LYSIPPUS
(c. 390 - c. 300 BC), ancient Greek sculptor, born in Sikyon (Peloponnese). In antiquity it was claimed (Pliny the Elder) that Lysippos created 1,500 statues. Even if this is an exaggeration, it is clear that Lysippos was an extremely prolific and versatile artist. The bulk of his works were predominantly bronze statues depicting gods, Hercules, athletes and other contemporaries, as well as horses and dogs. Lysippos was the court sculptor of Alexander the Great. A colossal statue of Zeus by Lysippos stood in the agora of Tarentum. According to the same Pliny, its height was 40 cubits, i.e. 17.6 m. Other statues of Zeus were erected by Lysippos in the agora of Sicyon, in the temple at Argos and in the temple of Megara, and last work represented Zeus accompanied by the Muses. An image of a bronze statue of Poseidon with one leg on a raised platform that stood in Sikyon is found on surviving coins; a copy of it is a statue resembling the image on coins in the Lateran Museum (Vatican). The figure of the sun god Helios, created by Lysippos in Rhodes, depicted the god on a chariot drawn by four; this motif was used by the sculptor in other compositions. Available in the Louvre, Capitoline Museums and British Museum copies depicting Eros loosening the bowstring may go back to the Eros of Lysippos at Thespiae. Also located in Sikyon, the statue depicted Kairos (god of luck): the god in winged sandals sat on a wheel, his hair hung forward, but the back of his head was bald; copies of the statue survive on small reliefs and cameos.
Hercules is Lysippos' favorite character. The colossal seated figure of Hercules on the acropolis of Tarentum depicted the hero in a somber mood after he had purified Augean stables: Hercules sat on a basket in which he carried manure, his head rested on his arm, his elbow rested on his knee. This statue was taken by Fabius Maximus to Rome after it was destroyed in 209 BC. took Tarentum, and in 325 AD. Constantine the Great transported her to the newly founded Constantinople. Perhaps the Hercules we see on coins from Sikyon goes back to a lost original, copies of which are both the Farnese Hercules in Naples and the statue signed with the name of Lysippos in Florence. Here we again see the gloomy Hercules, dejectedly leaning on a club, with a lion's skin draped over it. The statue of Hercules Epitrapedzius, depicting the hero “at the table”, represented him, according to descriptions and many existing repetitions different sizes, sitting on the stones, with a cup of wine in one hand and a club in the other - probably after he ascended to Olympus. The figurine, which was originally a table decoration created for Alexander the Great, was subsequently seen in Rome by Statius and Martial. The portraits of Alexander created by Lysippos were praised for the combination of two qualities. Firstly, they realistically reproduced the model’s appearance, including the unusual turn of the neck, and secondly, the courageous and majestic character of the emperor was clearly expressed here. The figure representing Alexander with a spear appears to have served as the original for both the herm formerly owned by José Nicolas Azar and the bronze figurine (both now in the Louvre). Lysippos depicted Alexander on horseback, both alone and with his comrades who died in the Battle of Granicus in 334 BC. An existing equestrian bronze statue of Alexander with a stern oar under his horse, perhaps an allusion to the same battle on the river, may be a replica of the latter statue. Other portraits by Lysippos included that of Socrates (the best copies are perhaps the busts in the Louvre and the Museo Nazionale delle Terme in Naples); portrait of Aesop; there were still portraits of the poetess Praxilla and Seleucus. Together with Leochares, Lysippos created for Craterus a group depicting the scene of a lion hunt, in which Craterus saved Alexander's life; after 321 BC the group was initiated into Delphi. Apoxyomenes, an athlete scraping off dirt from himself after exercise (in antiquity they used to anoint themselves before athletic activities), was subsequently placed by Agrippa in front of the baths he built in Rome. Perhaps its copy is marble statue in the Vatican. With a scraper held in the left hand, the athlete cleans the outstretched right hand. Thus, left hand crosses the body, which was the first case of reproducing movement in the third dimension that we encounter in ancient Greek sculpture. The head of the statue is smaller than was traditionally accepted early sculpture, facial features are nervous, thin; Hair disheveled from exercise is reproduced with great vividness. Another portrait image of an athlete by Lysippos is the marble Agios found in Delphi (located in the Delphi Museum); the same signature as under it was also found in Pharsal, but no statue was found there. Both inscriptions list the many victories of Agius, the ancestor of the Thessalian ruler Daoch, who commissioned the statue, and the inscription from Pharsalus lists Lysippos as the author of the work. The statue found at Delphi resembles Scopas in style, who in turn was influenced by Polykleitos. Since Lysippos himself called Doryphorus Polycletus his teacher (whose angular proportions he, however, rejected), it is quite possible that he was influenced by his older contemporary Scopas. Lysippos is at the same time the last of the great classical masters and the first Hellenistic sculptor. Many of his students, among whom were his own three sons, had a profound impact on the art of the 2nd century. BC
Collier's Encyclopedia. - Open Society. 2000 .
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- (Lesippos), ancient Greek sculptor of the 4th century. BC e. Largest representative late classics. Born in Sikyon. He was the court artist of Alexander the Great. The works of Lysippos, made mainly in bronze, are known... ... Art Encyclopedia
Lysippos was a Greek sculptor, along with Scopas and Praxiteles, one of the triad of the greatest classical sculptors greek sculpture. Completes the era of the late classics (IV century BC). Born in Sikyon around 390 BC. Started... Wikipedia
Lysippos- Lysippos. Resting Hermes. 2nd half 4th century BC Roman copy. National Museum. Naples. LYSIPPUS, ancient Greek sculptor of the 2nd half of the 4th century. B.C. Representative of the late classics. Court artist of Alexander the Great.... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
LYSIPPUS, ancient Greek sculptor of the 2nd half of the 4th century. B.C. Representative of the late classics. Court artist of Alexander the Great. Sculptures of Lysippos (athletes, mythological characters, preserved in Roman copies) are depicted in... ... Modern encyclopedia
Ancient Greek sculptor of the 2nd half. 4th century BC e. Representative of the late classics. Court artist of Alexander the Great. Creator of images of active heroes living a complex life inner life(Resting Hermes, Apoxyomenes, bust... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (Lýsippos) (born probably in the first, died in last decade 4th century BC BC), ancient Greek sculptor, the most prominent representative of the late classics (See Classics). Born in Sikyon. He was the court artist of Alexander the Great... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Lysippos, ancient Greek sculptor
Lysippos(Lesippos), ancient Greek sculptor of the 4th century. BC e. The largest representative of the late classics. Born in Sikyon. He was the court artist of Alexander the Great. The works of Lysippos, made primarily in bronze, are known mainly from descriptions of ancient authors, Hellenistic and Roman copies. Anticipating Hellenistic art, Lysippos moved away from the ideal canons of Polykleitos, striving for greater life-like spontaneity of images. Lysippos' work is characterized by a sense of dramatic complexity and variability of life phenomena. In contrast to the calm, harmonious balance of the statues of Polykleitos, Lysippos depicted figures in complex, unstable, multifaceted movements that seemed instantly captured. His main job- the statue “Apoxiomenos” (depicts an athlete cleaning his body with a scraper after a fight; Roman copy, Vatican collections), internally tense in composition, is one of the first works of ancient sculpture designed for all-round viewing. Among the most famous works of Lysippos: the colossal statue of Zeus in Tarentum, the statue of Helios on a chariot on the island of Rhodes, numerous images of Hercules and his exploits, which were repeatedly copied in antiquity ("Hercules of Farnese", "Hercules with a lion", Roman copy, GE), " Resting Hermes" (National Museum, Naples), Lysippos also created monumental groups (for example, the equestrian warriors of Alexander the Great who fell in the Battle of Granicus), and was one of the first in ancient art to turn to the art of portraiture. The idealized portrait of Alexander the Great created by him (Hellenistic copy, Archaeological Museum, Istanbul) embodied the desire to reveal the complex, intense inner life of a person.
Lysippos Lysippos
(Lesippos), ancient Greek sculptor of the 4th century. BC e. The largest representative of the late classics. Born in Sikyon. He was the court artist of Alexander the Great. The works of Lysippos, made primarily in bronze, are known mainly from descriptions of ancient authors, Hellenistic and Roman copies. Anticipating Hellenistic art, Lysippos moved away from the ideal canons of Polykleitos, striving for greater life-like spontaneity of images. Lysippos' work is characterized by a sense of dramatic complexity and variability of life phenomena. In contrast to the calm, harmonious balance of the statues of Polykleitos, Lysippos depicted figures in complex, unstable, multifaceted movements that seemed instantly captured. His main work is the statue “Apoxiomenos” (depicting an athlete cleaning his body with a scraper after a fight; Roman copy, Vatican collections), internally tense in composition, and is one of the first works of ancient sculpture designed for all-round viewing. Among the most famous works of Lysippos: the colossal statue of Zeus in Tarentum, the statue of Helios on a chariot on the island of Rhodes, numerous images of Hercules and his exploits, which were repeatedly copied in antiquity ("Hercules of Farnese", "Hercules with a lion", Roman copy, GE), " Resting Hermes" (National Museum, Naples), Lysippos also created monumental groups (for example, the mounted warriors of Alexander the Great who fell in the Battle of Granicus), and was one of the first in ancient art to turn to the art of portraiture. The idealized portrait of Alexander the Great created by him (Hellenistic copy, Archaeological Museum, Istanbul) embodied the desire to reveal the complex, intense inner life of a person.
Lysippos. "Resting Hermes" 2nd half 4th century BC e. Roman copy. National Museum. Naples.
Literature: O. F. Waldgauer, Lysippos, Berlin-P.-M., 1923; Johnson F. P., Lysippos, N. Y., 1968.
(Source: Popular art encyclopedia." Ed. Polevoy V.M.; M.: Publishing house " Soviet encyclopedia", 1986.)
Lysippos(lý sippos), ancient Greek sculptor of the 4th century. BC e., court master of Alexander the Great. According to legend, he created 1.5 thousand statues of gods, heroes and famous athletes. His works, executed mainly in bronze, are known mainly from descriptions of ancient authors, Hellenistic and Roman copies. The most famous is the statue of Lysippos “Apoxiomen” (Greek: “a young man removing dirt from himself with a scraper”), known from a Roman copy, in which the author reinterpreted the classical sculptural canon in the image of a person created Polycletus. The figure of light, elongated proportions, with a small head, is presented in complex, spatially multifaceted movement. Among the most famous works of the master: a colossal statue of the god Zeus in Tarentum, a statue of Helios on a chariot on the island. Rhodes, numerous images of Hercules, “Resting Hermes” (known from a Roman copy). The sculptor created many portraits of Alexander the Great. According to legend, the commander did not allow himself to be portrayed by anyone other than his court master. Lysippos was the last sculptor of the classical era and the first sculptor of the era Hellenism. He learned to depict not frozen, but as if snatched from the flow of time and ongoing movement; the faces of his heroes are not impassive, but filled with earthly experiences.
(Source: “Art. Modern illustrated encyclopedia.” Edited by Prof. Gorkin A.P.; M.: Rosman; 2007.)
See what "Lysippos" is in other dictionaries:
Lysippos was a Greek sculptor, along with Scopas and Praxiteles, one of the triad of the greatest sculptors of classical Greek sculpture. Completes the era of the late classics (IV century BC). Born in Sikyon around 390 BC. Started... Wikipedia
Lysippos- Lysippos. Resting Hermes. 2nd half 4th century BC Roman copy. National Museum. Naples. LYSIPPUS, ancient Greek sculptor of the 2nd half of the 4th century. B.C. Representative of the late classics. Court artist of Alexander the Great.... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
LYSIPPUS, ancient Greek sculptor of the 2nd half of the 4th century. B.C. Representative of the late classics. Court artist of Alexander the Great. Sculptures of Lysippos (athletes, mythological characters, preserved in Roman copies) are depicted in... ... Modern encyclopedia
Ancient Greek sculptor of the 2nd half. 4th century BC e. Representative of the late classics. Court artist of Alexander the Great. Creator of images of active heroes living a complex inner life (Resting Hermes, Apoxyomenes, bust... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (c. 390 c. 300 BC), ancient Greek sculptor, born in Sikyon (Peloponnese). In antiquity it was claimed (Pliny the Elder) that Lysippos created 1,500 statues. Even if this is an exaggeration, it is clear that Lysippos was extremely prolific and... ... Collier's Encyclopedia
- (Lýsippos) (probably born in the first, died in the last decade of the 4th century BC), ancient Greek sculptor, the most prominent representative of the late classics (See Classics). Born in Sikyon. He was the court artist of Alexander the Great... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Ancient Greek sculptor of the second half of the 4th century. BC e. Court artist of Alexander the Great. Creator of images of active heroes living a complex inner life (“Resting Hermes”, “Apoxiomen”, bust of Alexander the Great... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary
Imagine a sculpture of Alexander the Great. Introduced? This is how everyone portrays him famous sculptures. It is known that the Macedonian king Alexander the Great (356 - 323 BC) had a special head position: his chin was raised, his face was turned to the right, and his head and neck were tilted to the left. Detail this characteristic feature the great emperor is described by Plutarch. He notes that Alexander's personal sculptor Lysippos created statues of the king with his face turned to heaven. This was also pointed out by other, later authors. Thus, Tzetzes (12th century) argued that Alexander preferred the sculptures of Lysippos to the works of Stasicrates of Bithynia, who depicted the emperor with a perfectly straight neck, apparently out of flattery. Archaeological finds, which are likely copies of lost copper statues created by Lysippos, also show a characteristic turn of the head and neck. The first of these statues was found by Chevalier Hazard in Tivoli in 1797 and presented as a gift to Napoleon. It is currently kept in the Louvre.
During excavations in Virginia, where the ancient capital of Macedonia was located, an ivory statue was found in 1977, in which these features of the emperor were especially emphasized. It is noteworthy that this statue was created during Alexander's lifetime and must have been approved by him. Some researchers, in particular E. Schwarzenberg, supported the version that Lysippos in his works rather emphasized certain character traits of the emperor, namely pride and unbending will, rather than his physical features. Kiilerich suggested that Aristotle himself told Lysippos how to depict Alexander in sculptures in order to in the best possible way imagine the greatest living. Leibach, on the contrary, believes that Lysippos' works were the most realistic. And Schreiber and Stewart after detailed study problems even concluded that the sculptor was hiding some (congenital or acquired) defects of his model. There are several medical explanations for the incorrect positioning of Alexander's head. Dechambre believed he had orthopedic torticollis; Schachermayer suggested that the curvature of the neck was due to kyphosis resulting from trauma. The first of these assumptions seems the most plausible. The author of this theory conducted a thorough anatomical study of the statue discovered by Chevalier Hazard. This made it possible to identify facial hemiatrophy, which is characteristic of orthopedic torticollis. However, the most logical and, therefore, probable explanation for this feature of the emperor is from an ophthalmological point of view. A compensatory change in the position of the head is noted in various ophthalmological pathologies - paralysis, limitation of eye movements, bilateral ptosis, etc. The position of Alexander's head can be explained either by unilateral paralysis of the left inferior oblique muscle of the eye, or by Brown's syndrome. These conditions are usually congenital, but can also result from trauma to the orbit. Alexander participated in battles from his early youth and his biographers point to multiple wounds, one of which led to temporary loss of vision. And although Dechambre revealed facial hemiatrophy, it was still not as pronounced as the hemiatrophy usually noted with orthopedic torticollis. In addition, when examining the Hazard statue, as well as others, there was no thickening or tension of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. There is another argument in favor of ocular torticollis - complete freedom of movement of the head and neck. In orthopedic torticollis, on the other hand, rigidity of the sternocleidomastoid muscle leads to a permanent change in the position of the head and neck that cannot be passively or actively corrected. This condition makes any military activity, especially horse riding, impossible.
Thus, most likely, the abnormal position of Alexander's head, represented in sculptures and described by his biographers, is due to ocular torticollis, resulting from paralysis of the inferior oblique muscle of the left eye or Brown's syndrome.
Ancient Greek sculptor.
Started out as a foundry worker; learned the skill of a sculptor by studying the proportions of sculptures Polykleitos.
The bulk of his works were bronze statues depicting gods, Hercules, athletes and other contemporaries, as well as horses and dogs. His statues have not reached us, but are known from descriptions of ancient authors and Roman copies.
According to Pliny the Elder, depicted people not “as they are, but as they appear (to our senses).”
“The list of sculptors of this century includes the brilliant name of Lysippos. Researchers attribute him to the Argive school and claim that he had a completely different direction than the Athenian school.
In essence, he was her direct follower, but, having accepted her traditions, he stepped further. In his youth, the artist Eupomp answered his question: “Which teacher should I choose?” - answered, pointing to the crowd crowded on the mountain: “Here is the only teacher: nature.”
These words sank deep into the soul of the brilliant young man, and he, not trusting authority Polykleitan canon, took up the precise study of nature. Before him, people were sculpted in accordance with the principles of the canon, that is, in full confidence, then true beauty consists in the proportionality of all forms and in the proportion of people of average height. Lysippos preferred a tall, slender figure. His limbs became lighter, his stature taller. His extraordinary fertility helped him create up to 1,500 statues.
He carved and carved Zeus, Apollo, Poseidon, heroes, demigods. He was especially famous for his Helios in a chariot drawn by four horses.
Nero He even ordered it to be gilded and thus spoiled the group. His statue gained great fame " Opportunity" This is a very nice allegory. A young man, with fluff just emerging, is rolling on a ball. His legs are winged (the chance is fleeting), in his hands are scales and a razor - after all, the happiness of chance fluctuates, hangs on the edge of a razor. He has a tuft of hair on his forehead, and the rest is cut short: the chance must be caught by the hair in a big way, right away, if it slips away, you won’t catch it.
At times Lysippos made colossal groups.
By order Alexander the Great he made the "Battle of Granicus", which consisted of thirty-five figures, 26 of them mounted. Alexander allowed only him to sculpt busts of himself. The most excellent example of his modeling has come down to us in the statue of Apoxyomenes - an athlete cleaning off dirt from himself after a fight with an iron comb.”
Gnedich P.P., World history Arts, M., Sovremennik, 1996, p. 103-104.
"Installed Polycletus the ideal of beauty dominated for almost a hundred subsequent years - until the time of Lysippos, the author of the portrait Alexander the Great and the creator of a new canon.
The figures of Lysippos are slender, long-legged and small-headed. The proportions are easy. This is how Lysippos himself defined the difference between the ideal Polykleitos and with his canon: “Polykleitos portrayed people as they really are, and I as they seem.”
This moment of illusoryness is associated with certain desires for pathos. The personification of this ideal is the statue of Apoxyomenes, a young man scraping a mixture of olive oil, sand and dirt from his body with a spatula.
A marble Roman copy of the bronze original by Lysippos is in the Vatican Museum in Rome. According to the new canon, the head of the depicted figure was placed along the length of the statue 8,5
times."
Alicia Kuczynska, Beautiful. Myth and reality, M., “Progress”, 1977, p. 97-98.
Lysippos creativity flourished during the reign of Alexander the Great(336–323 BC), of which he was a court artist. Alexander the Great, according to legend, did not allow anyone except Lysippos to portray himself...
Pliny the Elder claimed that everything was created by Lysippos 1500 statues, but this number is exaggerated and is probably based on a legend according to which, when creating each statue, the sculptor put one in a chest gemstone, where more than 1,500 stones were discovered after his death...
Lysippos called him his teacher Polykleitos. Among Lysippos's many students were his three sons. His student, Chares of Lindos, created the Colossus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.