Tvardovsky's poem " Vasily Terkin" is a unique cultural monument that has become a national anthem of liberation from the Nazi invader. In wartime, people memorized these verses while sitting in the trenches, going to the front line, and collapsing from fatigue in the rear. Since the author was a war correspondent and saw the war with his own eyes, more than once risking seeing it in last time, his creation became extremely sincere and believable, and therefore stirred the strings of the soul of an ordinary soldier inexperienced in literature. This main feature poem "Vasily Terkin". She inspired readers to heroism day after day.
Alexander Tvardovsky describes how Vasily Terkin stops in the hut of two old men on the way to the front. The old man and the old woman talk to the soldier and, a little later, ask the guest to repair their saw and watch, because the grandfather is already old and cannot do this. The war prematurely aged the owner of the hut: he, too, once fought for his Motherland. In memory of this, he kept a watch, which Terkin eventually repaired, like the saw. Two soldiers without unnecessary words understood each other.
In a conversation with his grandfather, the hero discovers that they have a lot in common, and at the front everything is the same. For example, the old man asks if there is a louse in the barracks, and Vasily admits that it is not without it. Then the older soldier recognizes the younger one as an equal and is imbued with respect for him. The old woman also thaws: at first she hid the lard from the soldier, but after his request and good deeds, she takes out the secret dish and serves it to the guest. Even though there is famine in the village, the owners did not stint in welcoming Terkin, because they recognize him as a protector native land. It is he who convinces the doubting, fear-ridden old men that they will “beat the Germans.” With that he leaves, thanking the elderly couple.
Main thought
To be closer to popular consciousness, the author uses fairy-tale references that we perceive intuitively. For example, the chapter begins with a classic fairy tale beginning: once upon a time there was a grandfather and a grandmother. The following is their problem: in this case, this is military devastation (intense battles right under the windows, bomb explosions, a constant feeling of danger). A hero immediately appears before them, Vasily Terkin, like an epic hero, capable of correcting the problem and protecting them. They instruct him and treat him, he pays them politeness and meekness, and then goes to fight the enemy. After this meeting, we no longer doubt that our “hero” will defeat the Serpent Gorynych, the Polovtsians, and Hitler with his deadly army. In fairy tales it's always happy end. This is what it's all about main meaning chapter “2 Soldiers” - the author, in simple language, inspires the people and says that we will defeat evil, no matter how strong it is. But for this victory we need to unite, so two soldiers, two generations act as a united front.
The unity of society really helped to break the enemy, Tvardovsky managed to convey main idea chapter “Two Soldiers” to all the people who heeded his call. So the fairy tale became reality, because we survived that war miraculously. This miracle was the cohesion of the Russian people; it has contained its strength for a long time.
Subjects
The hero speaks about victory simply, without pathos: “We’ll beat you, father,” and immediately leaves. He didn’t brag or beat himself in the chest with his fist, but he didn’t whine either, although he knew how hard it was at the front. This simple, yet firm and powerful phrase contains a deep sense of patriotism that people do not stick out. Thus, the main themes of this fragment are patriotic and social. Love for the Motherland brings together different and strangers– her devoted sons, her protectors. The old people give up their last property, which they got with such difficulty, just to make their contribution to the victory. You can be sure that they themselves do not eat scrambled eggs with lard every day, but they fed the soldier. It is also striking that the hero is exceptionally polite, friendly and courteous; he did not become angry with the old woman for her reluctance to share with him. Vasily respects his owners, especially his grandfather, with whom he shares a sense of duty to the Motherland and the harsh life of a soldier. Both of them experienced it, but neither of them regrets it.
We see social themes in the dialogue of generations, before us is a conversation between fathers and sons, which was supposed to develop into a contradiction, but a common grief, a common duty united everyone. Both old and young - everyone wanted the same thing: victory!
Issues
The author also conveys social issues through symbols: the old people have hours left of their peaceful and prosperous life. They stopped, because there is a war outside, everyone has no time for repairs. The soldier repairs them, as if making it clear that the new generation will return the old one good world, will restore the country and normalize life. Subsequently, the German occupier will steal this watch, just as he stole peace and order from the Russian people. However, Vasily Terkin does not lose heart and at the second meeting with the old people (chapter “Grandfather and Woman”) promises to bring a new watch from Berlin. Thus, the author showed the readiness and ability of children to win back a peaceful sky and help their fathers get back on their feet and find a free, prosperous country.
Tvardovsky skillfully showed the customs of the village. The head of the house was a tight-fisted and cunning woman, like a peasant, who hid provisions far away and was ready not to eat, just so as not to set the table. This speaks not of greed, but of tragedy common people, who went hungry more than once and almost never ate his fill at that time.
Interesting? Save it on your wall!Essays on literature: Russian hero Vasily Terkin(1)
The most important, decisive events in the life of the country were best reflected in the poetry of Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky. In his works we see a deep realism in the depiction of events, the truthfulness of the characters created by the poet, accuracy folk word. Among his many works, the wartime poem “Vasily Terkin” especially stands out, in which the author with a vivid artistic expression drew the image of a real Russian hero.
Vasily Terkin is a typical representative of the Russian people, the many millions of soldiers on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War. He embodied the ideas about a soldier that existed among the Russian people. When creating his hero, the author relied on folk tales, epics and legends so beloved by the people about savvy heroes who do not lose heart even in the most difficult moments. He is a jack of all trades, always ready to help. Tvardovsky, speaking about his hero, even uses epic fairy-tale expressions: “Terkin is not subject to death.” Vasily boldly enters into a duel with death, but never flaunts his exploits. Terkin, first of all, is a simple man in whom every soldier could recognize himself or his comrade in arms. He became the personification of the people:
Into battle, forward, into the utter fire
He goes, holy and sinful,
Russian miracle man!
The author did not embellish the image of Terkin, but also did not belittle his merits. He created folk character, which reflected the hard work, perseverance and courage of the Russian soldier. His hero is modest, kind, resourceful, funny guy, who will play the accordion and support the conversation. He walks with a “joke-proverb” along the roads of war:
That path is harsh,
Same as two hundred years ago
Walked with a flintlock gun
Russian worker-soldier.
Tolerates both cold and hunger.
And he was wounded, but, having recovered, he returned to duty again:
Mines are exploding. The sound is familiar
Responsible in the back.
This means Terkin is home.
Terkin is back at war.
Because “fighters live in war,” war to a victorious end is a difficult, common cause, the main thing in everyone’s life now. That is why many perceived Terkin as a specific person who really existed and fought in some regiment. And the incident at the crossing probably happened somewhere once, some soldier swam across an icy river under crossfire to deliver an important message. And more than once, probably, there was a daredevil whose last cartridge from three-line rifle knocked down an enemy plane, without thinking about the fact that he was committing a heroic act. And the author himself seemed to lead the reader to this idea, saying that Terkin “is always in every company, and in every platoon.”
The poem immediately gained wide popularity. Front-line soldiers wrote to the poet that he conveyed the everyday life of combat “with photographic accuracy”, that the fiery verse of the poem goes on the attack with the soldiers. The poem was read in any conditions: in a trench, in a trench, on the march, because they saw in it “an encyclopedia of a soldier’s front-line life, which touches on all the issues of his life.” And Tvardovsky’s hero became a real embodiment of people’s strength, resilience, patriotism - traits inherent in every Russian soldier.
It was created during the harsh war years from 1941 to 1945. It reflected military life in a simple and accessible form to everyone, hard lot soldier, human psychology in war, as well as philosophical reflections on life and death, glory and suffering of the Russian heroic soldier.
The prototype of the main character of the “book about a fighter” - the cheerful and successful Vasya Terkin - appeared on the pages of the newspaper “On Guard of the Motherland” during the Finnish campaign of 1942. This popular popular figure, in many ways, a conventional figure of a warrior-hero appeared thanks to collective efforts, while Tvardovsky simply wrote an introduction to the “collective” Terkin. Later, the thought of continuing to work on this image did not leave him. According to Tvardovsky’s plan, everything in Terkin had to change: the story about the Russian soldier from the columns of “Corners of Humor” and “Direct Fire” was supposed to rise to seriousness and even “lyricism of content.”
The need for Terkin arose from the beginning of World War II. The “book about a fighter,” like a chronicle, reflects the main events of the Great Patriotic War; the composition of the book is determined by military reality. “There is no plot in war,” it is confirmed in one of the chapters of “Vasily Terkin.” Tvardovsky himself wrote about his “book...”: “The genre of my work was defined for me as ... a book, a living, moving, free-form book, inseparable from the real matter of the people’s defense of the Motherland, from their feat in the war.”
The image of Vasily Terkin is a collective image of the Russian people who rose up in the war of liberation. In the first chapter of the “book...”, where the author introduces the reader to Terkin, it is said: “There is always a guy like this / In every company, / And in every platoon.” Traits common to all Russian soldiers are embodied in Terkin: “Terkin fights, holds the front,” the author says about him. This is most clearly presented in the chapter “Terkin-Terkin”, where Terkin meets his peculiar double. This means that there are many such Terkins in the world; in every Russian soldier there was something of Terkin. Or, rather, on the contrary, the author embodied in Terkin the main features of a Russian soldier, only making them brighter and more expressive. Terkin is characteristic folk wisdom and everyday ingenuity, which is manifested in his sayings and sayings (“Time is a time for fun”, “On which river to float, / That’s how you create a glory”), while many sayings were invented for Terkin by the author, but feel completely folk (“ Don’t look at what’s on your chest, / But look at what’s ahead,” “The guns are moving backwards for battle”).
The image of Terkin echoes the Russian folk epic. In the chapter “Duel” Terkin fights hand-to-hand with a German and features appear in his image epic hero. He is endowed with fantastic power in the chapter “Crossing”, when he swims across a cold night river, comes to life after a sip of vodka and immediately swims back. In the chapter “The Soldier and Death,” he, like the cunning soldier from a Russian fairy tale, does not succumb to death. Terkin seems to be the defender of the Russian land at the moment when he shoots down an enemy plane with a gun. He accomplishes a real, unprecedented feat, but out of modesty (also distinguishing feature Russian soldier) refuses the order, saying: “I’m not proud, I agree to a medal.”
Terkin turns out to be not only a brave soldier, but also a cheerful comrade: with his “jokes, the most unwise joke,” he brightens up the soldiers’ painful military life:
Hey Slavs, from Kuban,
From the Don, from the Volga, from the Irtysh,
Take the heights in the bathhouse,
Take your time to gain a foothold!
The author portrays Terkin as a hard-working soldier; this shows the tradition of depicting war not as brilliant heroism, but as hard everyday work. Tvardovsky depicts the war without embellishment:
Where in the quagmire, in the rusty mess,
Unrequited - it doesn't count, it doesn't count,
Ours walked, crawled, and lay
Day and night all the way...
Terkin's humor is often interspersed with tragic experiences of the horrors of war. The cruel and bitter truth is heard in the words: “A terrible battle is going on, bloody, / A mortal battle is not for the sake of glory, / For the sake of life on earth,” which are repeated as a refrain throughout the entire poem, and sound in its finale. War mercilessly consumes human lives, and the author shows this with all authenticity, without unnecessary pathos, in the “book about a fighter”:
And I saw you for the first time,
It will not be forgotten:
People are warm and alive
We went to the bottom, to the bottom, to the bottom...
In the image of Terkin, the hero-worker is combined with a joker and a philosopher. And together all this represents the image of the Russian people at a turning point in our history:
Sometimes serious, sometimes funny,
No matter what the rain, what the snow -
Into battle, forward, into the utter fire
He goes, holy and sinful,
Russian miracle man.
The “freedom” and “wonderful prowess” of the poem are explained by the fact that the entire Russian people co-authored with Tvardovsky. The “book about a fighter” affirms national unity, therefore Terkin, as collective image, turns out to be in different parts front, takes part in various hostilities, and finally, the author indicates several different places of his birth: Tula, Smolensk region.
Just as Terkin embodied all the diversity of characters and skills of the Russian people, so the poem itself reflected the diversity of language and style. The author freely uses both literary (mainly in the chapters “From the Author”) and folk-poetic speech. The text of the poem includes folk songs: about an overcoat (“Oh, cloth, government overcoat, / Military overcoat...”), about a river (“I’ll wash my feet on the river, / Where does the river flow? / In the direction of my dear, / Maybe you’ll turn somewhere”). The main meter of the poem—trochaic tetrameter—is associated with Ershov’s poetic adaptations of Russian fairy tales. The language of “Vasily Terkin” is light and varied; it remains understandable and delights all readers: both soldiers inexperienced in poetry at a rest stop, and such experts and masters of the Russian word as I. . The style of the poem is close to folklore; the hero often refers to the forces of nature, diminutive suffixes, and repetitions reinforce the accents placed in the poem.
Tvardovsky called “Vasily Terkin” “my lyrics, my journalism, a song and a teaching, an anecdote and a saying, a heart-to-heart conversation and a remark to the occasion.” Readers highly appreciated the “book about a fighter”: soldiers read “Vasily Terkin” at their leisure; it was more fun to endure the hardships of war with him. The soldiers did not allow Tvardovsky to “kill” his hero; they demanded a continuation of “Vasily Terkin”. All this proves the unprecedented love of the Russian people for this book, which fully reflected the events of the Great Patriotic War. “Vasily Terkin” can rightfully be called artistic monument to the Russian people, who endured the terrible war years and liberated our Motherland.
Municipal basic educational institution "Platovskaya secondary school"
Research work on literature
Topic: “The image of Vasily Terkin in the work of Tvardovsky”
Checked by: teacher
Platovka 2011
LET'S SUM UP
The poem “Vasily Terkin” is evidence of history. The writer himself was a war correspondent, he was close military life. The work shows the clarity of what is happening, imagery, accuracy, which makes us truly believe the poem.
The main character of the work, Vasily Terkin, is a simple Russian soldier. His very name speaks of the generality of his image. He was close to the soldiers, he was one of them. Many even, reading the poem, said that the real Terkin was in their company, that he was fighting with them. The image of Terkin also has folk roots. In one of the chapters, Tvardovsky compares him with a soldier from famous fairy tale"Porridge from an axe." The author presents Terkin as a resourceful soldier who knows how to find a way out of any situation and show intelligence and ingenuity. In other chapters, the hero appears to us as a mighty hero from ancient epics, strong and fearless.
What can we say about Terkin’s qualities? All of them are certainly worthy of respect. One can easily say about Vasily Terkin: “he does not drown in water and does not burn in fire,” and this will be the pure truth. The hero exhibits such qualities as courage, bravery, and courage, and the proof of this is in chapters such as “The Crossing” and “Death and the Warrior.” He never loses heart, jokes (for example, in the chapters “Terkin-Terkin”, “In the bathhouse”). He shows his love for life in "Death and the Warrior". He does not fall into the hands of death, resists it and survives. And, of course, Terkin contains such qualities as great patriotism, humanism and a sense of military duty.
Vasily Terkin was very close to the soldiers of the Great Patriotic War; he reminded them of themselves. Terkin inspired soldiers to heroic deeds, helped them during the war, and maybe even, to some extent, the war was won thanks to him.
- a soldier (then an officer) from the Smolensk peasants: “... the guy himself is ordinary.”
Terkin embodies the best features of the Russian soldier and the Russian people. Terkin has been fighting since the very beginning of the war, he was surrounded three times and was wounded. Terkin’s motto: “Don’t be discouraged,” despite any difficulties. So, the hero, in order to restore contact with the soldiers located on the other side of the river, swims across it twice in ice water. Or, in order to install a telephone line during the battle, Terkin alone occupies a German dugout, in which he comes under fire. One day Terkin enters into hand-to-hand combat with a German and, with great difficulty, still takes the enemy prisoner. The hero perceives all these exploits as ordinary actions in war. He does not boast about them, does not demand rewards for them. And he only jokingly says that to be representative, he simply needs a medal. Even in the harsh conditions of war, Terkin preserves everything human qualities. The hero has a great sense of humor, which helps T. himself and everyone around him to survive. Thus, he jokes and encourages fighters fighting a difficult battle. Terkin is given the accordion of the killed commander, and he plays it, brightening up the soldier's moments of rest. On the way to the front, the hero helps old peasants with their housework, convincing them of an imminent victory. Having met a captured peasant woman, T. gives her all the trophies. Terkin does not have a girlfriend who would write letters to him and wait for him from the war. But he does not lose heart, fighting for all Russian girls. Over time, Terkin becomes an officer. He vacates his native places and, looking at them, cries. The name Terkina becomes a household name. In the chapter "In the Bath" a soldier with a huge amount awards are compared to the hero of the poem. Describing his hero, the author in the chapter “From the Author” calls Terkin “a holy and sinful Russian miracle man.”
Terkin unexpectedly shoots down a German attack aircraft with a rifle; Sergeant T. reassures the envious him: “Don’t worry, this is / Not the German’s last plane.” In the chapter “General,” T. is summoned to the general, who awards him an order and a week’s leave, but it turns out that the hero cannot use it, since he home village while occupied by the Germans. In the chapter “Battle in the Swamp,” T. jokes and encourages the fighters who are fighting a difficult battle for a place called “the settlement of Borki,” of which “one black place” remains. In the chapter “About Love” it turns out that the hero does not have a girlfriend who would accompany him to the war and write him letters to the front; the author jokingly calls: “Turn your gentle gaze, / Girls, to the infantry.” In the chapter “Terkin’s Rest,” normal living conditions seem to the hero to be “paradise”; Having lost the habit of sleeping in bed, he cannot fall asleep until he receives advice - to put a hat on his head to simulate field conditions. In the chapter “On the Offensive,” T., when the platoon commander is killed, takes command and is the first to break into the village; however, the hero is again seriously wounded. In the chapter “Death and the Warrior,” T., lying wounded in a field, talks with Death, who persuades him not to cling to life; he is eventually discovered by members of the funeral team. The chapter “Terkin Writes” is a letter from T. from the hospital to his fellow soldiers: he promises to definitely return to them. In the chapter “Terkin - Terkin” the hero meets his namesake - Ivan Terkin; they argue which of them is the “true” Terkin (this name has already become legendary), but cannot determine because they are very similar to each other. The dispute is resolved by the foreman, who explains that “According to the regulations, each company / Will be given its own Terkin.” Further, in the chapter “From the Author,” the process of “mythologizing” the character is depicted; T. is called “a holy and sinful Russian miracle man.” In the chapter “Grandfather and Woman” we again talk about the old peasants from the chapter “Two Soldiers”; after spending two years under occupation, they are awaiting the advance of the Red Army; the old man recognizes one of the scouts as T., who became an officer. The chapter “On the Dnieper” says that T., together with the advancing army, is getting closer to his native places; troops cross the Dnieper, and, looking at the liberated land, the hero cries. In the chapter “On the Road to Berlin,” T. meets a peasant woman who was once kidnapped to Germany - she returns home on foot; together with the soldiers, T. gives her trophies: a horse and team, a cow, a sheep, household utensils and a bicycle. In the chapter “In the Bath,” the soldier, on whose tunic “Orders, medals in a row / Burn with a hot flame,” is compared by admiring soldiers to T.: the hero’s name has already become a household name.
VASILY TERKIN - This is realistic image of great generalizing power, an “ordinary” hero, according to Tvardovsky, born in the special, unique atmosphere of the war years; the image-type of a Soviet soldier, organically included in the soldier’s environment, close to his collective prototype in his biography, way of thinking, actions and language. According to V. T, “having lost his heroic physique,” he “gained a heroic soul.” This is an amazingly correctly understood Russian national character, taken in its best features. Behind the illusion of simplicity, buffoonery, and mischief lie moral sensitivity and an organically inherent sense of filial duty to the Motherland, the ability to accomplish a feat at any moment without phrases or poses. Behind the experience and love of life is a dramatic duel with the death of a person who finds himself in war. Developed as the poem was written and simultaneously published, the image of V.T. acquired the scale of a hero epic work about the fate of the Soviet soldier and his homeland. The generalized type of Soviet warrior became identified with the image of the entire warring people, concretized in the living, psychologically rich character of V. T, in whom each front-line soldier recognized himself and his comrade. V. T. became a household name, ranking with such heroes as Till Eulenspiegel by S. de Coster and Cola Brunyon by R. Rolland.
After the end of the war and the publication of the first poem about V.T., readers asked Tvardovsky to write a continuation about the life of V.T. Peaceful time. Tvardovsky himself considered V.T. to belong to wartime. However, the author needed his image when writing a satirical poem about the essence of the bureaucratic world of a totalitarian system, which was called “Terkin in the Other World.” Personifying the vitality of the Russian national character, V.T. demonstrates that “the most terrible thing for the state of the dead is a living person” (S. Lesnevsky).
After the publication of the second poem, Tvardovsky was accused of betraying his hero, who became “submissive” and “lethargic.” in the second poem he continues his dispute with death, begun in the first, but according to the laws of the genre in fairy tales about a journey to the underworld, the hero is required not to actively fight, which is impossible among the dead, but to be able to go through trials and withstand them. The positive beginning in satire is laughter, not the hero. Tvardovsky follows the traditions of the works of Gogol, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Dostoevsky (“Bobok”), Blok (“Dances of Death”).
With triumphant success he brought it to life on the stage of the Moscow Theater of Satire (directed by V. Pluchek).
The reader asked Tvardovsky for a continuation from V.T. “Our Vasily,” Tvardovsky reports, “arrived in the next world, but in this world he departed.” The poem ends with a hint-address to the reader: “I gave you a task.” Both V. T. and Tvardovsky remained true to themselves - the battle “for the sake of life on earth” continues.
They look into the joker's mouth,
They catch the word greedily.
It's good when someone lies
Fun and challenging.
Just a guy himself
He's ordinary.
Not tall, not that small,
But a hero is a hero.
I'm a big hunter to live
About ninety years old.
And, save the crust
Having broken off the ice,
He is like him, Vasily Terkin,
I got up alive and got there by swimming.
And with a timid smile
The fighter then says:
- Couldn’t I also have a stack?
Because well done?
No guys, I'm not proud.
Without thinking into the distance,
So I’ll say: why do I need an order?
I agree to a medal.
Terkin, Terkin, kind fellow...
After the publication of the first chapters of A. T. Tvardovsky’s poem “Vasily Terkin” in 1942, it became clear that readers liked it. And the point here is not only that the work
written in simple in clear language, and the events are true and realistic. It’s just that the image of the main character was so consistent with Russian people’s ideas about a real soldier that he was even considered a real person.
The poem is dedicated to an ordinary boy of "twenty less than a year old"from the Smolensk outback. His character traits from the very first lines make you feel sympathy for him. The cheerful and cheerful Terkin is undoubtedly the life of the party. But he knows how not only to joke and dashingly play the accordion. For Vasily great importance has a duty to his homeland, for the sake of which he is capable of real feats. It is he who, risking his life, swims across a winter river to establish communication between platoons scattered on different banks as a result of an enemy attack. Swimming in icy water does not prevent Terkin from clearly and concisely reporting the situation:
Platoon on the right bank
Alive and well in spite of the enemy!
The lieutenant is just asking
Throw some light there.
The courage and bravery of this soldier is not due to the pursuit of awards, but to a sense of self-worth and loyalty to his military duty. So, during an attack by a German plane, he does not cower in fear to the ground in a trench, but, standing in full height, trying to contribute to the outcome of the war.
No, fighter, pray on your face
Not suitable for war!
No, comrade, evil and proud,
As the law tells a fighter,
Meet death face to face.
Vasily Terkin is a real Russian hero. Everything was embodied in his image best qualities Russian people. I am sure that among us there are people like Terkin who, without hesitation, will be there in difficult times, support the weak, protect a woman and a child, and save the country.
Terkin Vasily Ivanovich - main character poem, an ordinary infantryman (then an officer) from Smolensk peasants (“Just a guy himself / He’s ordinary”); T. embodies the best features of the Russian soldier and the people as a whole. As a name for the character Tvardovsky...
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