Russian language
12 out of 24
They say that content determines form. This is true, but the opposite is also true: the content depends on the form. The famous American psychologist of the beginning of this century, D. James, wrote: “We cry because we are sad, but we are also sad because we cry.” Therefore, let's talk about the form of our behavior, about what should become our habit and what should also become our internal content.
Once upon a time it was considered indecent to show with all your appearance that a misfortune had happened to you, that you were in grief. A person should not impose his depressed state on others. It was necessary to maintain dignity even in grief, to be even with everyone, not to become self-absorbed and to remain as friendly and even cheerful as possible. The ability to maintain dignity, not to impose one’s sorrows on others, not to spoil others’ mood, to always be even in dealing with people, to be always friendly and cheerful - this is a great and real art that helps to live in society and society itself.
But how cheerful should you be? Noisy and intrusive fun is tiring for those around you. A young man who is always spitting out witticisms is no longer perceived as behaving with dignity. He becomes a buffoon. And this is the worst thing that can happen to a person in society, and it ultimately means a loss of humor.
Don't be funny.
Not being funny is not only the ability to behave, but also a sign of intelligence.
You can be funny in everything, even in the way you dress. If a man carefully matches his tie to his shirt, or his shirt to his suit, he is ridiculous. Excessive concern for one's appearance is immediately visible. We must take care to dress decently, but this concern for men should not go beyond certain limits. A man who cares excessively about his appearance is unpleasant. A woman is a different matter. Men's clothes should have only a hint of fashion. A perfectly clean shirt, clean shoes and a fresh, but not very bright tie - that's enough. The suit may be old, it should not just be unkempt.
When talking with others, know how to listen, know how to be silent, know how to joke, but rarely and at the right time. Take up as little space as possible. Therefore, at dinner, do not put your elbows on the table, embarrassing your neighbor, but also do not try too hard to be the “life of the party.” Observe moderation in everything, do not be intrusive even with your friendly feelings.
Don't be tormented by your shortcomings if you have them. If you stutter, don't think it's too bad. Stutterers can be excellent speakers, meaning every word they say. The best lecturer at Moscow University, famous for its eloquent professors, historian V. O. Klyuchevsky stuttered. A slight squint can add significance to the face, lameness - to movements. But if you're shy, don't be afraid of it either. Don't be ashamed of your shyness: Shyness is very cute and not at all funny. She only becomes funny if you try too hard to overcome her and are embarrassed by her. Be simple and forgiving of your shortcomings. Don't suffer from them. There is nothing worse when an “inferiority complex” develops in a person, and with it bitterness, hostility towards other persons, and envy. A person loses what is best in him - kindness.
No best music than silence, silence in the mountains, silence in the forest. There is no better “music in a person” than modesty and the ability to remain silent, not to come to the forefront. There is nothing more unpleasant and stupid in a person’s appearance and behavior than being important or noisy; there is nothing funnier in a man than excessive care for his suit and hairstyle, calculated movements and a “fountain of witticisms” and anecdotes, especially if they are repeated.
In your behavior, be afraid to be funny and try to be modest and quiet.
Never let yourself go, always be even with people, respect the people who surround you.
Here are some tips about seemingly minor things - about your behavior, about your appearance, but also about your inner world: Don't be afraid of your physical limitations. Treat them with dignity and you will look elegant.
I have a girl friend who has a slightly hunchback. Honestly, I never tire of admiring her grace on those rare occasions when I meet her at museum openings (everyone meets there - that’s why they are cultural holidays).
And one more thing, and perhaps the most important: be truthful. He who seeks to deceive others first of all deceives himself. He naively thinks that they believed him, and those around him were actually just polite. But a lie always reveals itself, a lie is always “felt”, and you not only become disgusting, worse - you become ridiculous.
Don't be funny! Truthfulness is beautiful, even if you admit that you cheated before on some occasion, and explain why you did it. This will correct the situation. You will be respected and you will show your intelligence.
Simplicity and “silence” in a person, truthfulness, lack of pretensions in clothing and behavior - this is the most attractive “form” in a person, which also becomes his most elegant “content”.
Show full text
In the text, Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev talks about the problem of funny behavior of men.
When discussing the problem, the author draws attention to the fact that, first of all, excess can be called funny in anything. For example, when a man cares too much about his appearance and great attention pays attention to details in clothing: “If a man carefully selects a tie to his shirt, a shirt to his suit, he is ridiculous.” Continuing to develop the idea D.S. Likhachev writes that there is no need to constantly and inappropriately joke, try to attract a lot of attention, or deliberately show a friendly attitude towards someone. All this makes a man funny and talks about him not with the best side: “There is nothing funnier in a man than... calculated movements and a “fountain of witticisms” and anecdotes, especially if they are repeated. "; " Observe moderation in everything, do not be intrusive even with your friends. feelings"
I completely agree with D.S. Likhachev. Men
Criteria
- 1 of 1 K1 Formulation of source text problems
- 3 of 3 K2
D.S. Likhachev from "Letters about the Good and the Beautiful"
The text was on the real Unified State Exam in Russian in 2017.
They say that content determines form. This is true, but the opposite is also true: the content depends on the form. The famous American psychologist of the beginning of this century, D. James, wrote: “We cry because we are sad, but we are also sad because we cry.” Therefore, let's talk about the form of our behavior, about what should become our habit and what should also become our internal content.
Once upon a time it was considered indecent to show with all your appearance that a misfortune had happened to you, that you were in grief. A person should not impose his depressed state on others. It was necessary to maintain dignity even in grief, to be even with everyone, not to become self-absorbed and to remain as friendly and even cheerful as possible. The ability to maintain dignity, not to impose one’s sorrows on others, not to spoil others’ mood, to always be even in dealing with people, to be always friendly and cheerful - this is a great and real art that helps to live in society and society itself.
But how cheerful should you be? Noisy and intrusive fun is tiring for those around you. A young man who is always spitting out witticisms is no longer perceived as behaving with dignity. He becomes a buffoon. And this is the worst thing that can happen to a person in society, and it ultimately means a loss of humor.
Don't be funny. Not being funny is not only the ability to behave, but also a sign of intelligence.
You can be funny in everything, even in the way you dress. If a man carefully matches his tie to his shirt, or his shirt to his suit, he is ridiculous. Excessive concern for one's appearance is immediately visible. We must take care to dress decently, but this concern for men should not go beyond certain limits. A man who cares excessively about his appearance is unpleasant. A woman is a different matter. Men's clothes should have only a hint of fashion. A perfectly clean shirt, clean shoes and a fresh, but not very bright tie - that's enough. The suit may be old, it should not just be unkempt.
When talking with others, know how to listen, know how to be silent, know how to joke, but rarely and at the right time. Take up as little space as possible. Therefore, at dinner, do not put your elbows on the table, embarrassing your neighbor, but also do not try too hard to be the “life of the party.” Observe moderation in everything, do not be intrusive even with your friendly feelings.
Don't be tormented by your shortcomings if you have them. If you stutter, don't think it's too bad. Stutterers can be excellent speakers, meaning every word they say. The best lecturer at Moscow University, famous for its eloquent professors, historian V. O. Klyuchevsky stuttered. A slight squint can add significance to the face, lameness - to movements. But if you're shy, don't be afraid of it either. Don't be ashamed of your shyness: Shyness is very cute and not at all funny. She only becomes funny if you try too hard to overcome her and are embarrassed by her. Be simple and forgiving of your shortcomings. Don't suffer from them. There is nothing worse when an “inferiority complex” develops in a person, and with it bitterness, hostility towards other persons, and envy. A person loses what is best in him - kindness.
There is no better music than silence, silence in the mountains, silence in the forest. There is no better “music in a person” than modesty and the ability to remain silent, not to come to the forefront. There is nothing more unpleasant and stupid in a person’s appearance and behavior than being important or noisy; there is nothing funnier in a man than excessive care for his suit and hairstyle, calculated movements and a “fountain of witticisms” and anecdotes, especially if they are repeated.
In your behavior, be afraid to be funny and try to be modest and quiet.
Never let yourself go, always be even with people, respect the people who surround you.
Here are some tips, seemingly about minor things - about your behavior, about your appearance, but also about your inner world: do not be afraid of your physical shortcomings. Treat them with dignity and you will look elegant.
I have a girl friend who has a slightly hunchback. Honestly, I never tire of admiring her grace on those rare occasions when I meet her at museum openings (everyone meets there - that’s why they are cultural holidays).
They say that content determines form. This is true, but the opposite is also true: the content depends on the form. The famous American psychologist of the beginning of this century, D. James, wrote: “We cry because we are sad, but we are also sad because we cry.”
Composition
Each person, in one way or another, contains a model of behavior determined by some factors. Of course, for some it may coincide, but for others, without realizing it, they create their own, different from all the others. However, being in society, we all must be subordinated to such categories as “decency”, “dignity”, “compliance” - they are the main judges of each of us. What determines the “correct” behavior of a person? Does content determine form or does our content depend on form? These questions guide D.S.’s reasoning. Likhachev in the text given to me.
The relevance of the problem under consideration, according to the writer, is determined by the fact that at any period of our history a person was characterized by his behavior, however, the author’s reasoning rests on the idea of what it can depend on and what it can influence. D.S. Likhachev, answering the questions he himself posed, argues in favor of the thesis “the content depends on the form,” saying that, at least in our society, it is customary not to overload others with your inner experiences, “to maintain dignity in grief,” and opportunities to be friendly to everyone. Next, the writer says that the content determines the form, citing as an example the idea that a person with any internal shortcomings, such as stuttering, may not have them on the outside if he is confident in himself. By focusing our attention on such examples, the author leads us to the idea that a person’s behavior depends on both his internal and external characteristics.
D.S. Likhachev is convinced that a self-respecting person must approach his actions with dignity. Its content should be moderately modest, moderately simple and condescending to one’s own shortcomings. On the outside, each of us should not deliberately try to make others laugh, because “not being funny is not only the ability to behave, but also a sign of intelligence.” To observe moderation in everything, not to be an upstart and not to lose self-confidence - this is a worthy form for each of us. The author believes that in correct behavior his man external characteristics will depend on the internal ones to the same extent that the content will depend on the form.
Of course, one cannot but admit that the author is right. Indeed, a person’s modesty and his inner harmony with himself ultimately create the image of a harmonious, self-confident person. At the same time, it’s stupid to be an upstart in everything, just as it’s stupid to be afraid to show yourself once again, to hide your advantages, or to deliberately try to throw them at every passerby, to be a gray mouse or a peacock in the office. It is always worth remembering the words of W. Shakespeare: “Silence is not at all a sign of soullessness. Only that which is empty from within rattles.”
In the image of Grushnitsky, the hero of the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov's "Hero of Our Time", the reader is repulsed by the pompous importance of the character from the very beginning of his acquaintance. From the first touches of Grushnitsky’s behavior and manner of communication, it becomes clear that he is a slippery and insecure man, trying to attract attention to himself, sometimes by pretentiousness of his image, sometimes by pressure on pity. In desperate attempts to woo Mary, he confesses his seemingly serious feelings to her, but, having received a refusal, he immediately begins to speak badly about the girl. Throughout the novel, the hero’s attempts to portray dignity and valor seem ridiculous. In the scene describing his duel with Pechorin, Grushnitsky fully reveals his cowardice, envy and self-doubt. It seems to me that it was the image artificially created by the hero that destroyed his good beginning in him. In other words, Grushnitsky’s form came into conflict with its content, and the content, in turn, did not determine the form, but tried to artificially create it, which, as a result, looked ridiculous.
A completely different example is the hero of the story A.S. Pushkin " Captain's daughter" From childhood, Pyotr Grinev was brought up in strictness: his father was a respected and demanding nobleman, and his mother, being a modest woman, occasionally bestowed maternal tenderness and affection on her son. And therefore, having matured, Peter intuitively understood how to behave correctly in society and how dear his honor and dignity should be to a man. The content of the hero determined his form: Peter was moderately modest and, unlike many nobles, was close to ordinary people: he voluntarily gives his sheepskin coat to a simple traveler, thereby thanking him for his help. In addition, the content of the hero depended on the form of Peter’s behavior: having tender feelings for the captain’s daughter, he does not show any persistence, like Shvabrin, but appreciates and respects Maria, only showing her his intentions in hints.
In conclusion, I would like to once again note the importance of modesty in the internal and external components of a person in the words of J. La Bruyère: “Modesty is as necessary for virtues as the figures in a picture need a background: it gives them strength and relief.”
The book by the outstanding scientist of the 20th century, academician Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev, is addressed to young readers. These are devoid of moralism and pathos, framed in the form of short letters, reflections of a kind and wise person about the need for self-development, the formation correct system values, getting rid of greed, envy, resentment, hatred and about cultivating in oneself love for people, understanding, sympathy, courage and the ability to defend one’s point of view. “Letters...” of Academician Likhachev will be useful to everyone who wants to learn how to make the right choice in the most difficult situations, get along with people, be in harmony with yourself and the world around you, and get great pleasure from life.
* * *
by liters company.
Letter Eight
Be funny without being funny
They say that content determines form. This is true, but the opposite is also true: the content depends on the form. The famous American psychologist of the beginning of this century, D. James, wrote: “We cry because we are sad, but we are also sad because we cry.” Therefore, let's talk about the form of our behavior, about what should become our habit and what should also become our internal content.
Once upon a time it was considered indecent to show with all your appearance that a misfortune had happened to you, that you were in grief. A person should not impose his depressed state on others. It was necessary to maintain dignity even in grief, to be even with everyone, not to become self-absorbed and to remain as friendly and even cheerful as possible. The ability to maintain dignity, not to impose one’s sorrows on others, not to spoil others’ mood, to always be even in dealing with people, to be always friendly and cheerful is a great and real art that helps to live in society and society itself.
But how cheerful should you be? Noisy and intrusive fun is tiring for those around you. A young man who is always spitting out witticisms is no longer perceived as behaving with dignity. He becomes a buffoon. And this is the worst thing that can happen to a person in society, and it ultimately means a loss of humor.
Don't be funny.
Not being funny is not only an ability to behave, but also a sign of intelligence.
End of introductory fragment.
* * *
The given introductory fragment of the book Letters about the good and the beautiful (D. S. Likhachev, 1985) provided by our book partner -
Floors of care. Caring strengthens relationships between people. It binds families together, binds friendships, binds together fellow villagers, residents of one city, one country.
Trace a person's life.
A person is born, and the first care for him is his mother; Gradually (after just a few days) the father’s care for him comes into direct contact with the child (before the birth of the child, care for him already been, but was to a certain extent “abstract” - parents were preparing for the birth of a child, dreaming about him).
The feeling of caring for another appears very early, especially in girls. The girl doesn’t speak yet, but she’s already trying to take care of the doll, nursing it. Boys, very small, love to pick mushrooms and fish. Girls also like to pick berries and mushrooms. And they collect not only for themselves, but for the whole family. They take it home and prepare it for the winter.
Gradually, children become objects of increasingly higher care and themselves begin to show real and broad care - not only about the family, but also about the school where parental care placed them, about their village, city and country...
Concern is expanding and becoming more altruistic. Children pay for caring for themselves by caring for their elderly parents, when they can no longer repay the children’s care. And this concern for the elderly, and then for the memory of deceased parents, seems to merge with the historical memory of the family and homeland as a whole.
If care is directed only at oneself, then an egoist grows up.
Caring brings people together, strengthens the memory of the past and is aimed entirely at the future. This is not the feeling itself - it is a concrete manifestation of the feeling of love, friendship, patriotism. A person must be caring. A carefree or carefree person is most likely a person who is unkind and does not love anyone.
Morality is characterized to the highest degree by a sense of compassion. In compassion there is a consciousness of one’s unity with humanity and the world (not only people, nations, but also with animals, plants, nature, etc.). A feeling of compassion (or something close to it) makes us fight for cultural monuments, for their preservation, for nature, individual landscapes, for respect for memory. In compassion there is a consciousness of one’s unity with other people, with a nation, people, country, the Universe. That is why the forgotten concept of compassion requires its complete revival and development.
A surprisingly correct thought: “A small step for a person, a big step for humanity.” Thousands of examples can be given of this: it costs nothing for one person to be kind, but it is incredibly difficult for humanity to become kind. It is impossible to correct humanity, it is easy to correct yourself. Feed a child, walk an old man across the street, give up your seat on a tram, do a good job, be polite and courteous... etc. and so on. – all this is simple for a person, but incredibly difficult for everyone at once. That's why you need to start with yourself.
Good cannot be stupid. A good deed is never stupid, because it is selfless and does not pursue the goal of profit and “smart results.” Name good deed“stupid” is possible only when he clearly could not achieve the goal or was “false kind”, mistakenly kind, that is, not kind. I repeat, a truly good deed cannot be stupid, it is beyond evaluation from the point of view of the mind or not the mind. So good and good.
LETTER EIGHT
BE FUN BUT NOT BE FUNNY
They say that content determines form. This is true, but the opposite is also true: the content depends on the form. The famous American psychologist of the beginning of this century, D. James, wrote: “We cry because we are sad, but we are also sad because we cry.” Therefore, let's talk about the form of our behavior, about what should become our habit and what should also become our internal content.
Once upon a time it was considered indecent to show with all your appearance that a misfortune had happened to you, that you were in grief. A person should not impose his depressed state on others. It was necessary to maintain dignity even in grief, to be even with everyone, not to become self-absorbed and to remain as friendly and even cheerful as possible. The ability to maintain dignity, not to impose one’s sorrows on others, not to spoil others’ mood, to always be friendly and cheerful is a great and real art that helps to live in society and society itself.
But how cheerful should you be? Noisy and intrusive fun is tiring for those around you. A young man who is always spitting out witticisms is no longer perceived as behaving with dignity. He becomes a buffoon. And this is the worst thing that can happen to a person in society, and this ultimately means the loss of humor.
Don't be funny.
Not being funny is not only an ability to behave, but also a sign of intelligence.
You can be funny in everything, even in the way you dress. If a man carefully matches his tie to his shirt, or his shirt to his suit, he is ridiculous. Excessive concern for one's appearance is immediately visible. We must take care to dress decently, but this concern for men should not go beyond certain limits. A man who cares excessively about his appearance is unpleasant. A woman is a different matter. Men's clothes should only have a hint of fashion. A perfectly clean shirt, clean shoes and a fresh, but not very bright tie are enough. The suit may be old, it should not just be unkempt.
When talking with others, know how to listen, know how to be silent, know how to joke, but rarely and at the right time. Take up as little space as possible. Therefore, at dinner, do not put your hands on the table, embarrassing your neighbor, but also do not try too hard to be the “life of the party.” Observe moderation in everything, do not be intrusive even with your friendly feelings.
Don't be tormented by your shortcomings if you have them. If you stutter, don't think it's too bad. Stutterers can be excellent speakers, pondering every word they say. The best lecturer at Moscow University, famous for its eloquent professors, historian V.O. Klyuchevsky stuttered. A slight squint can add significance to the face, while lameness can add significance to movements. But if you are shy, then don't be afraid of it. Don't be ashamed of your shyness: Shyness is very cute and not at all funny. It only becomes funny if you try too hard to overcome it and are embarrassed by it. Be simple and forgiving of your shortcomings. Don't suffer from them. It’s worse when a person develops an “inferiority complex,” and with it bitterness, hostility toward other people, and envy. A person loses what is best in him - kindness.
There is no better music than silence, silence in the mountains, silence in the forest. There is no “better music” in a person than modesty and the ability to remain silent, not to come to the forefront. There is nothing more unpleasant and stupid in a person's behavior than being important or noisy; there is nothing funnier in a man than excessive care for his suit and hairstyle, calculated movements and a “fountain of witticisms” and anecdotes, especially if they are repeated.
In your behavior, be afraid to be funny and try to be modest and quiet.
Never let yourself go, always be even with people, respect the people who surround you.
Here are some tips, it would seem, about secondary things - about your behavior, about your appearance, but also about your inner world: do not be afraid of your physical shortcomings. Treat them with dignity and you will look elegant.
I have a girl friend who is a little hunchbacked. Honestly, I never tire of admiring her grace on those rare occasions when I meet her at museum openings (everyone meets there - that’s why they are cultural holidays).
And one more thing, and perhaps the most important: be truthful. He who seeks to deceive others first of all deceives himself. He naively thinks that they believed him, and those around him were actually just polite. But a lie always reveals itself, a lie is always “felt”, and you not only become disgusting, worse, you become ridiculous.
Don't be funny! Truthfulness is beautiful, even if you admit that you cheated before on some occasion, and explain why you did it. This will correct the situation. You will be respected and you will show your intelligence.
Simplicity and “silence” in a person, truthfulness, lack of pretensions in clothing and behavior - this is the most attractive “form” in a person, which also becomes his most elegant “content”.
LETTER NINE
WHEN SHOULD YOU BE OFFENSED?
You should only be offended when they want to offend you. If they don’t want to, and the reason for the offense is an accident, then why be offended?
Without getting angry, clear up the misunderstanding - that’s all.
Well, what if they want to offend? Before responding to an insult with an insult, it is worth thinking: should one stoop to being offended? After all, resentment usually lies somewhere low and you should bend down to it in order to raise it.
If you still decide to be offended, then first perform some mathematical operation - subtraction, division, etc. Let's say you were insulted for something for which you were only partly to blame. Subtract from your feelings of resentment what does not apply to you. Let's say that you were offended for noble reasons - divide your feelings into the noble motives that caused the offensive remark, etc. By performing some necessary mathematical operation in your mind, you will be able to respond to an insult with greater dignity, which will be the more noble the less importance you attach to the insult. Up to certain limits, of course.
In general, excessive touchiness is a sign of a lack of intelligence or some kind of complex. Be smart.
There is a good English rule: to be offended only when they want to offend you, they deliberately offend you. On simple carelessness, forgetfulness (sometimes characteristic to this person due to age, due to any psychological shortcomings) there is no need to be offended. On the contrary, show special care to such a “forgetful” person - it will be beautiful and noble.
This is if they “offend” you, but what to do when you yourself can offend someone else? In a relationship touchy people you need to be especially careful. Touchiness is a very painful character trait.
Quoted from:
D.S. Likhachev. Letters about good. St. Petersburg: “Russian-Baltic Information Center BLITs”, 1999.