The game was invented in India in 1875. The game turned out to be more difficult than the famous “American” and “pyramid”. Arouses interest more in the complex movements of the balls than in winning.
Previously, first-year cadets who had no everyday experience were called snookers. And then one day in the game, one of the officers, Neville Chamberlain, used this word to describe his partner, who found himself in a difficult situation and did not know how to get out of it. He had to play a colored ball that was covered by others. This position in billiards came to be called “snooker”.
Then this game moved to England, but did not become popular until 1920, when Joe Davis appeared. He introduced cue ball control and ball scoring, which made the game much more difficult. In addition to pocketing the balls, now it was necessary to keep an eye on the cue ball.
Snooker became especially popular in the 60s. A big role in this was played by color television and two players - Ray Reardon and John Spencer, who organized exhibition games, traveling throughout England. Snooker then developed as a sport. Competitions began and expensive prizes were awarded to the winners, which attracted a new generation of players. In 1980-1981 Steve Davis became the first British champion. He improved his game and after some time won the world championship. This athlete is still considered one of the strongest players.
Soon the Japanese, Chinese, and Americans began playing snooker. New talents have appeared - John Parot, Neil Foulds, Stephen Hendry.
In 1973, the International Billiards and Snooker Organization was created. Since 1985, it has become the governing body.
Snooker is played on the same table as billiards, with only 22 balls - 15 red, 6 colored and 1 white cue ball.
On one snooker table you can play not only two players, but also several players. The principle of the order of strikes is simple: if the strike did not bring winning points, the next player takes the shot.
The balls are colored, scored depending on the color: fifteen red balls - one point each, one yellow - 2 points, one green - 3 points, one brown - 4 points, one blue - 5 points, one pink - 6 points, one black - 7 points.
The white ball is the cue ball. Only they can hit the other balls.
The game is played on a regular billiard table, which needs to be prepared for snooker. A thick line is drawn across the middle of one half of the table along a ruler with chalk. Then you need to mark the “home” area for the cue ball in a semicircle. The radius should be one third of the distance from the line to the nearest narrow edge of the table. An even semicircle can be easily drawn using a thin string. It needs to be folded in half, a piece of chalk inserted into the loop, and the ends pressed to the middle of a straight line. The balls are placed as shown in the picture.
To make it easier to install the pyramid in the middle of the upper part of the table - this is the name of the side opposite the “house” - you can draw three lines with chalk along the sides.
The player breaking the pyramid can place the cue ball at any place in the house zone - where it is more convenient to hit from. With the first blow he must play only the red ball, and if he touches any other ball, then he is given a mistake and points are deducted depending on the value of the ball touched. With the very first hit, it is important not only to successfully break the pyramid, but also to drive the cue ball as far away from it as possible, creating a more difficult position for the other player. The classic kickoff is shown in figure (1) with a dotted line.
The location of the balls at the beginning of the game. The dotted line shows one of the classic first strikes. Symbols on the diagram:
white ball (without number) - cue ball, red balls - 1, yellow - 2, green - 3, brown - 4, blue - 5, pink - 6, black - 7.
Balls are placed in any of six pockets. One point is counted for placing a red ball. After this, the billiard player has the right to hit any colored ball (all balls are called colored, except red ones and the cue ball). If a novice player is more confident in a certain ball, then he can hit a red one - one, another, and then, having adjusted the cue ball to the colored one, put it in one of the pockets. You need to firmly remember that before each colored ball a red one must be pocketed. Billiard aces sometimes complicate the game with the rule that after the red one, only a colored ball can be played. This tactic always helps to gain “large series”. (The sum of points won during one turn is called a series.) This is what a series can turn out to be if several balls were pocketed: red (1 point), green (3 points), red again (1 point), pink (6 points ), red (1 point), blue (5 points) and so on.
Types of billiards
Billiards - beautiful intellectual game, which has many varieties.
Russian billiards is a type of world pocket billiards that reflects the character traits of our people, requiring the player to exert a lot of physical and spiritual strength, high skill, endurance and endurance. Russian billiards is much more “strict” than its foreign counterparts. Games in Russian billiards are played with sixteen relatively large balls, fifteen of which have numbers from one to fifteen, and the sixteenth ball differs from them in a special marking or color (usually yellow or burgundy). The pockets in Russian billiards are much stricter than, for example, in snooker or pool. They require the player to hit with high accuracy. Table sizes range in a fairly wide range - from 6 to 12 feet. However, the 12-foot version is still considered classic. Currently sport competitions are held in four main types of billiards (pyramids):
1. “Free Pyramid” (formerly “American”);
2. “Combined Pyramid” (formerly “Moscow Pyramid”, or “Sibirka”);
3. “Classical pyramid” (formerly “Russian pyramid”, or “71 points”);
4. “Dynamic Pyramid” (“Neva Pyramid”).
Each of these games has its own nuances and features, but they are all based on " General rules pyramids,” which you will see below. Let us only emphasize that with the change in the name of Russian games, their rules also changed. Although, in fairness, it should be said that the rules changed even before the name of the games was changed.
We also cannot fail to mention other billiard games that have gained wider recognition and popularity in the world. They are already very different from the Russian interpretation of the game, but they have not gone away from the main features of billiards (balls, cue, pockets, table). These are pool, snooker and carom.
Pool is an American pocket billiards, the characteristic features of which are small tables (from 4.5 to 9 feet), fairly large pockets and 16 small multi-colored balls that play into pockets according to certain rules. Pool games are very dynamic, simple in appearance, but very entertaining. The masters' games last literally minutes, which corresponds to the commercial spirit of American billiards. Pool began to spread around the world at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries at a rapid pace, which was greatly facilitated by the advertising of a romantic lifestyle, prize funds and income of the most successful “poolists”-billiard players, and later by the release of bright and exciting films about pool masters.
The ease of mastering the technique of playing pool also increases the number of its fans. Almost everyone can play it - from young to old. Main games: “Nine”, “Eight” and “14+1” (straight pool). Among Russian old-timers of the sport of billiards, there is an opinion that pool was invented by the Americans especially for children. When they spent family evenings in bars drinking beer and whiskey, children naturally disturbed them, so the Americans came up with a small table with six pockets, which were twice the diameter of the balls. To make it even more attractive, they painted half the balls in different solid colors, and made the other half “pockmarked.” But this is most likely just a beautiful fairy tale.
Snooker is an English pocket billiards that is preferred in Great Britain and the countries of the British Commonwealth. Characteristics snooker: fairly large tables (from 6 to 12 feet), relatively large pockets and small multi-colored balls.
The game is played according to complex rules with twenty-two balls, of which fifteen are red and seven are multi-colored (of different values). The rules of the game of snooker remained without significant changes for decades, confirming the view of the healthy conservatism of the British. The game requires players to have first-class technology, prudence and high intelligence. In this sport they are very large prize funds. The kings of snooker earn a million dollars a year. Master of Russian billiards Yuri Sosnin several years ago in our conversation spoke about the types of billiards as follows (after he visited England, where he became addicted to playing snooker): “...If we talk about billiards as, for example, about music, then Russian billiards reminds me of a balalaika orchestra, pool reminds me of an operetta, and snooker is just a symphony!”
Carom is a pocketless billiards that is most widespread in Europe. North Africa, South America, Japan and Indonesia. The slatless table is small in size - 5 to 10 feet. There are most often three small balls on the table, two of which are white and one red.
A carom is a special shot in which the cue ball first touches one ball and then, after making one, two or three sides, must touch another ball. The game requires high technique, a sense of the force of the blow, rotation, it fascinates with the complexity of the trajectory of the cue ball and the originality of the solution to individual combinations.
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Nowadays, billiards has become a very popular game. It has ceased to be just entertainment, but has become a kind of lifestyle that trains concentration, dexterity and determination. Many options for this pastime with their own rules and features can confuse any novice player. The article tells about the history of this entertainment and explains the rules of playing billiards of the most popular versions.
History of billiards
There is a lot of controversy surrounding the history of billiards. China and Egypt are considered the birthplace of this game. In Europe, the first mentions of billiards are found in England. Even the name "billiards", from the ancient Saxon bal-yard - bal-ball, yard-cue, stick, shows that this entertainment was known in this country, only it was similar to modern croquet. Gradually, the game moved from the open space indoors, to a table with a green covering, reminiscent of grass on a lawn, with small edges around it. Initially, the game was on a table with six pockets and a goal, the game was played with two balls and a peg. In the 18th century, only balls and pockets remained on the table. This happened in France, which is why they say that this is the European birthplace of billiards. There, in 1674, the first rules for playing billiards were published. In England, where almost every city had public billiard tables, the rules of the game were clarified and expanded. The word “cue” appeared there in the 16th century.
Evolution of the game
In the 18th century, the game began to actively develop. The industrial revolution played a significant role in this. For the convenience of the game, chalk was first used, which reduced the friction between the ball and the cue, and then they began to use a leather tip to get twisting blows. Thanks to this leather patch, the game of avid billiard players became so virtuosic that the balls began to easily move along different trajectories and even jump over each other. Billiards gradually underwent many transformations - the cue became dismountable, the sides of the table began to be covered with rubber, cloth began to be used as upholstery everywhere. There were even disputes among billiards experts regarding the shape of the inner walls of the table, which also underwent several changes. The rules of playing billiards gradually became uniform. Around 1850, this game began to look like we see it today.
History of Russian billiards
Billiards came to Russia under Peter the Great and quickly spread to public places, especially taverns. Since this entertainment developed autonomously in Russia, over time Russian versions of the game appeared and their own rules for playing billiards appeared. At the beginning of the 19th century, equipment for games was in great variety and, in the absence of proportionality between parts, this often led to the fact that tables were different sizes, the balls were either too small, or did not fit into the pockets, etc. Competitions in each new place equalized the chances of beginners and professionals, which is why they lost interest in the game.
Only in 1850, A. Freiberg, who managed the St. Petersburg billiard factory and was himself a good player, created a model of a six-pocket billiard table that met the standard requirements: all balls fall into the pocket only with accurate shots. To ensure the necessary complexity of the game, the diameter of the balls was made only a few millimeters smaller than the width of the pockets, accidental falling of balls into the middle pocket was excluded, and the pockets had short mouths to prevent balls from getting stuck.
Russian billiards. Peculiarities
Russian billiards has more than 40 different types. Due to the fact that it existed in a semi-legal state in our country, no official competitions were held for it. Each billiard room had its own rules. Changes came in the 80s, when the Billiard Sports Federation was created. The rules of playing Russian billiards were unified, a system of tournaments and refereeing was developed. The general features characteristic of Russian billiards in Russian and Moscow pyramids, American and other main Russian variations of this game were summarized. The rules of the game for Russian billiards were officially established National Federation billiard sport in 1994.
Russian billiards is not a specific game, but more of a collective term. Externally, Russian billiards is distinguished by white, large balls of the same color. To make the game more challenging, the pockets are smaller and have sharper edges, making them harder to hit. A long and heavy cue also makes the game more difficult. The interior lining of the table is always green.
Russian billiards. General rules
The basic rules of the game of Russian billiards describe the course of the game from striking. It is done with the front part of the cue in the direction of its longitudinal axis, while the player must touch the floor with at least one foot. Otherwise he will be fined. The right to the first shot is played by simultaneous hitting both players with their hands on the cue ball from home in the direction of the back board. The one whose ball, reflected from the back side of the table, stops closer to the front side than the opponent's, has the right to make the first move. The winner of the rally either makes the first strike or concedes the strike to the opponent. Players start the next games in turn, only before the decisive game the draw is repeated.
Before the start of the game, 15 balls are placed next to each other in a certain way using a special triangle shape. The cue ball is considered to be in play from the moment the cue stick touches it. Balls that hit the pocket on the first shot are counted. Balls are considered pocketed if they are pocketed when hit correctly. If the ball jumps out of the table fence, but returns back to the table, it is considered to remain in the game. If at the same time it fell on the board or floor, it was touched by any object - the player’s sleeve, cue, chalk, etc. - it is considered to have jumped out and is placed back on the table. It is exhibited in different versions of the game in those places that indicate the rules of the game of billiards. American, for example, prescribes the cue ball to be set on a general basis. In this case, the player is not penalized if the object ball is thrown out, but is penalized if the cue ball is thrown out. The start of the strike is considered from the moment the cue touches the cue ball, and the completion is only after the movement of all balls on the table, including rotation, has stopped. The opponent starts the game if, after the previous player hit, the cue ball did not touch any balls or there was a violation of the rules.
Russian billiards. Fines
The rules of Russian billiards require the imposition of fines. If, while making a shot, a player commits several violations of the rules of billiards, then the fine will still be charged in a single amount. In this case, balls that were pocketed in violation of the rules are not counted. A penalty is imposed if the cue ball does not touch any other ball after the start of its movement, if it flies off the table, if the cue ball falls into a pocket (Russian pyramid), if there was a double touch with the cue. However, some rules prescribe a penalty if the blow was not struck with the cue ball (rules of the pyramid game). Billiards also provides for penalties for a strike in which at least one of the player’s feet does not touch the floor, if the next strike was made before the movement of the balls had not yet ended or any ball except the cue ball touched with a cue, hand, clothing, etc.
Russian pyramid
The “pyramid” variety of Russian billiards is liked by people with a high level of skill who love a thoughtful and serious game. The game is played with one “own” ball, with the help of which it is necessary to drive other balls into pockets. Moreover, like the rules of the game of pool, pyramid billiards also obliges you to name before hitting which ball you plan to put in which pocket. But in a pool this is done only with ball No. 8, and in a pyramid - before each shot. If the ball is pocketed and there is no notification, it is not counted. The goal of the game is not only to put the ball in the pocket, but also to move the ball to the side in an uncomfortable position for the opponent. The rules of the pyramid game correspond to the general ones in Russian billiards, but there are some peculiarities. The game continues until the player scores 71 points. The cue ball without a number and the numbered object balls are arranged in a triangle in a certain order - balls with small numbers on the edges, and balls with large numbers inside the pyramid. The ball numbered “1” is called an “ace” and adds 11 points when it is pocketed. Also, 10 points are added to the last ball remaining on the table. Thus, the maximum amount of points in the pyramid is 140, and it is distributed among the players. The rules of the game of billiards “Russian pyramid” have two types: “ball in the pocket” and a strict order “for pure purpose”. In the first case, only the destination ball and pocket are called. In the second, there is also a technique with which the player will put the ball in the pocket. If the situation did not go as announced, the ball is not counted and is placed on the back mark. Penalties received in the game deduct 5 points from the player.
American
One of the types of Russian billiards is “American”; this game differs from American billiards. American is very popular and widespread. It is based on the basic rules of the game of billiards. The American game has the difference that even a random ball that ends up in a pocket is considered a prize. There are masters who pocket all 8 balls needed to win, without allowing the opponent to make a single shot. The cue ball can be any ball. The arrangement does not take into account the numbers. The breakdown begins by lot, and if at least one ball falls into the pocket, the player continues to push the balls into the pocket until he misses. The end of the game can be a draw, when the partners put 7 balls each and agreed to a draw. When placing balls, they are placed towards the middle of the back edge of the table. The rules of the free pyramid game (American billiards also have this name) also imply a system of penalties. The player is charged a fine of one ball if the cue ball does not touch any ball after the hit, if he hits during an unfinished movement after the last hit, or if the ball goes off the table.
American billiards
American billiards has many differences from Russian. The rules of American billiards are much simpler, and they are usually followed in world tournaments. The differences begin with the fact that all American tables have certain standard sizes, differ in the material of the table base, the elasticity of the rubber edges, the marking of the tables, their synthetic covering and, most importantly, the size of the pockets. The sizes of the balls are significantly smaller than Russian ones, which large size the pocket significantly affects the ease of hitting. Billiards is played with three balls (two cue ball and a red one), while snooker is played with 22 balls. Putting chalk on the table is strictly prohibited; Americans keep it in their pocket. The rules of playing American billiards also differ depending on the versions of the game.
Pool
Pool is an American pocket billiards with a small table size, large pockets and 16 small multi-colored balls that are pocketed according to certain rules. This game is very dynamic, simple and entertaining. Games with the participation of professionals last literally a few minutes, which corresponds to the commercial spirit of American billiards. IN XIX-XX centuries the pool quickly spread throughout the world. This was greatly facilitated by American advertising about the romantic lifestyle of professional pool players, the size of their income and quick huge winnings. Later added interesting movies about the life of billiard players who play pool professionally. In addition, the simplicity of the technique of playing pool increases the number of its fans. American pool is much simpler than Russian billiards, so it is suitable for any level of player - even a beginner.
Pool "Eight"
"Eight" is a game made to order. You can only hit with a white cue ball. One player tries to pocket only colored balls, the other - only striped ones. The winner is the one who is the first to place all the balls in his group and, according to the order, to place ball No. 8. Before the game starts, the balls are alternately placed in the form of a pyramid, ball No. 8 is placed in the center of the pyramid. On the first hit, one of two conditions must be fulfilled: to pocket the ball and bring at least 4 balls to the sides, but do not pocket the 8th ball or cue ball, otherwise it is a mistake. The rules of the game of eight-ball billiards in this case give the partner a choice: continue the game from this position, break again himself, or ask his partner to break. When striking, the following errors can be made: the cue ball does not hit the object ball, when hit, they do not touch the sides of the table, the cue ball falls into a pocket or leaves the table. Just like the rules of the game of American billiards, the pool prescribes a penalty for touching the ball with any object other than a cue and for hitting it again until the balls stop completely.
A player's loss is counted in cases where ball No. 8 is pocketed with violations, falls into a pocket prematurely or into a pocket not according to order, goes overboard, or falls at the same time as the last ball of its color.
Pool "Nine"
The rules differ from "Eight" in that the player does not announce an order. “Nine” is played with a cue ball and 9 balls numbered from 1 to 9. According to the rules, with any shot the cue ball must certainly touch the ball with the lowest number. But you can put balls with any number into the pocket. While the balls are falling into the pocket, the player can continue the game until he misses, breaks the rules, or wins by putting ball No. 9 in the pocket. The match ends after the agreed number of games won. The balls are placed in a diamond shape, with ball No. 1 at the top and No. 9 in the center, and the other balls at random. The rules are not much different from the Eight. But another push-out blow is introduced. It is performed immediately after the initial breaking shot with the aim of moving the cue ball to a more advantageous place from the point of view of the development of the game, if the cue ball did not fall into the pocket during the breaking. When performing this shot, the cue ball does not have to reach the wall or touch any of the balls. The player must report the execution of this strike before it is applied. Any balls pocketed during a push out do not count. For an incorrect push-out, the player receives a penalty. One more penalty is added to the usual pool penalties - for the fact that the first hit of the cue ball occurred with a ball that does not have the smallest number. If there are three violations in a row in one game, without intermediate “correct” strikes, the player is given an automatic defeat.
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Billiard terminology
An apricole is a hit with the cue ball first against the board and then at the target ball being played, i.e. This is a type of doublet that is used when the ball standing right next to the pocket cannot be played otherwise.
American is a game of pocket billiards. A variation of this game is American one line. Currently, the American has been renamed Pyramid.
Scam is a special term most often used in sports billiards when playing some games (Alager, Express), i.e. take on a scam - this means playing for your billiards partner in the game.
The cue ball is the ball that is used to hit the other balls being played. The name shock is also found. In international terminology, the cue ball is referred to as a cue ball or simply a ball that is struck by a cue ball.
A side kick is a strike with a cue ball at points lying on the left or right side of a vertical line passing through the center of the cue ball (left side shot and right side shot - French shot).
A side ball is a ball standing close to the side.
The diamond is one of eighteen mother-of-pearl dots set into the top wood of the sides of a pocket billiard (see Diamond system).
The Diamond System is a scientifically proven billiard system that provides practical use diamonds on the sides, which help to match a clear diagram of shots with the calculation of the path of the balls to a certain place (a certain point on the billiard table).
A screw is a shot that imparts spin to the cue ball or object ball.
Eight is the name of the pool game ( American look pocket billiards).
To play a ball means to put the ball in the pocket.
A way out is a professional technique in the game by which the player, having put a ball into a pocket with a blow, simultaneously comes out with the cue ball under another ball being played in such a way that the latter can be relatively easily put into the pocket with a blow.
The pocket lip is the rounding of the side of the pocket.
A double shot is one of the illegal shots in billiards where the cue stick touches the cue ball twice during the shot.
The home is the place on the pool table designated for the kickoff, bounded by the sides and a chalk line running through the first point of the pool table parallel to the short side. You can install the hitting ball anywhere in the house.
Dugovik is special type side kick, when the cue ball describes a curved line after impact (see side shot and screw).
A double is a shot in which the object ball hits the board and bounces off it (see also Croizet) into the pocket.
To screw or twist the ball means to give the cue ball a strong and, moreover, only lateral rotation (see side and arc).
A called ball is a ball that the player intends to pocket and calls before hitting.
Finish the game with a cue - This is what they say when the player starts and finishes the game after a continuous series of hits (makes a bill - a series of accurate goals).
To cover a ball means to place your ball when playing the Moscow Pyramid or Russian Pyramid at a certain point so that the object ball is covered by any other ball (see also Smear).
Illegal strikes are strikes that cannot be made and for which the player is penalized - double, pressing on the board, pushing through.
Why do you need a triangle - this is one of the pieces of billiard equipment: a wooden frame in the shape of a triangle, with the help of which billiard balls are installed in a pyramid before the start of the game.
Playing three boards (from three boards) is one of the most technically difficult shots in billiards, when someone else's ball, after hitting the cue ball, touches three boards and falls into the pocket.
Playing over the back is striking the cue ball, in which the partner places the cue behind the back due to the inconvenience of playing at the object ball in this situation. I note that to avoid this inconvenience, you need to learn to play with both one and the other hand.
Playing with a ball is a type of strike - one of the options difficult situations games of sports billiards, i.e. a game in which the cue ball does not hit the object ball directly (the object ball is covered by other balls), but is forced to hit the auxiliary ball, which in turn, by hitting the object ball, will put it in the pocket. Hence the expression when playing - to play with a system of balls, when the blow is transmitted through several balls.
Playing with a pistol is one of complicated ways one-handed games. In this case, the cue is taken at the center of gravity on the thumb and ring fingers and grabbed with the index and middle fingers. The blow is usually made in the air or with emphasis on the elbow.
Play in a series is an expression used when playing chips, which means: the player makes strokes until the pins fall and there is no penalty stroke, after which the right to strike passes to the partner.
Play from hand - this means that the player can set the cue ball and play it from anywhere in the house in the cases established by the rules.
play through the balls - this means hitting the object ball with the cue ball through several balls (playing with a system of balls of the object ball in the pocket).
The ball hangs over the pocket - this is usually said when the ball is so close to the pocket that the slightest touch to it is enough for it to fall into the pocket. When playing billiards, such balls are usually called dead balls.
What kind of pocket in billiards is a custom pocket - called the pocket by the player, into which he intends to put a custom ball after hitting it.
What varieties of the Pyramid game exist - there is a simple Pyramid (American), and there are also the following varieties of this game: small Russian pyramid (71 points), large Russian pyramid (91 points), pyramid with full balls, pyramid with colored balls, rolling pyramid, pyramid without touching the board with the cue ball, removing balls by hand, Moscow pyramid (Siberian pyramid).
What should a billiard player's stance be like and what is it in general - a stance is the optimal position of the athlete at the table, i.e. position of the legs, arms, body and cue. There are certain rules for stance, but everyone has their own.
Carom - this word is the name of the game of billiards without pockets with three balls, and also denotes the collision of balls, in which a collision of the cue ball with two or more balls occurs sequentially from one blow.
Quatban is a shot in which the ball is reflected from the four sides into the pocket.
Kick, kick - Kick - an unsuccessful blow with a cue ball when the sticker slides off the ball (it results in a misfire). Kick - make a kick, i.e. hit the cue ball casually with the cue so that the ball only moves from its place or rolls in a direction unexpected for the player.
Klopstoss is a jerky, short blow to the center of the cue ball in a plane parallel to the plane of the table, as a result of which the cue ball, having hit the object ball, remains in place.
A counter-game is a decisive game between partners who have the same number of games won. It is called in short - back or counter.
A counter-touch is a reverse blow to the cue ball reflected from the side of the object ball.
Croise is a type of doublet in which the object ball, reflected from the board, crosses the line of motion of the cue ball. This type of doublet is also called a reverse, a reverse (see also Doublet). Performing Croise is also called Wrapping the ball.
Who are Hares - these are two touching (touched) balls.
Who is the King - this is the conventional name for an athlete who plays one against two (pairs) (see Prince). The king is also the name given to the colored piece in the game of chips.
Who is a Marker? This is a full-time official (manager) of a billiard room, whose responsibilities include servicing billiard players, as well as repairing billiard equipment. The marker, as a rule, must know all the rules of billiard games well and confidently resolve all conflict situations between players.
Mazik is one of the pieces of billiard equipment of the past, intended for hitting the cue ball instead of a cue.
A stroke is a position on the table when the ball or balls are blocking the target that you want to hit with the cue ball. Sometimes in this case they say that the ball is smeared and it is difficult to hit it.
Small Russian Pyramid is a game of Russian billiards up to 71 points, very common during official competitions.
Masse is one of the types of unusual complex shots.
A machine is one of the pieces of billiard equipment that serves as a stand for a cue when performing some shots. This device helps the athlete, for example, play balls that he cannot reach in the usual way when playing with a cue. The machine is also called the bridge and mother-in-law.
A dead ball is a ball that sits in the lip of a pocket and the slightest push on it is enough for it to fall. Such a ball is said to hang above the pocket.
“Undercut the ball” means making a shot that causes the cue ball to hit the object ball closer to the center.
A draw is a blow with a cue in a plane almost parallel (and sometimes at an angle) to the plane of the billiards at the part of the cue ball lying below its center; when pulling back, the cue ball, after colliding with another ball, lingers in place for a moment and rolls back during the reverse rotation.
Wagering is a defensive tactic in the game, as a result of which a shot is made in such a way as to make it difficult for the opponent to execute the next shot (put the cue ball to the board and away from the object balls, cover the cue ball with balls, etc.).
Pachekot is a type of game.
"Cut the ball" is when the played ball is taken at a sharper angle to the played pocket, i.e. the cue ball hits the object ball close to the edge (thinner than necessary).
A jump is one of the types of unusual shots when the cue is hit at the bottom of the cue ball at a large angle to the billiards plane. In this case, the cue ball jumps over the ball and rolls in the direction of the shot.
A pyramid - firstly, these are balls placed on a billiard table close to each other in a certain order and forming an equilateral triangle. Secondly, this is what the game is called now - in the past, American.
The rest is a position of the ball where it is very easy to play. Usually the ball stands near or directly in the pocket for playing someone else's object ball or near the pocket for playing one's own cue ball (in those games where this is allowed by the rules).
Putting the ball on the spot is when the ball is, in certain cases, placed on the third spot of the billiard table. Usually, penalty balls that are incorrectly pocketed and fly off the playing field are placed on the spot. In the event that the point is occupied by another ball, the balls are placed along the line to the short side as close as possible to the interfering ball.
Why do they sometimes remove balls by hand - I remove balls in several cases - when playing the Moscow Pyramid, when the cue ball is pocketed, the opponent removes any other ball to the pocket of the one who scored. There is also a game called Ball Removal - a pyramid game in which partners take turns playing with a cue, and if one does not place the ball, the other will remove any ball with his hand in his favor.
Who is the Prince - this is the conventional name for each of the two athletes playing in pairs against one opponent (see also King)
An object ball is any ball other than the cue ball - the one that will be hit by the cue ball. There is also the name someone else's ball.
A miss means that the cue ball did not touch the other balls when hit.
A push is a forbidden shot in billiards. Usually done by hitting closely spaced balls - i.e. at the moment the cue ball touches the cue ball, the cue sticker is still in contact with the cue ball.
A straight ball is an arrangement of balls where the cue ball, object ball and the pocket being played are in a straight line.
Pool is a type of pocket billiards. The game is played with colored balls with a diameter of 57.5 mm on a table with wide pockets.
Robbery is the initial blow at the beginning of the game to the balls standing in the pyramid.
Expense is the termination of an unfinished batch by mutual agreement of the partners. This doesn't happen in competitions.
A ball cut is when the cue ball hits the object ball offset from the center of the object ball.
A rockambole is a ricochet of a ball along several sides.
Your ball - the cue ball is called your ball - the ball that is struck with the cue.
Snooker is a very popular pocket billiards game in the UK. This game uses twenty-two balls: 1 white (cue ball), 15 red and 6 balls of different colors (yellow, green, brown, blue, pink and black).
A dry game is the name of a lost game in which the loser did not manage to play a single ball or score a single point. They also say that the batch ended “dry”.
To play with air is to hit the cue ball very subtly on the object ball when hitting.
A heel play is a special case of apricole where the ball is hit by the cue ball reflected off the board, with the point of the cue ball hitting the ball being on the opposite side of where the cue ball was before the shot. Heel play in Pyramid and some other types of billiards is now prohibited.
To play with pressure means to put the ball in play with an illegal blow - with pressure. This happens, in particular, when two balls are located close to a pocket and when one of them (his or someone else’s) is pocketed, the player pushes it into the pocket.
A point on the table, its purpose is a point on the table indicated by a colored circle with a diameter of 1 cm, pasted at the intersection of two lines connecting the centers of the two corner pockets with the centers of the two middle pockets (the first and third) and the middle of the middle pockets (the second). One of the points is intended for installing the pyramid (third), the second (middle) marks the middle of the table, and the first marks the house.
A triple is when someone else's ball is placed in a pocket when it is reflected during a hit from two sides.
The Ace is the ball labeled 1 (counts as 11 points when playing Russian Pyramid).
The turnnyak is the thick part of the billiard cue. Some people incorrectly call it a horizontal bar.
A touch is any touching of any billiard ball with a cue, hand, clothing, tie, machine, etc. A touch differs from a hit in that during it the ball does not make, or makes a slight forward movement.
A frontal shot is when the cue ball hits the center of the object ball.
A through shot is a hit with the cue ball simultaneously on two playing balls that are close to each other.
The Finnish game is a game of billiards with 16 balls placed in pairs against each pocket, and three balls along the middle line connecting the middle pockets of the table.
Chips is a game, the peculiarity of which is that, in addition to three balls, five or seven chips are introduced into the game. It can be played both on billiards without pockets and on pocketed ones. A variation of the game of chips (or skittles) is Pachecote.
A foul is any violation of the rules of the game of billiards.
A handicap is when one of the obviously stronger playing opponents gives a certain number of points, balls or shots before the game, thereby leveling the level of the partners’ playing class. The name Handicap is also in use.
A fuch is a ball that fell into a pocket unexpectedly, unexpectedly. Hence the expression Fuchsian party, i.e. won by sheer luck.
What kind of game is “Two Balls” - this is a game of two balls, in which each partner must put the opponent’s ball into any pocket without assigning it.
What kind of game is "Five Balls" - a game of pocket billiards (60 points), Russian game. Played with five balls: 2 white, 2 red, 1 yellow. A variation of this is five balls with caroms.
What does it mean when they say “Clear” - this expression is used in the game to designate the case when the ball being played does not touch other balls in billiards during its movement.
What does it mean: A ball is visible or not visible - this is the position of the balls on the table at which the aiming point of the ball being played is visible or not visible.
What is considered the beginning and end of a blow - the beginning of a blow is considered to be any touch of the player to any ball on the billiards, and the end of a blow is the moment of removing the hand, cue, machine from the billiard table and stopping the movement of the balls.
What does it mean to kick, kick - this means hitting the side of your ball with a cue unsuccessfully, i.e. casually, so that the ball only moves from its place or rolls in a direction unexpected for the player. A similar blow occurs when playing, as a rule, when the end of the cue is not chalked, when the sticker has lost its roughness (has become greasy), or when the player uses damp chalk.
A ball pocket is when the object ball or cue ball is pocketed by touching another ball.
Stoss is a type of shot in the game of bowling. In this case, the partners take turns making one hit, regardless of whether the pins fall or not.
Effe is a relatively complex hit on the ball, which imparts a certain lateral rotation to the ball in addition to its forward motion.
1. Marking the billiard table.
1.1. The following lines and marks must be marked on the playing surface of the billiard table:
(1) Center Mark - The point located in the center of the playing surface of the table.
(2) The center line is a straight line drawn through the center mark parallel to the short sides. The center line divides the playing surface of the table into two halves - front and back.
(3) Front Mark - The point located in the center of the front half of the playing surface of the table.
(4) The house line is a straight line drawn through the front mark and parallel to the front side.
(5) Back Mark - The point located in the center of the back half of the playing surface of the table.
(6) Pocket area - a radius of 136 mm from the point of impact in the pockets of the billiard table.
(7) The ball line is that part of the longitudinal line of the table drawn from the back mark to the middle of the back rail.
(8) “Dead zone” is a part of the playing surface of the table from which it is impossible to pocket an object ball. Visually, it is determined by connecting the point of fall of the middle pocket and the middle of the short side; if the middle pocket is on the right, then the “dead zone” is also on the right or vice versa.
1.2. The house is the part of the playing surface of the table, enclosed between the house line and the front edge.
Note: two additional lines may be applied to the playing surface of the table to accurately establish the pyramid. The first passes through the center of the ball standing at the top of the pyramid, parallel to the rear side 100 mm long. The second passes through the center of the balls standing at the base of the pyramid, parallel to the 400 mm long rear side. Both lines are equidistant from the long sides.
2. Balls used.
A standard set of sixteen billiard balls: fifteen to ten white (ivory) balls with numbers from 1 to 15 and one colored (preferably yellow) ball without a number.
Note: a colored ball without a number may have markings in the form of lines or dots.
3. Cue ball and object balls.
3.1. The cue ball is the ball that is hit with the cue during the game.
3.2. When playing “Moscow Dynamic” and “Russian Classic”, a colored ball serves as the cue ball.
3.3. When playing Long American, any ball on the playing surface of the table can be chosen as the cue ball for any next shot (the only exception is the initial shot, which uses a colored ball).
3.4. All other balls on the playing surface of the table except the cue ball are target balls.
4. The collision of the cue ball with the object ball.
4.1. The collision (touch) of the cue ball with one of the object balls is a prerequisite for any correct shot, including the initial shot.
4.2. The cue ball can be hit on the object ball either directly or from any side(s).
4.3. If the cue ball does not touch any of the object balls, the shot is considered illegal and is punishable by a penalty.
5. Play after a violation.
In case of violation of the rules, the opponent of the offender has the right, after placing incorrectly pocketed and popped balls, as well as placing a penalty ball from the shelf onto the table:
(1) make the next blow himself, or
(2) yield it to the violator.
6. Playing the kickoff.
6.1. When playing the kickoff (breaking the pyramid), the following procedure is used. Positioned on opposite sides of the longitudinal line of the table, the players simultaneously perform a hand stroke from the house, sending the balls to
back and forth. In this case, two white balls are used. The player whose ball lands closest to the front board wins.
6.2.The draw is considered automatically lost if:
(1) the ball entered the opponent's half,
(2) did not reach the tailgate,
(3) fell into a pocket,
(4) jumped overboard,
(5) touched the long side or
(6) touched the tailgate more than once.
6.3. If both opponents violate the rules or if the referee cannot determine whose ball stopped closer to the front board, then the rally is repeated.
6.4. If one of the players makes a shot after his opponent's ball has reached the back rail, he automatically loses the rally. If, at the same time, the losing player believes that the opponent deliberately struck ahead, he can appeal to the judge.
6.5. The winner of the drawing has the right:
(1) make the initial kick himself or
(2) give it up to his opponent.
7. Initial arrangement of balls.
7.1. Before the kick-off, fifteen white balls are placed in a equilateral triangle(pyramids) with the top at the back level of the table and the base parallel to the back edge. Each ball must touch adjacent balls. When placing the balls, use a standard triangle.
7.2. The colored ball used as the cue ball for the opening shot (breaking the pyramid) is located in the house.
Note: During the course of the game, situations may arise that require the installation of full pyramid(see paragraph 24). When installing an incomplete pyramid, all requirements for installing a full pyramid are met. The differences are as follows - an incomplete pyramid is filled in the direction from the top to the base. In this case, the base (bottom row) must be filled. To do this, if necessary, move the balls from the top of the pyramid.
8. Ball position.
The position of the ball is determined by the position of its center.
9. House and house line.
9.1. The house line is not part of the house.
9.2. A ball on the house line is considered to be outside the house.
10. Introducing the cue ball into the game (start of the game).
10.1. The cue ball is put into play with an initial hand stroke from home.
10.2. A colored ball should always be used as the cue ball when performing the kick-off.
10.3. The player who enters the game first can place the cue ball at any point on the house, but not on the house line (see clause 9 and clause 10). If the cue ball is placed outside the house, the referee or opponent must warn the player entering the game about this before he strikes. Otherwise, the cue ball is considered to be entered into play correctly.
If the player entering the game is warned about the incorrect position of the cue ball, he is obliged to correct it.
10.4. The cue ball is considered to be put into play immediately after it is hit with the cue stick (see clause 13).
10.5. Until the cue ball is put into play, it can be corrected by hand, cue, etc. However, any touching of the cue ball after it has been put into play will result in a penalty.
11. Correct kickoff.
11.1. The initial shot (breaking the pyramid) is considered correct if, after the cue ball hits one of the object balls:
(1) one of the balls is correctly pocketed; or
(2) any of the balls touched two sides.
If none of these requirements are met, a fine will be imposed.
11.2. If the first player to enter the game fails to make a valid kick-off, his opponent has the right to:
(1) accept the current position of the balls on the table and continue the game; or
(2) accept the existing position of the balls on the table and force the offender to continue playing; or
(3) having re-arranged the balls, make the initial shot; or
(4) having re-arranged the balls, force the offender to make the opening shot again.
11.3. In the 1st game, the right to kick off is determined by a rally. Next, the initial blow is made by the winner of the previous game. Also, the winner of the current game has the right to transfer the initial blow to the opponent.
12. Start and end of the blow.
12.1. The stroke begins from the moment the cue sticker touches the cue ball and ends after all the balls have completely stopped on the playing surface of the table. (A ball rotating in place is considered moving.)
12.2. It is forbidden to start the next blow before the previous one is completed. Otherwise - a fine.
13. Hit the cue ball with the cue.
The cue ball should only be struck with the cue stick in the direction of its longitudinal axis. Otherwise - a fine.
14. Touching the floor with your foot.
When hitting the cue ball, at least one player's foot must touch the floor. Otherwise - a fine.
15.1. With the exception of touching the cue ball with the cue stick when making a shot, it is prohibited to touch any ball (cue ball or any object ball) on the playing surface of the table with your body, clothing, chalk, machine, cue shaft, etc. Otherwise - a fine.
When making a shot, the cue stick should only touch the cue ball once. Otherwise - a fine.
17.1. It is prohibited to tighten the contact of the cue sticker with the cue ball until the cue ball hits (touches) the object ball. Otherwise, the blow is qualified as an arrow and is punishable by a fine.
17.2. If the cue ball touches the object ball or if the distance between the cue ball and the object ball is so small that when hitting the cue ball it is practically impossible to avoid an instantaneous triple contact - "cue stick - cue ball - object ball", then the cue strike on the cue ball does not qualify as a push if it is applied:
(1) at an angle of at least 45 degrees away from the line of the centers of the two balls.
(2) or in such a way that the cue ball does not go forward after impact (following the object ball). Otherwise - a fine.
Note: Hitting the cue ball away from the contacting object ball (without displacing the latter from its place) does not count as the cue ball hitting that object ball. If after this the cue ball does not touch any of the object balls, then the shot is considered illegal and is punishable by a fine (see clause 4.3).
18. Correctly completed kick.
Any shot (except for the initial one) is considered correct (correctly completed) if none of the provisions of these Rules is violated and, in addition, after the cue ball hits (touches) one of the object balls with any of the balls:
(1) pocketed;
(2) touches 2 sides; or
(a) brings any ball to the other side; or
(b) touches any ball that is close to the other board;
(3) stopped in the pocket area (see paragraph 1(6));
(4) the middle pocket area has been touched - one of the played balls must touch the side in the middle pocket area. When playing an object ball into the middle pocket, it must be outside the “dead zone” for this pocket (see clause 1.1, p. 8).
If none of these conditions are met, a fine will be imposed.
19. Free kick and bonus kick from home.
19.1. When playing “Moscow Classics”, a hand strike from any house is also made in other cases specified by the rules. It can be either a penalty (if the cue ball is pocketed incorrectly or the cue ball jumps overboard) or a bonus (if the cue ball is pocketed correctly).
19.2. You can pocket any ball after the cue ball hits any object ball located outside the house.
20. Correctly and incorrectly pocketed balls.
20.1. The ball is considered correctly pocketed (played) if it falls into the pocket as a result of a correct shot.
20.2. If from the moment the strike begins until the moment it is completed (see clause 12), at least one of the provisions of these Rules was violated, then all balls that fell into the pockets as a result of this strike are considered incorrectly pocketed.
20.3. If the violation occurs after the kick has been completed (see paragraph 12), a penalty will be imposed. However, a ball that falls into a pocket as a result of a completed shot is considered to be pocketed correctly.
Note. If a violation of the rules of the game occurs after the completion of the game (that is, after the completion of the last shot, which resulted in the last ball in the game being correctly pocketed), no penalty is imposed and the result of the game is not reviewed.
20.4. All illegally pocketed balls are not counted and are put out.
20.5. A ball that jumps out of the pocket onto the playing surface of the table is considered not pocketed and remains in play. No fine will be imposed.
21. The ball is on the edge of the pocket.
21.1. If a ball hanging over a pocket spontaneously falls into the pocket, without colliding with another ball, and if this did not affect the final result of the start of the strike, then it is restored to its original place and the game continues.
21.2. If a ball hanging over a pocket spontaneously falls into the pocket, without colliding with another ball, and if this affected the final result of the start of the strike (that is, in the event that a ball spontaneously falling into the pocket would inevitably be hit by one of the balls set in motion) , then all the balls are placed as accurately as possible in their previous positions and the blow is repeated.
21.3. If a moving ball stops at the edge of a pocket in a position of unstable equilibrium and then falls into the pocket, it is considered to have fallen into the pocket due to a stroke.
22. Popped up ball.
22.1. The ball is considered to have jumped overboard if, after completing the stroke, it stops outside the playing surface of the table (on the board, on the floor, etc.).
22.2. The ball is not considered to have popped out if it hits top part elastic side or handrail, independently returns to the playing surface without touching any other object that is not a stationary accessory of the billiard table.
If the ball touches any object that is not part of the table, for example, a lighting fixture, chalk on the board or handrail, etc., then it is considered to have jumped out, even if it then returns to the playing surface on its own.
22.3. If the cue ball goes overboard, a penalty is imposed. There is no penalty for an object ball jumping overboard.
22.4. All popped balls are set after the shot is completed.
23. Placing balls.
23.1. All illegally pocketed balls, overshot balls and delayed penalty balls are placed after the completion of the stroke and before the start of the next one.
23.2. The single ball is placed on the back mark.
If several balls are placed, they are placed in a random order on the line of placing the balls from the back mark to the back board as close as possible, but not close to each other.
If any balls located near or directly on the fielding line interfere with the fielding process, then the fielded balls are placed on the fielding line as close as possible to the back mark and as close as possible, but not close to the interfering balls.
If there is not enough space for the balls to be placed between the back mark and the back board, then the balls are placed on the extension of the line of placing balls (between the back mark and the center of the playing surface of the table) as close as possible to the back mark.
23.3. When playing Long American, any exposed ball can be chosen by the player as a cue ball or an object ball, and when playing Moscow Classic - as an object ball.
23.4. Balls that are out of play cannot be used for the purpose of making any measurements to determine the distance between the balls, the ball and the side, etc.
24. Intervention by an outsider.
If during the game the balls start to move due to the intervention of an outsider (directly or through any influence on the player performing the stroke), then they are returned to their original positions and the game continues. In this case, no fine is imposed.
This rule also applies in the event of emergency situations (earthquake, hurricane, falling lighting fixture, sudden blackout, etc.)
If it is not possible to restore the position of the balls, then the colored ball is installed in the house (if the colored ball is out of the game, then it is returned to the game in exchange for any of the white balls remaining on the table), all white balls remaining on the table are installed in the shape of a pyramid (or incomplete pyramids) with the top on the back mark, the right of the subsequent strike is determined by the rally and the game continues according to the kickoff rule (see paragraph 11). The score remains as it was at the time the game was interrupted.
Note: When installing an incomplete pyramid, you should follow the rules set out in paragraph 7.
25. Interfering with an opponent's game.
If a player, having completed his approach, strikes out of turn or displaces (touches) any ball during the opponent's play, this is considered interference with the game and entails a penalty. In this case, the disturbed position of the balls is restored.
26. Fines.
26.1. Fines are imposed in the following cases:
(1) if the cue ball did not touch any of the object balls during the impact (see paragraph 4.3.)
(2) in case of an incorrect initial kick (see paragraph 11.1);
(3) if the next stroke begins before the previous one is completed (see paragraph 12.2);
(4) when hitting the cue ball incorrectly (see paragraph 13);
(5) when striking the cue ball with both feet lifted off the floor (see paragraph 14);
(6) when touching the balls is prohibited (see clause 15);
(7) with a double strike (see paragraph 16);
(8) when pushing through (see clause 17.1 and clause 17.2);
(9) with an incorrectly completed kick (see paragraph 18);
(10) when the cue ball jumps overboard (see clause 22.3);
(11) when the time limit for a strike is exceeded (see paragraph 28);
(12) when interfering with an opponent’s game (see clause 25);
(13) for making marks on the cloth or sides when aiming;
(14) if the player places the cue on the table to aim without holding it with his hand.
26.2. If a player commits several violations while making one stroke, the fine will be charged in a single amount.
27. Deferred penalty.
27.1. If after a penalty kick the offender does not have any balls on the shelf, then the penalty will be deferred until the successful kick. In this case, the score of his points in the game is -1, -2, etc.
27.2. The penalty ball is awarded in accordance with clause 23.1.
28. Time limit.
28.1. The time to make a strike is 40 seconds (for live broadcasts on TV - 30 seconds) from the moment the balls stop.
28.2. In each game, if necessary, but not more than 2 times, the athlete is given additional time to make a strike over the next 40 (30) seconds. In this case, the procedure described in clause 11.3 is followed.
28.3. The referee at the table, after deciding that the player has violated the 40 (30) second rule, gives the command “Time” and times the strike for 40 (30) seconds. In this case, the first additional time for making a strike is considered used. After the player exceeds the 40 (30) second limit for the second time, the procedure is repeated. An athlete who needs extra time can ask the judge himself: “Extra time” and the judge will time 40 (30) seconds per strike. After the player(s) have used extra time, the referee will time each kick. At the same time, 10 seconds before the expiration of the time for the strike, he gives the command: “10 seconds.” If after this the athlete does not meet the allotted time for the strike, a fine is imposed on him.
29. Breaks.
29.1. During the match, each athlete has the right to one five-minute break. When playing Long American, a player has the right to take a break only on “his” stroke. An additional break before the counter set is provided if the match goes to 4 or more wins (Moscow classics). If an athlete does not take advantage of the break before the counter set, he loses the right to an additional break.
29.2. When broadcasting a match on TV live a break is possible only with the permission of the judge at the table.
29.3. When playing on a TV table, an athlete who is late after a 5-minute break will be fined $50 for each minute of lateness.
29.4. The athlete does not have the right to leave the table and stop the game without compelling reasons, and without the permission of the table referee (or the opponent, if the game is played without a table referee).
30. Series with a cue.
30.1. When determining the largest series from a cue, the following are accepted for scoring: 15 or more balls for men, 8 or more for women.
30.2. To record a series without a judge at the table, the athlete must invite a judge who is in the hall after 8 pocketed balls for men and after 5 for women.
30.3. The referee records the series played in the match report.
30.4. After the athlete has scored 8 points, he is considered a victory in the game and is given the right to continue the game to increase the series with the cue. In this case, a penalty kick during this continued game does not apply to the previous game, but serves as the basis for stopping the series minus an incorrectly pocketed ball. Moreover, after any successful hit, the player can ask the referee to set the initial arrangement of balls for the start of the next game.
31. Unsportsmanlike conduct.
31.1. Competitors are required to adhere to the principles of fair and correct sports wrestling, as well as to observe standards of behavior in relation to other participants, officials and spectators.
31.2. The referee is obliged to suppress unsportsmanlike behavior with the following sanctions:
- remark;
- warning;
- announcement of defeat in a game or meeting;
- exclusion from participation in competitions.
31.3. The sanctions applied are noted in the protocol.
31.4. If an athlete is disqualified from participating in competitions, entry fees are non-refundable.
32. Order.
32.1 All straight balls count.
32.2. If the ball touches any balls or sides before falling into the pocket, it is considered accidental and is not counted. No fine will be imposed. The blow goes to the opponent.
32.3. When declaring an order, you must indicate the ball with the cue and the pocket in which the ball will be played. One ball can only be ordered into one pocket.
32.3. After a “straight-flying” or “custom ball” falls, other balls that fall as a result of such a hit are counted.