- The plot of the poem.
- The theme of people's intercession.
- Heroes are “intercessors”.
- Grisha Dobrosklonov as a “conscious defender.”
Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov entered Russian poetry as the “people's sad man.” Folk theme became one of the central ones in his work. But the poet was never a simple writer of everyday life; as an artist, he was primarily concerned with the drama of the people. The theme of the “people's protector” is also heard in the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.”
In the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus',” the author himself appeared as the people’s “intercessor,” who not only expressed his attitude towards the people by the fact of creating this work, but was able to understand their soul and truly reveal their character. What is the real happiness of a person in Russia? What needs to be done to make everyone happy? - he asked himself. The poet believed that to resolve these issues, people are needed who are able to join the fight and lead others. The theme of popular intercession is widely represented in the poem. Intercessor is one of keywords in production. The people's intercessor is one who not only pities and sympathizes with the peasants, but serves the people, expresses their interests, confirming this with actions and deeds. Such characters are shown in the images of Yakim Nagogo, Ermila Girin, Savely Korchagin, Grisha Dobrosklonov.
In Yakima, Nagom presents the peculiar character of the people's truth-seeker. He lives a miserable life, like all the peasantry, but is distinguished by his rebellious disposition. Yakim is ready to stand up for his rights. This is what he says about the people:
Every peasant has a Soul that is like a black cloud, Angry, menacing - and Thunder should thunder from there, Bloody rain should fall.
Ermila Girin is a man whom the people themselves chose as mayor, recognizing his justice. While still a clerk, Ermila gained authority among the people for the fact that:
...they will advise
And he will make inquiries;
Where there is enough strength, it will help out,
Doesn't ask for gratitude
And if you give it, he won’t take it!
But Yermila was also guilty: he shielded his younger brother from recruiting, but the people forgave him for his sincere repentance. Only Ermila’s conscience was not at peace: he left the mayor’s office and hired a mill. And again the people fell in love with him for his good treatment, for his even attitude towards the landowner and the poor, for his kindness. The “gray-haired priest” characterizes Ermila this way:
He had everything he needed for happiness and peace, And money, and honor, Enviable, true honor, Not bought either by money or fear: by strict truth. With intelligence and kindness.
From the priest’s statement it is clear that Girin achieved honor through “strict truth”, “intelligence and kindness”. He is concerned about the attitude of the people towards him, but Ermila himself judges himself even more strictly. He strives to alleviate the situation of the peasants, to help them financially, although he himself is not yet ready for a revolutionary action. Girin is already satisfied that his conscience is clear, that he makes the lives of others at least a little easier.
Savely the hero represents a different type of Russian peasant. He is the embodiment of strength and courage. Despite the rods and hard labor, he did not accept his fate. “Branded, but not a slave,” he says about himself. Savely embodies the best traits of the Russian character: love for the homeland and people, hatred of oppressors, self-esteem. His favorite word - “push” - helps to see in him a person who knows how to cheer up his comrades, rally them, and captivate them. Savely is one of those who stood up well for the “patrimony.” Together with the men, he executes the hated manager, the German Vogel. People like Savely will not stand by at the time of peasant unrest.
The most conscientious of the “people’s defenders” is Grisha Dobrosklonov. He devotes his entire life to the struggle, lives among the people, knows their needs. The future of Russia, the poet believes, belongs to people like Grisha Dobrosklonov, for whom “fate was preparing a glorious path, a great name for the people’s intercessor, consumption and Siberia.” The songs of Grisha Dobrosklonov reflect his thoughts about life’s ideals, his hopes for a bright future:
The share of the people, their happiness, light and freedom above all.
The image of Grisha Dobrosklonov helps to understand that truly happy is the one on whose side the truth is, on whom the people rely, who chooses an honest path for himself, being a “people's defender.” The poem shows Grisha's difficult childhood and tells about his father and mother.
Gregory's reflections on the fate of the people testify to the liveliest compassion that makes Grisha choose such a difficult path for himself. The image of Grisha is closely connected with the revolutionary democratic ideas that began to appear in society in mid-19th V. Nekrasov created his hero, focusing on the fate of N. A. Dobrolyubov. Grigory Dobrosklonov is a type of commoner revolutionary. He was born into the family of a poor sexton, and from childhood he felt all the disasters characteristic of life. common people. Grigory received an education and, being an intelligent and enthusiastic person, cannot remain indifferent to the current situation in the country. Grigory understands perfectly well that for Russia there is now only one way out - radical changes social order. The common people can no longer be the same dumb community of slaves that meekly tolerates all the antics of their masters.
The image of Grigory Dobrosklonov in Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” inspires hope in the moral and political revival of Rus', in a change in the consciousness of the ordinary Russian people.
In the poem by N.A. Nekrasov, wanderers are looking for the happy. Behind the search for them lies the complex theme of national happiness.
The images of people's intercessors in the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” are represented by several characters. The author presents each of them in his own way, but they are all close and understandable to the poet. He relies on them, he trusts the Russian land to them.
Yakim Nagoy
The worker, the peasant Yakim is one of those on whom the author hopes. Yakim can become an intercessor of the common people, leading Rus' to happiness and prosperity. The man has become one with the earth with all his soul. Outwardly, he became similar to her: wrinkles like cracks in dried soil, his neck like a layer cut off by a plow, his hair like sand, the skin of his hands like tree bark. The tiller himself is a lump of earth on a plow. The author's comparison is significant. The man is not just black and hard, like the work of a plowman. The earth gives bread and feeds people. Yakim is the one with whose hands the earth does this, in other words, Yakim is the soul of the earth. When creating the character, the author turned to folk art. It makes the hero similar to epic heroes, defenders of Rus'. They all work on the earth until their strength is needed. Yakima has its own fate, but it is typical for the time described. The peasant went to work in St. Petersburg. He is smart, observant and attentive. Yakim gains his experience by trying to compete with the merchant. There is courage and obstinacy in the man’s character; not everyone could dare to do this. The result is prison. Many brave people end up there. The author emphasizes the character's individuality. The man loves beautiful things, he saves pictures from fire. The hero's spirituality is also emphasized by the choice of his companion. She also protects not money, but icons from fire. Purity of thoughts and hope for justice are the basis of the Yakima Nagogo family.Nekrasov is amazingly talented: he ends the story about Yakima with a song about freedom. Great River The Volga is a symbol of the breadth and power of the people, the power of men is inexhaustible, it cannot be hidden or stopped. It will burst forth like a river flow.
Ermil Girin
Nekrasov shows that among the people there appear leaders, leaders who are trusted. If they raise the people, they will follow them. Yermil is young, but the men trust him. They prove their boundless devotion when they give him their last penny. The poet reveals in one episode the whole essence of the Russian person. He has no desire for wealth by any means; he strives to get everything honestly and deservedly. The man is open to communication, he shares his troubles, and is not afraid to be ridiculed. The strength of the Russian people is in unity. How did a young guy become smart? The author suggests: he served as a clerk. I delved into every story and valued every penny. Yermil helped free of charge, realizing that the poor and disadvantaged peasants had no extra money. Fate gives the man power. He does not pass the test, commits a sin and repents. Then he cannot use the gifts of fate. Girin rents a mill. But even here his character does not change. For the miller, everyone is equal: the poor and the rich. Life at that time does not give Yermil the opportunity to become happy alone when everyone around him is in poverty. He does not go against the rebels and ends up in hard labor. This is how the fate of many people's intercessors ends.Old Man Savely
The Russian land endowed the men with strength. They live long, but not easily. The earth is stingy for happy moments. Serfdom hard and cruel. Savely came from places where there was less serfdom, in the very depths of the Russian land. He lives among nature, which raises him to be free and strong. Savely is as strong as a bear or elk. He takes knowledge and health from nature. The forest gives him spirit and special qualities, for this the man truly loves the forest, in a way that not many people can. The man could not see through the German manager’s cunning, but did not tolerate his bullying. Savely's rebellion is sharp, like the swing of a hero's sword. With his shoulder he pushes the German into the well, and the peasants bury him alive. The result of the rebellion was hard labor and settlements. Savely gains wisdom and becomes a person who can explain complex concepts. His speech is an example of the Russian word. “Branded, but not a slave!” - the basis of the character of the people's intercessor. Savely was not broken, he returned home, but his relatives only valued money in life. The fate of the peasant is an example of how difficult it is for intercessors among people who have given up and lost (or have not found) real goals in life. Savely - symbolizes the hitherto hidden power of the people, their intelligence and wisdom.Grigory Dobrosklonov
In Nekrasov's poem, the image of Grisha is special. The author trusts him with the future of the country. He must become a real protector of the people. The hero grew up in the family of a clerk. In this you can see the strong Orthodoxy of the country. The mother plays a big role in character development. This is the feminine principle of the Russian soul, kindness and responsiveness. Grisha understood what he needed to strive for already in his youth. Then he just moves towards his goal. The young defender is ready to give his life for people's happiness. The poet shows him in such a way that it becomes clear that Gregory will achieve his goal. It is interesting that the young man conveys thoughts about patriotism and struggle through songs. He raises the spirit of the people, explains problems and leads to their solution. Someone doesn't hear Gregory's singing. Others don't think about the words. The poet hopes that there are those who will support Gregory and go with him.Poet-citizen, poet of the revolutionary struggle, N.A. Nekrasov, who wrote poems of amazing power and feeling about his comrades Dobrolyubov, Chernyshevsky, Pisarev, could not help but turn in his work to a new image for Russian literature - the image of the people's intercessor.
The poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” shows that forces are maturing among the people that are capable of defending the honor and dignity of people of low rank. The poet represents several characters of people who are ready to join the fight for the humiliated and insulted Russian people, who are in bondage. Among them are Saveliy, the Holy Russian hero, the people's truth-lover Yakim Nagoy, famous for his “strict truth, intelligence and kindness,” Yermil Girin, who knows “to whom he will give his whole life and for whom he will die,” Grisha Dobrosklonov.
Nekrasov portrays Savely the hero as one of those who stood up well for the “patrimony,” seeing in him the embodiment of people’s strength and courage. Neither the rod nor the hard labor reconciled him to his fate. “Branded, but not a slave,” he says about himself. It combines such qualities as self-esteem and hatred of oppressors, remarkable strength and love of freedom, love of nature and perseverance. Reading the lines dedicated to Savely, we understand that only the truly strong and courageous can be so patient and generous as to endure the suffering that befell them.
That's why we endured
That we are heroes.
This is Russian heroism.
Do you think, Matryonushka,
The man is not a hero?
And his life is not a military one,
And death is not written for him
In battle - what a hero!
Talking about national heroes peasant kingdom of homespun Rus', Nekrasov finds amazing, truly epic comparisons:
.. .Hands are twisted with chains,
Feet forged with iron,
Back...dense forests
We walked along it - we broke down...
...And it bends, but does not break,
Doesn't break, doesn't fall...
Isn't he a hero?
The favorite word of the people's avenger Savely - naddai - helps to see in him a person capable of not only encouraging, but, most importantly, uniting, captivating and leading. This word will determine the fate of the proud hero. Recalling his youth, the old man Savely talks about how for eighteen years the peasants endured the tyranny of a cruel German manager, in whose power their whole life was actually in their power. Constant bullying on his part could not but arouse people's indignation. And one day they could not stand it and killed a German.
Tavern... a prison in Bui-gorod,
There I learned to read and write,
So far they have decided on us.
The solution has been reached: hard labor
And whip first...
...And life was not easy.
Twenty years of strict hard labor,
The settlement has been around for twenty years...”
Next to Savely in the poem stands another majestic image of a Russian peasant - the village righteous man Yermil Girin. The very appearance in the world of slavery and unbridled tyranny of people like him serves for Nekrasov as the basis for faith in the future victory of the people and the source of the cheerful feeling that permeates the poem:
People's power
Mighty force -
Conscience is calm,
The truth is alive!
Not through struggle, like Savely, but through labor and skill, Er-mil Girin wants to change the fate of the eternally oppressed. Literate, he becomes a clerk, and then, thanks to his humane attitude towards people, he is elected mayor. Honest, decent, smart, one day Girin, saving his brother from recruitment, commits an unfair act. And the sin he has taken upon his soul gives him no peace.
Doesn't drink, doesn't eat; that's how it ended
What's in the stall with the rope
His father found him.
“Ever since Vlasyevna’s son
I didn't put it in the queue
I hate the white light!
The image of Ermila Girin, who refused his position, is tragic, but cannot fail to evoke respect for his nobility, honesty, and compassion for people. The people around Girina appreciate him for this. And as the episode with the purchase of the mill shows, the people are ready to come to his aid at the right moment, to return kindness for kindness. The situation described by Nekrasov may not be the most typical, but it allows the poet to say that great strength is hidden in the unity and mutual assistance of the common people.
Yakim Nagoy is another man whom the wanderers met in their search for happiness in Rus'. It would seem which of him is the defender:
The chest is sunken; like a depressed Belly; at the eyes, at the mouth Bends like cracks in the dried earth;
And he himself looks like Mother Earth: his neck is brown,
Like a layer cut off by a plow,
Brick face
Hand - tree bark,
And the hair is sand.
The very first lines say about him:
He works himself to death
He drinks until he's half dead.
But there is a line in it that allows him to be ranked among the people’s intercessors: Yakim Nagoy protects the people’s soul. Exhausted, having lost strength and health, during a fire he saves not the accumulated thirty-five rubles, but the pictures hanging on the wall in the hut, the only joy of his miserable and gray existence. Pictures are a symbol of something beautiful that lurks in the tormented soul of the people; the case allows the poet to tell the reader about the spiritual beauty inherent in the working people, which, as we know, will “save the world.”
And yet, the future of Russia, Nekrasov is sure, lies with people like Grisha Dobrosklonov: literate, most conscientious people from the people who dedicated their lives to the fight for the people. The image of seminarian Grisha Dobrosklonov, for whom “fate was preparing a glorious path, a great name as a people’s intercessor, consumption and Siberia,” reflected not only the poet’s hopes for a bright future, but also his life ideals. To be in a din where “it’s hard to breathe, where grief can be heard” - life goal Dobrosklonova. His songs do not even sound like a call to fight for liberation, but rather a statement that the struggle has already begun:
The army rises -
Countless!
The strength in her will affect
Indestructible!
This image, according to the poet, contained the only possible answer to the question posed in the poem about the possibility of happiness in Russia at that time. Truly happy Nekrasov He considered only selfless fighters for the people’s good, those who, like Grisha Dobrosklonov, heard “immense strength in their chest,” whose ears were delighted by the “radiant sounds of the noble hymn” - “the embodiment of the people’s happiness.”
As we see, both the hero of the poem and its author are full of faith that a person’s happiness lies in revolutionary service to the people. A faith based, as history has shown, on rather utopian ideas of that time, when people firmly believed that the Russian people would gather their strength and learn to be citizens.
« People's Intercessors": Yakim Nagoy and Ermil Girin. Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov entered Russian poetry as the “people's sad man.” The folk poem became one of the central ones in his work. But the poet was never a simple writer of everyday life; as an artist, he was primarily concerned with the drama of the people.
In the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus',” the author himself appeared as the people’s “intercessor,” who not only expressed his attitude towards the people by the very fact of creating this work, but was able to understand their soul and truly reveal their character.
The theme of popular intercession is widely represented in the poem. Intercessor is one of her keywords. A people's defender is one who not only pities and sympathizes with the peasants, but serves the people, expresses their interests, confirming this with actions and deeds. The image of such a person is not the only one in the poem. His features were refracted in Ermil Girin, Savely, Grisha Dobrosklonov, and partly in Yakima Nagy.
Thus, Girin acted as a real defender of worldly interests: he defended the mill, which was needed by everyone. He sincerely, with pure thoughts, turned to the people for help, and people raised money for him, completely trusting him and not sparing their last penny. Then Yermil settled accounts with everyone. His honesty and selflessness are evidenced by the fact that he did not appropriate the “extra ruble” that he had left, but, not finding the owner, gave the money to the blind.
How did Girin win the honor and respect of almost the entire district? The answer is short: only “the truth.” People were drawn to him even when Yermil held the positions of clerk and mayor. He was “loved by all the people” because one could always turn to him for help and advice. And Yermil never demanded a reward:
Where there is enough strength, it will help out,
Doesn't ask for gratitude
And he won’t take it!
Only once did a case occur when the hero, as they say, “became his soul”: he “excluded” his brother from recruiting, instead of whom another person had to become a soldier. The realization that he acted dishonestly, unfairly, leads Girin almost to suicide. And only repentance in front of all the people frees him from the pangs of conscience. The story about Ermil Girin suddenly ends, and we learn that he nevertheless suffered for the people's cause, he was sent to prison.
One more thing should be noted folk hero- Yakima Nagogo. It would seem that there is nothing unusual in his fate: he once lived in St. Petersburg, and because of a lawsuit with a merchant he went to prison.
Then he returned to his homeland and became a plowman. It is better than Nekrasov himself to imagine this image, which has become a generalized image of the Russian peasant:
The chest is sunken, as if depressed
Stomach; at the eyes, at the mouth
Bends like cracks
On dry ground...
But in the eyes of people Yakim was special person: during the fire, he rushed to save not money, but pictures, which he lovingly collected for his son and he himself looked at them in fascination. Talking about this unique folk “collector,” Nekrasov also opens a page in the life of a peasant, in which not only work and “drinking” could be the main ones.
The image of the people's intercessor was vividly embodied in Savely, the Holy Russian hero. Already in this very definition there is a meaning: heroes in epics have always been intercessors of the Russian land. Savely has powerful physical strength. But Nekrasov shows that the heroism of the Korezh peasant is not only based on this - Savely is characterized by will, patience, perseverance, and self-esteem. This hero is a rebel, he is capable of protest. However, his “intercession” was expressed not only in the fact that he saved Korezhina from the German, who had tortured the peasants with extortions. Savely is also a kind of folk philosopher and ascetic. His religiosity and ability to repent are symbols of high folk morality. Main prayer Savelia - about the people:
For all the suffering, Russian
Peasantry I pray!
Grisha Dobrosklonov in the poem is also a people's intercessor. Even as a child, he was imbued with acute pity and love for all the “Vakhlachina”. Although Nekrasov does not say directly, it seems that “intercession” will be effective, it will really be able to change the lives of the people. The road is open before Grisha, along which only strong souls walk,
Loving,
To fight, to work
For the bypassed
For the oppressed.
This hero is marked with the “seal of God’s gift.” According to Nekrasov, he is capable of suffering and sacrificing his life for the people.
Thus, the people's intercessor in the poem is presented as a person of exceptional destiny. This is an ascetic, that is, in my opinion, a bringer of effective good, and a righteous man. He necessarily comes from the people, he is familiar to the smallest detail with the life of peasants. The person who was chosen as an “intercessor” is smart, conscientious, and spiritual inner work. And most importantly, he is able to understand all the complexity and inconsistency of the peasant’s soul and live a pure, simple life together with his people.
In his work “Who Lives Well in Rus',” Nekrasov tried to present everything he knew about the people. Of course, the writer could not help but turn to the topic of people's intercessors. Let's try to identify how the defenders of the people appear in the poem by analyzing the image of Savely, the Holy Russian hero.
Travelers learn about Savelia from the story of the “happy” Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina. Savely is the father of her father-in-law. He lived long life and, as Matryona said, “he was lucky too.”
In his youth, Savely, along with other peasants, endured cruel bullying from the landowner, who “ruined the people completely.” But the man was a freedom-loving man, so he rebelled against the German manager: “And it bends, but does not break, / Doesn’t break, doesn’t fall../ Isn’t it a hero? / But soon the peasant’s patience came to an end.” The men buried the German alive in a hole that he ordered them to dig. For this crime, Savely and his accomplices were exiled to hard labor. But even twenty years of “strict hard labor” did not break Savely, “branded, but not a slave,” he said. Already at home, another misfortune occurs: Savely neglected to look after his great-grandson Demushka, and the boy was eaten by pigs.
The old man goes to the monastery. Nekrasov reflects the hidden potential of the Russian people in Savelia. High moral qualities, love of freedom and pride show that peasants are capable of revolution. But people are still only deciding on minor riots, and then after many years of patience.
Nekrasov emphasizes in his works that the people are often to blame for all troubles, because they have come to terms with current situation and does not raise uprisings. In the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus',” the image of Savely is the embodiment hidden power, unrealized people's potential.
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Updated: 2017-04-14
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