“However, Galileo, who picked up the ideas of Copernicus< >I began to check how the world really works. His appeal to experiment should, by and large, be recognized as the moment of the birth of science, at least in modern sense this word. In fact, Galileo proposed a new methodology scientific research: instead of speculative knowledge of ideal laws, he set an ambitious task for science - to comprehend the Creator's plan by studying the real world he created. IN in a certain sense such a science was much more Christian than the previous medieval scholasticism (which was a synthesis of Christian theology and Aristotelian logic), constantly referring to the authority of Aristotle. In fact, since the world was created by the Creator, it should be studied as thoroughly as Scripture, trying to find impeccable divine harmony in it.
This approach has proven remarkably effective. It turned out that new laws and patterns almost fall on your head. Moreover, many of them quickly found surprisingly useful applications (pendulum clocks, chronometers with spring balancers, steam engines, thermometers, etc.). Science has become the engine of technical progress, the impressive achievements of which, ultimately expressed in money, weapons and partly comfort (that is, everything that is primarily of interest to those who finance science), sharply strengthened confidence in the new methodology of knowledge. Its essence boiled down to the construction of natural sciences on the model of mathematics: from “self-evident” axioms to strictly proven theorems. It is no coincidence that Newton’s fundamental work was called “The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.”
The discrepancies between theory and practice, which were an immanent problem for the Greeks, now became a source of problems, many of which could be successfully solved. It turned out that huge amount phenomena can be explained based on a small number of simple and beautiful axiom laws, which were believed to be discovered speculatively, thanks to the intuition of the researcher, but are confirmed and proven through experimental verification of the consequences arising from them. Scientific theories were perceived as a property of the real world, you just had to recognize them, “read the book of Nature,” and confirm with several examples the correct reading. This approach later received the name justificationism (from the English justify - “to justify”, “to justify”). The justificationist foundation laid in the 17th century by the works of Galileo and Newton turned out to be so strong that it determined the development of science for two centuries. But the crisis became even more serious when experimental data incompatible with Newtonian physics began to appear.
And such examples to end of the 19th century centuries have accumulated a lot. There was no way to explain the slight discrepancy in the motion of Mercury, discovered by Le Verrier in 1859. The planet’s orbit systematically “deviated” from the calculated one. The deviation was tiny, only 43 arc seconds per century, but a demonstrative theory based on divine laws cannot be inaccurate. Another problem was posed by newborn electrodynamics. According to Maxwell's equations (1864), electromagnetic interaction always propagates equally quickly - at the speed of light. But this directly contradicts the principle of addition of velocities in Newtonian mechanics: how can a beam of light have the same speed, say, relative to a moving train and a stationary platform? In addition, it was not possible to explain the stability of atoms and the patterns of thermal radiation within the framework of classical mechanics.
The theory of relativity and quantum mechanics allowed us to cope with all these problems, which showed that Newton’s theory is not absolutely accurate. Even worse than that, themselves basic principles new theories turned out to be completely different. This was a death sentence for the concept of justificationism. There could no longer be any talk of any evidence of natural scientific theories. “The discovery of the critical method by the Greeks initially gave rise to the erroneous hope that with its help it would be possible to find solutions to all the great old problems, to substantiate the reliability of knowledge, to prove and justify our theories. However, this hope was generated by a dogmatic way of thinking, for in fact nothing can be justified or proven (outside of mathematics and logic),” as the philosopher of science Karl Popper summed up the collapse of justificationism in his book “Conjectures and Refutations,” published in 1963.
But then Dmitry Bayuk very irresponsibly reports: “The theory of ether. Put forward to explain electromagnetic waves within the framework of Newtonian mechanics. Light was considered vibrations of the ether - a hypothetical medium with very strange properties: solid, but practically weightless, all-pervasive, but at the same time carried along by moving bodies. The mechanical model of the ether turned out to be extremely unnatural. Special theory relativity got rid of the ether, making changes to the Newtonian model of space and time. It dramatically simplified the description of electromagnetic phenomena and made a whole series of new predictions, the most famous of which is the mass-energy equivalence E = mc2 underlying nuclear energy.”
I cannot agree with the theory of ether as presented by Dmitry Bayuk. The theory of ether appeared in the works of the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle long (2000 years) before us. And it is closely related to the problems of modern physics. I write about this below.
By our World, the Universe, I understand everything that exists, regardless of our observational and cognitive abilities. Let's assume that this World is one. Then it will definitely be endless. If we assume that somewhere there is an edge, a border, then a question arises. What's happening abroad? Perhaps another World. But this contradicts our original premise.
We learn and observe our World due to numerous contrasts. Hence we assume that the whole World is heterogeneous. It must consist of NOTHING and NOTHING. Nothing is empty space - a container for material objects. Something is discrete matter. There are monstrously many in the World, but a constant number of identical elementary particles(bricks) from which all its architecture is built. But any constant number always of course. Meanwhile, many different hypotheses come and have come to false conclusions due to the assumption that in the infinite World there is an infinite amount of matter.
We do not know how the only elementary and smallest particle of matter is structured. But somehow these particles can connect and separate. Let's leave this problem for future generations.
In a World in which there is neither an edge nor a distinct center, there can be no absolute or maximum speed. All speeds are relative and can be of any value. And any body is always in a contradictory state; it is both at rest and in motion relative to other bodies.
The main source of knowledge is light, which is the “darkest” place in physics. Let's try to shed some light on this problem. There was Aristotle's physics, in which there was no emptiness, but there was an ether that inhibited movement. And Newton's senior contemporary Christiaan Huygens suggested that waves of the ether create optical phenomena. But Newton suddenly realized that if the planets revolve around the Sun and do not fall on it, this means that there is no ether, space is empty, and matter is discrete. But if there is no ether, then there is no wave theory. Light can only be a stream of some special particles (corpuscles). This is how Newton's classical physics with the corpuscular theory of light arose. But the wave theory was so sweet that it was difficult to abandon it.
This is how a modern physicist describes the history of the rejection of the corpuscular theory: “Looking at the waves on the surface of the water from two thrown stones, you can see how, overlapping each other, the waves can interfere, that is, cancel out or mutually reinforce each other. Based on this, the English physicist and physician Thomas Young conducted experiments in 1801 with a beam of light that passed through two holes in an opaque screen, thus forming two independent light sources, similar to two stones thrown into water. As a result, he observed an interference pattern consisting of alternating dark and white stripes. The dark stripes corresponded to areas where light waves from the two slits cancel each other out. Light stripes appeared where light waves mutually reinforced each other. Thus, the wave nature of light was proven.”
Several more years passed, and the Paris Academy of Sciences favorably accepted Fresnel's explanation of diffraction and interference of light using the wave theory. But although many physicists understood that combining the wave theory from Aristotle’s physics with Newton’s physics was contrary to logic, they could not do anything. Facts are stubborn things. Moreover, famous philosopher At that time, Hegel soon came up with a “higher” logic, now called dialectical. If ordinary logic can be described by the triad “thesis-antithesis-analysis”, then Hegel’s logic is described by “thesis-antithesis-synthesis”. Then several more speculative logics appeared. And physicists do not know which logic is correct. This led to the fact that the results of the experiments different people began to explain differently.
And throughout the 20th century, physics developed on the basis of the wave theory of light. And only at the beginning of the twentieth century it was necessary to return to the discreteness of radiation and finally legitimize the dual nature of the radiation of light, and then of all matter.
Let's give the floor to the laureate Nobel Prize, theoretical physicist R. Feynman based on his book “Character physical laws"(M. 1987, p. 116 ff.).
“Let's start with the history of the study of light. At first it was assumed that light was very similar to a rain of particles, or corpuscles, flying like bullets fired from a gun. However, subsequent research has shown that this idea is incorrect and that in fact light behaves like waves, for example sea waves. Then, in the 20th century, after additional research, it again began to seem that in many cases light behaves like a stream of particles. By observing the photoelectric effect, we can count the number of these corpuscles, now called photons. When electrons were first discovered, they seemed to behave exactly like particles (or bullets). It couldn't be simpler. But further experiments, for example with electron diffraction, showed that they behave like waves. And the further time went, the more and more unclear it became how they behave - like corpuscles or like waves. The growing confusion was resolved in 1925-1926. discovery of the exact equations of quantum mechanics."
Note that Feynman, like many other physicists, does not know history, since Huygens's wave theory preceded Newton's corpuscular theory, and not vice versa.
Let's continue to quote the physicist who believes that Young's experiment in 1801 allegedly proved the wave nature of light: “An experiment carried out in 1961 by German physicist Klaus Jonsson, in which he proved that the laws of interference and diffraction apply to beams of elementary particles in the same way as to light waves. Jonsson’s experiment practically repeated the experiment of Thomas Young two centuries ago, only instead of a beam of light, a beam of electrons was used.”
But if Klaus Johnson's experiment had taken place not in 1961, but in 1802, then he would have proven not the wave nature of light, but the corpuscular nature. But now the train has already left, it is impossible to prove anything. Belief in the duality of light, that light and waves of ether and corpuscles are stronger than even faith in God. And this faith does not allow scientists to think. Yes, plus concerns for my career. Moreover, duality is very convenient. It allows us to apply one or another aspect of the problem (both ours and yours) in the necessary cases. Michelson tried to experimentally determine the speed of the Earth relative to the ether. Nature answered that the speed of the Earth relative to the ether is zero. This could only mean that there was no ether. There was no need to talk about the immobility of the Earth at that time. But Einstein declared that the speed of light is a special speed and cannot be combined with any other speed. He went even further and announced that there was no broadcast. But if there is no ether, then neither Michelson nor Einstein are needed.
Duality is very convenient for unthinking scientists. It allows you to use the part that is most suitable at any time. Thus, when it was discovered that light from distant galaxies is red-shifted, in accordance with the Doppler effect, this was taken as real evidence of the expansion of the Universe after the big bang. But if there is no ether, then what Doppler, what expansion?
But what about wave-particle duality? Paul Davis writes: “Our imagination is powerless to imagine something that can be both a wave and a particle, but the very existence of wave-particle duality (the so-called wave-particle duality) is beyond doubt.”(“Superpower” M. 1982, p. 30). He really exists. This was noticed by Newton (Newton's rings). If there is no ether, then corpuscles must have wave properties. But how?
For example, like this. Let's imagine a corpuscle in the form of a figure eight. She flies and spins. The number of its revolutions per second is the frequency, and the path traveled by the corpuscle in one revolution is the wavelength. The plane in which the corpuscle rotates is the plane of polarization. Then our corpuscle, passing through a small hole in the screen, deviates from the straight path (diffraction) and hits the screen. If at the same moment a corpuscle from another hole hits the same place, then their interaction will occur. If they meet in the same phase, the light will intensify (addition). If the corpuscles meet in antiphase, the light will go out (subtraction). This corpuscle also allows us to understand why part of the light always passes through a transparent body, and the other part is reflected.
The famous red shift, taken for the expansion of the Universe, is also easily explained. Than longer way the corpuscle has passed, the slower it rotates due to numerous contacts (turns red) with various material particles..
Then I came across a book where I read: “Let us direct a beam of electrons from an electron gun to an impenetrable obstacle in which there are two holes. Let's place a Geiger counter at a distance behind the obstacle and close one hole. In this case, let the counter register 2 electrons every second. If we open this hole and close the other one, we again get 2 counts per second. And finally, open both holes. In this case, it is sometimes observed from experience that the counter stops registering electrons altogether (2+2=0)!... If you move the counter a little in the vertical direction, you can find the point at which it will give 8 counts per second (2+2=8) , i.e. twice the simple sum of the terms. At first glance, all this is difficult to believe, but it is so, and such unusual phenomena are due to the wave nature of electrons.”
I “constructed” the figure-eight corpuscle in 1965-66, not yet knowing about the strange arithmetic of interference. But isn’t this arithmetic clear now? The figure eight is torn into rings. Two corpuscles consist of 4 rings. And then with amplification 4+4=8, and with attenuation of light 4 – 4=0.
Of course, this is just a hypothesis. It can only become a theory after it has been tested in scientific circles. But these circles do not want to know anything new; they are more comfortable living in the old way. Even in the United States, NASA scientists expelled the press secretary in 2006 for what he called Big bang not a fact, but a theory.
My hypothesis allows us to explain almost all the problems of modern physics, including universal gravity. The world becomes understandable and knowable, physics too.
Justificationism is back.
Pavel Karavdin 03/11/2012
Large diesel-electric submarine B-396 "Novosibirsk Komsomolets" project 641B (code "Som", according to NATO classification - Tango) belongs to the 2nd generation boats, designed at TsKB-18, now TsKB MT "Rubin", the chief designer of the project is Z.A. Deribin, since 1974 - Yu.N. Kormilitsyn.
The submarine was laid down in 1979 in Nizhny Novgorod(at that time - the city of Gorky) at the Krasnoye Sormovo plant.
From 1980 to 1998, the submarine carried out combat service as part of the Northern Fleet squadron, performing missions in Atlantic Ocean off the western coast of Africa, in the Mediterranean Sea, it carried out combat patrols to protect the state border in the Barents Sea.
In 1998, the B-396 submarine was decommissioned and removed from the Russian Navy. On October 20, 2000, it was delivered from the city of Polyarny to the city of Severodvinsk to the Northern Machine-Building Enterprise, in April 2001 it was lifted onto a slipway and then transferred to a workshop for conversion into a museum.
On July 4, 2003, the museum submarine was launched into the water in a solemn ceremony. At the end of August, the ship set off on its last voyage along the Severodvinsk-Moscow route. Having passed the White Sea, the White Sea-Baltic Canal, Lake Onega, the Volga-Baltic Canal, Rybinsk Reservoir, Moscow Canal, the submarine arrived in Moscow.
Now the Museum and Memorial Complex of the History of the Russian Navy, located on the Khimki Reservoir in the Severnoye Tushino Park, has become its permanent site.
The entrance to the submarine in the museum version is from the starboard side through a specially equipped vestibule.
Before the conversion, the crew entered through the hatch.
The first compartment contains bow torpedo tubes of 533 mm caliber. On the right you can see the torpedo propeller, on the left - the torpedo before loading into the torpedo tube.
If necessary, the crew could leave the submarine through torpedo tubes, which served as airlocks. To perform work overboard or emergency ascent on board there were SSP-K1 submariner equipment sets, consisting of an IDA-59 self-contained breathing apparatus (rebreather) and an SGP-K diving suit, in addition, to ensure ascent from great depths (up to 220 m) in the kit included a DGB cylinder with helium (in the composition of breathing mixtures for deep-sea diving, air is replaced with a helium-oxygen mixture to reduce the risk of decompression sickness).
There are changes in the interior of the submarine, in particular, openings have been installed in the sealed bulkheads between the compartments of the boat for the unimpeded movement of visitors. During combat service, crew members moved between compartments through hatches.
Officer's cabin.
Submarine commander's cabin.
Doctor's cabin.
Insulator.
Central post.
Navigation room.
Radio room.
Galley. Soviet submariners at sea were entitled to three meals a day: breakfast (also called morning tea), lunch and dinner. The first meal of the day was the lightest of all. Mandatory elements of breakfast were tea with sugar and white bread with butter. The second meal of the day was the largest. The traditional first course was naval borscht with fresh cabbage; soups were also prepared - beans, potatoes and rice. The second courses were various canned meats with a side dish of rice, buckwheat porridge, beans or mashed potatoes. The third dish was naval compote, which was sometimes replaced with cocoa or jelly. During an autonomous voyage, dry red wine, usually from the Cabernet Sauvignon grape variety, 50 ml for each crew member, was mandatory for lunch. For dinner, as a rule, there were boiled or fried potatoes, buckwheat porridge, beans with pickled herring, canned fish or meat, cocoa with cookies.
Latrine.
The cockpit is equipped in the aft compartment. IN free time the sailors could watch a movie.
The submarine is installed on an underwater hydraulic foundation, the ship is raised by 4 meters, which made the propeller-rudder complex open for viewing.
The submarine carries a guy Navy Russia.
Project 641B submarine layout
1 - main antenna of the SJSC "Rubicon", 2 - antennas of the SJSC "Rubicon", 3 - 533-mm TA, 4 - bow horizontal rudder with a collapse mechanism and drives, 5 - bow emergency buoy, 6 - cylinders of the air pressure system, 7 - bow compartment (torpedo), 8 - spare torpedoes with a quick loading device, 9 - torpedo loading and bow hatches, 10 - modular enclosure of the Rubicon State Joint Stock Company, 11 - second (bow living and battery) compartment, 12 - living quarters, 13 - bow ( first and second) group AB; 14 - battery fencing, 15 - navigation bridge, 16 - gyrocompass repeater, 17 - attack periscope, 18 - PZNG-8M periscope, 19 - PMU of the RDP device, 20 - PMU of the "Cascade" radar radar antenna, 21 - PMU of the "Frame" radio direction finder antenna ", 22 - PMU antenna SORS MRP-25, 23 - PMU antenna "Topol", 24 - conning tower, 25 - third (central post) compartment, 26 - central post, 27 - REV aggregate enclosures, 28 - auxiliary equipment enclosures and general ship systems (bilge pumps, pumps of the general ship hydraulic system, converters and air conditioners), 29 - fourth (aft living and battery) compartment, 30 - living quarters, 31 - aft (third and fourth) AB group, 32 - fifth (diesel) compartment , 33 - auxiliary mechanisms, 34 - DD, 35 - fuel and fuel-ballast tanks, 36 - sixth (electric motor) compartment, 37 - electrical panels, 38 - GGED center line of the shaft, 39 - aft anchor capstan, 40 - seventh (aft) compartment, 41 - aft hatch, 42 - economic propulsion engine, 43 - midline shaft, 44 - stern emergency buoy, 45 - stern rudders drives.
Tactical and technical data of the Project 641B submarine
You can often hear such a parable (called “The Rich Tourist”), the whole point of which is to determine where the catch is. The parable talks about money, and the fact that they do everything for the sake of it - while on their own they are, paradoxically, nothing! Let me remind you of the essence of the matter: “A rich tourist came to a certain town. Leaving $100 as a deposit to the hotel owner, he went up to look at the hotel rooms. The owner of the hotel, without hesitating for a minute, takes the bill and runs with it to the butcher to repay the debt. The butcher, with a banknote in his hands, runs to the farmer and repays him for the beef...
The farmer repays the debt to the owner of the auto repair shop.
The owner of the workshop goes to the local store and pays off the debt for the products.
The store owner runs to the local travel agency to repay the debt. The travel agency manager immediately runs to the hotel owner and repays him the debt for the rooms that were rented for clients on credit during the crisis...
At this moment, the tourist comes back down and says that he did not find a suitable room, takes the deposit and leaves. No one received anything - but the entire town now lives without debt and is optimistic about the future. So what is the point of this trick? - the narrator usually asks slyly.
Based on numerous “requests from workers,” I explain the essence of the trick.
In the parable, money is an obvious, disappearing, dissolving NOTHING. However, although they are nothing, everyone desperately needs them for some reason.
Of course, if the described case had happened in real life, the participants in the transactions would have agreed with each other by “barter” and would have gotten along before the arrival of the rich tourist through mutual settlement.
However, there is salt and pepper in the parable.
And they are contained in the very title of the fairy tale. “Rich tourist” - once called “rich”, instinctively is perceived by the narrator as the master of life. It doesn’t matter whether he himself, being the owner of the territory, prints dollars, or whether he is only the favorite of the owner who prints dollars.
Directly or indirectly but the rich tourist acts as the OWNER of the EARTH. It issues OPERATION PERMITS to business entities. After this permission is issued, metabolic processes begin to follow their own laws, but before such permission they could not begin.
Why? The answer is very simple: the owner of the territory did not give (did not put into circulation) money - which means he forbade management on his territory. If you have a garden, then you will understand what I mean.
Let’s say that in your garden you can grow pumpkins, beets, squash and carrots. If different people grow them in different beds of YOUR garden, they may then begin to change them. But since they grow vegetables in YOUR garden, they need your permission to exchange (as well as to grow).
This permission from the authorities to operate is money. Money itself is something like a scale, ruler, arshin, that is, a technical means of measurement.
No one would ever bow to the scales and beg the ruler for something - this is madness! Another thing is the weigher or land surveyor, on whom the licensing system of the national economy depends.
Money itself has no value and does not exist at all without the power that issued it.
Money is not pieces of paper or circles of metal. Money is a PAYMENT RELATIONSHIP. Any ordered settlement relationship can be considered a variant of monetary financial system.
I'll tell you another parable.
The brick maker needs to buy a clay jug. And the jug manufacturer needs to buy 100 bricks. But both have no money: the brickmaker, in order to get money for his purchases, must first sell the bricks, and there is no one to buy them except the potter. And the potter, in order to get money for his purchases, must first sell the jugs: but there is no one to buy them either, except the brickmaker.
Of course, they could exchange without money: this is called barter. But it is suitable if the goods have ALREADY been produced. And if they still have to be made, then no one will launch machines for absent demand, which there is no one and nothing to pay for!
Where does the money come from? They appear from the owner of the resources, in our parable - the one who owns the clay. Both bricks and pots are made from clay. Both producers need clay, and it is a gift from nature. The one who owns it does not spend labor on its production.
By providing it to the potter and brickmaker, the owner of the clay (territory) takes an obligation from them to make him a certain number of bricks and a certain number of pots. It is the owner of the clay who is the SOURCE OF MONEY - after all, money circulation begins with him, he is the first to release an initially free product (raw material) onto the market - products from which are then replaced by manufacturers.
The owner of the clay (if he wants) orders the work of the craftsmen and pays them money for it - i.e. units of account provided with gifts of nature, resources, raw materials, and infrastructure. The economy, as an exchange process, begins from here - there is nowhere else for it to begin!
Without this initial order, the potter cannot order bricks to the brickmaker, and the brickmaker cannot order pots to the potter. If clay is not provided, there is simply nothing to make them from.
And there is no need - after all, there is no money in circulation: a potter who has not sold his pots has no money in the same way as a brickmaker who has not sold bricks. Not a single sale means not a single penny.
Only the resource owner can release money. In what form he will release them - paper, metal, in the form of collective farm “sticks” in the accounting register or an electronic “blip” - is his business. But the source of money circulation is he, the owner of the territory.
Only by understanding this chain: “Discovery of resources on the territory - usurpation of these resources by the invader - lease and sublease relations of resource users with the usurper of resources” will we understand the nature of the financial system, and how the economy actually works!
The large diesel-electric submarine B-396 "Novosibirsk Komsomolets" of project 641B (code "Som", according to NATO classification - Tango) belongs to the 2nd generation boats, designed at TsKB-18, now TsKB MT "Rubin", chief designer project - Z.A. Deribin, since 1974 - Yu.N. Kormilitsyn.
The submarine was laid down in 1979 in Nizhny Novgorod (at that time - the city of Gorky) at the Krasnoye Sormovo plant.
From 1980 to 1998, the submarine carried out combat service as part of the Northern Fleet squadron, carried out missions in the Atlantic Ocean off the west coast of Africa, in the Mediterranean Sea, and carried out combat patrols to protect the state border in the Barents Sea.
In 1998, the B-396 submarine was decommissioned and removed from the Russian Navy. On October 20, 2000, it was delivered from the city of Polyarny to the city of Severodvinsk to the Northern Machine-Building Enterprise, in April 2001 it was lifted onto a slipway and then transferred to a workshop for conversion into a museum.
On July 4, 2003, the museum submarine was launched into the water in a solemn ceremony. At the end of August, the ship set off on its last voyage along the Severodvinsk-Moscow route. Having passed the White Sea, the White Sea-Baltic Canal, Lake Onega, the Volga-Baltic Canal, the Rybinsk Reservoir, the Moscow Canal, the submarine arrived in Moscow.
Now the Museum and Memorial Complex of the History of the Russian Navy, located on the Khimki Reservoir in the Severnoye Tushino Park, has become its permanent site.
The entrance to the submarine in the museum version is from the starboard side through a specially equipped vestibule.
Before the conversion, the crew entered through the hatch.
The first compartment contains bow torpedo tubes of 533 mm caliber. On the right you can see the torpedo propeller, on the left - the torpedo before loading into the torpedo tube.
If necessary, the crew could leave the submarine through torpedo tubes, which served as airlocks. To perform work overboard or emergency ascent on board there were SSP-K1 submariner equipment sets, consisting of an IDA-59 self-contained breathing apparatus (rebreather) and an SGP-K diving suit, in addition, to ensure ascent from great depths (up to 220 m) in the kit included a DGB cylinder with helium (in the composition of breathing mixtures for deep-sea diving, air is replaced by a helium-oxygen mixture, which makes it possible to avoid nitrogen intoxication and reduce the risk of decompression sickness).
There are changes in the interior of the submarine, in particular, openings have been installed in the sealed bulkheads between the compartments of the boat for the unimpeded movement of visitors. During combat service, crew members moved between compartments through hatches.
Officer's cabin.
Submarine commander's cabin.
Doctor's cabin.
Insulator.
Central post.
Navigation room.
Radio room.
Galley. Soviet submariners at sea were entitled to three meals a day: breakfast (also called morning tea), lunch and dinner. The first meal of the day was the lightest of all. The obligatory elements of breakfast were tea with sugar and white bread with butter. The second meal of the day was the largest. The traditional first course was naval borscht with fresh cabbage; soups were also prepared - beans, potatoes and rice. The second courses were various canned meats with a side dish of rice, buckwheat porridge, beans or mashed potatoes. The third dish was naval compote, which was sometimes replaced with cocoa or jelly. During an autonomous voyage, dry red wine, usually from the Cabernet Sauvignon grape variety, 50 ml for each crew member, was mandatory for lunch. For dinner, as a rule, there were boiled or fried potatoes, buckwheat porridge, beans with pickled herring, canned fish or meat, cocoa and cookies.
Latrine.
The cockpit is equipped in the aft compartment. In their free time, the sailors could watch a movie.
The submarine is installed on an underwater hydraulic foundation, the ship is raised by 4 meters, which made the propeller-rudder complex open for viewing.
The submarine carries a hull of the Russian Navy.
Project 641B submarine layout
1 - main antenna of the SJSC "Rubicon", 2 - antennas of the SJSC "Rubicon", 3 - 533-mm TA, 4 - bow horizontal rudder with a collapse mechanism and drives, 5 - bow emergency buoy, 6 - cylinders of the air pressure system, 7 - bow compartment (torpedo), 8 - spare torpedoes with a quick loading device, 9 - torpedo loading and bow hatches, 10 - modular enclosure of the Rubicon State Joint Stock Company, 11 - second (bow living and battery) compartment, 12 - living quarters, 13 - bow ( first and second) group AB; 14 - battery fencing, 15 - navigation bridge, 16 - gyrocompass repeater, 17 - attack periscope, 18 - PZNG-8M periscope, 19 - PMU of the RDP device, 20 - PMU of the "Cascade" radar radar antenna, 21 - PMU of the "Frame" radio direction finder antenna ", 22 - PMU antenna SORS MRP-25, 23 - PMU antenna "Topol", 24 - conning tower, 25 - third (central post) compartment, 26 - central post, 27 - REV aggregate enclosures, 28 - auxiliary equipment enclosures and general ship systems (bilge pumps, pumps of the general ship hydraulic system, converters and air conditioners), 29 - fourth (aft living and battery) compartment, 30 - living quarters, 31 - aft (third and fourth) AB group, 32 - fifth (diesel) compartment , 33 - auxiliary mechanisms, 34 - DD, 35 - fuel and fuel-ballast tanks, 36 - sixth (electric motor) compartment, 37 - electrical panels, 38 - GGED center line of the shaft, 39 - aft anchor capstan, 40 - seventh (aft) compartment, 41 - aft hatch, 42 - economic propulsion motor, 43 - center line of the shaft, 44 - aft emergency buoy, 45 - stern rudders drives.
Tactical and technical data of the Project 641B submarine
The large diesel-electric submarine B-396 "Novosibirsk Komsomolets" of project 641B (code "Som", according to NATO classification - Tango) belongs to the 2nd generation boats, designed at TsKB-18, now TsKB MT "Rubin", chief designer project - Z.A. Deribin, since 1974 - Yu.N. Kormilitsyn. The submarine was laid down in 1979 in Nizhny Novgorod (at that time - the city of Gorky) at the Krasnoye Sormovo plant. From 1980 to 1998, the submarine carried out combat service as part of the Northern Fleet squadron, carried out missions in the Atlantic Ocean off the west coast of Africa, in the Mediterranean Sea, and carried out combat patrols to protect the state border in the Barents Sea. In 1998, the B-396 submarine was decommissioned and removed from the Russian Navy. On October 20, 2000, it was delivered from the city of Polyarny to the city of Severodvinsk to the Northern Machine-Building Enterprise, in April 2001 it was lifted onto a slipway and then transferred to a workshop for conversion into a museum. On July 4, 2003, the museum submarine was launched into the water in a solemn ceremony. At the end of August, the ship set off on its last voyage along the Severodvinsk-Moscow route. Having passed the White Sea, the White Sea-Baltic Canal, Lake Onega, the Volga-Baltic Canal, the Rybinsk Reservoir, the Moscow Canal, the submarine arrived in Moscow. Now the Museum and Memorial Complex of the History of the Russian Navy, located on the Khimki Reservoir in the Severnoye Tushino Park, has become its permanent site. The entrance to the submarine in the museum version is from the starboard side through a specially equipped vestibule. 
Before the conversion, the crew entered through the hatch. 
The first compartment contains bow torpedo tubes of 533 mm caliber. On the right you can see the torpedo propeller, on the left - the torpedo before loading into the torpedo tube. 
If necessary, the crew could leave the submarine through torpedo tubes, which served as airlocks. To perform work overboard or emergency ascent on board there were SSP-K1 submariner equipment sets, consisting of an IDA-59 self-contained breathing apparatus (rebreather) and an SGP-K diving suit, in addition, to ensure ascent from great depths (up to 220 m) in the kit included a DGB cylinder with helium (in the composition of breathing mixtures for deep-sea diving, air is replaced by a helium-oxygen mixture, which makes it possible to avoid nitrogen intoxication and reduce the risk of decompression sickness). 
There are changes in the interior of the submarine, in particular, openings have been installed in the sealed bulkheads between the compartments of the boat for the unimpeded movement of visitors. During combat service, crew members moved between compartments through hatches. 
Officer's cabin. 
Submarine commander's cabin. 
Doctor's cabin. 
Insulator. 
Central post. 
Navigation room. 
Radio room. 
Galley. Soviet submariners at sea were entitled to three meals a day: breakfast (also called morning tea), lunch and dinner. The first meal of the day was the lightest of all. The obligatory elements of breakfast were tea with sugar and white bread with butter. The second meal of the day was the largest. The traditional first course was naval borscht with fresh cabbage; soups were also prepared - beans, potatoes and rice. The second courses were various canned meats with a side dish of rice, buckwheat porridge, beans or mashed potatoes. The third dish was naval compote, which was sometimes replaced with cocoa or jelly. During an autonomous voyage, dry red wine, usually from the Cabernet Sauvignon grape variety, 50 ml for each crew member, was mandatory for lunch. For dinner, as a rule, there were boiled or fried potatoes, buckwheat porridge, beans with pickled herring, canned fish or meat, cocoa and cookies. 
Latrine. 
The cockpit is equipped in the aft compartment. In their free time, the sailors could watch a movie. 
The submarine is installed on an underwater hydraulic foundation, the ship is raised by 4 meters, which made the propeller-rudder complex open for viewing. 
The submarine carries a hull of the Russian Navy. Project 641B submarine layout 
1 - main antenna of the SJSC "Rubicon", 2 - antennas of the SJSC "Rubicon", 3 - 533-mm TA, 4 - bow horizontal rudder with a collapse mechanism and drives, 5 - bow emergency buoy, 6 - cylinders of the air pressure system, 7 - bow compartment (torpedo), 8 - spare torpedoes with a quick loading device, 9 - torpedo loading and bow hatches, 10 - modular enclosure of the Rubicon State Joint Stock Company, 11 - second (bow living and battery) compartment, 12 - living quarters, 13 - bow ( first and second) group AB; 14 - battery fencing, 15 - navigation bridge, 16 - gyrocompass repeater, 17 - attack periscope, 18 - PZNG-8M periscope, 19 - PMU of the RDP device, 20 - PMU of the "Cascade" radar radar antenna, 21 - PMU of the "Frame" radio direction finder antenna ", 22 - PMU antenna SORS MRP-25, 23 - PMU antenna "Topol", 24 - conning tower, 25 - third (central post) compartment, 26 - central post, 27 - REV aggregate enclosures, 28 - auxiliary equipment enclosures and general ship systems (bilge pumps, pumps of the general ship hydraulic system, converters and air conditioners), 29 - fourth (aft living and battery) compartment, 30 - living quarters, 31 - aft (third and fourth) AB group, 32 - fifth (diesel) compartment , 33 - auxiliary mechanisms, 34 - DD, 35 - fuel and fuel-ballast tanks, 36 - sixth (electric motor) compartment, 37 - electrical panels, 38 - GGED center line of the shaft, 39 - aft anchor capstan, 40 - seventh (aft) compartment, 41 - aft hatch, 42 - economic propulsion motor, 43 - center line of the shaft, 44 - aft emergency buoy, 45 - stern rudders drives. Tactical and technical data of the Project 641B submarine 