Leonardo da Vinci rightfully occupies one of the first places among inventors of all centuries and peoples. He was able to predict and predetermine the course of many inventions and thought in a way that was at odds with the then generally accepted norms and approaches. In this article you will learn what Leonardo da Vinci invented. We will try to give the entire list of Leonardo's inventions and reveal as much as possible the principles and essence of the operation of his mechanisms.
Read also:
- Inventions of Leonardo da Vinci - part 1
Leonardo da Vinci gained fame during his lifetime, but world fame and fame came to him centuries later, when his notes and recordings were found in the 19th century. His papers contained sketches and sketches of amazing inventions and mechanisms. He divided many of his works into special “codes”, and the total volume of his works is about 13 thousand pages. The main obstacle to the implementation of his ideas was the low technological and scientific level of the Middle Ages. In the 20th century, many of his inventions were repeated, if not in real size, then in the form of models and reduced copies, although there were often daredevils and enthusiasts who were ready to repeat everything exactly as he described great inventor Leonardo da Vinci.
AIRCRAFT
Leonardo da Vinci was almost obsessed with dreams of flying machines and the possibility of flight, because not a single machine is capable of causing the same reverent admiration and surprise as a machine capable of soaring in the air like a bird.
In his notes one could find the following thought: “watch a fish swim and you will learn the secret of flight.” Leonardo managed to make an intellectual breakthrough. He realized that water behaved like air, so he gained applied knowledge of how to create lift and showed an extraordinary understanding of the subject that amazes experts to this day.
One of the interesting concepts found in the work of the genius is a prototype of a helicopter or propeller-driven vertical aircraft.
Around the sketch there is also a description of the da Vinci propeller (helicon). The screw coating had to be thread-thick iron. The height should be approximately 5 meters, and the radius of the screw should be about 2 meters. The device had to be driven by the muscle power of four people.
In the video below, four engineering enthusiasts, a historian and a light airplane specialist tried to develop the idea of Leonardo's helicopter and try to make it fly, although they were allowed to use a number of modern technologies and materials. As a result, it turned out that this design has a number of serious shortcomings, the main one of which was the lack of thrust necessary for flight, so enthusiasts went for significant modifications, but whether they succeeded or not, find out from the video.
Leonardo da Vinci's plane
The inventor did not sit with the idea of a helicopter for long and decided to move on, trying to create a prototype of the aircraft. Here birds were the source of knowledge.
Below in the picture are drawings of the wings, as well as sketches of a hang glider, which, after construction in our time, turned out to be quite functional.
Although his invention cannot be fully called an airplane, it is best suited to be called a flywheel or ornithopter, that is, an aircraft lifted into the air due to the reaction of air with its planes (wings), to which the flapping motion is transmitted through muscular effort, like in birds
Leonardo carefully began to make calculations and he started with ducks. He measured the length of a duck's wing, after which it turned out that the length of the wing was equal to square root from her weight. Based on these premises, Leonardo decided that in order to lift his flywheel into the air with a person on board (which reached about 136 kilograms), it would be necessary to create bird-like wings 12 meters long.
Interesting fact about hang gliding. In the game Assasin's Creed 2 main character uses Da Vinci's flying machine (hang glider) to fly from one end of the city of Venice to the other.
And if you are a fan of Bruce Willis' films, you may remember that in the movie "Hudson Hawk" a hang glider and da Vinci's parachute are mentioned. And the main character even flew on a da Vinci hang glider.
Leonardo da Vinci's parachute
Of course, Leonardo did not invent his parachute in order to escape in the event of an aircraft crash; it was also an aircraft that would allow a smooth descent from a great height. Below is a sketch of the parachute, its calculations and design.
The inventor's parachute has the shape of a pyramid covered with thick fabric. The base of the pyramid was about 7 meters 20 cm long.
Interestingly, it was in Russia that the inventor Kotelnikov would perfect the da Vinci parachute, making the first backpack parachute in history that could be attached to the pilot’s back and used during ejection.
In 2000, parachutist from England Andrian Nicholas decided to test Leonardo’s invention in the form in which he invented it, replacing only the material in it, realizing that flax would not withstand such a load. The first attempt was a failure, so he had to use a reserve parachute. True, in 2008 the Swiss Olivier Tepp managed to achieve success. He abandoned the rigid structure of the parachute and jumped from a height of 650 meters. The natural scientist claims that the descent itself turned out to be safe, but it is impossible to control such a parachute.
INVENTIONS FROM THE FIELD OF ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION
Leonardo also achieved impressive knowledge in the field of architecture and construction. He studied the strength and resistance of materials, discovered a number of fundamental principles, and was able to understand how best to move various objects.
Leonardo studied the force required to lift bodies of varying masses. To lift a heavy object up an inclined plane, the idea of using a system of screws, winches and capstans was considered.
Crane for lifting long objects
The base of the beam or pole rests on a special platform with a pair of wheels, which is pulled up by a horizontal rope from below. The force that must be applied to pull up the horizontal rope always remains constant, and the column moves in a straight line.
Leonardo invented a system of wheels and hammers for lifting loads. The operation of the system is similar to the work of hammer blows during coining, only this all happens on a special gear wheel. Three hammers with a special wedge inserted between the pins hit the wheel, rotating it and the drum where the load is attached.
Mobile crane and screw lift
A tall crane is shown in the sketch on the right. As you might guess, it was intended for the construction of tall buildings and structures (towers, domes, bell towers, and so on). The crane was placed on a special trolley, which moved along a guide rope that stretched above the crane.
The screw lift is shown in the sketch on the left and was intended for installing columns and lifting other heavy objects. The design consists of a huge screw, which is driven by the force of four people. It is clear that in this case the height and general design of such a lift limits the possibilities of its use.
Sketch of a trolley crane and a screw lift
Ring platform crane
This crane is very similar to modern cranes in its functionality and was used by builders at the end of the 14th century. This lift allows you to move heavy objects around you. For its operation it was necessary to use two workers. The first was on the lower platform and used a drum to lift heavy objects, and the second worker was on the upper platform and used a steering wheel to rotate the lift around its axis. The crane also had wheels that allowed it to be moved. Such cranes were used in Leonardo's time to install pillars and columns, build high walls, church domes, house roofs and more. Since the cars were wooden, they were usually burned after use.
Leonardo da Vinci excavators
Today, hardly anyone can be surprised by an excavator, but few people think about how they were invented. There is a point of view that prototypes of excavators were used back in Ancient Egypt during the construction of canals and dredging of river beds, but the truly conceptual model of the excavator was, of course, invented by the great Leonardo da Vinci.
Excavators of the Renaissance, of course, were not particularly automatic and required the manual labor of workers, but they greatly facilitated it, because now it was easier for workers to move the excavated soil. Sketches of excavators give us an idea of how huge the machines were at that time. The excavator used the principle of monorail movement, that is, it moved along one rail, while covering the entire width of the canal, and the booms of its cranes could rotate 180°.
Fortress tower and double spiral staircase
In the picture you can see a sketch of part of the fortress. To the left of the fortress tower there is a sketch of a spiral staircase, which is an important component of the tower. The design of the staircase is similar to the well-known Archimedes screw. If you look closely at the staircase, you will notice that it is double and its parts do not intersect, that is, you and your friend can go up or down different spirals of the staircase and not know about each other. This way you can go down one side and go up the other. without interfering with each other. This is extremely useful property during the turmoil of war. Each part, accordingly, has its own entrance and exit. The sketch doesn't have steps added, but the actual staircase has them.
The staircase, invented by Leonardo, was built after his death in 1519 in France inside the Chateau de Chambord, which served as a royal residence. There are 77 staircases in Chambord, some spiral ones, but only the double spiral staircase, made according to da Vinci's sketches, has become an interesting attraction.
A labyrinthine building with many staircases, entrances and exits
Leonardo also thought about more sophisticated architectural concepts from stairs. In this case, it’s a real labyrinth! This structure has 4 entrances and 4 staircases, which spiral in a spiral one above the other, wrapping around a central column in the form of a square pillar. Leonardo was excellent at finding harmonious structures, combining the geometric features of space, lines, shapes and materials, ultimately creating holistic, self-sufficient buildings.
Sliding (swing) bridge
Sketch of a swing bridge by Leonardo da Vinci
Another bridge, which, unfortunately, remained only a project, is a bridge capable of passing ships sailing along the river. Its main difference from modern bridges that operate on the opening principle is the ability to rotate like a door. This effect is achieved through a system of capstans, hinges, winches and counterweights, where one end of the bridge is fixed to a special rotating mechanism, and the other end is slightly raised for rotation.
Self-supporting (“mobile”) bridge
This bridge is the answer to the question: “how can you quickly build a full-fledged crossing using improvised means?” Moreover, the answer is extremely beautiful and original.
Sketch of a self-supporting bridge by Leonardo da Vinci
This bridge forms an arch, that is, it is arched, and the assembly itself does not require either nails or ropes. The load distribution in the bridge structure occurs due to the mutual expansion and pressure of the elements on each other. You can assemble such a bridge in any place where trees grow, and they grow almost everywhere.
The purpose of the bridge was military and was necessary for the mobile and secret movement of troops. Leonardo assumed that such a bridge could be built by a small group of soldiers using trees growing nearby. Leonardo himself named his bridge “Reliability”.
suspension bridge
This type of bridge was another example of a mobile prefabricated bridge that soldiers could assemble using ropes and winches. Such a bridge was quickly assembled and dismantled after itself during the advances and retreats of troops.
As in many of Leonardo da Vinci's designs, the principles of tension, statics and resistance of materials are used here. The structure of this bridge is similar to that of suspension bridges, where the main load-bearing elements are also made of winches and ropes and do not require additional supports.
This bridge, created 500 years ago, could serve as a good military device during the Second World War. Later, engineers of subsequent centuries came to the conclusion that this type of bridge design was optimal, and the principles used in the suspension bridge are also used in many modern bridges.
Bridge for the Turkish Sultan
In 1502-1503, Sultan Bayazid II began to look for projects to build a bridge across the Golden Horn Bay. Leonardo proposed an interesting bridge project to the Sultan, which involved building a bridge 240 meters long and 24 meters wide, which at that time looked like something grandiose. It is also interesting to note that another project was proposed by Michelangelo. True, none of the projects managed to be implemented in practice.
500 years have passed and Norway has become interested in the concept of the bridge. In 2001, near Oslo in the small town of As, a smaller copy of the Da Vinci Bridge was built. Architects and builders tried not to deviate from the master’s drawings, but in some places they used modern materials and technologies.
City of the future by Leonardo da Vinci
In 1484-1485, a plague broke out in Milan, from which about 50 thousand people died. Leonardo da Vinci suggested that the cause of the plague was unsanitary conditions, dirt and overpopulation, so he proposed to Duke Ludovico Sforza to build new city devoid of all these problems. Leonardo's project would now remind us of various attempts by science fiction writers to depict a utopian city in which there are no problems, where technology is the solution to everything.
Street sketches ideal city future Leonardo da Vinci
According to the plan of the great genius, the city consisted of 10 districts, where 30,000 people were supposed to live, with each district and house in it provided with an individual water supply, and the width of the streets had to be at least equal to the average height of a horse (much later, the Council of State of London reported that these data the proportions are ideal and all streets in London should be brought in accordance with them). Moreover, the city was multi-tiered. The tiers were connected through stairs and passages. The uppermost tier was occupied by influential and wealthy representatives of society, and the lower tier of the city was reserved for merchants and the provision of various types of services.
The city could become the greatest achievement of architectural thought of its time and could realize many of the technical achievements of the great inventor. You shouldn’t really think that the city was all mechanisms; first of all, Leonardo emphasized convenience, practicality and hygiene. The squares and streets were designed to be extremely spacious, which did not correspond to medieval ideas of the time.
An important point was the system of water canals connecting the entire city. Through a complex hydraulic system, water came to every city building. Da Vinci believed that this would help eliminate an unsanitary lifestyle and reduce the occurrence of plague and other diseases to a minimum.
Ludovico Sforza considered this project adventurous and refused to implement it. Towards the very end of his life, Leonardo tried to present this project to the King of France, Francis I, but the project, unfortunately, did not interest anyone and remained unrealized.
WATER MECHANISMS AND DEVICES
Leonardo created many sketches dedicated to water devices, water manipulation devices, various water pipes and fountains, as well as irrigation machines. Leonardo loved water so much that he did everything that came into contact with water in any way.
Improved Archimedes screw
The ancient Greeks, represented by Archimedes, long ago invented a device that allowed water to be raised using mechanics, rather than manual labor. This mechanism was invented around 287-222 BC. Leonardo da Vinci improved the Archimedes mechanism. He carefully considered the various relationships between the angle of the axle and the required number of spirals in order to select optimal parameters. Thanks to improvements, the screw mechanism began to deliver larger volume water with less loss.
In the sketch the screw is shown on the left. It is a tightly wrapped tube. Water rises through the tube and flows from a special bathroom to the top. By rotating the handle, water will flow in a continuous stream.
The Archimedes screw is still used to irrigate farmland, and the principles of the screw form the basis of many industrial pumping stations and pumps.
Water wheel
Leonardo tried to find the most optimal way to use the power and energy of water using various systems of wheels. He studied hydrodynamics and eventually invented the water wheel, which is shown in the sketch below. Special bowls were made in the wheel, which scooped water from the lower container and poured it into the upper one.
This wheel was used to clean canals and dredge the bottom. Located on a raft and having four blades, the water wheel was driven by hand and collected silt. The silt was placed on a raft, which was secured between two boats. The wheel also moved along a vertical axis, which made it possible to adjust the scooping depth of the wheel.
Water wheel with buckets
Leonardo proposed an interesting way to deliver water in a city. For this, a system of buckets and chains on which the buckets were attached was used. The interesting thing is that the mechanism did not require a person to operate, since all the work was done by the river through a water wheel.
Gate for sluice
The inventor improved the sluice gate system. The amount of water could now be controlled to equalize the pressure on both sides of the sluice gates, making them easier to operate. To do this, Leonardo made a small gate with a bolt in the large gate.
Leonardo also invented a canal with a lock system that allowed ships to continue navigation even on slopes. The gate system made it possible to control the water level so that ships could pass through the water without difficulty.
Breathing apparatus underwater
Leonardo loved water so much that he came up with instructions for diving under water, developed and described a diving suit.
Divers, according to Leonardo’s logic, should have participated in anchoring the ship. Divers in such a suit could breathe using the air found in the underwater bell. The suits also had glass masks that allowed them to see underwater. The suit also had an improved breathing tube, which was used by divers in more ancient times. The hose is made of reed, and the joints are secured with waterproof material. The hose itself has a spring insert that allows the hose to increase its strength (after all, there is a lot of water pressure at the bottom), and also makes it more flexible.
In 2002, professional diver Jacques Cozens conducted an experiment and made a diver's suit according to Leonardo's drawings, making it from pigskin and with bamboo tubes, as well as an air dome. Experience showed that the design was not ideal and the experiment was only partially successful.
Invention of flippers
The webbed glove that Leonardo invented would now be called flippers. It allowed one to stay afloat and increased the distance a person could swim in the sea.
Five long wooden sticks continued the structure of the human skeleton along the phalanges of the fingers and were connected to each other by membranes, like those of waterfowl. Modern fins are based on exactly the same principle.
Invention of water skiing
The inventor tried to solve the problem of soldiers crossing long shallow waters and came to the conclusion that it was possible to use a skin previously filled with air (skin bags), attaching this skin to the legs of people.
If the volume of the bag is sufficient, it will be able to support the weight of a person. Leonardo also intended to use a wooden beam, which had increased buoyancy. Soldiers must take two special processions into their hands. to control your balance and move forward.
Leonardo's idea turned out to be unsuccessful, but a similar principle formed the basis of water skiing.
Lifebuoy
If you translate the inscription located at the bottom of the picture, you can read “How to save lives in the event of a storm or shipwreck.” This simple invention is nothing more than a lifebuoy that allows a person to stay above the water level and not drown. It was assumed that the circle would be made of light oak bark, which could be found everywhere in the Mediterranean.
wheeled boat
In the Middle Ages, seas and rivers remained convenient and optimal transport routes. Milan or Florence were vitally dependent on maritime traffic and the availability of fast and safe water transportation.
Leonardo sketched a boat with a paddle wheel. The four blades are similar in shape to the fins of waterfowl. The man turned the pedals with both feet, thereby rotating the wheel. The principle of reciprocating motion caused the wheel to spin counterclockwise, so the boat began to move forward.
Leonardo boat model
In the video below you can see in more detail the structure of a boat with wheels:
Leonardo da Vinci is one of the great geniuses of all time, significantly ahead of his era. This Italian scientist of the Renaissance (Renaissance) was not only an outstanding artist and sculptor, but also a scientist, researcher of the secrets of many sciences. He was born in the small village of Vinci in 1452. Already in his youth, da Vinci painted beautiful paintings “The Annunciation” and “The Adoration of the Magi.” Later, from under his brush came the following magnificent works, like the wall painting “The Last Supper” in the Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie, the portrait of Mona Lisa, “St. John the Baptist", "Bacchus". Throughout his life, da Vinci made notes on the theory of art (after the master’s death, these notes were collected and published under the title “Treatise on the Picturesque”).
Leonardo da Vinci is a brilliant artist.
Leonardo da Vinci is the author of many superb works that will always delight art lovers. One of the outstanding images he created, a portrait of Mona Lisa del Giocondo, painted between 1503 and 1506, can be seen in the Louvre. In the St. Petersburg Hermitage there is another of his most beautiful creations - “Madonna Litta”. Many of the works of the brilliant creator remained unfinished, since he to a greater extent I was interested in the depth of the creation process rather than the effect of completion. The uniqueness of Leonardo da Vinci was also manifested in the fact that he was mainly interested in facial features, positioning of the figure, movement, correct, natural depiction of objects, chiaroscuro and perspective. Before starting a painting or sculpting a sculpture, the master made many sketches, which he then used during the work. Today they are valued no less than the finished canvases of a great artist.
Leonardo da Vinci is an inventor.
Even in his youth, Leonardo da Vinci began conducting scientific research. His range of interests is extremely wide: anatomy, botany, mathematics, physics, astronomy, optics, hydraulics, engineering, architecture, music and poetry. Da Vinci developed designs for many inventions, in particular, inventing prototypes of a helicopter, a parachute, an armored train, a submarine, a textile machine, a hydraulic press, a rolling mill (a machine that gives the required shape and size to metal products), a lathe, a grinding machine, a valve, pumps. Unfortunately, the scientist’s brilliant achievements did not change the course of technology development, since he refused to publish his unusual projects.
Chronology.
1452 - born in the village of Vinci;
1467 - becomes a student of A. del Verrocchio in Florence;
1482/83-1499 - work in Milan, at the court of L. Sforza;
1500-1506 - life and work in Florence;
1503-1506 - work on the portrait of Mona Lisa;
1513-1516 - life and work in Rome, under the patronage of D. Medici, brother of Pope Leo X;
1517 - move to France, construction of purification systems on the Loire;
1519 - death in Ambual.
Did you know that:
- Leonardo da Vinci became famous not only brilliant paintings, but also scientific discoveries that were ahead of his era.
- While working at the Milanese court, Leonardo da Vinci painted a portrait of Cecilia Gallerani, known as “The Lady with an Ermine.”
- The portrait of the Florentine Mona Lisa del Giocondo is remarkable primarily for the woman’s mysterious half-smile.
- Many of the great master’s drawings testify to his passion, for example, for anatomy and mechanics.
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
1 slide
Slide description:
2 slide
Slide description:
3 slide
Slide description:
Project goal: To tell about the greatest scientist of his time, Leonardo da Vinci, who enriched almost all areas of knowledge with insightful observations and guesses. Present inventions that characterize him as an outstanding engineer of his time. Project objectives: Meet the greatest scientists Leonardo da Vinci; Learn about the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci; Collect material on the topic; Analyze the collected information; Create an educational presentation “Leonardo da Vinci - Inventor” for school students; Prepare the material; Participate in a lesson using a presentation.
4 slide
Slide description:
Medicine At the end of the Middle Ages in Italy, a star rose that illuminated the entire subsequent development of European civilization. Painter, engineer, mechanic, carpenter, musician, mathematician, pathologist, inventor - this is far from full list facets of the universal genius. Archaeologist, meteorologist, astronomer, architect... All this is Leonardo da Vinci. He was called a sorcerer, a servant of the devil, an Italian Faust and a divine spirit. He was ahead of his time by several centuries. Surrounded by legends during his lifetime, the great Leonardo is a symbol of the limitless aspirations of the human mind. Leonardo da Vinci
5 slide
Slide description:
Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452 in the picturesque Tuscan town of Vinci. The town of Vinci near Florence The house where Leonardo lived as a child. Tomb of Leonardo da Vinci in the Chapel of St. Hubert Leonardo did not have a surname in the modern sense; "da Vinci" simply means "(originally) from the town of Vinci." His full name is Italian. Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci, that is, “Leonardo, son of Mr. Piero from Vinci.”
6 slide
Slide description:
Leonardo had many friends and students. He had his own workshop in Florence. In 1481, da Vinci completed the first large order in his life - the altar image “Adoration of the Magi” for a monastery located near Florence. In 1482 Leonardo, being, according to Vasari, very talented musician, created a silver lyre in the shape of a horse's head. Verrochio's workshop "Adoration of the Magi"
7 slide
Slide description:
Milan, La Scala Monument to Leonardo da Vinci On La Scala in 1872, a monument to Leonardo da Vinci was erected. The work of the sculptor Pietro Magni. The monument is a pedestal on which Leonardo da Vinci stands. Below Leonardo da Vinci are four of his students.
8 slide
Slide description:
Da Vinci was a famous figure of his time, but real fame came many centuries after his death. Only in late XIX century, the theoretical notes of the scientist were published for the first time. They contained descriptions of strange and mysterious devices for their time. Leonardo da Vinci left behind approximately 13,000 pages of various manuscripts - notes, diaries, drawings, treatises, canons, “codes”. During the Renaissance, da Vinci could hardly count on the quick implementation of all his inventions. The main obstacle to their implementation was the insufficient technical level. But in the 20th century, almost all the devices described in his works became a reality. This suggests that the “Italian Faust” was not only a talented inventor, but also a person who was able to anticipate technological progress. Of course, this was facilitated by Leonardo's deep knowledge.
Slide 9
Slide description:
The scientist systematized his developments, creating so-called “codes” - books containing records about certain aspects of science and technology. Leonardo da Vinci was left-handed and wrote “mirror” - that is, from right to left, although sometimes, for example, for correspondence with officials, he used the usual writing style. Rumors circulated around such an oddity of the master. One of the researchers of his work stated that Leonardo deliberately wrote “in reverse” so that his notes would not be accessible to the ignorant.. His notes contained everything from medicine, history and biology to mechanics, drawings, careful calculations of structures, drawings and poems . Leonardo's autograph
10 slide
Slide description:
Last Supper. 1495-1497. Painting on the wall. Santa Maria della Grazie, Milan. “La Gioconda” (“Mona Lisa” 1503 Louvre, Paris) Our contemporaries know Leonardo primarily as an artist. However, da Vinci himself, at different periods of his life, considered himself primarily an engineer or scientist. He did not devote much time to fine art and worked rather slowly. Therefore, Leonardo’s artistic heritage is not large in quantity, and a number of his works have been lost or severely damaged. However, his contribution to world artistic culture is extremely important even against the background of the cohort of geniuses that the Italian Renaissance produced. Portrait of a musician
11 slide
Slide description:
“I want to create miracles” Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most multifaceted personalities in the history of the Italian Renaissance. He was able to glorify himself as great artist and a fortuneteller, but what is most striking is his amazing inventions. Leonardo was interested in the development of military-technical equipment. One of the truly brilliant ideas was the development of an iron chariot in the form of inverted saucers armed with cannons. He was the first to propose installing batteries of firearms on armored ships, invented a helicopter, a bicycle, a glider, a parachute, a tank, a machine gun, poison gases, a smoke screen for troops, and a magnifying glass (100 years before Galileo!). Da Vinci invented textile machines, powerful cranes, systems for draining swamps through pipes, and arched bridges. Inventions Inventions
12 slide
Slide description:
Bridge in the Norwegian city of As, built according to the drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. “I know how to build very light and strong bridges, suitable for transportation during attack and retreat, protected from fire and shells,” wrote Leonardo da Vinci. Leonardo da Vinci's Revolving Bridge is a portable, lightweight bridge that was designed to allow an army to cross a river and then quickly tow it. The bridge consists of one span and is attached to the bank with a vertical hinge, which allows it to rotate.
Slide 13
Slide description:
NAVAL COMBAT EQUIPMENT Double skinning of the ship's hull was proposed to ensure greater unsinkability and invulnerability of ships during naval battles. UNDERWATER MINE To destroy enemy ships, an underwater mine is screwed into the bottom of the ship by the submarine crew or diver. For the first time such a mine was used during the war in the United States (1860s), and saboteur divers appeared only during the Second World War. SUBMARINE "I know many means suitable for offensive and defensive maneuvers at sea and protecting ships..."
Slide 14
Slide description:
WATER MECHANISMS AND DEVICES Flippers The scientist developed a design for webbed gloves, which over time turned into the well-known flippers. These were gloves made of fabric in the shape of an outstretched bird's paw. Such webbed gloves significantly increased swimming speed. The most necessary item when rescuing a drowning person is a lifebuoy. This invention of Leonardo has reached our time practically unchanged. Leonardo da Vinci was involved in everything that somehow touched water.
15 slide
Slide description:
Water wheel DRAG Leonardo has many designs for devices for raising water. Their purpose could be different. . These include fountains, water pipes and irrigation devices. With the help of such a water wheel with bowls, water was scooped up from the lower container and poured into the upper one. To clean the canals and deepen the bottom, Leonardo invented a dredge, which was installed on a raft fixed between two boats. The scooping unit was equipped with four blades. The blades were driven by a handle. The silt collected from the bottom had to be placed on a raft secured between two boats. By moving the drum rotation axis vertically, it was possible to adjust the depth of the work performed. When the wheel turned, the cable tied to the shore was wound onto the drum, and the dredge moved
16 slide
Slide description:
Leonardo loved water: he developed diving instructions, invented and described a breathing apparatus for scuba diving. A soft diving suit was invented by Leonardo for underwater work, or more precisely, for anchoring a ship. According to Leonardo's plan, divers were supposed to go underwater for these purposes. Da Vinci's divers could breathe using an underwater bell filled with air and wore masks with glass holes through which they could see underwater.
Slide 17
Slide description:
Throughout his life, Leonardo da Vinci was literally obsessed with the idea of flight. No technical invention evokes such awe and admiration as a flying car. That is why special attention has always been focused on da Vinci’s flying machines. The inventor always dreamed of the idea of aeronautics. One of the very first (and most famous) sketches on this topic is a diagram of a device that in our time is considered to be a prototype of a helicopter. AIRCRAFT VERTICAL AIRCRAFT
18 slide
Slide description:
Leonardo soon lost interest in propeller-driven aircraft and turned his attention to the flight mechanism. Birds became the source of inspiration for the scientist. Leonardo tried to create a wing for an aircraft in the image and likeness of bird wings. To begin with, calculations were made that showed that the length of a duck's wing (in yards) is numerically equal to the square root of its weight. Based on this, Leonardo established that to lift a flying machine with a man (136 kg) into the air, wings similar to those of a bird and having a length of 12 meters are needed. A wing which, according to Leonardo's calculations, with a quick pressure on the lever, could lift its heavy stand from the ground with a wave.
Slide 19
Slide description:
The world's first drawing of an airship with a controlled tail and a streamlined fuselage. 1486-1490. In the process of working on aircraft Leonardo made a very interesting drawing from the point of view of modern aviation. It depicts a flying ship - exactly a ship, with seats for passengers, as well as a system of levers that control the wings and tail. The hang glider of the great Leonardo da Vinci... One of the inventions of the great Leonardo has come to life in Great Britain...
20 slide
Slide description:
The hang glider, conceived by Leonardo da Vinci over 500 years ago, is capable of flight. While da Vinci's parachute would have allowed a man to jump off a cliff and stay alive, an ornithopter would have allowed him to float in the air above the ground.
21 slides
Slide description:
Attempts to reproduce the wing created by nature did not lead to success - and Leonardo turned to gliding flight, i.e. began developing another flying machine, which was somewhat similar to a modern parachute. He developed a design for a glider that was attached to a person's back so that the latter could balance in flight. The main, widest part of the wings was motionless, but their ends could be bent using cables and change the direction of flight. The drawing of the device, which Leonardo himself described as follows, turned out to be prophetic: “If you have enough linen fabric sewn into a pyramid with a base of 12 yards (about 7 m 20 cm), then you can jump from any height without any harm to your body.” . The master made this recording between 1483 and 1486. Only a few hundred years later this drawing was transformed and such a device was called a “parachute” (from the Greek para - “against” and the French “chute” - fall). It is interesting that the idea of creating a parachute by Leonardo da Vinci was brought to its logical conclusion only by the Russian inventor Kotelnikov, who in 1911 created the first backpack rescue parachute attached to the pilot’s back.
22 slide
Slide description:
SIEGE AND DEFENSE COMBAT TECHNOLOGY Leonardo da Vinci developed many simple, but at the same time effective military devices for the defense and siege of fortresses. ASSAULT LADDERS DEVICE FOR REPULSING LADDERS CUTTING ROTATING BLADES TO DEFEAT ATTACKERS MACHINE FOR THROWING BOMBES CATAPULT Tower for storming a castle
Slide 23
Slide description:
Horse chariot for offensive warfare with scythes. Leonardo made this illustration of a war machine for his Treatise on War. These are war chariots equipped with scythes for cutting the leg tendons of enemy horses and soldiers, since the scythes were at the top and bottom, they literally mowed down everyone. It is a kind of chariot with rotating scythes to destroy the enemy in battle.
24 slide
Slide description:
FIREARMS Cannon RAPID FIRE CROSSBOW GIANT CROSSBOW Leonardo da Vinci develops catapults and fortress crossbows that operate due to the elasticity of wooden or steel springs. At the same time, he creates guns that are loaded not from the muzzle, but from the breech, multi-barreled salvo fire artillery, explosive bombs filled with buckshot, elongated projectiles equipped with a stabilizer and a powder accelerator. Leonardo paid great attention to the design of automatic firearms. MACHINE GUN PEELED CANNONBALLS
25 slide
Slide description:
MULTI-CHARGED COMBAT VEHICLES One of the scientist’s most exciting ideas was... a tank. This structure had a rounded shape and looked like a turtle, bristling with tools on all sides. The inventor hoped to solve the problem of movement with the help of horses. However, this idea was quickly abandoned: in a confined space the animals could become uncontrollable. Instead, the “engine” of such a tank would have to be eight people who would turn levers connected to the wheels, and thus move the combat vehicle forward. Another crew member had to be at the top of the device and indicate the direction of movement. Interestingly, the design of the armored vehicle allowed it to move only forward.
26 slide
Slide description:
Bearings The idea, as many believe, was first born during the Roman Empire, but historians believe that it was in da Vinci’s notebooks that the first sketches of a bearing appeared.
Slide 27
Slide description:
Car During the digitization of the “car”, a brake invented by Leonardo was discovered - experts in the automotive industry believe that the invention of the brake for automobile progress was almost more important than the creation of the engine internal combustion. Among all the “earthly” discoveries of Leonardo, one should name... the car. The master paid main attention to the engine and chassis, so the design of the “body” did not reach us. The self-propelled carriage had three wheels and was driven by a winding spring mechanism. The two rear wheels were independent of each other, and their rotation was carried out by a complex system of gears. In addition to the front wheel, there was another one - a small, rotating one, which was placed on a wooden lever. It is assumed that this idea was born to Leonardo back in 1478. But only in 1752, a self-taught Russian mechanic and peasant Leonty Shamshurenkov was able to assemble a “self-running stroller” driven by the power of two people.
28 slide
Slide description:
The first bicycle in history The first technical drawings of a bicycle belong to Leonardo da Vinci. The Meiningen Chronicle of 1447 tells of a moving device driven by a driver.
Slide 29
Slide description:
Rolling mill The figure shows a machine for producing sheet metal by rolling metal between main rollers.
30 slide
Slide description:
Clock mechanisms Medicine Leonardo created variants of watches and improved their design: for example, watches with weights are the predecessors of watches wound by a spring. However, they required too much vertical space to pull the weights. The scientist came up with a pulley system that regulates the lowering of the weights and reduces the required vertical space. Leonardo also solved the problem of compensating for the energy loss that occurs when the spring unwinds: first, using a lead screw - a spindle that slowly winds the spring; then he created unusual mechanisms, stronger and more stable than the spindle.
31 slides
Slide description:
Spotlight Glasses The study of binocular vision led Leonardo da Vinci to create around 1500. stereoscope, he invented a number of lighting devices, including lamp glass, and dreamed of creating a telescope from spectacle lenses. Leonardo da Vinci made many discoveries in optics.
32 slide
Slide description:
Leonardo approached the study of anatomy like a true naturalist - this is how we evaluate him today. However, the work of this brilliant man, who could have received many of the laurels that Vesalius received, remained unfinished and resembled a gigantic skeleton. Nevertheless, Leonardo, who paved the way for modern science, also deserves a place of honor among anatomists - researchers of the human body.
Slide description:
The first drawing of a humanoid robot was made by Leonardo da Vinci in 1495 and was based on anatomical studies recorded in Vitruvian Man. “The Vitruvian Man is a drawing made by Leonardo Da Vinci around 1490-1492, as an illustration for a book dedicated to the works of Vitruvius. It depicts the figure of a naked man in two superimposed positions: with his arms spread to the sides, describing a circle and a square. The drawing and text are sometimes called canonical proportions. When examining the drawing, you will notice that the combination of arms and legs actually makes up four different poses. A pose with arms spread to the sides and legs not spread fits into a square (“Square of the Ancients”). On the other hand, a pose with arms and legs spread out to the sides fits into a circle. And, although when changing poses, it seems that the center of the figure is moving, in fact, the navel of the figure, which is its real center, remains motionless. If we tie a human figure - the most perfect creation of the universe - with a belt and then measure the distance from the belt to the feet, then this value will relate to the distance from the same belt to the top of the head, just as the entire height of a person relates to the length from the waist to the feet...” Indeed, in nature and the human body there are many proportional relationships close to what Leonardo da Vinci called the “golden ratio”. In any work of art, several unequal parts, but close to the golden ratio, give the impression of the development of forms, their dynamics, proportional complement to each other
35 slide
Slide description:
It is believed that in 1495 Leonardo da Vinci first formulated the idea of a “mechanical man,” in other words, a robot. According to the master's plan, this device was supposed to be a mannequin dressed in knightly armor and capable of reproducing several human movements. Leonardo da Vinci's notes, found in the 1950s, contained detailed drawings of a mechanical knight capable of sitting, extending his arms, moving his head and opening his visor. Da Vinci's robot has not survived, and no one knows exactly what he was capable of. .
Slide description:
Leonardo da Vinci- Italian artist(painter, sculptor, architect) and scientist (anatomist, naturalist), inventor, writer, one of largest representatives art of the High Renaissance, a shining example of the “universal man”. He literally changed people's perceptions in all aspects of life. He truly deserves to be called a GENIUS. The greatest figure of his era! Leonardo da Vinci
Slide 38
Slide description:
So who exactly was Leonardo da Vinci? This is probably the biggest mystery. Although Leonardo da Vinci is generally considered one of the geniuses of the Renaissance, this is not even remotely true. He is unique! Neither before nor after him in history did there exist such a person who was a genius in all areas! Some researchers are inclined to consider him a time traveler who arrived in the Renaissance from the distant future. Others consider Leonardo a messenger of an advanced extraterrestrial civilization, and still others consider him a resident parallel world, which is more developed than ours. In any case, Leonardo da Vinci knew too well the worldly affairs and the future that awaits humanity to be an ordinary person. “Born to Fly” left us drawings and superbly designed designs that are still relevant today! Hundreds of years passed before people could bring Leonardo da Vinci's ideas to life.
Slide 39
Slide description:
“Glory in the hands of labor” Leonardo da Vinci is a genius whose inventions belong undividedly to both the past, present and future of humanity. He lived ahead of his time, and if even a small part of what he invented had been brought to life, then the history of Europe, and perhaps the world, would have been different: already in the 15th century we would have driven cars and crossed the seas by submarines. Leonardo da Vinci enriched almost all areas of knowledge with insightful observations and guesses. But how surprised a genius would be if he found out that many of his inventions are in use even centuries after his birth.
40 slide
Slide description:
http://vinci.ru/ http://abitura.com/not_only/hystorical_physics/Vinchi.htm http://www.terredelrinascimento.it/immagini/gallery/vinci/aerea.jpg http://gizmod.ru/ 2007/05/24/izobretenija_velikogo_leonardo_da_vinchi/ http://www.zitata.com/da_vinci.shtml http://nauka03.ru/istoriya-anatomii/leonardo-da-vinchi.html List of used literature
41 slides
Slide description:
Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452 in the small village of Anchiano LU, located near the town of Vinci FI. He was the illegitimate son of a wealthy notary, Piero da Vinci, and a beautiful village woman, Katarina. Soon after this event, the notary entered into marriage with the girl noble birth. They had no children, and Piero and his wife took their three-year-old child with them.
The Birth of an Artist
The brief time of childhood in the village is over. Notary Piero moved to Florence, where he apprenticed his son to Andrea del Veroccio, a famous Tuscan master. There, in addition to painting and sculpture, the future artist had the opportunity to study the basics of mathematics and mechanics, anatomy, working with metals and plaster, and methods of tanning leather. The young man greedily absorbed knowledge and later used it widely in his activities.
An interesting creative biography of the maestro belongs to the pen of his contemporary Giorgio Vasari. In Vasari's book “The Life of Leonardo” there is a brief story about how (Andrea del Verrocchio) attracted a student to carry out the order “The Baptism of Christ” (Battesimo di Cristo).
The angel painted by Leonardo so clearly demonstrated his superiority over his teacher that the latter threw down his brush in frustration and never painted again.
The qualification of a master was awarded to him by the Guild of St. Luke. Leonardo da Vinci spent the next year of his life in Florence. His first mature painting is “The Adoration of the Magi” (Adorazione dei Magi), commissioned for the monastery of San Donato.
Milanese period (1482 - 1499)
Leonardo came to Milan as a peace envoy from Lorenzo di Medici to Lodovico Sforza, nicknamed Moro. Here his work received a new direction. He was enrolled in the court staff first as an engineer and only later as an artist.
The Duke of Milan, a cruel and narrow-minded man, had little interest in the creative component of Leonardo’s personality. The master was even less worried about the duke's indifference. Interests converged in one thing. Moreau needed engineering devices for military operations and mechanical structures for the entertainment of the court. Leonardo understood this like no one else. His mind did not sleep, the master was sure that human capabilities are limitless. His ideas were close to the humanists of the New Age, but in many ways incomprehensible to his contemporaries.
Two important works belong to the same period - (Il Cenacolo) for the refectory of the monastery of Santa Maria della Grazie (Chiesa e Convento Domenicano di Santa Maria delle Grazie) and the painting “The Lady with an Ermine” (Dama con l’ermellino).
The second is a portrait of Cecilia Gallerani, the favorite of the Duke of Sforza. The biography of this woman is unusual. One of the most beautiful and learned ladies of the Renaissance, she was simple and kind, and knew how to get along with people. An affair with the Duke saved one of her brothers from prison. She had the most tender relationship with Leonardo, but, according to contemporaries and the opinion of most researchers, their brief relationship remained platonic.
A more common (and also not confirmed) version is about the master’s intimate relationship with his students Francesco Melzi and Salai. The artist preferred to keep the details of his personal life a deep secret.
Moreau ordered the master equestrian statue Francesco Sforza. The necessary sketches were completed and a clay model of the future monument was made. Further work was prevented by the French invasion of Milan. The artist left for Florence. He will return here again, but to another master - the French king Louis XII.
Again in Florence (1499 - 1506)
His return to Florence was marked by his entry into the service of Duke Cesare Borgia and the creation of his most famous painting, Gioconda. New job involved frequent travel, the master traveled around Romagna, Tuscany and Umbria on various assignments. His main mission was reconnaissance and preparation of the area for military operations by Cesare, who planned to subjugate the Papal States. Cesare Borgia was considered the greatest villain of the Christian world, but Leonardo admired his tenacity and remarkable talent as a commander. He argued that the Duke's vices were balanced by "equally great virtues." The ambitious plans of the great adventurer did not come true. The master returned to Milan in 1506.
Later years (1506 - 1519)
The second Milanese period lasted until 1512. The Maestro studied the structure of the human eye, worked on the monument to Gian Giacomo Trivulzio and his own self-portrait. In 1512 the artist moved to Rome. Giovanni di Medici, the son of Giovanni di Medici, was elected pope and was ordained under the name of Leo X. The pope's brother, Duke Giuliano di Medici, highly appreciated the work of his compatriot. After his death, the master accepted the invitation of King Francis I (François I) and left for France in 1516.
Francis turned out to be the most generous and grateful patron. The maestro settled in the picturesque castle of Clos Lucé in Touraine, where he had every opportunity to do what was interesting to him. By royal commission, he designed a lion from whose chest a bouquet of lilies opened. The French period was the happiest of his life. The king assigned his engineer an annual annuity of 1000 ecus and donated land with vineyards, ensuring him a peaceful old age. The maestro's life was cut short in 1519. He bequeathed his notes, instruments and estates to his students.
Paintings
Inventions and works
Most of the master's inventions were not created during his lifetime, remaining only in notes and drawings. An airplane, a bicycle, a parachute, a tank... He was possessed by the dream of flight, the scientist believed that a person can and should fly. He studied the behavior of birds and sketched wings of different shapes. His design for a two-lens telescope is surprisingly accurate, and in his diaries there is a brief entry about the possibility of “seeing the Moon big.”
As a military engineer he was always in demand; the lightweight saddle bridges he invented and the wheel lock for a pistol were used everywhere. He dealt with the problems of urban planning and land reclamation, and in 1509 he built the St. Christopher, as well as the Martesana irrigation canal. The Duke of Moreau rejected his project for an “ideal city”. Several centuries later, the development of London was carried out according to this project. In Norway there is a bridge built according to his drawing. In France, already an old man, he designed a canal between the Loire and Saône.
Leonardo's diaries are written in easy, lively language and are interesting to read. His fables, parables and aphorisms speak of the versatility of his great mind.
The secret of genius
There were plenty of secrets in the life of the Renaissance titan. The main one opened relatively recently. But has it opened? In 1950, a list of Grand Masters of the Priory of Sion (Prieuré de Sion), a secret organization created in 1090 in Jerusalem, was published. According to the list, Leonardo da Vinci was the ninth of the Grand Masters of the Priory. His predecessor in this amazing post was Sandro Botticelli, and his successor was Constable Charles III de Bourbon. The main goal of the organization was to restore the Merovingian dynasty to the throne of France. The Priory considered the offspring of this family to be the descendants of Jesus Christ.
The very existence of such an organization raises doubts among most historians. But such doubts could have been sown by members of the Priory who wished to continue their activities in secret.
If we accept this version as the truth, the master’s habit of complete independence and the strange attraction to France for a Florentine become clear. Even Leonardo's writing style - left hand and right to left - can be interpreted as an imitation of Hebrew writing. This seems unlikely, but the scale of his personality allows us to make the most daring assumptions.
Stories about the Priory cause distrust among scientists, but enrich artistic creativity. The most striking example is Dan Brown's book “The Da Vinci Code” and the film of the same name.
- At the age of 24, together with three Florentine youths was accused of sodomy. The company was acquitted due to lack of evidence.
- Maestro was a vegetarian. People who consume animal food were called “walking cemeteries.”
- He shocked his contemporaries with his habit of carefully examining and sketching the hanged in detail. He considered studying the structure of the human body to be the most important activity.
- There is an opinion that the maestro developed tasteless and odorless poisons for Cesare Borgia and wiretapping devices made of glass tubes.
- Television mini-series "The Life of Leonardo da Vinci"(La vita di Leonardo da Vinci), directed by Renato Castellani, received a Golden Globe award.
- named after Leonardo da Vinci and is decorated with a huge statue depicting a master with a model of a helicopter in his hands.
↘️🇮🇹 USEFUL ARTICLES AND SITES 🇮🇹↙️ SHARE WITH YOUR FRIENDS
Leonardo da Vinci, full name Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (April 15, 1452 - May 2, 1519), one of the greatest figures of art and science of the High Renaissance - artist, sculptor, architect, scientist, inventor and writer.
Self-portrait attributed to Leonardo da Vinci (Royal Library, Turin). It is believed that the artist made it at the age of 60.
Illegitimate son
Leonardo was born on April 15, 1452 in the village of Anchiano near the town of Vinci. The illegitimate son of the notary Piero da Vinci, Leonardo was raised in his father's house from the age of four. There he received his primary education at home, mastering, among other things, Latin and mathematics. A curious fact is that Leonardo was ambidextrous from a young age - he could use his right and left hands equally well, although most of his written works were done with his left hand from right to left. At the age of about 14 years, Leonardo and his family moved to Florence, where in 1467 he began studying with the famous painter and sculptor Andrea Verrocchio. During this period, he became acquainted with geometry and the laws of perspective, as well as the theory of proportions. In 1473, Leonardo received the status of a master in the Guild of St. Luke (a guild association of artists and sculptors) and worked in his own workshop in Florence, but the impending economic and political crisis forced him to move in 1482 to Milan, to the court of Duke Lodovico Sforza.
Milanese period
During this period of his life, Leonardo worked a lot and fruitfully in a variety of fields. In the college of ducal engineers, he, together with the famous architect Bramante, is engaged in strengthening and decorating the gigantic ducal castle. 2-Leonardo-da-Vinci.jpg
Sforzes Castle (Castello Sforzesco, Milan). Modern look The castle was acquired after large-scale restorations in 1833 and 1900.
Sketch of the watchtower of the Sforza Castle (Milan). The rotunda is surrounded by columns and covered with a conical roof.
Around 1483-1485. Leonardo is developing a plan for a new type of city - this issue became relevant due to the plague epidemic that broke out in Milan, which claimed many lives. This fundamental and multifaceted project, centuries ahead of its time, was implemented during his lifetime on a very small scale, but many of his urban planning ideas were implemented in different cities and countries in the following centuries. In 1494, Leonardo was engaged in work on draining and irrigating lands in the vicinity of Milan, constructing a water staircase of 130 steps on the Martesan Canal. In addition to major works, the master's first Milanese period is characterized by a wide variety of architectural and engineering creations. He owns: the project of the temple-theater, which is the first, after the Middle Ages, attempt to revive a theater-type building; project of a country villa with double walls and staircases located between them and many other original projects, for the most part, which have survived to this day only in the form of drawings and sketches
Project of a centric mausoleum building on an artificial hill. One of the many sketches from the "Milanese period" illustrating the innovative ideas of Leonardo da Vinci
One of Leonardo's largest architectural projects - the dome over the middle cross Milan Cathedral. The master develops many innovative architectural and engineering solutions and even creates a model from wood. Unfortunately, the dome (in a less majestic and more simplified version) was implemented according to the design of another architect.
Apparently, it was precisely this task that prompted the master to turn close attention for the design of centric domed buildings, in the sketches of which we can see the implementation of many innovative artistic and technical solutions. Some researchers believe that the famous architect Bramante used some of these ideas from da Vinci when creating his most ambitious project (St. Peter's Cathedral). 5-Leonardo_da_Vinci-Studies_of_Central_Plan_Buildings.jpg
Sketch of a multi-domed temple with three-apse chapels. It is believed that this idea was later used by Bramante in the design of the Cathedral of St. Petra
St. Peter's Cathedral (Basilica di San Pietro, Vatican). The original design of the cathedral was carried out by Bramante (using drawings by Leonardo da Vinci), but subsequent reconstructions significantly changed its architectonics
One of Leonardo’s drawings, kept in the Venetian Academy, depicts a sketch of the facade of the church, which by more than 50 years anticipated the architectonics of the Roman and Venetian churches of the late Renaissance, created in the second half of the 16th century by the famous architects Giacomo da Vignola and Andrea Palladio.
In the service of Caesar Borgia
In 1499, French troops invade northern Italy and occupy Milan. Duke Lodovico Moro is captured and Leonardo leaves the occupied city in December 1499. After a short stay in Mantua, Venice and Florence, the master in 1501 entered the service of the son of Pope Alexander VI - Duke Caesar Borgia, where he worked on military fortifications, designed a canal connecting Cesena with the Adriatic Sea and developed a plan for the reconstruction of the city of Imola. The short service with the Borgia ends in March 1503 and Leonardo returns to Florence. Desperate to find a use for his engineering and architectural talents in Italy, the master took up painting. Among others, the creation of the famous “La Gioconda” dates back to this period of his life.
Second Milanese period
Leonardo's desire to return to Milan was finally realized in 1508, where he immediately set about building a new lock in the system of large canals, with the goal of protecting the city from spring floods. In 1512, the troops of Pope Julius II occupied Milan and Leonardo, who worked at the court of the governor of Milan, the Frenchman Charles d'Amboise, had to hide from persecution for some time. In 1513, Julius II dies and Leonardo finds himself in favor with Giuliano de' Medici (brother of the new pope Leo X), who invites the master to Rome.
Roman period and move to France
The “Roman” period of the aging Leonardo (1513-1515) was not marked by any famous architectural achievements - he was mainly engaged in painting. The war with France that broke out at the beginning of 1515, by the will of fate, leads the master to negotiations between Pope Leo X and Francis I, who invites Leonardo to his court. The king's proposal was accepted. And at the beginning of 1516, da Vinci moved to France, to the castle of Cloux near the city of Ambois and received the official title of the first royal artist, architect and engineer.
Sketches of the “Ramorantin Project” - an elongated city, a plan of a castle and a pool for water tournaments
In 1517, Leonardo was working on the grandiose project of building the Romorantin Canal, which was supposed to connect central France with Italy. In this regard, he developed a plan for the reconstruction of the city of Romorantin, including detailed drawings of the new city palace. The last creation of the brilliant master, apparently, was the plan of the castle, which was subsequently erected in Chambord (Loir-et-Cher) on the Cosson River.
Chambord Castle. The “decorative” nature of the donjon and the royal lily on the lighthouse turret are clearly visible
Leonardo died on May 2, 1519 in Clos-Luce; The master's inheritance amounted, among other items, to about 50 thousand original documents of various contents, of which only a third has survived to this day.
The most significant works of the architect:
1. Reconstruction of the Sforza Castle in Milan (late 15th - early 16th centuries).
2.Project of the dome of the Milan Cathedral
3. Research on the strength of building structures and materials
4. Concepts and compositions of centric domed buildings
5.Projects of various buildings of the “Milanese” period (1482-1499)
6. Urban plan of a new type - the reconstruction of Milan (1483-1485)
7.Water staircase on the Martesan Canal (outskirts of Milan, 1494)