Yenisei Cossack pioneer of the 17th century. Russian explorers of the 11th - 17th centuries

1623
Cossack Penda
Discoverer of the Lena River. Mangazeya and Turukhansk Cossack, legendary personality. He set out with a detachment of 40 people from Mangazeya (a fortified fort and the most important trading point of the Russians in the North) Western Siberia(1600-1619) on the Taz River). This man made an unprecedented trek of thousands of miles through completely wild places in terms of his determination. Legends about Penda were passed down from mouth to mouth among the Mangazeya and Turukhansk Cossacks and fishermen, and reached historians in almost their original form.
Penda and like-minded people climbed the Yenisei from Turukhansk to Nizhnyaya Tunguska, then walked for three years to its upper reaches. I reached the Chechuysky portage, where the Lena comes almost close to the Lower Tunguska. And then, having crossed the portage, he sailed along the Lena River down to the place where the city of Yakutsk was later built: from where he continued his journey along the same river to the mouth of the Kulenga, then along the Buryat steppe to the Angara, where, having embarked on ships, through Yeniseisk he arrived again in Turukhansk".
1628-1655
Petr Beketov
Sovereign serviceman, governor, explorer of Siberia. The founder of a number of Siberian cities, such as Yakutsk, Chita, Nerchinsk. He came to Siberia voluntarily (he asked to go to the Yenisei prison, where he was appointed rifle centurion in 1627). Already in 1628-1629 he took part in the campaigns of Yenisei servicemen up the Angara. He walked a lot along the tributaries of the Lena, collected yasak, and brought the local population into submission to Moscow. He founded several sovereign forts on the Yenisei, Lena and Transbaikalia.
1639-1640
Ivan Moskvitin
He was the first European to reach the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. I was the first to visit Sakhalin. Moskvitin began his service in 1626 as an ordinary Cossack in the Tomsk prison. He probably took part in the campaigns of Ataman Dmitry Kopylov to the south of Siberia. In the spring of 1639, he set out from Yakutsk to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk with a detachment of 39 servicemen. The goal was the usual - “the search for new lands” and new unclear (that is, not yet subject to tribute) people. Moskvitin's detachment went down the Aldan to the Mai River and walked up the Mai for seven weeks, from Maya to the portage by a small river they walked for six days, they walked by portage for one day and reached the Ulya River, they walked down the Ulya in a plow for eight days, then made a boat and sailed to the sea five days.
Results of the campaign: The coast was discovered and surveyed Sea of ​​Okhotsk over 1300 km, Udskaya Bay, Sakhalin Bay, Amur Estuary, Amur Estuary and Sakhalin Island. In addition, they brought with them to Yakutsk a large booty in the form of a fur tribute.
1641-1657
Ivan Stadukhin
Discoverer of the Kolyma River. Founded the Nizhnekolymsk fort. He explored the Chukotka Peninsula and was the first to enter the north of Kamchatka. He walked along the coast on Kochs and described one and a half thousand kilometers of the northern part of the Sea of ​​​​Okhotsk. He kept records of his “circular” journey, described and drew up a drawing map of the places he visited in Yakutia and Chukotka.
1648-49
Semyon Dezhnev
Cossack ataman, explorer, traveler, sailor, explorer of the Northern and Eastern Siberia, and also a fur trader. Participated in the discovery of Kolyma as part of Ivan Stadukhin’s detachment. From Kolyma, on Kochs, he traveled along the Arctic Ocean along the northern coast of Chukotka. 80 years before Vitus Bering, the first European in 1648 passed the (Bering) Strait separating Chukotka and Alaska. (It is noteworthy that V. Bering himself did not manage to pass the entire strait, but had to limit himself to only its southern part!
1643-1646
Vasily Poyarkov
Russian explorer, Cossack, explorer of Siberia and Far East. Discoverer of the Middle and Lower Amur. In 1643, 46 led a detachment that was the first Russian to penetrate the Amur River basin and discovered the Zeya River and the Zeya Plain. Collected valuable information about the nature and population of the Amur region
1649-1653
Erofey Khabarov
A Russian industrialist and entrepreneur, he traded furs in Mangazeya, then moved to the upper reaches of the Lena River, where from 1632 he was engaged in buying furs. In 1639 he discovered salt springs on the Kut River and built a brewery, and then contributed to the development of agriculture there.
In 1649-53, with a detachment of eager people, he made a trip along the Amur from the confluence of the Urka River into it to the very lower reaches. As a result of his expedition, the Amur region indigenous people accepted Russian citizenship. He often acted by force, which left him with a bad reputation among the indigenous population. Khabarov compiled “Drawing on the Amur River.” The military post of Khabarovka, founded in 1858 (since 1893 - the city of Khabarovsk) and railroad station Erofey Pavlovich (1909).
1696-1697
Vladimir Atlasov
Cossack Pentecostal, clerk of the Anadyr prison, “an experienced polar explorer,” as they would say now. Kamchatka was, one might say, his goal and
a dream. The Russians already knew about the existence of this peninsula, but none of them had yet penetrated the territory of Kamchatka. Atlasov, using borrowed money and at his own risk, organized an expedition to explore Kamchatka at the beginning of 1697. Taking into the detachment the experienced Cossack Luka Morozko, who had already been to the north of the peninsula, he set out from the Anadyr fort to the south. The purpose of the campaign was traditional - furs and the annexation of new “unknown” lands to the Russian state.

Russia in the Middle Ages

In the period from the $11th to the $13th centuries in the territory ancient Russian state A difficult political situation has developed. It was during this period that Rus' was subjected to raids by eastern nomadic peoples and was experiencing a period of feudal fragmentation. Therefore, basic information about the nature and public life we can draw from ancient Russian chronicles. The most famous document of that era is “The Tale of Bygone Years” by Nestor the Chronicler. It dates back to the 12th century (approximately $1110$ per year). The development of new territories occurs spontaneously. Basic information is stored in monastery libraries.

Note 1

Monasteries in those days in many countries were also scientific centers.

Since states already existed in the west, the south was limited by the sea, and warlike tribes of nomads lived in the east, the inhabitants of Rus' rushed to the north. During this era, intensive development of the shores of the Bely and Barents seas. The Barents Sea has long been called the Russian Sea. Pomors (residents of the northern coast) explored the islands of the Arctic Ocean. There are known cases of Russian fishermen wintering on Spitsbergen (Grumanda).

In the 13th century, Rus' was conquered by the Mongol-Tatars. The yoke, which lasted almost $300$ years, significantly slowed down the development of economy and science.

Development of Siberia

Only in the $15th century did Moscow governors undertake a campaign through the Ural Mountains to Western Siberia. They passed the Tyumen region and reached the Irtysh. “Blueprints” of new lands were drawn up. Russian pioneers went in search of lands rich in fur-bearing animals - arctic fox, sable, squirrel. But Siberia belonged to the Siberian Khanate, which was formed after the collapse of the Golden Horde. Therefore, it would be more correct to call the development of Siberian lands a conquest.

One of the most famous conquerors of Siberia is Ermak. In the middle of the 16th century, with the help (or on instructions) of the merchant and large Ural landowner Stroganov, he organized a campaign in Western Siberia. The campaign resembled a military expedition. With battles, the Russian Cossacks managed to push back the Siberian Tatars. The city of Tobolsk was founded.

In one of the battles, Ermak died. But the territories he conquered served as a springboard for subsequent advances further to the east. At the beginning of the 17th century, Russian explorers reached the Yenisei. A little later, Yakutsk (Yakutsk fortress) was founded.

Discoveries in the Northeast

While exploring the vast expanses of Siberia, explorers and travelers often used rivers as transport arteries. Waterway allowed me to save energy and was clear of thickets. In winter, sleighs could be used. In $1648$, Cossacks Semyon Dezhnev and Fedot Popov “and their comrades” descended along the Lena to the sea coast on flat-bottomed ships - kochas. They reached the mouth of the Kolyma. Moving further, the expedition discovered a strait between Eurasia and North America.

Note 2

Unfortunately, information about this campaign was lost in the embassy order. Therefore, the authorities did not know for a long time about the existence of a strait between the two continents.

Conquest of the Far East

From $1630$ the campaigns of the Russian Cossacks to the Pacific coast begin. The first European to reach the Pacific coast was Ivan Moskvitin. Expeditions led by Vasily Poyarkov and Erofei Khabarov reached the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Amur River. Lake Baikal was discovered in $1640. In $1697-1699, V.V. Atlasov’s expedition to Kamchatka took place. During this expedition, an accurate description of the peninsula was compiled.

The development of Siberia and the Far East required considerable courage, dedication, and diplomatic skills from people when communicating with local peoples. And we can only admire the heroic achievements of the first Russian explorers.

Page 88

What significance did the campaigns of Russian travelers and explorers carried out in the 17th century have for the future of Russia?

For the future of Russia, the campaigns of Russian travelers and explorers, carried out in the 17th century, had great importance. The territory of the state expanded, the annexed lands were rich in minerals, the inhabiting peoples enriched the culture of the peoples of Russia, and the mutual development of these peoples took place. The fortresses built by the pioneers turned into cities.

Page 89

What is a prison?

1. Ostrog - a fortification structure (strong point), a permanent or temporary fortified settlement, surrounded by a palisade of logs (stakes) pointed at the top, 4 - 6 meters high.

Initially, a fort was the name given to a fence made of sharp stakes and a fence built during the siege of enemy cities in Rus'.

Starting from the 13th century, the fort consisted of a log tyn (a row of stakes) and the so-called taras, that is, log crowns. The log fence of the fort was placed on a flat area or on top of a small earthen rampart and was surrounded on the outside by a ditch. The fort most often had a quadrangular shape. Towers were located at the corners of the quadrangle. Road towers were used to communicate with the field.

2. Same as prison (obsolete)

Page 93. Questions and tasks for the text of the paragraph

1. What economic interests encouraged people to explore Siberia?

People were encouraged to explore Siberia by economic interests: the profitability of trade - for one invested ruble they received up to 30 rubles in benefits.

2. Explain the meaning of the term “pioneer.”

“Pioneer” means a person who was the first to traverse undeveloped territory and pave new paths.

3. Complete the sentence: “The first Russian to reach the Pacific Ocean was...”.

“The first Russian to reach the Pacific Ocean was Semyon Dezhnev”

The significance of drawing up the “Drawing of the Amur River” from an economic point of view is that on the basis of this drawing the campaigns of the Russian Cossacks were planned, the lands along the Amur were settled, settlements were built, and furs were mined. The exploration and development of new lands brought new revenues to the treasury.

The achievements of any one of these pioneers cannot be particularly highlighted; each of them made his own contribution to the development of the Far East.

Page 93. Working with a map

Using the map, trace the travel routes of Dezhnev, Poyarkov, Khabarov. Which of these routes was longer? Which one do you think was more difficult? Explain the difficulty criteria you used to evaluate the route.

The longest route was S. Dezhnev's. His campaign was also more difficult. Difficulty criteria: his route ran not only by land, but also by sea. The hardships experienced by the participants in the campaign were many times worse than during the campaigns, especially by E. Khabarov.

Page 93. Studying the document

1. Which of Russian Tsars Was this petition sent?

This petition was sent to the first Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov

2. What modes of travel for travelers are discussed in the passage?

The passage talks about the methods of travel for travelers: by water, by land - on skis, sleds.

Page 93. We think, compare, reflect

1. Using Additional materials(including the Internet), describe the fishing gear used by the pioneers of Siberia.

It should be noted that by the XVII-XVIII centuries. Russian fishing methods and gear have not changed so significantly compared to the previous period, but certain local specifics have appeared in Siberia. Thus, clay sinkers for nets came to Pritomye along with the Russian population from the European North and northern Siberia - there the river bottom is muddy and sandy. But mountain rivers, such as the Tom, have a rocky bottom and fast flow. In such conditions, clay sinkers quickly failed and gave way to pebble ones used by the local population. Judging by the materials of the customs books of Siberian cities, nets, seines, and drag nets were widely available for sale, both in finished form and in the form of semi-finished products for their manufacture.

In Kuznetsk, a pebble sinker was found in a birch bark bag; similar ones were used in Rus' for large nets. In addition to nets, fish were caught using milk and a hunting bow, shooting arrows with special tips of the same type.

2. What goals did the pioneers pursue? What united them?

The goals pursued by the pioneers: service to the Fatherland, exploration of new lands, and material benefits. Although, for example, S. Dezhnev did not receive a salary from the state for 19 years, but served Russia faithfully. This united all the pioneers.

3. Which of the modern cities of Siberia were founded by the pioneers?

Modern cities of Siberia, founded by pioneers: Tyumen, Berezov, Surgut, Tobolsk, Mangazeya, Tomsk, Turukhansk, Yeniseisk, Krasnoyarsk, Yakutsk, Chita, Ulan-Ude, Nerchinsk.

4. Familiarize yourself with the materials on the website of one of the local history or archaeological museums of Siberia (for example, with the website of the Krasnoyarsk regional local history museum– http://www.kkkm.ru). Based on the information about the pioneers presented there, make a presentation to your classmates.

Born around 1605, Veliky Ustyug, died in the beginning. 1673, Moscow) - Russian traveler, explorer, sailor, explorer of Northern and Eastern Siberia, Cossack chieftain, fur trader. The first known navigator to navigate the Bering Strait, which connects the Arctic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean and separates Asia and North America, Chukotka and Alaska, and did this 80 years before Vitus Bering, in 1648.

It is noteworthy that Bering did not manage to pass the entire strait, but had to limit himself to sailing only in its southern part, while Dezhnev passed the strait from north to south, along its entire length.

Born in Veliky Ustyug, at what age he came to Siberia is not established. In Siberia, Dezhnev first served as an ordinary Cossack from 1635 in Tobolsk, and then in Yeniseisk. Among the great dangers of 1636-1646, he “humbled” the Yakuts. From Yeniseisk, he and P.I. Beketov’s detachment in 1638 moved to the Yakut fort, which had just been founded in the vicinity of the still unconquered tribes of foreigners. Already in 1639-1640. Dezhnev brings the native prince Sahey into submission. In 1639, he was sent by the Yakut clerk P. Khodyrev to Vilyui to collect yasak; in August 1640, Dezhnev reconciled two Yakut families on the Tatta and Amga rivers (tributaries of the Aldan) and persuaded the warlike “prince” of the Kangalas tribe Saheya to pay yasak.

In 1641, Dezhnev, with a party of 15 people, collected yasak on the Yana River and safely delivered it to Yakutsk, having withstood a fight with a gang of 40 people along the way. In the same year, together with Mikhail Stadukhin, Dezhnev went on a trip to Oymyakon to collect yasak. In April 1642, in a skirmish with the warlike “Lamut Tungus,” like many other Cossacks, he was wounded. Having lost their horses, the detachment found itself in a difficult situation. I had to build a ship. When the ice melted, the Cossacks went down the Oymyakon and continued to look for the “unlucky people” in the lower reaches of the Indigirka River. But there were already plenty of yasak collectors there, so the detachment went further east and reached the Alazeya River. Here they met a detachment of the same explorer, foreman Dmitry Mikhailov, nicknamed Yarilo Zyryan. Dezhnev again showed his diplomatic talent, persuading Zyryan to join Stadukhin’s detachment under his command.

Discovery of Kolyma

In the summer of 1643, Semyon Dezhnev, as part of a detachment of explorers under the command of Mikhail Stadukhin, discovered the Kolyma River. The Cossacks climbed up the river and founded the Kolyma winter quarters, which later became the large fort of Srednekolymsk - a stronghold of Russian colonization in these places. In 1644, Dezhnev founded another fort, later named Nizhnekolymsk. In 1645, Stadukhin and Zyryan, with yasak and half the people, set off along the Lena River to Yakutsk, leaving Dezhnev and 13 other people in the Kolyma prison. Dmitry Mikhailov (Zyryan) returned from the road, and meanwhile Dezhnev had to repel the attack of more than 500 Yukaghirs who wanted to destroy the small garrison of the prison. Dezhnev served in Kolyma until the summer of 1647. In the summer of the same year, the ships set sail, but strong ice blocked their way. Fedot Popov and Semyon Dezhnev returned to Kolyma and began to wait for a more favorable time for the campaign.

Chukotka expedition

On June 20, 1648, Fedot Popov and Semyon Dezhnev went to sea on Kochs. Three Kochas were immediately lost in a storm when leaving the mouth of the Kolyma River into the Arctic Ocean. Those who remained moved forward steadily. In August 1648, another koch sank. Around September 20, 1648, Dezhnev and his companions saw the dark and menacing “Big Stone Nose”, bordered by a strip of foamy breakers. Only three ships passed by the Nose: two Kochas of Dezhnev and Popov and one of Gerasim Ankudinov. Dezhnev's ship crashed in Olyutorsky Bay south of the mouth of the Anadyr River. Dezhnev’s detachment traveled on skis and sleds for 10 weeks through the Koryak Highlands to the Anadyr River, where he spent the winter. In the summer of 1649, using the built boats, Dezhnev climbed 600 km up the Anadyr River. Here, on the middle reaches of the Anadyr River, a winter hut was built, which was later called the Anadyr fortress. On the upper reaches of the Anadyr, the Russians met the nomadic Anauls - a Yukaghir tribe unfamiliar to them. Only in the third year did reinforcements come to Dezhnev. But this was not a change. Cossack Semyon Motora was looking for a land road between Kolyma and Anadyr through a mountain pass, and it was he who helped Dezhnev out. Dezhnev also used this route, more convenient than the sea route, to send the walrus ivory and furs he collected to Yakutsk.

Opening of the monument

Semyon Dezhnev and his family - his Yakut wife Abakayada Syuchyu and son Lyubim, the “first sakhalyar”. Yakutsk, September 2005.

Further fate

In 1659, Semyon Dezhnev handed over the command over Anadyr Island and the servicemen to K. Ivanov, who replaced him, but remained in the region until 1662, when he returned to Yakutsk together with I. Erastov. From there Dezhnev with the sovereign's treasury was sent to Moscow, where he probably arrived by mid-1664. Dezhneva’s petition has been preserved for the payment of the salary he deserved, but not received, for 19 years, which was fulfilled. In 1665, Dezhnev went back to Yakutsk and served there until 1670, when he was again sent with the sovereign’s treasury to Moscow, where he appeared in 1672, where he died.

The Koch-type vessel is one of the most mysterious in the history of domestic shipbuilding. According to numerous archival sources of the 17th century, we know that it was on Kochi that the vast territory of Siberia and the Far East was developed.

While English and Dutch travelers tried to make their way to the east through the Arctic seas and were unable to pass east of Novaya Zemlya, the Russians annually organized sea expeditions at the mouth of the river on Kochs. Ob, and during the 17th century they gradually walked the entire Northern Sea Route, rounded the easternmost tip of Asia and entered the Pacific Ocean (Okhotsk - “Lama” Sea).

Unfortunately, we know very little about what Koch was like. No reliable images of it have been preserved; archival sources provide extremely fragmentary data about its design.

We know that the koch met the following criteria:

The vessel had to be adapted for navigation, both at sea and along rivers; accordingly, in addition to the sail, it had to be propelled by oars.

According to documents, we know that the kochi were dragged along drags; accordingly, they should be quite light and stable when dragged on rollers.

On koches they went out into the Cold Sea (Arctic Ocean) and covered considerable distances; accordingly, koches had to be adapted to swimming in difficult ice conditions.

According to archival documents, we know that the size of the kochi ranged from 15 to 20 m with a draft depth of up to 2 meters; the kochi had one mast that carried a straight sail.

It is important to note that the Pomors built their ships practically without the use of metal ties. To connect the sheathing boards to each other, “vica” was used - steamed pine, juniper or spruce roots, willow twigs, which were sewn to the keel and stems and tightly pulled the sheathing boards together, and then “sewed” to the finished board and nailed with wooden dowels frames. This technology is widely known in northern Europe, but mostly small boats were built this way. It is necessary to take into account the shortage and high cost of iron, the small population in the vast expanses of the Russian North and the great skill of Russians in working with wood. Our shipbuilders have reached the pinnacle of skill in sewing such complex vessels. Nowhere in the world were such large sewn ships built as in Pomerania and Siberia.

The archaeological finds made in the permafrost of the first polar Russian city in Siberia - Mangazeya - are impressive. There, side boards sewn together were discovered. The average thickness of the boards is 7.5 cm, width up to 30 cm. The result was vessels with a powerful plating, but at the same time light enough for portages. During its heyday, in the 16th–17th centuries, sewing technology in Russian shipbuilding was used on an impressive scale: this is how the entire fleet of the Northern Pomors was built, whose ships regularly sailed from Arkhangelsk from the Northern Dvina and from Pechora to New Earth and beyond the Urals to Mangazeya on the Ob, and from Kola (near modern Murmansk) to Spitsbergen. From the first half of the 17th century. these vessels carried out fishing voyages along the Northern Sea Route in Siberia, between the Khatanga, Lena, Kolyma, and Anadyr rivers.

In order to implement a historical and navigational experiment - an expedition in the footsteps of domestic pioneers in the Arctic and Siberia, a special project of an expeditionary sailing vessel was developed. This project is not a copy of ancient nomads, but this moment There is not enough information for a full reconstruction.

When designing ships for the project “The Arctic - Territory of Discovery”, Viktor Dmitriev, the author of the first ever replica of the Koch “Pomor”, accumulated a huge amount of information about historical shipbuilding technologies in the Russian North, accumulated over thirty years, and applied them in practice with specialists from the Polar Odyssey club "

The constructed vessels, in their theoretical contours, shape of the bow and stern, are close to the soyms, Pomeranian karbass and kochmars - traditional ships of the Russian North, mentioned in archival documents from the middle of the 16th century and preserved in drawings of the 19th century.

Galleon (Spanish galeón, also galion, from French galion) is a large multi-deck sailing ship of the 16th-18th centuries with fairly strong artillery weapons, used as a military and commercial vessel. The main impetus for its creation was the emergence of constant transport between Europe and the American colonies. Galleons gained the greatest fame as ships carrying Spanish treasures and in the battle of the Invincible Armada, which took place in 1588.

The displacement of the galleon was about 500 tons (although for the Manila galleons it reached 2,000 tons). More durable and better armed than carracks, galleons were also cheaper to build. The hull of a galleon was usually built from oak and other hardwoods, and the spar was made from pine. The sailing rig consisted of three to five masts, the front masts carried straight rigs, the rear masts carried oblique (Latin) rigs. Artillery weapons most often consisted of half-culverins, although guns up to half-cannons were used. The first mention of it dates back to 1535. Subsequently, the galleon became the basis of the fleets of the Spaniards and the British. The stem, strongly curved and extended forward, had decorations and was shaped like those of galleys. The long bowsprit carried a sail - a blind. The bow superstructure was moved back and did not hang over the stem, like a karakka. The stern superstructure, high and narrow, was placed on the cut-off stern. The superstructure had several tiers that housed living quarters for officers and passengers. The heavily canted sternpost had a transom above the load line. The stern was decorated with carvings and balconies.

Depending on the displacement, galleons were built with a number of decks from two to seven. The side of the ship from the keel to the load waterline had a large camber, and towards the upper deck there was a blockage. At the same time, several problems were solved: the carrying capacity increased, the transition from ship to ship during boarding became more difficult, and the overall strength increased; the force of the impact of the waves on the side was softened, since the wave was reflected upward, and the hull did not experience its direct impact.

Old Russian state in XI - XIII centuries was going through a difficult period in its history. Constant raids of eastern nomadic peoples, feudal fragmentation, the reluctance of the appanage princes to jointly solve pressing problems weakened Rus'. A little information about life, nature, and social order was gleaned from chronicles. The most famous is the work of Nestor the Chronicler "The Tale of Bygone Years", written in the 12th century, more precisely somewhere in 1110. From this chronicle it became known about the development of new lands. According to the author, the development of territories was spontaneous. Monastery libraries served as storage places for chronicles.

Monasteries at that time were scientific centers in many medieval countries.

Civilized states already existed to the west of the borders of Rus', the south of the country was limited by the sea, nomads raided from the east, the inhabitants had no choice but to head north. It was during these centuries that the development of the coastal zone of the White and Barents (in those days it was called the Russian) seas took place. The inhabitants of the northern coast were called Pomors, and it was they who were engaged in the development of the islands of the Arctic Ocean. In those days, Russian fishermen spent wintering on Grumanda, now known to everyone as Spitsbergen. After the conquest of Rus' by the Mongol-Tatar yoke in the 13th century, which lasted about 300 years, the development of the country sharply slowed down.

Conquest of Siberia

And only in the 15th century did Moscow governors undertake an organized campaign beyond the Ural Mountains to Western Siberia. The pioneers walked through Tyumen to the Irtysh. Drawings were drawn up for the new lands. The main goal they pursued in their campaigns was the development of these rich lands for the sake of hunting fur-bearing animals - squirrel, sable, arctic fox. But the region was then part of the Siberian Khanate, which was formed on the ruins of the Golden Horde. Therefore, the most correct option should be considered not development, but conquest of territory.

Perhaps the most famous conqueror of Siberia is Ermak. Stroganov, a major Ural merchant, industrialist and landowner, mid-16th century century, paid for a Cossack campaign, which was later compared to a military expedition, to the West Siberian region. The Siberian Tatars were driven out of Western Siberia by Russian Cossacks. With the founding of the city of Tobolsk, the Russians consolidated their presence in this region.

In one of the bloody battles, Ermak dies, but the lands conquered with his participation became a springboard for the development of new lands to the east of Western Siberia. At the very beginning of the 17th century, explorers reached the Yenisei. A little later, they began construction of the Yakutsk fort (now the city of Yakutsk).

Trekking to North-East Siberia

When exploring the vast expanses of Siberia, explorers often had to use rivers as transport arteries. Traveling by water, it was possible to save energy, because... When hiking, it was often necessary to clear the path from thickets. With the onset of winter, sleighs were put into use. With the help of punts, which were called "kochi", Semyon Dezhnev and Fedot Popov in 1648 went down the Lena River to sea ​​coast. In the same way, they reached the mouth of the Kolyma River and, going even further to the northwest, opened a strait between the two largest continents, one of which is Eurasia, the other is North America.

But due to information about this campaign that was lost in the embassy order, the authorities missed the moment and for a long time did not know that there was a strait separating the two continents.

Development of the Far Eastern region

The beginning of the first trips to the Pacific coast dates back to 1630. These were expeditions of Russian Cossacks. Of the Europeans, the first was Ivan Moskvitin. Expeditions headed by Vasily Poyarkov and Erofey Khabarov went to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Amur River. The deep-water lake Baikal was discovered in 1640. V.V. Atlasov visited Kamchatka as part of an expedition in 1697-1699. The result of this expedition was an accurate description of the entire peninsula.

The development of the lands of Siberia and the Far East required a lot of courage. The explorers even had to be diplomats in order to establish relations with the peoples who inhabited this area. In addition to admiration for the heroic achievements of the explorers, they deserve great gratitude from their descendants for contributing to the formation of a powerful, strong and tolerant state, which is Russia.

Hikes of Russian travelers made by them geographical discoveries, were of great importance for the future of Russia. The territory expanded Russian state, its culture was enriched by the original culture of other peoples. The fortress-forts, erected by Russian explorers, gradually turned into big cities.

Development of new lands

Russia is the largest state in the world, but its area has not always been so impressive. In ancient times, it occupied only the southwestern part of its current lands. The surrounding area, right up to the Pacific and Arctic oceans, was completely unexplored. And if the south and west were quite well developed, then the northern and eastern regions were a secret with seven seals.

By the 11th century, the Russian northern lands were under the control of Veliky Novgorod, which by that time had well-established trade relations with northern European states. This city was incredibly lucky: it escaped the sad fate of many Russian cities and was not plundered by the Mongol-Tatar invaders.

For several centuries, Pomors and Novgorodians periodically made long journeys sea ​​travel, developing the northern territories.

Rice. 1. Pomors.

Pomors are a small people of the North, settled on the coasts of the Barents and White Seas. During their travels, they reached the mouth of the Taz River, where they organized the colony of Mangazeya, which later became the first polar city of Siberia. The Pomors traded furs, built excellent ships, knew the Northern Sea Route very well, and developed many new lands.

In addition to the Pomors, the Cossacks made a significant contribution to the conquest of new lands. As a rule, the Cossacks fearlessly moved deeper into uncharted territories along rivers, using large and very durable rowing boats - plows.

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When the most convenient place Cossacks built small fortresses - forts. They surrounded the built settlement with a palisade of sharpened logs at least 4 m high.

Rice. 2. Ostrog.

After the construction and strengthening of the fort, explorers began to actively explore the surrounding areas. They drew up maps, marking all the important geographical data on them, and were engaged in exploration of deposits of natural resources.

In place of the Cossack forts, large cities grew, which only strengthened the strength and power of the Russian state. Some of them still stand as if nothing had happened: Tyumen, Yeniseisk, Yakutsk, Tobolsk.

Rice. 3. Yakutsk.

Unfortunately, the names of many brave explorers who lived in the 11th-16th centuries have not survived to this day.

Famous explorers of the 17th century

Explorers are called brave travelers and researchers who were engaged in the development of unexplored territories of the Far East, Far North and Eastern Siberia.

Table “Russian explorers of the 11th-17th centuries”

Thanks to the courage of Russian explorers, new lands were not only explored, which later joined Russia. The maps they compiled and scientific descriptions of the territories made a great contribution to the understanding full picture the surrounding world.

What have we learned?

When studying the topic “Russian explorers of the 11th-17th centuries” in the 8th grade geography program, we learned by whom and how the lands of the Far East, Eastern Siberia and the Far North were explored. We found out what contribution Russian explorers of new lands made to the development of the Russian state, how they influenced the expansion of the country’s territory and the strengthening of its power.

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