar things and phenomena in a new way, see the beauty of the world around them. The teacher is predetermined by a high mission - to bring all moral values into the world of childhood, to help the child discover this world in all its richness and diversity. arts and crafts. This means that any educational activity, a meeting with a toy, a creative activity, a conversation are subordinated to a single goals: comprehensively develop the child’s personality, because all children should live in a world of beauty, games, fairy tales, music, fantasy and creativity.
Acquaintance children with the basics of arts and crafts carried out in all programs education and training in preschool institutions, But methodological recommendations, which are available in programs not enough or very few. Having analyzed the basic general education preschool education program"From birth to school"/ ed. N. E. Veraksy, T. S. Komarova, M. A. Vasilyeva, I considered it advisable to use a more in-depth acquaintance with folk art in my work.
Implementation programs occurs in the process of extended, in-depth acquaintance children with products of folk arts and crafts, acquaintance with the symbols of Russian decorative arts and independent creation decorative items.
Construction principles programs:
Connection with life;
The principle of visibility;
The principle of systematicity;
The principle of realism;
The principle of consistency;
The principle of an individual approach in artistic development children;
The principle of material availability;
Construction principle software material from simple to complex.
Target programs: formation and development of foundations artistic culture child through folk arts and crafts.
Tasks programs:
Communicate children to folk arts and crafts in the conditions of one’s own practical creative activity;
Cultivate a sustainable interest in folk art as a standard of beauty;
Develop aesthetic (emotional-evaluative, imaginative perception, aesthetic feelings;
Develop artistic and creative abilities in children, the habit of bringing elements of beauty into life;
To form an idea of the laws of folk arts and crafts(color, content, alternation, symmetry, asymmetry in the pattern, applicability of the pattern to the form, visual techniques, etc.);
Based on mastering the artistic experience of folk craftsmen, develop individual creativity children in ornamental activities: special artistic abilities – "feeling" colors, rhythm, composition, independence, creative initiative;
Cultivate interest in art of the native land.
Areas of work:
1. Getting to know each other children
2. Getting to know traditional local crafts and toys
3. Self-created children decorative products with creative application of acquired knowledge.
The material is selected taking into account age, individual characteristics children and the theme of GCD. It gradually becomes more complex. Having introduced children with trade Having aroused the desire to create your own product, a purposeful process of its production occurs. To develop creative abilities, it is recommended to use non-traditional drawing techniques, experimenting with various art materials, didactic games, silhouette modeling, physical education, and exercises for drawing elements of paintings.
Methods and techniques:
Method of examination, clarity (examination of authentic products, illustrations, albums, postcards, tables and other visual aids);
Verbal (conversation, use of literary words, instructions, explanations);
Practical (children perform independently decorative items, the use of various tools and materials for the image);
Heuristic (development of resourcefulness and activity);
Partially search;
Problem-motivational (stimulates activity children by including a problem situation in the course of the lesson);
Method "apprentices" (interaction between teacher and child in a single creative process); co-creation;
Motivational (encouragement);
Hand gesture (the child shows the elements of the pattern by touching it with his finger, finds the same or identical shape by color, element).
Stages of work:
The entire educational process is divided into two stage:
Stage I – Preparatory.
Tasks:
Introduce children with samples of folk arts and crafts.
Develop the ability to see, understand, and appreciate the beauty of handicrafts.
Perceive the content of the pattern, the features of its visual and expressive funds, functional connection of the decorated object with the traditions of folk art.
Form a sense of rhythm, symmetry, harmony.
Stage II – Practical.
Tasks:
Independently transfer your impressions and ideas about folk art into different types of artistic activities: modeling and drawing.
Use different ones when sculpting ways: constructive, sculptural, plastic, combined, circular molding, picking up clay in a stack.
Independently build a composition of patterns on different products, taking into account their shape, fill most of them with the pattern.
Independently compose compositions of patterns, use color combinations based on knowledge of the characteristic features of paintings.
Use new tools (including self-created ones, a variety of image materials, traditional and non-traditional techniques for performing work.
Working with parents assumes: individual consultations, conversations, recommendations, information stands, workshops, exhibitions of children's creativity and surveys on issues of artistic development children.
Diagnostic criteria for assessing children's work on decorative and applied arts
Has an idea of folk crafts; names them, recognizes the material from which the product is made;
Has an understanding of symbols in drawings, amulets in painting;
Able to independently analyze the product;
Highlights characteristic means of expression(pattern elements, color, color combination);
Selects elements of a pattern and composes a composition from them;
Independently determines the sequence of painting;
Uses decorative elements at work;
Uses several unconventional techniques;
Emotionality, content, brightness, colorfulness, decorativeness;
Originality.
Ability to draw according to design;
The ability to subordinate visual materials, facilities, methods of depicting one’s own design, set by the visual arts task: selection of visual material, ability to mix paints on a palette to obtain different colors and shades;
Lack of graphic stamps;
Level of imagination, fantasy;
Using different sculpting methods in your work.
Expected Result:
Middle group:
Children have an idea of some of the features decorative and applied arts - art create beautiful things and decorate your home and clothes with them;
Children have their first ideas about decorative and design art - art beautiful design of a room, group, exhibitions, greeting cards, attributes for games.
Children have the idea that images and patterns, their elements are taken by man from nature and the surrounding world; decorative the images are distinguished by their brightness, elegance, and pattern, which creates a joyful mood and decorates everyday life;
Children have an idea about some types of Russian folk arts and crafts: matryoshka doll, Dymkovo toy.
They know how to create decorative compositions based on Dymkovo patterns, patterns in the style of Dymkovo painting;
They are able to identify elements of Dymkovo painting, see and name the colors used in painting.
Senior group:
Recognize and name familiar types of folk arts and crafts(matryoshka, haze, gorodets, Khokhloma, Gzhel);
They make up patterns, including familiar elements of folk painting, and create decorative compositions based on folk products;
Able to compare objects of familiar types arts, find their similarities and differences;
Apply skills and abilities acquired in class independently and creatively;
They know how to sculpt birds, animals, and people like folk toys, conveying their characteristic features.
Preparatory group:
They distinguish and name the types of folk arts and crafts(Dymkovo painting, Khokhloma, Gzhel, Zhostovo, Pavlovo Posad painting, Romanov toy);
Able to independently analyze the product and design;
Characteristic means of expression: elements of the pattern, color, combination of colors, composition of color spots, symmetrical and asymmetrical pattern of the composition, etc.
The product is painted in accordance with folk painting;
They use a variety of non-traditional drawing techniques in the process of creating products.
They know how to use a brush freely, outline the sequence of making a product, perform products independently, and are able to control their actions with a verbal explanation.
Means of implementing the Program to familiarize children with decorative and applied arts
GCD for drawing and sculpting (in accordance with FGT)
Entertainment
Target walks
Didactic games
Working with parents
Examination of authentic folk products art, illustrations, albums, postcards, tables;
Exhibitions of children's works arts and crafts
Writing fairy tales, stories, stories about your work;
Use of health-saving technologies;
Forward planning
Middle group
September:
1. Conversation on the topic: "Introducing the Russian Matryoshka"
2. Didactic game "Collect a matryoshka doll"
3. Artistic word "Russian doll".
topic: “The influence of folk crafts on aesthetic education preschool children».
October:
1. GCD Topic: « Decorative drawing. Apron decoration"
2. Conversation on the topic: “The history of the matryoshka doll”
3. Didactic game "Dress up the matryoshka"
4. Artistic word "Eight wooden dolls"
On topic: "People's art and children's creativity"
November:
1. GCD Drawing Topic: « Decorative drawing. Sweater decoration"
2. Conversation on the topic: “Matryoshka is a beauty”
3. Artistic word “There is another toy for you”
4. Didactic game "Russian doll"»
5. Project “We, nesting dolls, love colorful clothes very much.”
December:
1. GCD Modeling Theme: "Big Duck with Ducklings"
2. Conversation on the topic: “Examining the decoration of a matryoshka doll”
3. Didactic game “Which matryoshka doll is the sundress from?”
4. Artistic word "Matryoshka - girlfriend"
January:
1. GCD Topic: « Decorative drawing. Handkerchief decoration"
2. Conversation on the topic: "Dymkovo toy"
3. Artistic word “Vyatka shuddered from the whistle”, “What is Dymkovo famous for?”
4. Didactic game "Assemble from parts"
topic: “The influence of folk crafts "Haze" for aesthetic education preschool children»
February:
1. GCD Topic: « Decorative drawing. Decorate your toys"
2. Conversation on the topic: “Where does the Dymkovo toy come from?”
3. Artistic word "Jolly White Clay", “Here is a smart turkey”
4. Didactic game "Make a pattern"
5. Entertainment "On a visit to the colors"
March:
1. GCD Topic: « Decorative drawing. Let's decorate the doll's dress"
2. Conversation on the topic: “Primary colors of Dymkovo toys”
3. Didactic game "Dress up the lady"
4. Artistic word “The nannies are going for a ride”, "Beyond the icy water"
5. Consultation for parents topic: “Artistic and aesthetic education of a child in the family”.
April:
1. GCD" Modeling Topic: "Lamb"
2. Conversation on the topic: "Dymkovo Lady"
3. Artistic word "Merry bright rainbow"
4. Didactic game "Choose by color"
5. Project "Dymkovo beauty"
1. Conversation on the topic: “What is the mood of the Dymkovo toy”
2. Didactic game "Guess and Tell"
3. Artistic word “We brought clay...”, "Many fabulous places"
4. Consultation for parents on topic: « Decorative and applied arts - for children»
Forward planning
Senior group
September:
1. Conversation on the topic: "Dymkovo Fairyland".
2. Didactic game "Collect a picture"
3. Artistic word “With ribbons, bows, arm in arm with dandies”.
4. Entertainment "Visiting the Masters"
October:
1. GCD Topic: “Beautiful birds. Decorative drawing based on Dymkovo painting."
2. GCD Topic: "Funny toys". Drawing of the Bogorodskaya toy.
3. GCD Topic: «» Goat." Modeling based on the Dymkovo toy.
4. GCD Topic: "Dymkovskaya Sloboda". Drawing based on Dymkovo painting.
5. GCD Topic: “Acquaintance with Gorodets painting”. Drawing.
6. GCD Topic: "Gorodets painting". Drawing.
7. Conversation on the topic: "Dymkovo wealth"
8. Didactic game "Make a pattern"
9. Artistic word “To the sorceresses of the Vyatka native land”.
10. Consultation for parents "Children's toy".
November:
1. GCD Topic: "Olesek". Decorative drawing based on Dymkovo painting.
2. GCD Topic: "Bookmark". Drawing based on Gorodets painting.
3. GCD Topic: "Painting of an oleshka". Drawing based on folk decorative patterns.
4. Conversation on the topic: "Dymkovsky Oleshek".
5. Didactic game “Make a picture from memory”
6. Artistic word "Horned Goats", "On a summer day, a fine day".
7. Project "Miracle Masters of Rus'"
December:
1. GCD Topic: “Gorodets painting of a wooden board”. Decorative drawing
2. Conversation on the topic: "Merry Town"
3. Didactic game "Gorodets patterns"
4. Artistic word “There is an ancient city on the Volga...”, “You will go down the Volga...”
January:
1. GCD Topic: "Gorodets painting". Decorative drawing
2. GCD Topic: “Based on Gorodets painting”. Drawing
3. Conversation on the topic: “Khokhloma painting, like witchcraft”
4. Didactic game “Make a Khokhloma pattern”
5. Consultation for parents “What toys should I buy for children?”
6. Artistic word "Carved spoons and ladles", "Terem, terem, teremok"
7. Entertainment. Leisure evening – "Masters of Great Rus'"
February:
1. GCD Topic: "Golden Khokhloma". Drawing.
2. GCD Topic: “Based on Khokhloma painting”. Decorative drawing.
3. Conversation on the topic: "Khokhloma beauty".
4. Artistic word "Khokhloma painting", “Khokhloma brush, thank you very much!”
5. Didactic game "Collect a picture"
March:
1. GCD Topic: "Getting to know the art of Gzhel painting» Drawing
2. GCD Topic: “Draw whatever pattern you want” Drawing
3. Conversation on the topic: "Blue - blue miracle"
4. Didactic game "Name it correctly"
5. Artistic word “Legend-fairy tale. “Where does the color blue come from in Gzhel?”
6. Project "Fairytale Gzhel"
7. Target walk in the mini-museum of the kindergarten
April:
1. GCD Topic: "Rooster" Modeling based on Dymkovo (or other folk) toys
2. GCD Topic: "Rooster Painting". Drawing
3. GCD Topic: "Gzhel patterns". Drawing
4. Conversation on the topic: "Gzhel patterns"
5. Didactic game "Guess and Tell"
6. Artistic word "Porcelain teapots", "In the quiet suburbs of Moscow"
7. Entertainment "Journey into the world of folk toys"
1. GCD Topic: “Painting silhouettes of Gzhel dishes” Drawing
2. Conversation on the topic: “Examining Gzhel dishes”
3. Didactic game "Gzhel patterns"
4. Artistic word “There is such a place in the Moscow region”, “What could be more beautiful than Gzhel?”
Forward planning
Preparatory group for school
September:
1. GCD Topic: « Decorative drawing on a square"
2. Conversation on the topic: “Acquaintance with the signs of folk ornaments”
3. Didactic game "Folk Crafts"
4. Artistic word "The Tale of the Hero Ivan"
5. Entertainment "Miracle - Upper Room"
6. Target walk to the pottery workshop
October:
1. GCD Topic: "Curl". Decorative
2. Conversation on the topic: "Bouquets from Zhostovo"
3. Didactic game “Collect the picture from memory”
4. Artistic word “A fairy tale is a legend. "Flower - Fire and Flower - Snowflake"
5. Consultation for parents « Folk culture in children's creativity"
6. Project « Arts and crafts»
November:
1. GCD Topic: « Decorative drawing based on Gorodets painting"
2. GCD Topic: "Dymkovo ladies". Modeling
3. Conversation on the topic: "Red Sundress"
4. Didactic game "Pick a suit"
5. Artistic word “Proverbs about Russian folk costume”
December:
1. GCD Topic: "Bird". Modeling a Dymkovo toy
2. GCD Topic: « Decorative drawing based on folk painting"
3. Conversation on the topic: "Bogorodskaya carved toy"
4. Didactic game "Guess and Tell"
5. Artistic word "Knock, knock...", “She was famous, as she was famous...”
6. Entertainment "Fun Fair"
January:
1. GCD Topic: "Bouquet of flowers". Decorative drawing
2. GCD Topic: "Horses are grazing". Drawing decorative plot composition
3. GCD Topic: "Turkey" Modeling of a Dymkovo toy
4. Conversation on the topic: "Gifts of the White-trunked Beauty"
5. Didactic game "Assemble from parts"
6. Artistic word "Tuesok"
February:
1. GCD Topic: « Decorative drawing based on Khokhloma painting"
2. Conversation on the topic: "Golden Khokhloma"
3. Artistic word "The Legend of Golden Khokhloma"
4. Didactic game “Make a Khokhloma pattern”
5. Consultation for parents "Acquaintance children with Khokhloma painting"
6. Project "Folk Crafts of Russia"
March:
1. GCD Topic: « Decorative plate» Modeling
2. Conversation on the topic: "The Miracle of Filimonov Whistles"
3. Didactic game "Guess and Tell"
4. Artistic word "My toys", "Filimonovskaya village"
5. Project "Golden hands of the masters"
April:
1. GCD Topic: "Composition with flowers and birds". Decorative drawing based on folk painting
2. GCD Topic: "Curl". Decorative drawing based on Khokhloma painting
3. Conversation on the topic: “Acquaintance with the Lipetsk toy”
4. Didactic game "Guess by the description"
5. Artistic word "Vologda lace patterns", "Lace in Dragonfly Wings"
1. Conversation on the topic: "Patterned board"
2. Didactic game “Paint the handkerchief”
3. Artistic word “Red roses on a black background...”, “We worked on the pattern”
4. Consultation for parents "People's decorative and applied arts in patriotic education preschoolers»
Introduction.
1. Folk arts and crafts and its place in kindergarten.
2. Characteristics of folk craft items.
3. Introducing children to folk art and learning decorative modeling in different age groups.
Conclusion.
Literature.
Introduction
Folk arts and crafts of our country are an integral part of culture. The emotionality and poetic imagery of this art are close, understandable and dear to people. Like any great art, it fosters a sensitive attitude to beauty and contributes to the formation of a harmoniously developed personality. Based on deep artistic traditions, folk art enters into the life and culture of our people, and has a beneficial effect on the formation of the person of the future. Works of art, created by folk craftsmen, always reflect love for their native land, the ability to see and understand the world around them.
Folk arts and crafts - one of the means of aesthetic education - helps to form artistic taste, teaches children to see and understand the beauty in the life around us and in art. Folk art is national in content, therefore it can actively influence the spiritual development of a person and the formation of patriotic feelings in a child.
Increasingly, works of decorative and applied art penetrate into people’s lives, creating an aesthetically complete environment that defines creative potential personality. Introducing preschoolers to folk art is carried out by creating a beautiful interior of a kindergarten and group room, the design of which includes works of folk art. Therefore, the role of kindergartens is great, where work is successfully carried out to familiarize children with examples of folk art. An important place is also given to decorative modeling. The teacher tells the children about folk art objects and teaches decorative modeling techniques.
But in order to successfully carry out such work, the teacher must himself be familiar with folk arts and crafts, must know and understand folk art, and know the methods of teaching children decorative modeling.
1. Folk arts and crafts and its place in kindergarten
IN modern culture folk art lives on in its traditional forms. Thanks to this, the products of folk craftsmen retain their stable characteristics and are perceived as carriers of an integral artistic culture. Folk art items are diverse. These can be toys made of wood, clay, dishes, carpets, lace, lacquer miniatures, etc. Each product carries goodness, joy, and imagination, captivating both children and adults.
Folk art is always understandable and loved by everyone. Since ancient times, people have liked to decorate their homes with carpets, painted trays and boxes, because folk art carries within itself the warmth of the master’s hands, a subtle understanding of nature, the ability to simply, but with a great flair for form and color, select for their products only what what is necessary is what is truly beautiful. Unsuccessful samples are eliminated, only the valuable, great, coming from the depths of the soul lives. Folk art is valuable because every time, creating the same thing, the master introduces something new into the pattern, and the shape cannot turn out to be absolutely the same. A folk craftsman creates various products. These include salt cellars with Khokhloma painting, bread bins, and Gorodets painted dishes.
Folk art is the property of not only adults, but also children, who enthusiastically play with both wooden nesting dolls and clay figurines of Kirov masters. Children love Bogorodsk toy boxes and Kargopol toys. Wooden spoons, wicker baskets, halves made of rags and other items of folk crafts are in particular demand. Folk art is figurative, colorful, and original in its design. It is accessible to children’s perception, since it contains understandable content that specifically, in simple, laconic forms, reveals to the child the beauty and charm of the world around him. These are always familiar to children fairy-tale images of animals made of wood or clay. Ornaments used by folk craftsmen for painting toys and dishes include flowers, berries, leaves that a child encounters in the forest, in a field, or on a kindergarten site. Thus, masters of Khokhloma painting skillfully create ornaments from leaves, viburnum berries, raspberries, and cranberries. Gorodets craftsmen create their ornaments from the leaves and large flowers of the leotard, rose hips, and roses. Masters of clay toys often paint their products with geometric patterns: rings, stripes, circles, which are also understandable to small children. All these products, both wooden and clay, are used in kindergartens not only to decorate the interior of the room. Under the guidance of a teacher, children carefully examine them, draw and model them based on samples of folk products.
People's creative arts should enter the everyday life of kindergartens, delighting children, expanding their concepts and ideas, and cultivating artistic taste. Kindergartens should have a sufficient number of folk art items. This will make it possible to decorate the interiors of groups and other rooms, from time to time replacing some items with others. Artistic products are shown to children during conversations about folk craftsmen and are used in classes. All DPI items must be stored in the cabinets of the teacher’s office. They are distributed among industries and are constantly replenished with new items. For children of younger groups, you need to have turned wooden toys, fun toys from Bogorodsk craftsmen, and products from Kargopol folk craftsmen. For the middle group you need to have Semyonov, Filimonov and Kargopol toys, painted birds from Torzhok. For children of the senior and preparatory school groups, any folk toy, clay or wooden, is available.
Decorative modeling in preschool institution- this is the creation by children of dishes, decorative plates, various figures on the theme of folk toys. In addition, children can make small jewelry (beads, brooches for dolls), souvenirs for mothers, grandmothers, sisters for their birthdays, for the holiday of March 8th. The skills acquired by children during decorative modeling classes can be used by them when creating other types of stucco work, making the products more expressive.
Under the influence of folk art, children perceive Russian illustrations more deeply and with great interest. folk tales. Folk toys, with their rich themes, influence the child’s design during modeling, enriching his understanding of the world around him. Activities using folk art items help develop the child’s mental activity. However, all this is possible only if there is a systematic, systematic familiarization of children with DPI objects, as a result of which children create their own decorative works: toys, dishes, plates decorated with tile-type ornaments. Objects of applied art of the peoples of Russia can become valuable material not only for the artistic, but also for the comprehensive education of every child.
Children’s desires to create beautiful objects and decorate them largely depend on the teacher’s interest and attitude towards this work. The teacher needs to know folk crafts, the history of their origin, what folk craft this or that toy belongs to, be able to tell about the craftsmen who make these toys and tell it in a fascinating way in order to interest children and awaken in them a desire for creativity.
2. Characteristics of folk crafts
Let's consider objects of folk arts and crafts that can be used in kindergarten.
DYMKOVO TOY
The products of Kirov craftsmen surprise with their plastic shape, special proportions, and unusually bright patterns. Everyone likes lively, festive, lavishly sculpted and painted dolls of dandy ladies, goats, ponies, roosters with bright tails. The fishery originated in the distant past. The earliest description of Dymkovo toys dates back to 1811. Its author is Nikolai Zakharovich Khitrovo. The description tells about the Vyatka folk holiday - “Svistoplaska”, during which painted clay dolls with gilded patterns were sold. Clay toys were sold not only in Vyatka. They were sold at county fairs and bazaars, and sent to other provinces. Before the revolution, craftsmen worked in the village of Dymkovo alone and in families. They dug clay, mixed it with sand, kneaded it first with their feet and then with their hands. The products were fired in Russian kilns and then painted. Women and children took part in this work.
The factory where Dymkovo toys are now made is located in the city of Kirov. Well-known renowned masters A.A. work here. Mazurina, E.Z. Koshkina, Z.V. Penkin, who, while preserving old traditions, create new original toys. Craftsmen work in well-equipped, bright workshops. On the shelves there are toys in close rows, different in content and design, bright and gilded. These are dandy ladies, painted goats, horses, duck-whistles, piglets, bears, etc.
The process of making a toy can be divided into two stages: modeling the product and painting it. The sculpting methods are very simple. For example, when depicting a doll, craftswomen first make a skirt from a layer of clay, resulting in a hollow bell-shaped shape; the head, neck and upper part of the body are made from one piece, and the details of the clothing (ruffles, frills, cuffs, hats, etc.) are sculpted separately and applied to the main form, calling them moldings.
The Dymkovo toy is very specific. There are traditions in its creation and design, which are expressed, first of all, in staticity, splendor of forms and brightness of color.
FILIMONOVSKAYA TOY
An equally famous center of folk crafts is the village of Filimonovo, Odoevsky district, Tula region, where they make amazing clay toys. According to legend, grandfather Philemon lived in this place and made toys. Now in the village there are workshops for making clay toys, where craftswomen A.I. work. Derbeneva, P.P. Ilyukhina, A.I. Lukyanova and others. People and animals made by artists differ in shape and painting. The toys are funny, whimsical and very expressive - these are ladies, peasant women, soldiers with epaulettes, dancing couples, horse riders, cows, rams, a fox with a rooster, etc. All toys have elastic bodies, long or short legs, elongated necks with small heads . These toys are difficult to confuse with any others, since they have their own traditions in the interpretation of shape and painting. The painting is bright, and mainly yellow, red, orange, green, blue and white colors predominate. Combining simple elements (stripes, arcs, dots, intersecting lines forming stars), craftswomen create amazing patterns that beautifully fit on the skirts and aprons of the figures. The faces of the figures always remain white, and only small strokes and dots outline the eyes, mouth, and nose. The toys blaze with fire, shimmer with all the colors of the rainbow, there are few moldings in the Filimonovskaya toy, if you compare it with the Dymkovo one.
A small child, first of all, sees a Filimonov toy as fun, a fantastic image of an object that awakens his creativity.
KARGOPOL TOY
Kargopol is an ancient Russian city surrounded by forest. Since ancient times, the inhabitants of this city and its environs have been engaged in pottery. For the most part, they made glazed dishes: pots, krinkas, bowls, and some craftsmen made clay toys. However, in 1930, the artistic craft fell into decline. Only the talented craftswoman U.I. continued to make toys. Babkina, her products are characterized by the best features of folk toys. In 1967, Kargopol workshops for the production of painted clay toys were re-established.
Next to the bright, sonorous colors of the Dymkovo and Filimonov toys, the plasticity of the figurines from this northern region may seem austere. The color scheme of the painting includes black, dark green and brown. Among the toys there are many funny images, sculpted simply, but with great warmth and folk humor. Mostly these are peasant women with baskets or birds in their hands, dolls with spinning wheels, and bearded men. The Kargopol toy is also characterized by multi-figure compositions - dancing figures, cheerful threes with riders in a sleigh, etc. Kargopol artists also love to depict animals: bear, hare, horse, dog, pig, goose and duck.
The Kargopol toy is characterized by a convention in the interpretation of the image in form, proportions and coloring. All the figures are somewhat squat, with short arms and legs, they have an elongated body, a thick and short neck and a relatively large head. Animals are depicted as thick-legged and sometimes dynamic, for example, a bear stands on its hind legs - the moment of attack; a dog has its paws spread and its mouth is open, a duck has outstretched wings, etc. Recently, to enliven toys, craftsmen have been adding yellow, blue and orange colors. The main elements of the ornament are combinations of intersecting lines, circles, herringbones, dots and stripes. The toys are sculpted in parts, the joints of the parts are carefully smoothed. The products are dried, fired in a kiln and painted with tempera paints. Nowadays hereditary masters K.P. work in Kargopol. Sheveleva, A.P. Shevelev, S.E. Druzhinin. Everyone has their own style of modeling and painting, however, all toys are based on old folk traditions.
TVERSKAYA TOY
In the city of Torzhok, Tver Region, clay toys, in particular clay birds, decorated with moldings and paintings, began to be made relatively recently. The masters of this craft, when creating a decorative toy, use a special range of colors of enamel paints: blue, light blue, white, black, green, orange, red. The pattern consists of strokes, circles and dots that create a festive decor. In addition to painting, the toy is decorated with moldings that are well connected with its main shape. The bright enamel pattern beautifully complements the figures, lying on a brown background, since the product is not primed and the background is the color of baked clay. The toy is basically static, but there are swan birds with sharply turned necks and heads, which gives them special plasticity. Among the toys there are roosters, chickens, geese, swans, ducks.
BOGORODSKAYA TOY
Folk craftsmen in the village of Bogorodskoye, Moscow region, create wooden carved toys, which, like clay ones, belong to folk sculpture and can be successfully used in working with children in decorative modeling classes. For more than 350 years, wood carvers have been working in the village of Bogorodskoye near Sergiev Posad. In their skillful hands, blocks of wood turn into funny figures. The toys are cut from linden, which must dry for 2 years beforehand. The main types of painted toys are chickens, birds on a stand with a movable device, etc. Figures are cut from whole wood, for which blanks are made different shapes. The surface of the finished products from the old masters was cleaned with sandpaper, resulting in a smooth figurine. Now toys are finished with carvings, which rhythmically lie on the surface and decorate the product. Traditionally, some parts of the toy are made movable. The content of the toys is varied - these are the plots of fairy tales, fables, sports and space, and they are all joke toys. The traditional image is a bear.
A famous master of Bogorodsk carving is the hereditary carver N.I. Maksimov. For many years he trained carvers at a vocational technical school, striving to instill in them not only the skills and techniques of carving, but also a love for nature, for all living things. Bogorodsk toys are widely known in our country and are famous far beyond its borders.
GZHEL WARE
Not far from Moscow in the Ramensky district is the village of Gzhel. Pottery crafts have been practiced here for a long time, from about the 14th century. They made kvass, kumgans, plates and toys painted with ceramic paints in brown and yellowish-green colors. Sometimes the dishes were decorated with molded figures. Currently, Gzhel porcelain products have gained worldwide fame due to the uniqueness of their design and shape. Gzhel porcelain is easily recognized by its blue painting on a white background. However, the blue is not monochromatic, and if you look closely, you can see the finest halftones and shades, reminiscent of the blue of the sky, lakes and rivers. Gzhel masters write on porcelain with strokes and lines, and the pattern’s ornamentation includes leaves and flowers: daisies, bells, cornflowers, roses, tulips and lilies of the valley. In addition to dishes, small sculptures and toys are made in Gzhel. Among them you can see fairy-tale characters beloved by children: Alyonushka in a long dress and scarf, Ivan Tsarevich with Elena the Beautiful on the Gray Wolf, Emelya with a caught pike, etc. Currently, the artists are working on creating new plots and compositions. Sculptures appeared depicting astronauts and athletes with Olympic torches. All works of Gzhel masters amaze with a deep sense of rhythm, harmony of form and content.
3. Introducing children to folk art and learning decorative modeling in different age groups
FIRST JUNIOR GROUP
Children's acquaintance with decorative art should begin in the first junior group of kindergarten. The child’s capabilities in decorative modeling at this stage are very limited: children only decorate the products using a stick or making an indentation with their finger. Children are introduced to toys in the form of games, during which the teacher asks the children what this or that object represents. Children are asked to arrange toys in a certain order, build a house, a ladder, a bridge for the nesting dolls. Kids love bright nesting dolls and smooth, chiseled toys; they are happy to join in the game: they place them on the table, place them on a ladder made of cubes, or lead them along a bridge. At the same time, children are given the task of comparing toys by size, identifying the main, large parts and small parts, recognizing and naming the shape of the parts. Kids especially like it when there are a lot of toys on the table. One or two toys hardly attract the child’s attention; interest in them quickly disappears. While playing with nesting dolls, they tell the teacher that there are many nesting dolls, they are big and small, the nesting dolls have eyes, a nose, beautiful scarves, and, looking at the chiseled birds, they note that the bird’s head is round and its tail is long.
In the first junior group, folk toys are mainly used for games. However, in some classes, the teacher, in order to attract children to this type of activity, shows them how to sculpt.
There is no decorative modeling in this group yet, but children are already showing a tendency to decorate their products. The first attempts of children to decorate their sculpture lead to a chaotic arrangement of the pattern along the edge of the product, which is a reference line for the child. Taking into account this feature and knowing that it is easier for the child, the task can be reduced to decorating the edge of a molded cookie or gingerbread. Decoration elements can first be dots, and then stripes made with a stick. Kids are fascinated by the ability to make indentations in clay with a stick. They do this with pleasure, realizing that their toys will become more beautiful. The teacher should support the child’s desire to decorate his work by making appropriate suggestions at every opportunity.
SECOND JUNIOR GROUP
To work with children in the first half of the year, they usually use the same toys as in the first junior group, but they conduct a more in-depth analysis of the shape of objects. For example, when showing a matryoshka doll to children, the teacher says that the doll has a head, arms, names the details of clothing: an apron, sleeves, a scarf, show beautiful flowers, leaves and other decorative elements on them.
Children second junior group They are well-receptive to the Dymkovo toy, which can be offered for viewing at the end of the first - beginning of the second half of the year. Moreover, children are not hampered by the conventional shape and coloring of these toys. They freely identify objects and highlight elements of painting: stripes, circles, dots and rings. The perception of folk art objects makes it possible to set visual tasks for children and trace the influence of folk art on the nature of children's modeling. However, the selection of objects for modeling should take into account the age characteristics of preschoolers.
Starting from the second half of the year, children can be asked to decorate a disc-shaped product with three-dimensional forms - balls and rollers. When completing this task, children make a cake, a pastry for dolls, arranging the elements in a certain rhythm: balls along the edges and in the middle, and rollers in the form of a grid or rays diverging from the center to the edges. Children first create the base and then gradually decorate it. The activity of each child is manifested in the fact that the baby himself chooses the shape and size of the elements and alternates them.
The next stage is a more complex task: children are asked to fashion a cup and apply a pattern on it in a stack along the edge of the cup in one or several rows.
After familiarizing themselves with wooden toys, children sculpt birds, mushrooms, and dolls in a long outfit. They decorate each item, and transfer the ability to work with stacks to the image of such details as the mouth, nose, and eyes of dolls. All this makes children's works more expressive. Thus, a certain sequence is outlined for introducing children of the second younger group to folk toys and introducing decorative elements into modeling. For games and viewing in this group, you can use Semyonov nesting dolls, Zagorsk wooden turned toys and wooden toys from Bogorodsk craftsmen, Kargopol toys (horse, goose, duck, dog) and Dymkovo toys (cockerel, mother hen, large and small dolls). For familiarization before modeling, you can offer wooden turned objects consisting of round and cone-shaped shapes.
MIDDLE GROUP
For successful learning of decorative modeling in the middle group, work continues to introduce children to folk art. For this purpose, Semenov nesting dolls, wooden turned Bogorodsk toys, Dymkovo cockerels and goats, Kargopol toys, painted birds from Torzhok, and Filimonov toys are used.
However, for reproduction in modeling, it is better for children to offer Semyonov nesting dolls, turned wooden toys, Kargopol toys (dog, goose) and toys from Torzhok. It is advisable to use the remaining toys for playing and viewing.
Children aged 4-5 years are introduced to folk art objects in the form of games and short conversations. It is important for children to understand that folk toys made from any material are almost always brightly painted and that is why they are cheerful and joyful. The child begins to understand that in one case the pattern is placed on a three-dimensional form, in another - on an object brightly painted in one color, and this is also very beautiful. You can sculpt a goat or a cockerel with children of this age, both from imagination and from life, using a Dymkovo toy. To do this, at the beginning of the lesson, the toy is examined, paying attention to its plastic and other expressive features. Next, the teacher shows some modeling methods. The main parts of the toy are sculpted in advance, and the teacher only shows how they need to be connected, tightly adhered to each other.
Children must sculpt all the small details: the horns and beard of a goat, the comb and wings of a cockerel themselves; you can once again examine the toy standing on the stand. The opportunity to approach an object during class and examine it relieves stress for children during work. In addition, the child has a desire to make the toy as beautiful as the craftswoman did.
The sculpted works are carefully preserved, children examine them repeatedly and, after they have dried, fire them in a muffle furnace.
In the evening, in the presence of the children, the teacher paints the toys. An exhibition is organized from children's works, which decorates the group for several days, and then children can play with these figures.
SENIOR GROUP
Visual activities of children aged 5-6 years have their own characteristics. At this age, children have already become physically stronger, the small and large muscles of the arms have become stronger. Children became more attentive, their ability to remember increased; in addition, they learned to control the actions of their hands while sculpting, and this in turn led to a change in the nature of the image. They can independently determine the shape of an object, its structure, highlight small details and decorative elements, and are more creative in their images.
Starting from the senior group, decorative modeling classes occupy a very definite place in the system of visual arts classes. When planning these activities, it is necessary to take into account their connection with folk art, since decorative sculpture made by folk craftsmen, artistic dishes, and decorative plates not only have a beneficial effect on the development of children’s artistic taste, but are also a good visual aid during sculpting. Their skillful use by adults broadens the horizons of children and has a beneficial effect on their mental development.
To work with children in this group, you can use artistically made dishes, decorative plates, Dymkovo, Kargopol, Filimonov and Kalinin clay toys.
In addition to clay ones, you can conduct classes with wooden toys. However, children should be introduced to at least two toys of each type.
All objects of folk applied art are based on certain traditions and features that it is advisable for the teacher to know. So, when planning to introduce children to decorative dishes, and then sculpt using these samples, you need to select those items that will help develop children’s imagination. These can be painted ceramic plates, Ukrainian bowls, dishes made by Gzhel, etc. etc.
PREPARATORY SCHOOL GROUP
The visual activity of children aged 6-7 years is significantly improved. First of all, the shape of the sculpted objects becomes more complete and the proportions are specified. Children, more often than in the previous group, have a desire to supplement their modeling with details that will decorate the craft and make it more expressive. This is due to the fact that the children became even stronger physically, the fine muscles of the arms developed, finger movements became more accurate, and visual acuity increased. All this makes it possible to perform complex details using moldings and painting. Children develop an aesthetic appreciation of their products, which increases their demands on both the visual and expressive means of modeling that the child uses in his work.
Decorative modeling in this group includes images of decorative plates, dishes and modeling of figurines similar to folk toys. At the same time, children’s knowledge of folk crafts deepens. The children look with great interest at the decorative vessels created by potters of different nations. Bright, painted with colored engobes and glazes, they capture the imagination of children and give rise to their creative ideas.
IN preparatory group children are introduced to a new way of depicting dishes - from rings: clay rings are stacked one on top of the other and tightly connected to each other. In this way, children make different dishes. Another method of modeling is making dishes from a piece of clay of a spherical or cylindrical shape by selecting clay in a stack (pot, jar, vase). Children continue to study, work systematically and think about their plans in advance.
All work on decorative modeling is closely related to conversations about folk crafts. In the preparatory group, familiarity with folk applied art takes on new forms: didactic games that deepen children’s understanding of the expressive features of objects of decorative art and influence the development of their mental activity; excursions to applied art exhibitions, viewing filmstrips, slides, as well as illustrations in books on folk art.
The selection of decorative items is carried out taking into account the fact that children have already become acquainted with many of them in the older group. For children aged 6-7 years, specimens with a more complex shape and painting are selected. Decorative plates and dishes can be painted with fabulous flowers, birds and fish. The set of Dymkovo dolls is expanding: a water-carrier, a dandy woman under an umbrella, and also a milkmaid with a cow; a rider on a horse, a turkey with a painted tail and many others. From Kargopol toys, children can show an old man who waters a horse, a peasant sower, a troika and Polkan - a fabulous half-beast, half-man. Among Filimonov toys, it is good to use a fox with a rooster, dancing couples and other examples that children have not yet seen. From Kalinin, you can select a chicken with an intricate crest and a rooster. Among Bogorodsk toys, children will be interested in “The Bear and the Hare Go to School”, “Baba Yaga”, “Football Bear”, “Good Morning”. The list of toys may be more varied, but the teacher selects only what the kindergarten has.
Classes to introduce children to folk arts and crafts and decorative modeling in this group are a continuation of the great work that was done in previous groups. Therefore, children 6-7 years old should be prepared to perceive new, more complex examples of folk art, to master new methods of sculpting and painting.
The main tasks of decorative modeling are to teach children to see the beauty of objects of folk art, to cultivate a love for it and the ability to distinguish one craft from another, to use decorative elements in their work to enrich the stucco image, and also to transfer this skill to objects of a non-decorative nature.
Conclusion
Summarizing all of the above, we can conclude that introducing children to folk art objects and decorative modeling have a beneficial effect on the development of children's creativity. The nature of folk art, its emotionality, decorativeness, and variety are effective means for the development of mental activity in children and the comprehensive development of the child as a whole.
The creativity of folk artists not only educates children aesthetic taste, but also forms spiritual needs, feelings of patriotism, national pride, high citizenship and humanity. The child learns that wonderful colorful objects are created by folk craftsmen, people gifted with imagination, talent and kindness.
Children gradually begin to respect and love this art, to understand its plasticity, ornaments, color combinations, and the variety of shapes and images.
Toys of all folk crafts differ in style and manner of execution, and over time the child begins to distinguish toys of one craft from another, to highlight characteristic features, and he does this independently. And already in the senior and preparatory groups, children, under the influence of training, have a desire to make toys themselves, modeled on those that were shown to them in class.
Thus, folk toys stimulate children to act independently. The knowledge gained in the process of classes and games with folk art objects expands the possibilities for children’s independent activities in the field of decorative modeling.
Literature
1. Gribovskaya A.A. Children about folk art. M., 2004.
2. Durasov N.A. Kargopol clay toy. L., 1986.
3. Dorozhin Yu.G., Solomennikova O.A. Filimonov whistles: Workbook on the basics of folk art. M., 2004.
4. Komarova T.S. Children's artistic creativity. M., 2005.
5. Folk art in the education of preschool children / Ed. T.S. Komarova. M., 2005.
6. Solomennikova O.A. The joy of creativity // Development of artistic creativity in children aged 5-7 years. M., 2005.
7. Khalezova N.B. Decorative modeling in kindergarten: A manual for teachers / Ed. M.B. Khalezova-Zatsepina. M., 2005.
Valentina Seredina
Development of artistic and creative abilities of preschool children through arts and crafts
Creativity is an activity
which reveals
spiritual world of the individual"
V. A. Sukhomlinsky.
Creativity, its formation and development is one of the most interesting and mysterious problems that attracts the attention of researchers in various specialties. The study of this problem is urgent due to the fact that the main condition for the progressive development of society is a person capable of creative creation. The formation of creative personality qualities must begin from childhood.
A child with creative abilities is active and inquisitive. He is able to make his own, independent, independent decisions.
In the draft Federal component of the state Educational standard general education One of the goals associated with modernizing the content of general education is the humanistic orientation of education. It determines a person-oriented model of interaction, the development of the child’s personality and his creative potential.
The relevance of the topic is determined by the following aspects:
In childhood, when a child has a particularly emotional attitude towards the world around him, the fulfillment of his need for artistic creativity is of particular importance.
Introducing children to various types of folk arts and crafts, GCD for decorative drawing will help teach them to perceive the beautiful and the good, introduce them to folk traditions, and lay the foundations of aesthetic education.
Familiarizing preschoolers with folk and applied arts helps solve problems of moral, patriotic and artistic education. The teacher not only gives children a certain amount of knowledge about crafts, but also develops the ability to see and understand beauty, fosters respect for the work of folk craftsmen, introduces them to manufacturing technology and decorative features certain products.
By introducing children to folk arts and crafts, we thereby develop in children a sense of pride in their Motherland, with its masters and craftsmen who create this unique beauty for us.
To introduce the basics of knowledge in the field of composition, shape formation, color science, decorative and applied arts;
To introduce different types of productive creativity, applied creativity, and different techniques;
Develop the ability to see the unusual in the ordinary;
Develop curiosity, imagination, creative thinking, fine motor skills;
Lay the foundation of aesthetic beauty;
Foster a caring attitude towards the environment and respect for the work of other people.
Stages of development of a child’s creative abilities:
Stage I: Diagnosis of the personal characteristics of children (observation of children during independent activities, during educational activities, conversations, studying the products of children's creativity);
Stage II: Preparatory (selection of literature and information material);
Stage III: Activity (work with children, parents (legal representatives, holding exhibitions of children's creativity)
There are a great many types of applied creativity! Depending on the method of manufacturing a particular item and the material used, the following handicraft techniques are distinguished:
Related to the use of paper: iris folding, or rainbow folding of paper, paper plastic, corrugated tubes, quilling, origami, papier-mâché, scrapbooking, embossing, trimming.
Weaving techniques: ganutel, beading, macrame, bobbin weaving, tatting or knot weaving.
Painting: Zhostovo, Khokhloma, Gorodets, etc.
Types of painting: batik – painting on fabric; stained glass – glass painting; stamp and sponge printing; drawing with palms and leaf prints; ornament – repetition and alternation of pattern elements.
Creating drawings and images: blowing paint through a tube; guilloche - burning a pattern onto fabric; mosaic - creating an image from small elements; thread graphics – making an image with threads on a hard surface.
Fabric embroidery techniques: simple and Bulgarian cross stitch, straight and oblique satin stitch, tapestry, carpet and ribbon embroidery, gold embroidery, cutwork, hemstitching and many others.
Sewing on fabric: patchwork, quilting, quilting or patchwork; artichoke, kanzashi and others.
Knitting techniques: fork; on knitting needles (simple European); Tunisian crochet; jacquard, fillet, guipure.
Types of creativity associated with wood processing: burning, sawing, carving.
Types of arts and crafts techniques used and mastered in the process of working with children:
Quilling
Origami modular
Application
Drawing
Gorodets painting
Dymkovo painting
Application from plasticine
Drawing is a genre in the visual arts and a corresponding technique that creates a visual image (image) on any surface or object using graphic means, drawing elements (as opposed to pictorial elements, mainly from lines and strokes.
Modular origami- creation of three-dimensional figures from triangular origami modules - invented in China. The whole figure is assembled from many identical parts (modules). Each module is folded according to the rules of classic origami from one sheet of paper, and then the modules are connected by inserting them into each other. The friction force that appears in this case prevents the structure from falling apart.
Drawing with palms. Small children find it difficult to use a paint brush. There is a very exciting activity that will give the child new sensations, develop fine motor skills, and give the opportunity to discover a new and magical world of artistic creativity - this is palm painting. By drawing with their palms, little artists develop their imagination and abstract thinking.
Gorodets painting- Russian folk art craft. It has existed since the middle of the 19th century. in the area of Gorodets. Bright, laconic Gorodets painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns, made in a free stroke with a white and black graphic outline, decorated spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, doors.
Quilling(from the English quilling – from the word quil “bird feather”) - the art of paper rolling. Originated in medieval Europe, where nuns created medallions by twisting paper strips with gilded edges onto the tip of a bird's feather, creating an imitation of a gold miniature.
Application(from the Latin “application”) is a way of working with colored pieces of various materials: paper, fabric, leather, fur, felt, colored beads, beads, woolen threads, embossed metal plates, all kinds of matter (velvet, satin, silk). , dried leaves...
Semolina Its structure resembles sand, but it is easier to work with because it is lighter in weight, the grain dries quickly and has a brighter appearance in the product. Semolina applique is available for preschool children.
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Application from plasticine- plasticineography is a new type of decorative and applied art. It represents the creation of stucco paintings depicting more or less convex, semi-voluminous objects on a horizontal surface. In essence, this is a rare, very expressive type of “painting”.
Modeling- giving shape to plastic material (plasticine, clay, plastic, salt dough, snowball, sand, etc.) using hands and auxiliary tools. This is one of the basic techniques of sculpture, which is intended for mastering the primary principles of this technique.
Toy- an obligatory childhood companion. The folk toy is wonderful cultural heritage, she raised the child for thousands of years. In Rus', toys had a serious meaning. With toys, skill was passed down by inheritance; they prepared for life, developed physically and spiritually. The people in the toy give the child simple, but genuine, first-class art. It is close and understandable to the child, teaching him to see and understand the life around him.
Children take an active part in All-Russian and International arts and crafts competitions, where they win prizes.
Our task is to interest and attract parents to interact in this area. Achieving the goal will enable parents to be involved in the process of educational activities with children and conduct joint activities with the child at home.
We all know that creativity is one of the greatest pleasures for a child. It reveals him inner world. After all, by doing something with his own hands, a child reflects not only what he sees around him, but also shows his own imagination. And as adults, we shouldn’t forget that positive emotions are the foundation of children’s mental health and emotional well-being.
Tuesday, February 15, 2011 10:20 + to quote book
The article was written based on materials from the “Country of Masters” website (mostly).
Studying the recently discovered site “Country of Masters” and never ceasing to be surprised and admired by the variety of applied creativity techniques and the talent of our people, I decided to systematize the techniques.
The list will be updated as new techniques are discovered.
*Techniques related to the use of paper:
1. Iris folding (“Rainbow folding”) is a paper folding technique. Appeared in Holland. The technique requires attention and accuracy, but at the same time it allows you to easily make spectacular cards or decorate the pages of a memorable album (scrapbooking) with interesting decorative elements.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/776
2. Paper plastic art is very similar to sculpture in terms of creativity. But, in paper plastic, all products inside are empty, all products are shells of the depicted object. And in sculpture, either the volume is increased with additional elements, or the excess is removed (cut off).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/462
3. Corrugated tubes - this is the name of a technique for making products in which tubes of corrugated paper are used to decorate surfaces or to create three-dimensional figures. Corrugated tubes are obtained by winding a strip of paper onto a stick, pencil or knitting needle and then compressing it. The compressed corrugated tube holds its shape well and has many options for design and use.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1492
4. Quilling (from the English quilling - from the word quil “bird feather”) - the art of paper rolling. Originated in medieval Europe, where nuns created medallions by twisting paper strips with gilded edges onto the tip of a bird's feather, creating an imitation of a gold miniature.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/587
http://stranamasterov.ru/node/1364
4. Origami (from Japanese letters: “folded paper”) is the ancient art of folding paper figures. The art of origami has its roots in ancient China, where paper was discovered.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/560
Kinds:
- Kirigami is a type of origami that allows the use of scissors and cutting paper in the process of making the model. This is the main difference between kirigami and other paper folding techniques, which is emphasized in the name: kiru - cut, kami - paper.
Pop-up is a whole direction in art. This technique combines elements of techniques.
- Kirigami and Cutting and allows you to create three-dimensional designs and cards folded into a flat figure.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1723
- Kusudama (literally “medicine ball” in Japanese) is a paper model that is usually (but not always) formed by sewing together the ends of many identical pyramidal modules (usually stylized flowers folded from a square sheet of paper), so that the body is spherical forms. Alternatively, the individual components can be glued together (for example, the kusudama in the bottom photo is completely glued rather than sewn). Sometimes, as a decoration, a tassel is attached to the bottom.
The art of kusudama comes from an ancient Japanese tradition where kusudama was used for incense and a mixture of dried petals; perhaps these were the first real bouquets of flowers or herbs. The word itself is a combination of two Japanese words, kusuri (medicine) and tama (ball). Nowadays, kusudama are usually used for decoration or as gifts.
Kusudama is an important part of origami, particularly as a precursor to modular origami. It is often confused with modular origami, which is incorrect, since the elements that make up kusudama are sewn or glued, and not nested inside each other, as modular origami suggests.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/850
- Origami from circles - folding origami from a paper circle. Usually the folded parts are then glued together into an applique.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1636
- Modular origami - the creation of three-dimensional figures from triangular origami modules - was invented in China. The whole figure is assembled from many identical parts (modules). Each module is folded according to the rules of classic origami from one sheet of paper, and then the modules are connected by inserting them into each other. The friction force that appears in this case prevents the structure from falling apart.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/15
5. Papier-mâché (fr. papier-mâché “chewed paper”) - an easily moldable mass obtained from a mixture of fibrous materials (paper, cardboard) with adhesives, starch, gypsum, etc. Plasters are made from papier-mâché , masks, teaching aids, toys, theatrical props, boxes. In some cases, even furniture.
In Fedoskino, Palekh, Kholui, papier-mâché is used to make the basis for traditional lacquer miniatures.
You can decorate a papier-mâché blank not only with paints, painting like famous artists, but using decoupage or assemblage.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/561
7. Embossing (another name is “embossing”) - mechanical extrusion that creates images on paper, cardboard, polymer material or plastic, foil, on parchment (the technique is called “parchment”, see below), as well as on leather or birch bark, in which a relief image of a convex or concave stamp is obtained on the material itself, with or without heating, sometimes with the additional use of foil and paint. Embossing is carried out mainly on binding covers, postcards, invitation cards, labels, soft packaging, etc.
This type of work can be determined by many factors: force, texture and thickness of the material, the direction of its cutting, layout and other factors.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1626
Kinds:
- Parchment - parchment paper (thick waxed tracing paper) is processed with an embossing tool and during processing it becomes convex and turns white. This technique produces interesting postcards, and this technique can also be used to design a scrappage page.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1705
- Texturing - applying an image using a cliché onto a smooth material, usually metallized paper, in order to imitate foil stamping. Also used to imitate the skin of certain breeds (for example, a cliché with a pattern imitating crocodile skin, etc.)
*Techniques related to weaving:
Man learned weaving much earlier than pottery. At first, he wove a dwelling from long flexible branches (roofs, fences, furniture), all kinds of baskets for various needs (cradles, boxes, carts, scoops, baskets) and shoes. A man learned to braid his hair.
With the development of this type of needlework, more and more different materials for use appeared. It turned out that you can weave from everything you come across: from vines and reeds, from ropes and threads, from leather and birch bark, from wire and beads, from newspapers.... Weaving techniques such as wicker weaving, weaving from birch bark and reeds appeared. , tatting, knotted macrame weaving, bobbin weaving, bead weaving, ganutel, kumihimo cord weaving, chain mail weaving, net weaving, Indian mandala weaving, their imitations (weaving from paper strips and candy wrappers, weaving from newspapers and magazines)...
As it turned out, this type of needlework is still popular, because using it, you can weave many beautiful and useful things, decorating our home with them.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/302
1. Beading, like beads themselves, has a centuries-old history. The ancient Egyptians were the first to learn how to weave beaded threads into necklaces, thread bracelets, and cover women's dresses with beaded nets. But only in the 19th century the real flourishing of bead production began. For a long time, the Venetians carefully guarded the secrets of creating a glass miracle. Craftsmen and craftswomen decorated clothes and shoes, wallets and handbags, cases for fans and eyeglass cases, as well as other elegant items with beads.
With the advent of beads in America, indigenous people began to use them instead of traditional Indian materials. For ritual belt, cradle, headband, basket, hair net, earrings, snuff boxes...
In the Far North, fur coats, high fur boots, hats, reindeer harnesses, leather sunglasses were decorated with bead embroidery...
Our great-grandmothers were very inventive. Among the huge variety of elegant trinkets there are amazing items. Chalk brushes and covers, toothpick cases (!), inkwell, penpick and pencil, collar for your favorite dog, cup holder, lace collars, Easter eggs, chessboards and much, much, much more.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1355
2. Ganutel - exclusive Maltese handicraft. It was in the monasteries of the Mediterranean that this technique of creating beautiful flowers to decorate the altar was still preserved.
The ganuteli uses thin spiral wire and silk threads to wrap the parts, as well as beads, pearls or seed beads. Brilliant flowers turn out graceful and light.
In the 16th century, spiral wire made of gold or silver was called “canutiglia” in Italian, and “canutillo” in Spanish; in Russian, this word was probably transformed into “gimp”.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1170
3. Macrame (from Arabic - braid, fringe, lace or from Turkish - scarf or napkin with fringe) - knot weaving technique.
The technique of this knot weaving has been known since ancient times. According to some sources, macrame came to Europe in the 8th-9th centuries from the East. This technique was known in Ancient Egypt, Assyria, Iran, Peru, China, Ancient Greece.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/750
4. Weaving lace with bobbins. In Russia, the Vologda, Eletsky, Kirov, Belevsky, Mikhailovsky fisheries are still known.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1687
5. Tatting is a woven knotted lace. It is also called shuttle lace because this lace is woven using a special shuttle.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1728
* Techniques related to painting, various types of painting and image creation:
Drawing is a genre in the visual arts and a corresponding technique that creates a visual image (image) on any surface or object using graphic means, drawing elements (as opposed to pictorial elements), primarily from lines and strokes.
For example: charcoal drawing, pencil drawing, ink and pen drawing...
Painting is a type of fine art associated with the transmission of visual images through the application of paints to a solid or flexible base; creating an image using digital technology; as well as works of art made in such ways.
The most common works of painting are those made on flat or almost flat surfaces, such as canvas stretched on a stretcher, wood, cardboard, paper, treated wall surfaces, etc. Painting also includes images made with paints on decorative and ceremonial vessels , the surfaces of which can have a complex shape.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1218
1. Batik - hand-painted fabric using reserve compounds.
The batik technique is based on the fact that paraffin, rubber glue, as well as some other resins and varnishes, when applied to fabric (silk, cotton, wool, synthetics), do not allow paint to pass through - or, as artists say, “reserve” from coloring individual areas of fabric.
There are several types of batik - hot, cold, knotted, free painting, free painting using saline solution, shibori.
Batik - batik is an Indonesian word. Translated from Indonesian, the word “ba” means cotton fabric, and “-tik” means “dot” or “drop”. Ambatik - to draw, to cover with drops, to hatch.
Batik painting has long been known among the peoples of Indonesia, India, etc. In Europe - since the twentieth century.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/916
2. Stained glass (lat. Vitrum - glass) is one of the types of decorative art. Glass or other transparent material is the main material. The history of stained glass begins in ancient times. Initially, glass was inserted into a window or doorway, then the first mosaic paintings and independent decorative compositions, panels made of colored pieces of glass or painted with special paints on plain glass appeared.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/886
3. Blowing - a technique based on blowing paint through a tube (on a sheet of paper). This ancient technique was traditional for the creators of ancient images (bone tubes were used).
Modern juice straws are no worse in use. They help to blow recognizable, unusual, and sometimes fantastic designs from a small amount of liquid paint on a sheet of paper.
4. Guilloche - the technique of burning an openwork pattern onto fabric manually using a burning machine was developed and patented by Zinaida Petrovna Kotenkova.
Guilloche requires careful work. It must be made in a single color scheme and correspond to the ornamental style of the given composition.
Napkins, panels with appliqués, bookmarks, handkerchiefs, collars - all this and much more, whatever your imagination suggests, will decorate any home!
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1342
5. Grattage (from the French gratter - scrape, scratch) - scratching technique.
The drawing is highlighted by scratching with a pen or sharp instrument on paper or cardboard filled with ink (to prevent it from blurring, you need to add a little detergent or shampoo, just a few drops).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/686
6. Mosaic is one of the most ancient arts. This is a way of creating an image from small elements. Assembling the mosaic is very important for mental development child.
Maybe from different materials: bottle caps, beads, buttons, plastic chips, wooden cuts of twigs or matches, magnetic pieces, glass, ceramic pieces, small pebbles, shells, thermal mosaic, Tetris mosaic, coins, pieces of fabric or paper, grain, cereals, seeds maple, pasta, any natural material (scales of cones, pine needles, watermelon and melon seeds), pencil shavings, bird feathers, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/438
7. Monotype (from the Greek monos - one, united and tupos - imprint) - one of the simplest graphic techniques.
A drawing is made on a smooth glass surface or thick glossy paper (it should not allow water to pass through) gouache paint or paints. A sheet of paper is placed on top and pressed to the surface. The resulting print is a mirror image.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/663
8. Thread graphics (isothread, thread image, thread design) - a graphic image made in a special way with threads on cardboard or other solid base. Thread graphics are also sometimes called isographics or embroidery on cardboard. You can also use velvet (velvet paper) or thick paper as a base. The threads can be ordinary sewing, wool, floss or others. You can also use colored silk threads.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/452
9. Ornament (lat. ornamentum - decoration) - a pattern based on the repetition and alternation of its constituent elements; intended for decorating various objects (utensils, tools and weapons, textiles, furniture, books, etc.), architectural structures (both externally and in the interior), works of plastic arts (mainly applied), among primitive peoples also the human body itself (coloring, tattoo). Associated with the surface that it decorates and visually organizes, the ornament, as a rule, reveals or accentuates the architectonics of the object on which it is applied. The ornament either operates with abstract forms or stylizes real motifs, often schematizing them beyond recognition.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1222
10. Print.
Kinds:
- Printing with a sponge. Both a sea sponge and a regular one intended for washing dishes are suitable for this.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1094
Wood is usually used as the starting material for stamping using a cliche stamp so that it is convenient to hold in the hand. One side is made flat, because Cardboard is glued onto it, and patterns are glued onto the cardboard. They (patterns) can be made from paper, from rope, from an old eraser, from root vegetables...
- Stamp (stamping). Wood is usually used as the starting material for stamping using a cliche stamp so that it is convenient to hold in the hand. One side is made flat, because Cardboard is glued onto it, and patterns are glued onto the cardboard. They (patterns) can be made from paper, from rope, from an old eraser, from root vegetables, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1068
11. Pointillism (French Pointillisme, literally “pointing”) is a style of writing in painting that uses pure paints that do not mix on the palette, applied in small strokes of a rectangular or round shape, counting on their optical mixing in the viewer’s eye, as opposed to mixing paints on the palette. Optical mixing of three primary colors (red, blue, yellow) and pairs of additional colors (red - green, blue - orange, yellow - violet) gives significantly greater brightness than a mechanical mixture of pigments. Mixing of colors to form shades occurs at the stage of perception of the picture by the viewer With long distance or in a reduced form.
The founder of the style was Georges Seurat.
Another name for pointillism is divisionism (from the Latin divisio - division, crushing).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/700
12. Drawing with palms. Small children find it difficult to use a paint brush. There is a very exciting activity that will give the child new sensations, develop fine motor skills, and give the opportunity to discover a new and magical world of artistic creativity - this is palm painting. By drawing with their palms, little artists develop their imagination and abstract thinking.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1315
13. Drawing with leaf prints. Having collected various fallen leaves, smear each leaf with gouache from the vein side. The paper on which you are going to make a print can be colored or white. Press the colored side of the sheet onto a sheet of paper and carefully remove it, grasping it by the “tail” (petiole). This process can be repeated over and over again. And now, having completed the details, you already have a butterfly flying over the flower.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/667
14. Painting. One of the most ancient types of folk crafts, which for several centuries have been an integral part of everyday life and the original culture of the people. In Russian folk art there are a large number of varieties of this type of decorative and applied art.
Here are some of them:
- Zhostovo painting is an ancient Russian folk craft that arose at the beginning of the 19th century, in the village of Zhostovo, Mytishchi district, Moscow region. Is one of the most known species Russian folk painting. Zhostovo trays are painted by hand. Usually bouquets of flowers are depicted on a black background.
- Gorodets painting is a Russian folk art craft. It has existed since the middle of the 19th century. in the area of Gorodets. Bright, laconic Gorodets painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns), made in a free stroke with a white and black graphic outline, decorated spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors.
- Khokhloma painting is an ancient Russian folk craft, born in the 17th century in the district of Nizhny Novgorod.
Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture, made in black and red (and also, occasionally, green) on a golden background. When painting, silver tin powder is applied to the wood. After this, the product is coated with a special composition and processed three or four times in the oven, which achieves a unique honey-golden color, giving the light wooden utensils a massive effect. Traditional elements of Khokhloma are red juicy rowan and strawberries, flowers and branches. Birds, fish and animals are often found.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/301
15. Encaustic (from ancient Greek “the art of burning”) is a painting technique in which wax is the binder of paint. Painting is done with melted paints (hence the name). A type of encaustic painting is wax tempera, characterized by its brightness and richness of colors. Many early Christian icons were painted using this technique.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1485
*Techniques related to sewing, embroidery and fabric use:
Sewing is a colloquial form of the verb “to sew”, i.e. something that is sewn or stitched.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1136
2. Patchwork, Quilt, Quilting or Patchwork is a folk arts and crafts art with centuries-old traditions and stylistic features. This is a technique that uses pieces of colorful fabrics or knitted elements in geometric shapes to join together in a blanket, blouse or bag.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1347
Kinds:
- Artichoke is a type of patchwork that got its name because of its resemblance to artichoke fruits. This technique has other names - “teeth”, “corners”, “scales”, “feathers”.
By and large, in this technique it all comes down to folding the cut out parts and sewing them onto the base in a certain sequence. Or, using paper, create (pasting) various panels of a round (or multifaceted) shape on a plane or in volume.
You can sew in two ways: direct the edge of the blanks to the center of the main part, or to its edges. This is if you sew a flat product. For products of a volumetric nature - with the tip towards the narrower part. The folded parts are not necessarily cut in the shape of squares. These can be rectangles or circles. In any case, we encounter the folding of cut-out blanks, therefore, it can be argued that these patchwork techniques belong to the family of patchwork origami, and since they create volume, then, therefore, to the “3d” technique.
Example: http://stranamasterov.ru/node/137446?tid=1419
- Crazy quilt. I recently came across this type. In my opinion, this is a multi-method.
The bottom line is that the product is created from a combination of various techniques: patchwork + embroidery + painting, etc.
Example:
3. Tsumami Kanzashi. The Tsumami technique is based on origami. Only they fold not paper, but squares of natural silk. The word "Tsumami" means "to pinch": the artist takes a piece of folded silk using tweezers or tweezers. The petals of future flowers are then glued onto the base.
The hairpin (kanzashi), decorated with a silk flower, gave its name to a whole new type of decorative and applied art. This technique was used to make decorations for combs and individual sticks, as well as for complex structures made up of various accessories.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1724
* Techniques related to knitting:
What is knitting? This is the process of making products from continuous threads by bending them into loops and connecting the loops to each other using simple tools by hand (a crochet hook, knitting needles).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/729
1. Knitting on a fork. An interesting way of crocheting using a special device - a fork curved in the shape of the letter U. The result is light, airy patterns.
2. Crochet (tambour) - the process of manually making fabric or lace from threads using a crochet hook. creating not only dense, relief patterns, but also thin, openwork, reminiscent of lace fabric. Knitting patterns consist of different combinations of loops and stitches. The correct ratio is that the thickness of the hook should be almost twice the thickness of the thread.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/858
3. Simple (European) knitting allows you to combine several types of loops, which creates simple and complex openwork patterns.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1157
4. Tunisian long crochet (both one and several loops can be used at the same time to create a pattern).
5. Jacquard knitting - patterns are knitted on knitting needles from threads of several colors.
6. Loin knitting – imitates loin-guipure embroidery on a special mesh.
7. Guipure crochet (Irish or Brussels lace).
2. Sawing. One type is sawing with a jigsaw. Decorating your life and home with products convenient for everyday life self made or children's toys, you experience joy from the appearance and pleasure from the process of creating them.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1418
3. Carving is a type of decorative and applied art. It is one of the types of artistic woodworking along with sawing and turning.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1113
* Other self-sufficient techniques:
1. Applique (from the Latin “attachment”) is a way of working with colored pieces of various materials: paper, fabric, leather, fur, felt, colored beads, seed beads, woolen threads, embossed metal plates, all kinds of material (velvet, satin, silk), dried leaves... This use of various materials and structures in order to enhance expressive capabilities is very close to another means of representation - collage.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/364
There are also:
- Application from plasticine - plasticineography - a new type of decorative and applied art. It represents the creation of stucco paintings depicting more or less convex, semi-voluminous objects on a horizontal surface. At its core, this is a rarely seen, very expressive type of painting.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1243
- Application from “palms”. Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/612
- Broken applique is one of the types of multifaceted applique techniques. Everything is simple and accessible, like laying out a mosaic. The base is a sheet of cardboard, the material is a sheet of colored paper torn into pieces (several colors), the tool is glue and your hands. Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1346
2. Assemblage (French assemblage) - a visual art technique related to collage, but using three-dimensional parts or entire objects, applicatively arranged on a plane like a picture. Allows for artistic additions with paints, as well as metal, wood, fabric and other structures. Sometimes applied to other works, from photomontage to spatial compositions, since the terminology of the latest visual art is not completely established.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1412
3. Paper tunnel. The original English name for this technique is tunnel book, which can be translated as a book or paper tunnel. The essence of the technique can be clearly seen from the English name tunnel - tunnel - through hole. The multi-layered nature of the “books” that are put together conveys the feeling of a tunnel well. A three-dimensional postcard appears. By the way, this technique successfully combines different types of techniques, such as scrapbooking, applique, cutting, creating layouts and voluminous books. It is somewhat akin to origami, because... is aimed at folding paper in a certain way.
The first paper tunnel dates back to the mid-18th century. and was the embodiment of theatrical scenes.
Traditionally, paper tunnels are created to commemorate an event or are sold as souvenirs to tourists.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1411
4. Cutting is a very broad term.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/701
They are cut from paper, from foam plastic, from foam rubber, from birch bark, from plastic bottles, from soap, from plywood (though this is already called sawing), from fruits and vegetables, as well as from other various materials. Various tools are used: scissors, breadboard knives, scalpel. They cut out masks, hats, toys, postcards, panels, flowers, figurines and much more.
Kinds:
- Silhouette cutting is a cutting technique in which objects of an asymmetrical structure, with curved contours (fish, birds, animals, etc.), with complex outlines of figures and smooth transitions from one part to another, are cut out by eye. Silhouettes are easily recognizable and expressive; they should be without small details and as if in motion. Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1416
- The cutting is symmetrical. With symmetrical cutting, we repeat the contours of the image, which must fit exactly into the plane of a sheet of paper folded in half, consistently complicating the outline of the figure in order to correctly convey the external features of objects in a stylized form in the appliqués.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/466
- Vytynanka - the art of cutting openwork patterns from colored, white or black paper has existed since paper was invented in China. And this type of cutting became known as jianzhi. This art has spread throughout the world: China, Japan, Vietnam, Mexico, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ukraine, Lithuania and many other countries.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/563
- Carving (see below).
5. Decoupage (from the French decoupage - noun, “that which is cut out”) is a technique of decoration, applique, decoration using cut out paper motifs. Chinese peasants in the 12th century. They began to decorate furniture in this way. And in addition to cut out pictures from thin colorful paper, they began to cover it with varnish to make it look like a painting! So, along with beautiful furniture, this equipment also came to Europe.
Today, the most popular material for decoupage is three-layer napkins. Hence another name - “napkin technique”. The application can be absolutely limitless - dishes, books, boxes, candles, vessels, musical instruments, flower pots, bottles, furniture, shoes and even clothes! Any surface - leather, wood, metal, ceramics, cardboard, textiles, plaster - must be plain and light, because... the design cut out of the napkin should be clearly visible.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/722
6. Carving (from the English carvу - cut, carve, engrave, slice; carving - carving, carved work, carved ornament, carved figure) in cooking is the simplest form of sculpture or engraving on the surface of products from vegetables and fruits, such short-lived decorations table.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1339
7. Collage - creative genre, when a work is created from cut out a wide variety of images pasted onto paper, canvas or digitally. Comes from fr. papier collée - glued paper. Very quickly this concept began to be used in an expanded meaning - a mixture of various elements, a bright and expressive message from scraps of other texts, fragments collected on one plane.
The collage can be completed with any other means - ink, watercolor, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/324
8. Constructor (from Latin constructor “builder”) is a multi-valued term. For our profile, this is a set of mating parts. that is, parts or elements of some future layout, information about which was collected by the author, analyzed and embodied in a beautiful, artistically executed product.
Designers differ in the type of material - metal, wood, plastic and even paper (for example, paper origami modules). When different types of elements are combined, interesting designs for games and fun are created.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/984
9. Modeling - giving shape to a plastic material (plasticine, clay, plastic, salt dough, snowball, sand, etc.) using hands and auxiliary tools. This is one of the basic techniques of sculpture, which is intended for mastering the primary principles of this technique.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/670
10. A layout is a copy of an object with a change in size (usually reduced), which is made while maintaining proportions. The layout must also convey the main features of the object.
To create this unique work, you can use various materials, it all depends on its functional purpose (exhibition layout, gift, presentation, etc.). This can be paper, cardboard, plywood, wooden blocks, plaster and clay parts, wire.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1397
Type of layout - model - is a working layout that depicts (imitates) any significant features of the original. Moreover, attention is concentrated on certain aspects of the modeled object or, to an equal degree, its detail. The model is created to be used, for example, for visual-model teaching of mathematics, physics, chemistry and other school subjects, for a maritime or aviation club. A variety of materials are used in modeling: balloons, light and plastic mass, wax, clay, gypsum, papier-mâché, salt dough, paper, foam plastic, foam rubber, matches, knitting threads, fabric...
Modeling is the creation of a model that is reliably close to the original.
"Models" are those layouts that are in effect. And models that do not work, i.e. "strand" - usually called a layout.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1353
11. Soap making. Animal and vegetable fats, fat substitutes (synthetic fatty acids, rosin, naphthenic acids, tall oil) can be used as raw materials to obtain the main component of soap.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1631
12. Sculpture (Latin sculptura, from sculpo - I cut, carve) - sculpture, plastic - a type of fine art, the works of which have volumetric form and are made of hard or plastic materials (metal, stone, clay, wood, plaster, ice, snow, sand, foam rubber, soap). Processing methods - modeling, carving, casting, forging, embossing, carving, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1399
13. Weaving - production of fabric and textiles from yarn.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1318
14. Felting (or felting, or felting) – felting wool. There is “wet” and “dry”.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/736
15. Flat embossing is one of the types of decorative and applied art, as a result of knocking out a certain ornamental relief, drawing, inscription or round figured image, sometimes close to engraving, on a plate, a new work of art is created.
Processing of the material is carried out using a rod - a hammer, which stands vertically, the upper end of which is hit with a hammer. By moving the coin, a new shape gradually appears. The material must have a certain plasticity and the ability to change under the influence of force.
Examples:
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Unlike faceless mass-produced products, handmade items are always unique. Masterfully crafted household utensils, clothing, and interior elements are expensive. And if in the old days such things were objects of utilitarian purpose, then in our days they have passed into the category of art. Beautiful thing made a good master, will always be in value.
In recent years, the development of applied art has received a new impetus. This trend cannot but rejoice. Beautiful dishes made of wood, metal, glass and clay, lace, textiles, jewelry, embroidery, toys - all this, after several decades of oblivion, has again become relevant, fashionable and in demand.
History of the Moscow Museum of Folk Art
In 1981, the Museum of Decorative, Applied and Folk Art opened in Moscow, on Delegatskaya Street. His collection consists of unique examples of handicrafts by Russian masters of the past, as well as the best works of contemporary artists.
In 1999 the following happened an important event- The All-Russian Museum of Decorative, Applied and Folk Art accepted into its collection exhibits from the Museum of Folk Art named after Savva Timofeevich Morozov. The core of this collection was formed even before the 1917 revolution. It was based on exhibits from the very first Russian ethnographic museum. It was the so-called Handicraft Museum of Decorative and Applied Arts, opened in 1885.
The museum has a specialized library where you can get acquainted with rare books on the theory and history of art.
Museum collection
Traditional types of decorative and applied arts are systematized and divided into departments. The main thematic areas are ceramics and porcelain, glass, jewelry and metal, bone and wood carvings, textiles, lacquer miniatures and fine materials.
The Museum of Decorative and Applied Arts has more than 120 thousand exhibits in its open fund and storage facilities. Russian modernism is represented by the works of Vrubel, Konenkov, Golovin, Andreev and Malyutin. The collection of Soviet propaganda porcelain and textiles from the second quarter of the last century is extensive.
Currently, this museum of folk arts and crafts is considered one of the most significant in the world. The oldest exhibits of high artistic value date back to the 16th century. The museum's collection has always been actively replenished through gifts from private individuals, as well as through the efforts of senior government officials during the years of Soviet power.
Thus, the unique exhibition of textiles was created largely thanks to the generosity of French citizen P. M. Tolstoy-Miloslavsky, who donated to the museum a large collection of Russian, Eastern and European textiles collected by N. L. Shabelskaya.
Two large collections porcelain were donated to the museum by prominent figures Soviet art- Leonid Osipovich Utesov and spouses Maria Mironova and Alexander Menaker.
The Moscow Museum of Applied Arts boasts halls dedicated to the life of Russian people in different time periods. Here you can get acquainted with the homes of representatives of all classes. Furniture, dishes, clothes of peasants and city residents, and children's toys were preserved, restored and put on display. Carved decorations of platbands and roof canopies, tiled stoves, chests, which served not only as convenient storage for things, but also as beds, since they were made in appropriate sizes, conjure up pictures of the quiet, measured and well-fed life of the Russian hinterland.
Lacquer miniature
Lacquer miniature as an applied art reached its greatest flourishing in the 18th and 19th centuries. The artistic centers that gave residence to the main directions were cities famous for their icon-painting workshops. These are Palekh, Mstera, Kholui and Fedoskino. Boxes, brooches, panels, caskets made of papier-mâché were painted with oil paints or tempera and varnished. The drawings were stylized images of animals, plants, characters from fairy tales and epics. Artists, masters of lacquer miniatures, painted icons, made custom portraits, and painted genre scenes. Each locality has developed its own style of painting, but almost all types of applied art in our country are united by such qualities as richness and brightness of colors. Detailed drawings, smooth and rounded lines - this is what distinguishes Russian miniatures. It is interesting that images of the decorative and applied arts of the past also inspire modern artists. Antique drawings are often used to create fabrics for fashion collections.
Artistic painting on wood
Khokhloma, Mezen and Gorodets paintings are recognizable not only in Russia, but also abroad. Furniture, cabinets, boxes, spoons, bowls and other household utensils made of wood, painted in one of these techniques, are considered the personification of Russia. Light wooden dishes, painted with black, red and green paints on a gold background, look massive and heavy - this is a characteristic manner of Khokhloma.
Gorodets products are distinguished by a multi-color palette of colors and somewhat less roundness of shapes than Khokhloma products. Genre scenes are used as plots, as well as all kinds of fictional and real representatives of the animal and plant world.
The decorative and applied arts of the Arkhangelsk region, in particular Mezen wood painting, are utilitarian objects decorated with special designs. Mezen craftsmen use only two colors for their work - black and red, that is, soot and ocher, fractional schematic drawings of boxes, boxes and chests, friezes in the form of borders from repeating truncated figures of horses and deer. A static, small, frequently repeated pattern evokes sensations of movement. Mezen painting is one of the most ancient. Those drawings that are used by modern artists are hieroglyphic inscriptions that were used Slavic tribes long before the emergence of the Russian state.
Wood craftsmen, before turning any object from a solid block, treat the wood against cracking and drying out, so their products have a very long service life.
Zhostovo trays
Metal trays painted with flowers - the applied art of Zhostovo near Moscow. Once having an exclusively utilitarian purpose, Zhostovo trays have long served as interior decoration. Bright bouquets of large garden and small wildflowers on a black, green, red, blue or silver background are easily recognizable. Typical Zhostovo bouquets are now decorated with metal boxes containing tea, cookies or sweets.
Enamel
Such decorative and applied art as enamel also refers to metal painting. The most famous products Rostov masters. Transparent fireproof paints are applied to a copper, silver or gold plate and then fired in a kiln. Using the hot enamel technique, as enamel is also called, jewelry, dishes, weapon handles and cutlery are made. When exposed to high temperatures, paints change color, so craftsmen must understand the intricacies of handling them. Most often, floral motifs are used as subjects. The most experienced artists make miniatures of portraits of people and landscapes.
Majolica
The Moscow Museum of Applied Arts provides an opportunity to see the works of recognized masters of world painting, executed in a manner that is not entirely characteristic of them. For example, in one of the halls there is a Vrubel majolica - a fireplace “Mikula Selyaninovich and Volga”.
Majolica is a product made of red clay, painted on raw enamel and fired in a special oven at a very high temperature. In the Yaroslavl region, arts and crafts have become widespread and developed due to the large number of deposits of pure clay. Currently, in Yaroslavl schools, children are taught to work with this plastic material. Children's applied art is a second wind for ancient crafts, A New Look on folk traditions. However, this is not only a tribute to national traditions. Working with clay develops fine motor skills, expands the angle of vision, and normalizes the psychosomatic state.
Gzhel
Decorative and applied art, in contrast to fine art, presupposes the utilitarian, economic use of objects created by artists. Porcelain teapots, flower and fruit vases, candlesticks, clocks, cutlery handles, plates and cups are all extremely elegant and decorative. Based on Gzhel souvenirs, prints are made on knitted and textile materials. We are used to thinking that Gzhel is a blue pattern on a white background, but initially Gzhel porcelain was multi-colored.
Embroidery
Fabric embroidery is one of the most ancient types of needlework. Initially, it was intended to decorate the clothes of the nobility, as well as fabrics intended for religious rituals. This folk decorative and applied art came to us from the countries of the East. The clothes of rich people were embroidered with colored silk, gold and silver threads, pearls, precious stones and coins. The most valuable is embroidery with small stitches, which gives the feeling of a smooth, as if painted design. In Russia, embroidery quickly came into use. New techniques have appeared. In addition to the traditional satin stitch and cross stitch, they began to embroider with hemstitch stitches, that is, laying openwork paths along the voids formed by pulled out threads.
Dymkovo toys for children
In pre-revolutionary Russia, folk craft centers, in addition to utilitarian items, produced hundreds of thousands of children's toys. These were dolls, animals, dishes and furniture for children's fun, and whistles. Decorative and applied art of this direction is still very popular.
The symbol of the Vyatka land - the Dymkovo toy - has no analogues in the world. Bright colorful young ladies, gentlemen, peacocks, carousels, goats are immediately recognizable. Not a single toy is repeated. On a snow-white background, patterns in the form of circles, straight and wavy lines are drawn with red, blue, yellow, green, and gold paints. All crafts are very harmonious. They emit such powerful positive energy that anyone who picks up a toy can feel it. Maybe there is no need to place Chinese symbols of prosperity in the corners of the apartment in the form of three-legged toads, plastic red fish or money trees, but it is better to decorate the home with products of Russian craftsmen - Kargopol, Tula or Vyatka clay souvenirs, miniature wooden sculptures of Nizhny Novgorod craftsmen. It is impossible that they will not attract love, prosperity, health and well-being to the family.
Filimonovskaya toy
In children's art centers in many regions of our country, children are taught to sculpt from clay and paint crafts in the manner of folk crafts of central Russia. The kids really enjoy working with such a convenient and flexible material as clay. They come up with new designs in accordance with ancient traditions. This is how domestic applied art develops and remains in demand not only in tourist centers, but throughout the country.
Mobile exhibitions of Filimonov toys are very popular in France. They travel around the country throughout the year and are accompanied by master classes. Whistle toys are purchased by museums in Japan, Germany and other countries. This craft, which has a permanent residence in the Tula region, is about 1000 years old. Primitively made, but painted with pink and green colors, they look very cheerful. The simplified form is explained by the fact that the toys have cavities inside with holes going out. If you blow into them, alternately covering different holes, you will get a simple melody.
Pavlovo shawls
Cozy, feminine and very bright shawls from Pavlovo Posad weavers became known throughout the world thanks to the amazing collection of fashionable clothes by Russian fashion designer Vyacheslav Zaitsev. He used traditional fabrics and patterns to make women's dresses, men's shirts, other clothing and even shoes. The Pavlovo Posad scarf is an accessory that can be passed down from generation to generation, like jewelry. The durability and wear resistance of scarves is well known. They are made from high quality fine wool. The designs do not fade in the sun, do not fade from washing and do not shrink. The fringe on scarves is made by specially trained craftsmen - all the cells of the openwork mesh are tied in knots at the same distance from each other. The design represents flowers on a red, blue, white, black, green background.
Vologda lace
World-famous Vologda lace is woven using birch or juniper bobbins from cotton or linen threads. This method is used to make measuring tape, bedspreads, shawls and even dresses. Vologda lace is a narrow strip, which is the main line of the pattern. The voids are filled with nets and bugs. The traditional color is white.
Applied arts does not stand still. Development and change occur constantly. It must be said that by the beginning of the last century, under the influence of developing industry, industrial manufactories equipped with high-speed electric machines appeared, and the concept of mass production arose. Folk arts and crafts began to decline. Only in the middle of the last century were traditional Russian crafts restored. In art centers such as Tula, Vladimir, Gus-Khrustalny, Arkhangelsk, Rostov, Zagorsk, etc., vocational schools were built and opened, qualified teachers were trained, and new young masters were trained.
Modern types of needlework and creativity
People travel, get acquainted with the cultures of other peoples, and learn crafts. From time to time new types of decorative and applied arts appear. For our country, scrapbooking, origami, quilling and others have become such new products.
At one time, concrete walls and fences were decorated with a variety of drawings and inscriptions made in a highly artistic manner. Graffiti, or spray art, is a modern interpretation of an ancient type of rock painting. You can laugh as much as you like at teenage hobbies, which, of course, includes graffiti, but look at photographs on the Internet or walk around your own city, and you will discover truly highly artistic works.
Scrapbooking
The design of notebooks, books and albums that exist in a single copy is called scrapbooking. In general, this activity is not entirely new. Albums designed to preserve the history of a family, city or individual for posterity have been created before. The modern vision of this art is the creation of art books with illustrations by the authors, as well as the use of computers with various graphic, music, photo and other editors.
Quilling and origami
Quilling, translated into Russian as “paper rolling,” is used to create panels, to design postcards, photo frames, etc. The technique involves rolling thin strips of paper and gluing them to a base. The smaller the fragment, the more elegant and decorative the craft.
Origami, like quilling, is work with paper. Only origami is work with square sheets of paper from which all sorts of shapes are formed.
As a rule, all crafts related to papermaking have Chinese roots. Asian arts and crafts were originally a pastime for the nobility. The poor did not create beautiful things. Their destiny is agriculture, cattle breeding and all kinds of menial work. Europeans, having adopted the basics of the technique, which historically represented very small and delicate work with rice paper, transferred the art to conditions convenient to them.
Chinese products are distinguished by an abundance of very small details that look monolithic and very elegant. Only very experienced craftsmen can do such work. In addition, thin paper ribbons can be twisted into a tight and even coil only with the help of special tools. European lovers of handicrafts have somewhat modified and simplified the ancient Chinese craft. Paper, curled in spirals of different sizes and densities, has become a popular decoration for cardboard boxes, vases for dried flowers, frames and panels.
Speaking about decorative and applied arts, it would be unfair to ignore such crafts as silk painting, or batik, printed material, or embossing, that is, metal painting, carpet weaving, beading, macrame, knitting. Some things become a thing of the past, while others become so fashionable and popular that even industrial enterprises start producing equipment for this type of creativity.
Preserving ancient crafts and displaying the best examples in museums is a good cause that will always serve as a source of inspiration for people creative professions and will help everyone else to join in the beauty.